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JAMES K.MOFFITT

PAULINE FORE MOFFITT LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA GENERAL LIBRARY, BERKELEY

University of California

Berkeley

i

THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN

BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

PRINCIPLES the

of

EAETH and

Woodcuts, 8vo.,

ELEMENTS the

EABTH and

its 18s.

of its

GEOLOG-Y

or,

;

INHABITANTS, as

GEOLOGY

;

the

or,

the

as illustrated 8vo.

INHABITANTS, Woodcuts.

6th Edition, revised.

MODERN CHANGES

illustrative of Geology.

of

9th Edition.

ANCIENT CHANGES of by

its

Geological Monuments. \In preparation.

and SECOND VISIT to NORTH AMERICA, CANADA, NOVA SCOTIA, &c. with GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 2nd

A FIRST

:

Edition.

Maps.

4 vols.

Post 8vo.

24.

di 3 3

*s *-!

5

M ? * a M >

5 f-4

a

1 h* fi

THE GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OF

THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN WITH KEMABKS ON THEORIES OF

THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY VARIATION

BY

Sffi

CHAELES LYELL,

F.E.S.

AUTHOR OF 'PRINCIPLES OP GEOLOGY,' 'ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY,' ETC.

ILLUSTRATED BY WOODCUTS

LONDON JOHN MUEEAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1863

The right or translation

is

reserved

ETC.

LONDON

PBINTEU BY SPOTTISWOODE AND NEW-STKEET SQUABB

CO.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER

I.

INTRODUCTION. Definition of Preliminary Remarks on the Subjects treated of in this "Work the Terms Recent, Post-Pliocene, and Post-Tertiary Tabular View of the entire Series of Fossiliferous Strata

,-/...

CHAPTER FOSSIL

v

'.

8

III.

HUMAN REMAINS AND WORKS OF ART

Delta and Alluvial Plain of the Nile

'

.

Burnt Bricks

OF THE RECENT PERIOD. in

Egypt before the Roman

Ancient Mounds of the Valley of the Ohio Their Antiquity Delta of the Sepulchral Mound at Santos in Brazil Ancient Human Remains in Coral Reefs of Florida Mississippi Changes in

Era

Borings in 1851-54

Buried Canoes in marine Strata Physical Geography in the Human Period near Glasgow Upheaval since the Roman Occupation of the Shores of the Fossil Whales near Stirling Firth of Forth Upraised marine Strata of

Sweden on Shores of the Baltic and the Ocean

Attempts

to

compute their

v

Age.

33

CONTEXTS.

yi

CHAPTER POST-PLIOCENE

IV.

PERIOD

BONES OF MAN AND EXTINCT MAMMALIA Earliest Discoveries in Caves of

Languedoc of

IN BELGIAN CAVERNS.

Human Remains

with Bones of

Researches in 1833 of Dr. Schmerling in the Liege of Scattered Portions of Human Skeletons associated with Bones Distribution and probable Mode of Introduction and Rhinoceros

Mammalia

extinct

Caverns

Elephant of the Bones

Schmerling' s Conclusions as Present State of the Belgian Caves ignored Human Bones recently found in Cave of Engihoul Engulfed Rivers in Belgium how Antiquity of the Human Remains Stalagmitic Crust PAGE 59 proved

Implements of Flint and Bone

to the Antiquity of

Man

CHAPTER

V.

POST-PLIOCENE PERIOD FOSSIL

Human

HUMAN SKULLS OF THE NEANDERTHAL AND ENGIS

CAVES.

Cave near Diisseldorf Its geological Position and Fossil Human Skull abnormal and ape-like Characters

Skeleton found in

Its probable Age Professor Huxley's Description of these of the Engis Cave near Liege Austra Skulls Comparison of each, with extreme Varieties of the native Skull from of Capacity in the Human and Simian Brains lian Race

Range Borrebyin Denmark

Bearing of the

Conclusions of Professor Huxley

Skull on the Hypothesis of peculiar Characters of the Neanderthal tation

CHAPTER

Transmu 75

VI.

