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The

Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The

Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook BRIAN D. DiGRADO

and GREGORY A. THORP, P.E.

2004

0-471-28629-X. All

& Published Published SlIlJlUltlllle~C)USly in Canada

reserved.

11000Ji:en, New

of this put)llc,atl(:m may be reproduced, No any means, electr~omc, ITlecl!1aI1licall, pJ!1otiOC()tpYllng, reclOrdllng, scanllllllg, under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States penllllSfHon of the tJut>l1sJler,

as permItted

While the pul)llsher and author have used their best efforts in ret:'re~.en1tatlons or warranties with to the accuracy or SP(~ClllcalilY disclaim any warranties of me:rctlantab'llity or fitness for a "" ..."uv........... purpose. warraJlltv may be created or extended sales reIJ,reS,en1tatives or written sales materials. The advice and contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a where Neither the nor author shall be liable for any or any other commercial but not limited to "'1J\,,,,,,li:l~l. lIlClclental, COrlSe(~Ue]lltlaLJ, or other aarna~~es. Limit

" ....,n;"o·

For information on our other and QP14l11C'I"'Q or technical contact our Customer Care within the United States at outside the United States 317-5723993 or fax 317-572-4002.

put)JlSJl1es its books in a

prCldU!cts. visit our web site at ~~!!!.f~~!:!'

For more information about

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

of electronic formats. Some content

1

in

may not be ava:UaDJe in

_K1"'1i"lnD.

pa1tJellCe are

Thorp, Thorp

Contents

xv PART

I. The AST Market

CHAPTER

1.. The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Market

1

2 7 11

CHAPTER

2. Environmental Issues for Aboveground Storage Tanks

19

vII

viii

PART

CONTENTS

II. Major Regulations of ASTs

33

CHAPTER

3.. The Clean Water Act

35

CHAPTER

4.. The Clean Air Act

59

CHAPTER

5. Additional Federal Regulations

79

CHAPTER

6. National Fire Protection Association Codes

93

1 113 CHAPTER

7. Additional Fire Codes

117

ix

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

PART

8. State Regulations

129

III. Major Manufacturing Standards ofASTs

139

CHAPTER

9. American Petroleum Institute Standards

CHAPTER

10. National Design Standards of Field-Erected Tanks 179

141

1 CHAPTER

11. Underwriters Laboratories Codes

193 1

CHAPTER

12. Steel Tank Institute Codes

213

X

PART

CONTENTS

Iv. AST Products

CHAPTER

225

13. New Field-Erected Aboveground Storage Tank Products

CHAPTER

227

14. Existing Field-Erected Aboveground Storage Tank Products

249

CHAPTER

15. Shop-Built Aboveground Storage Tank Products 265

CHAPTER

16. Shop-Built Aboveground Storage Tank Installation Instructions

285

CONTENTS

297

Appendixes APPENDIX A

xl

299

Environmental Regulatory Offices 300

APPENDIX B.

APPENDIX

C. AST Associations

APPENDIX D.

APPENDIX E.

APPENDIX F.

APPENDIX

AST Fabricating Companies, Field-Erected and Shop-Built

317

Canadian Federal AST Legislation and AST Associations

321

National Fire Code Comparison Chart by the Steel Tank Institute

327

Petroleum Equipment Institute Dike Sizing Calculations

331

G. Tank Data Sheet Industry

Index

313

A.r.,.t"u"\".,.n~

and Abbreviations

335 339

Preface

xiII

xlv

PREFACE

Acknowledgments

xv

PART

I

The AST Market

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

CHAPTER

1

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Market

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

1

THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

PHOTO 1-1. ASTs at a nptrnlpunl

C'r.", .. """,,,, tprnlll'-:l

Shop-Built ASTs vs. Field-Erected ASTs IIIIIIIIIII

THE AST MARKET

Table 1-1. Field-Erected ASTs as one unit for installation on site and less 1OOO~barrel

:>hI(}(}(!o

:>nlpp(~O

as parts for field erection Greater than 1500-barrel caI:~aCJtles

3

4

THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

Table 1-2. Median diameter

Sector

416

10 15 25 70 220

Total

12 15 30 90 220

26 to 500

694

26 to 500 500 to 1 1

Production

or more Total 26 to 500

974 27 All Sectors

26 to.500

Total Source: American Petroleum Institute.

10 15 35 120 220 1.0 16 30 70 200

THE AST MARKET

PHOTO

1-2. an oncn'-ron WDatmg

Table 1-3. Percent of prc_auct'()D 10.22% 23.64% 0.85% Source:

Tank Institute.

Double waH steel dike

horizontal or vertical horizontal horizontal

6

THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

100 90

80 70 (I)

f

60

(I)

50

~ m {!!. a..

40 30 20

10 0 Quarter, 1991

Quarter,

1991

• Vertical Configurations

FIGURE

1-1.

VS.

1990/1991.

Quarter, 1991

C Horizontal Configurationl!>

THE AST MARKET

7

Age Distribution of ASTs /////////////////////////////////

8

THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

Table 1-4. Sector

AST age

0-10 years

11-20 years

21-30 years

31-40 years

41+ years

Unknown

10.82 6.95 9.52 37.10 32.13

15.21 11.59 14.96 29.31 26.59

23.91 16.19 19.91 19.58 19.99

17.60 23.13 22.79 5.04 7.63

23.89 37.44 28.99 2.29 6.86

8.57 4.69 3.83 6.62 6.79

Production Total

Source: American Petroleum Institute.