POST-PLIOCENE ALLUVIUM AND CAVE DEPOSITS WITH FLINT

IMPLEMENTS. Discoveries of General Position of Drift with extinct Mammalia in Valleys M. Boucher de Perthes- at Abbeville Flint Implements found also at St.

Acheul, near Amiens

tion of the

Mammalia

Brixham Cave

Curiosity awakened by the systematic Explora Flint Knives in same, with Bones of extinct

Superposition of Deposits in the Cave

French Geologists to Abbeville and Amiens

CHAPTER

.

Visits of English .

.

.

and 93

VII.

PEAT AND POST-PLIOCENE ALLUVIUM OF THE VALLEY OF THE SOMME. Geological Structure of the Valley of the Somme and of the surrounding Peat near Abbeville Position of Alluvium of different Ages Country

Works of Art in Peat Probable Its animal and vegetable Contents Flint Antiquity of the Peat, and Changes of Level since its Growth began Their various Forms and Implements of antique Type in older Alluvium great

Numbers

i

.

106

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER POST-PLIOCENE

VIII.

ALLUVIUM WITH FLINT IMPLEMENTS OF THE VALLEY OF THE SOMME concluded.

Fluvio-marine Strata, with Flint Implements, near Abbeville Marine Shells in same Mammalia Entire Skeleton of Rhinoceros Cyrena Fluminalis Flint Implements, why found low down in Fluviatile Deposits Rivers Relative Ages of higher and lower-level Gravels Two Species of Elephant and Hippopo

shifting their Channels

Section of Alluvium of St. Acheul

tamus coexisting with Man in France Volume of Drift, proving Antiquity of Flint Implements Absence of Human Bones in tool-bearing Alluvium, how explained Value of certain Kinds of negative Evidence tested thereby Human Bones not found in drained Lake of Haarlem . PAGE 121 .

CHAPTER IK WORKS OF ART IN POST-PLIOCENE ALLUVIUM OF FEANCE AND ENGLAND. Flint Implements in ancient Alluvium of the Basin of the Seine Bones of Man and of extinct Mammalia in the Cave of Arcy Extinct Mammalia in the Flint Implement in Gravel of same Valley Works of Valley of the Oise

Art in Post-Pliocene Drift in Valley of the Thames of northern and southern

Musk Buffalo

Meeting

Fauna

Mammals of Migrations of Quadrupeds Amoor Land Chronological Relation of the older Alluvium of the Thames Flint Implements of Post-Pliocene Period in to the Glacial Drift Surrey, Middlesex, Kent, Bedfordshire, and Suffolk.

CHAPTER

'

.

',

.

150

X.

CAVERN DEPOSITS, AND PLACE OF SEPULTURE OF THE POST-PLIOCENE PERIOD.

Cave containing Hysena and other extinct Mammalia in Caves of the Gower Peninsula in South Wales Rhinoceros hemitoechus Ossiferous Caves near Palermo Sicily once part of Africa Rise of Bed of the Mediterranean to the Height of three hundred Feet in the

Flint Implements in

Somersetshire

Human Period

Burial Place of Post-Pliocene Date of Aurignac Rhinoceros tichorhinus eaten by Man M. Lartet and Works of Art found in the Aurignac Cave

in Sardinia

in the South of France

on extinct Mammalia

Relative Antiquity of the same, considered

170

CONTENTS.

Vlll

CHAPTER AGE

OF

HUMAN

FOSSILS

OF

CENTRAL FRANCE AND OF

PUT IN

LE

NATCHEZ ON THE

XI.

MISSISSIPPI, DISCUSSED.

Question as to the Authenticity of the Fossil Man of Denise, near Le Puy-enAntiquity of the Human Race implied by that Fossil Velay, considered "With what Successive Periods of volcanic Action in Central France

The Elephas MeridioChanges in the Mammalian Fauna they correspond nalis anterior in Time to the implement-bearing Gravel of St. Acheul Authenticity of the Human Fossil of Natchez on the Mississippi, discussed The Natchez Deposit, containing Bones of Mastodon and Megalonyx, pro PAGE 194 . bably not older than the Flint Implements of St. Acheul .

CHAPTER

XII.

ANTIQUITY OF MAN RELATIVELY TO THE GLACIAL PERIOD AND TO THE EXISTING FAUNA AND FLORA. Chronological Relation of the Glacial Period, and the earliest known Signs of Man's Appearance in Europe Series of Tertiary Deposits in Norfolk and Suffolk immediately antecedent to the Glacial Period Gradual Refrigeration of Climate proved by the Marine Shells of successive Groups Marine

Newer Pliocene

Shells of northern Character, near

Norwich Crag

tbe Norfolk Cliffs Fossil Plants

Forest

Woodbridge

Bed and

Section of

fluvio-marine Strata

and Mammalia of the same Overlying Boulder Clay and Newer freshwater Formation of Mundesley compared to

contorted Drift

that of

Hoxne

Great Oscillations of Level implied by the Series of Strata Earliest known Date of Man long subsequent to the

in the Norfolk Cliffs

existing

Fauna and Flora

206

CHAPTER

XIII.

CHRONOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE GLACIAL PERIOD AND THE EARLIEST SIGNS OF MAN'S APPEARANCE IN EUROPE. Chronological Relations of the Close of the Glacial Period and the earliest Effects of Glaciers and Icebergs geological Signs of the Appearance of Man

and scoring Rocks Scandinavia once encrusted with Ice like Greenland Outward Movement of Continental Ice in Greenland Mild Climate of Greenland in the Miocene Period Erratics of recent Period in in polishing

Sweden

Glacial State of

formerly encrusted with Ice Latest Changes produced

Sweden

in the Post-Pliocene Period

Scotland

Submergence and Re-elevation by Glaciers in Scotland Remains of the Mammoth and Reindeer in Scotch Boulder Parallel Roads of Glen Roy formed Clay in Glacier Lakes 229 Comparatively modern Date of these Shelves Its subsequent

.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTEE

IX

XIV.

CHRONOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE GLACIAL PERIOD AND THE EARLIEST continued. SIGNS OF MAN'S APPEARANCE IN EUROPE Great Submergence of Wales during the Signs of extinct Glaciers in Wales Still greater Depression inferred Glacial Period proved by Marine Shells from stratified Drift Scarcity of organic Eemains in Glacial Formations Signs of extinct

.

Glaciers

in

Ice Action in

England

Ireland

Maps

Geography during the PostSuccessive Southernmost Extent of Erratics in England Pliocene Period Periods of Junction and Separation of England, Ireland, and the Continent Probable Causes of the Upheaval and Time required for these Changes illustrating successive Eevolutions in Physical

Subsidence of the Earth's Crust to the

Age

of the existing

Antiquity of

Fauna and Flora

Man

....

considered in relation

PAGE 265

CHAPTEE XV. EXTINCT GLACIERS OF THE ALPS AND THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL RELATION TO THE Extinct Glaciers of Switzerland

HUMAN

PERIOD.

Alpine Erratic Blocks on the Jura

Not

Extinct Glaciers of the Italian Side of transported by floating Ice the Alps Theory of the Origin of Lake-Basins by the erosive Action of Successive Phases in the Development of Glacial Glaciers, considered

Action in the Alps

Probable Eelation of these to the

earliest

known Date

Man

Correspondence of the same with successive Changes in the Glacial Cold Period in Condition of the Scandinavian and British Mountains 290 . V. 4 Sicily and Syria ,,.-_ of

.

:

.

.

CHAPTEE HUMAN REMAINS

IN THE LOESS,

...

.

XVI.

AND THEIR PROBABLE AGE.