Size of AST Market //////////////////////////////////////////

Table 1-5.

CBI Inl'i".,t-,,,,,.,.., Astrotech International and HMT Matrix Service COlmp.any

{~ubsujlaI'les:

Jiroiwn-Mmneapous Tank COlmp.ilnY

THE AST MARKET

Table

1-5.

(tnI'OUt:~n SUlOSH:llary: Blrow'n-l'v1tn.nealpOIIIS Tank MalnuJract:unng~

PHOTO

1·3. Sn(lD-DUllf[

ASTs

at a

Inc.

9

10

THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

Table 1-6.

AST Number of refineries

1

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 .3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5

Illinois Indiana Kansas Ohio Oklahoma Other Alabama Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Texas Colorado Montana Utah Alaska California

Tennessee, Wisconsin. Other District States: Arizona. Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon.

3 7 5 7 4 5 4 6 9 2 3

20 6 3 29 2 4 6 4 6 23 6

THE AST MARKET

11

Shop-Built AST Statistics /////////////////////////////////

12

THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

PHOTO

1·4.

THE AST MARKET

Table

Product storage, recent AST installations

Product Motor fuels Oil Chemicals Water fuel Other

14% 6% 1

Source: Derived from Steel Tank Institute Survey,

TabJe

Product storage, future AST installations

Product Motor fuels Water fuel

23 % 8%

Source: Derived from Steel Tank lnstitute

£'!lI"IeClrJon I (Power Boilers). =>ec:tlOln VIII, Division I or

REGULATIONS OF ASTs

APl12F

Source: De"eJoned from NFPA 30.

97

98

NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES

{Ol)el'atl ne: pressure Minimum distance in feet from nearest side of any

Proteetion None Vertical with weak roof~to-sheJl seam

I\DDrU'VCU foam or inerting system on tanks not 150 ft dia. Protection for exposures >INone

112 times diameter of tank

116

Diameter of tank

1/3 times diameter 113 diameter of

diameter of tank

Table Table Table

None Source: NFPA .. PI'Otf~Ctij:lI1 for eXf)OSIJres shan

Table 6-5.

Stable

Type of tank

Source: NFPA 30. j'f()te(:tlcm for exposures

Protection

Minimum distance in feet linc from that can

Minimum distance in feet from nearest side of any

defined as fire protection for structures on property adjacent to

REGULATIONS OF ASTs

Table 6-6.

99

Boil-over Minimum distance in feet from nearest side of any

116 times diameter of tank

Diameter of tank

None Fixed roof

II-

Of()te(:n(J,n for

Protection

str'ucturl~s

on

for Table Horizontal/vertical tanks with emergency relief to: Permit pressure not in of psig

Protection

Minimum distance in feet from line that can upon

Protected tank'" II-

Minimum distance in feet from nearest side of any or on Not than

None

but

than

but

than 50

but

than 100 ft

8 times Table 6-9, but not less

ft

Not

than 1$0 ft

100

NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES

TabJe

6~8.

Class InS

Tank cap'acl1tv in gallons

or more

Minimum distance in feet from property line that can be built

Minimum distance in feet from nearest side of any public way ...........,...t'" ... t building

5

5

10 10 15 15

10 10 15

5

Source: NFPA 30

Table 6-9.

Reference table for use in Tables

Tank cap

Minimum weld of welds for thickness plate, t, (inches)

~

DimenSion

.~~~L .. . .~~~L .. . .C?~ ~L .. . .~~ ~L ...

R

.....~ .....

.... ""H......... . V

A

Notes: I. All weld intersections shalt be at 90". 2. Prior to welding new vertical joints. cut existins

12"

weld for

Greater of 12" or 12t

a minimum of 12" beyond the new vertical joints. Weld the horizontal joint last.

AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTI11JTE STANDARDS

171

American Petroleum Institute ///////////////////////// Recommended Practice 651

172

nIl

~',"J'"

MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

American Petroleum Institute ///////////////////////// Recommended Practice 652

AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS

rI''''1£h''3nt-"opc

Sacrificial anode

of sacrificial anode and '"'U....AC''''''rI current systems

• No external power • Installation is Tf"I:ani'f'lv • investment is smaU-d13imeter tanks. • Maintenance costs are minimal. • Interference nrc.hll'·m., CUI~reJlts) are rare. trecJuencv mo'n1t~OrUl~ IS

Imf'\rpc,,,,,,ti

current

173

•

•

to use in soils. • Method is not for ()ro,teclClOn of IAU,l.f'F,.,IClrlvltv

• Interference

L1vaU.UJJj,,,

nrr,hle'rnc

of

• to almost any soil

• •

installations. aspects of rectifier

Source: API 652.

Additional American Petroleum ///////////////////// Institute Tank Standards Vapor Losses

174

MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Table 9-9.

API storage tank evaoorat1()O loss pulJllcaWJns

Tide

Publication API All} API API API

Bulletin 2513 Bulletin 2516 BulJetin 2518 Bulletin 2519 Publication 2517

"'V