Impalpable Age of the Loess of the Ehine and Danube Dispersion of this Mud produced by the grinding Action of Glaciers at the Period of the Eetreat of the great Alpine Glaciers Continuity of Characteristic organic the Loess from Switzerland to the Low Countries

Nature, Origin, and

Mud

Eemains not Lacustrine Alpine Gravel in the Valley of the Ehine covered by Loess Geographical Distribution of the Loess and its Height above the Oscillations in the Level Fossil Mammalia Loess of the Danube Sea of the Alps and lower Country required to explain the Formation and

More rapid Movement of the inland Country Denudation of the Loess The same Depression and Upheaval might account for the Advance and Eetreat of the Alpine Glaciers

Mud of the Human Eemains

Himalayan

Ganges compared to European Loess Maestricht, and their probable Antiquity

Plains of the in

Loess near

324

CONTENTS.

X

CHAPTER

XVII.

POST-GLACIAL DISLOCATIONS AND FOLDINGS OF CRETACEOUS AND DRIFT STRATA IN THE ISLAND OF MOEN, IN DENMARK. Geological Structure

of

the

Island of

Moen

Great Disturbances of the

M. Pugwith recent Shells Flexures and Faults common to the gaard's Sections of the Cliffs of Moen Different Direction of the Lines of successive Chalk and Glacial Drift Undisturbed Condition of the Eocks in Movement, Fracture, and Flexure Chalk posterior in Date to the Glacial

Drift,

the adjoining Danish Islands Unequal Movements of Upheaval in Finmark Predominance in all Ages of Earthquake of New Zealand in 1855 uniform Continental Movements over those by which the Eocks are . xi.

at

AGE OF NATCHEZ FOSSIL MAN.

more than one

205

and the ancient mounds of the Ohio, art, described at p. 39, are newer than

level,

with their works of

the old terraces of the mastodon period, just as the (ralloKoman tombs of St. Acheul or the Celtic weapons of the Abbeville peat are more modern than the tools of the

mam

moth-bearing alluvium. In the first place, I may remind the reader that the vertical

movement

of two hundred and fifty feet, required to elevate

the loess of Natchez to

its present height, is exceeded by the marine stratum of Cagliari, containing which the upheaval pottery, has been ascertained by Count de la Marmora to have

Such changes of

experienced, p. 177. actually occurred in

Europe

level, therefore,

human

in the

epoch, and

have

may

In the second place, I since the Natchez mastodon was embedded

therefore have happened in America.

may observe that, if,

in clay, the delta of the Mississippi has been formed, so, since

the

mammoth and

rhinoceros of Abbeville and

enveloped in fluviatile tools,

of the

mud and

Amiens were

gravel, together with flint

a great thickness of peat has accumulated in the Valley Somme ; and antecedently to the first growth of peat,

there had been time for the extinction of a great

many mam

malia, requiring, perhaps, as shown at p. 144, a lapse of ages many times greater than that demanded for the for

mation of thirty

feet of peat, for since the earliest

the latter there has been no change in the species of

growth of

mammalia

in Europe.

Should future researches, therefore, confirm the opinion man coexisted with the mastodon, it would

that the Natchez

not enhance the value of the geological evidence in favour of

man's antiquity, but merely render the delta of the Mississippi available as a chronometer, by which the lapse of post-pliocene time could be measured somewhat

means

less

vaguely than by any

of measuring which have as yet been discovered or

rendered available in Europe.

CHRONOLOGICAL RELATIONS

206

CHAPTER

CHAP.

x:i.

XII.

ANTIQUITY OF MAN RELATIVELY TO THE GLACIAL PERIOD AND TO THE EXISTING FAUNA AND FLORA. CHRONOLOGICAL RELATION OF THE GLACIAL PERIOD, AND THE EARLIEST SERIES OF TERTIARY SIGNS OF MAN'S APPEARANCE IN EUROPE DEPOSITS IN NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK IMMEDIATELY ANTECEDENT TO GRADUAL REFRIGERATION OF CLIMATE PROVED THE GLACIAL PERIOD MARINE NEWER BY THE MARINE SHELLS OF SUCCESSIVE GROUPS PLIOCENE SHELLS OF NORTHERN CHARACTER, NEAR WOODBRIDGE NORWICH CRAG FOREST BED SECTION OF THE NORFOLK CLIFFS AND FLUVIO-MARINE STRATA FOSSIL PLANTS AND MAMMALIA OF THE NEWER OVERLYING BOULDER CLAY AND CONTORTED DRIFT SAME FRESHWATER FORMATION OF MUNDESLEY COMPARED TO THAT OF GREAT OSCILLATIONS OF LEVEL IMPLIED BY THE SERIES OF HOXNE EARLIEST KNOWN DATE OF MAN STRATA IN THE NORFOLK CLIFFS LONG SUBSEQUENT TO THE EXISTING FAUNA AND FLORA.

KNOWN

THEEQUENT J-

.

been made in the preceding which no refe

allusions have

pages to a period called the glacial, to

rence

is

at p. 7.

made

in the Chronological Table of Formations given

It comprises a long series of ages, chiefly of post-

tertiary date, during

by

glaciers

which the power of

whether exerted

cold,

on the land, or by floating

ice

on the

sea,

greater in the northern hemisphere, and extended to

was

more

southern latitudes than now.

happens that when in any given region we have back our geological investigations as far as we can, in pushed It often

search of evidence of the

we

are stopped '

clay

or

*

first

by arriving

northern

drift.'

appearance of

at

what

is

man

in Europe,

called the

This formation

is

e

boulder

usually quite

destitute of organic remains, so that the thread of our in

quiry into the history of the animate creation, as well as of man, is abruptly cut short. The interruption, however, is by

OF THE GLACIAL AND HUMAN PERIODS.

CHAP. xil.

207

no means encountered at the same point of time in every district. In the case of the Danish peat, for example, we get no farther back than the recent period of our Chrono logical Table (p. 7), and then meet with the boulder clay ;

and

the same in the valley of the Clyde, where the marine strata contain the ancient canoes before described it

(p. 47),

is

and where nothing intervenes between that recent

mation and the

glacial drift.

But we have seen

for

that, in the

neighbourhood of Bedford (p. 155), the memorials of man can be traced much farther back into the past, namely, into the post-pliocene epoch,

with the

now

when the human

mammoth and many

extinct.

race was contemporary

other species of

Nevertheless, in Bedfordshire as in

mammalia Denmark,

the formation next antecedent in date to that containing the human implements is still a member of the glacial drift,

with

its erratic

blocks.

If the reader remembers what was stated in the Eighth Chapter, p. 144, as to the absence or extreme scarcity of

human

bones and works of art in

all strata,

whether marine

or fresh-water, even in those formed in the immediate prox

imity of land inhabited by millions of human beings, he will for the general dearth of human memorials in

be prepared

whether recent, post-pliocene, or of more If there were a few wanderers over lands

glacial formations,

ancient date.

covered with glaciers, or over seas infested with ice-bergs, and if a few of them left their bones or weapons in moraines or in marine drift, the chances, after the lapse of thousands of years, of a geologist

meeting with one of them must be

infini-

tesimally small. It is natural, therefore, to encounter a

sequence of geological of man, wherever

gap in the. regular

monuments bearing on the

past history

we have

proofs of glacial action having with as it has done over large parts of intensity, prevailed

Europe and North America, in the post-pliocene

period.

As

INCREASING COLD SHOWN BY

208

we advance

into

more southern

CHAP. xn.

latitudes approaching the

50th parallel of latitude in Europe, and the 40th in North this disturbing cause ceases to oppose a bar to our

America,

but even then, in consequence of the fragmentary nature of all geological annals, our progress is inevitably slow

inquiries

;

in constructing any thing like a connected chain of history,

which can only be effected by bringing the links of the chain found in one area to supply the information which is wanting in another.

The

least interrupted series

of consecutive documents to

which we can refer in the British Islands, when we desire to connect the tertiary with the post-tertiary periods, are found in the counties of Norfolk,

speak of

them

Suffolk,

and Essex

;

and I

on the relations of the

human and

glacial periods,

which

be the subject of several of the following chapters. fossil shells

shall

in this chapter, as they have a direct bearing will

The

of the deposits in question clearly point to a

gradual refrigeration of climate, from a temperature some

what warmer than that now prevailing in our latitudes to one of intense cold and the successive steps which have marked ;

the coming on of the increasing cold are matters of no small geological interest. It will be seen in the Table at p. 7, that next before the

post-tertiary period

older and newer.

stands the pliocene, divided into the

The

shelly and sandy beds representing these periods in Norfolk and Suffolk are termed provincially Crag, having under that name been long used in agriculture to fertilise soils deficient in calcareous matter, or to render

them

less stiff

strata called

Eed

and impervious. In

Suffolk, the older pliocene are divisible into the Coralline and the Crag

Crags, the former being the older of the two.

In Norfolk, a more modern formation, commonly termed the 6 Norwich,' or sometimes the < mammaliferous Crag, which is referable to the newer pliocene period, occupies large areas. '

CHAP.

NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK TERTIARIES.

XII.

We are

indebted to Mr.

Searles

admirable monograph on the

He

pliocene formations. lysis of

fossil

Wood,

209

F.Gr.S.,

for

an

of these British

shells

has not himself given us an ana

the results of his treatise, but the following tables have

been drawn up

known author

me by Mr.

for

Manual

6

of the

S. P.

Woodward, the well-

of the Mollusca, Eecent and

(London, 1853-6), in order to illustrate some of the general conclusions to which Mr. Wood's careful examination Fossil'

of 442 species of mollusca has led.

Number of known

Species of Marine Testacea in the three English Pliocene Deposits, called the Norwich, the Red, and the Coralline

Crags. 6

Brachiopoda Conchifera

206 230

Gasteropoda

442

Total

Distribution of the above Number

Norwich Crag Bed Crag .... . Coralline Crag .

.

.81

.

225

.

.

.

.327

Marine Testacea.

Species common to the Norwich and Ked Crag (not in Cor. ) 33 Norwich and Coralline ( not in Ked) 4 Ked and Coralline (not in Norwich) 116 19* Norwich, Ked, and Coralline

of Species.

.

Proportion of Eecent

to

Extinct Species.

Recent.

Norwich Crag Ked Crag Coralline Crag

.

.

.

130 .

.

.

Per-centage of Recent.

Extinct.

.69 .168

12

85

95 159

57 51

Recent Species not living now in British Seas. Northern Species.

Norwich Crag Ked Crag Coralline Crag

.

.

Southern.

12 8

16

2

27

* These 19 species must be added to the numbers 33, 4, and 116 respectively in order to obtain the full amount of common species in each of those cases.

INCKEASING COLD SHOWN BY

210

In the above

list

glacial beds of the

CHAP. xn.

I have not included the shells of the

Clyde and of several other British deposits

of newer origin than the Norwich Crag, in which nearly all The land and fresh the species are recent. perhaps all

water

shells, thirty-two in

number, have

omitted, as well as three species of

also

been purposely

London Clay

shells, sus

pected by Mr. Wood himself to be spurious. By far the greater number of the recent marine species included in these tables are still inhabitants of the British

but even these differ considerably in their relative abundance, some of the commonest of the Crag shells being seas

;

Buccinum Dalei, now very Murex erinaceus and Cardium echinatum.

now extremely and

scarce; as, for example,

others, rarely

met with

common, as The last table throws

in a fossil state, being

light

on a marked alteration in the

climate of the three successive periods. It will be seen that in the Coralline Crag there are twenty-seven southern shells,

including twenty-six Mediterranean, and one West Indian species (JErato Maugerice).

Of

these only thirteen occur in

Eed Crag, associated with three new southern species, while the whole of them disappear from the Norwich beds. On the other hand, the Coralline Crag contains only two arctic

the

Admete viridula and Limopsis pygmcea whereas Eed Crag contains, as stated in the table, eight northern

shells,

the

;

which recur in the Norwich Crag, with the addition of four others, also inhabitants of the arctic regions ;

species, all of

so that there is

good evidence of a continual refrigeration of

climate during the pliocene period in Britain. The presence of these northern shells cannot be explained away by sup of the posing that they were inhabitants of the

deep parts sea; for some of them, such as Tellina calcarea and Astarte

borealis, occur plentifully,

and sometimes with the valves

united by their ligament, in company with other littoral shells, such as Mya arenaria and Littorina rudis, and evidently

CHAP.

NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK TERTIAKIES.

xii.

211

not thrown up from deep water. Yet the northern character of the Norwich Crag is not fully shown by simply saying that it

contains twelve northern species,

now no

longer found in

British seas, since several boreal shells which

still

linger in

the Scottish deeps do not abound there as they did in the latter days of the Crag period. It is the predominance of

genera and species which satisfies the mind of a conch ologist as to the arctic character of the Norwich Crag. In like manner, it is the presence of such genera as Pyrula, certain

Cassidaria, Pholadomya, Lingula, and which others Discina, give a southern aspect to the

Columbella, Terebra,

Coralline Crag shells.

The

which had gone on increasing from the time of

cold,

the Coralline to that of the Norwich Crag, continued, though

not perhaps without some

oscillations

become more and more severe Norwich Crag, until

it

reached

after the its

of temperature, to accumulation of the

maximum

in

what has been

the glacial epoch. The marine fauna of this last period contains, both in Ireland and Scotland, recent species of mollusca now living in Greenland and other seas far north called

of the areas where

The

we

find their remains in a fossil state.

refrigeration of climate from the time of the older

to that of the

newer Pliocene

for the first time, as it

strata is not

now announced

was inferred from a study of the Crag

1846 by the late Edward Forbes.* The most southern point to which the marine beds of the Norwich Crag have yet been traced is at Chillesford, near shells in

Woodb ridge,

in

London, where,

Suffolk, about eighty miles as Messrs. Prestwich

north-east

and Searles

Wood

of

have

pointed out,f they exhibit decided marks of having been deposited in a sea of a much lower temperature than that now Out of twenty-three shells prevailing in the same latitude. * Manual

London, 1846,

of p.

Geological 391.

f Quarterly Geological 1849, vol. v. p. 345.

Survey,

P 2

Journal,

CHILLESFOED ARCTIC SHELLS.

212

CH.4P.

xn.

obtained in that locality from argillaceous strata twenty feet thick, two only, namely, Nucula Cobboldice and Tellina obliqua, are extinct, and not a few of the other species, such as

Leda

arctica,

Cardium groenlandicum, Lucina

borealis,

Cyprina islandica, Panopcea norvegica, and Mya truncata, betray a northern, and some of them an arctic character. These Chillesford beds are supposed to be somewhat more modern than any of the purely marine strata of the Norwich

Crag exhibited by the sections of the Norfolk cliffs NW. of Cromer, which I am about to describe. Yet they probably ' preceded in date the Forest Bed

of those same

They

cliffs.

are,

'

and fluvio-marine deposits therefore, of no small im

portance in reference to the chronology of the glacial period, since they afford evidence of an assemblage of fossil shells

with a proportion of between eight and nine in a hundred of extinct species occurring so far south as lat. 53 N., and indi cating so cold a climate as to imply that the glacial period commenced before the close of the newer pliocene era.

The annexed

section will give a general idea of the ordinary

succession of the newer pliocene and post-pliocene strata which rest

upon the chalk

in the Norfolk

and Suffolk

These

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Nucula

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