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Tarrow, Sidney G. 2005. The New Transnational Activism. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 1: Introduction Puzzle: how does the expansion of transnational activism change actors, connections, claims, and strategies? Does it create a new arena? How does this impact autonomy of national politics from international politics? Argument: individuals who move into transnational activism are both constrained and supported by domestic networks; globalization provides incentives and themes but internationalism offers framework; Summary: indentifying and tracing processes; transnational activism has a history, more than a reflex against globalization, shaped by changes in opportunity; diffusion of movements across borders; international mobilization; modularity – adaptation of the forms and the framing of collective action; internationalization – horizontal relationships; no single core process leads to a global civil society, rather identifiable processes; Chapter 2: Internationalism and Contention Puzzle: Argument: Summary: Iraq war protests were not merely outgrowth of anti-globalization; national social movements emerged around the state; draws from neorealism, constructivism, and liberal institutionalism; internationalism – triangular structure of states, nonstate actors, and international institutions; internationalization creates arena for conflict; rooted cosmopolitans (29); transnational activists; Chapter 3: Rooted Cosmopolitans and Transnational Activists Puzzle: Argument: cosmopolitanism is not new but has been accelerated by growing connections and mobilization; Summary: cosmopolitanism is interactive; RC – continued to be tied to a place; broad stratum; supported by tech; bring learning back to own societies; Chapter 4: Global Framing Puzzle: Argument: global framing, the use of external symbols to orient local or national claims, has increased in recent years; riots against IMF in the 1980s were not a global movement; global thinking among elites is not very diffuse; global justice movement - rooted cosmopolitans have been most effective in harnessing global thinking; Summary: 1980s anti-IMF riots were not transnationally coordinated; among elites and ordinary citizens global citizenship has not taken hold; global justice has been effective frame-bridging symbol – not frame transformation; Chapter 5: Internalizing Contention Puzzle: If the process of internalization is an effect of internationalism, it should be found in ‘best case’ scenarios like W Europe; Argument: does not show that a standard resistance to globalization exists around the world; does not claim that outcomes are the same or directly comparable between W Europe and Latin America; domestic conflict structures are not giving way to globalization; globalization is now showing economic impact and political resistance; contention is not always against institutions; governments are not always helpless to external pressure; domestic resistance should be seen as within triangular internationalism; Summary: institutions that impinge on domestic politics trigger protests, governments are forced into a twolevel game with citizens and institutions, no-win bind or brokers; regards EU as composite polity (82); internationalized and transnational protests; largest proportion of protests against the EU comes from occupational groups; Chapter 6: Diffusion and Modularity Puzzle: how do forms of collective action that arise out of specific national configurations of conflict spread to other venues?; Argument: transnational diffusion alone does not guarantee success; new forms of collective action emerge from societal structural development; new forms of collective action diffuse to places in which they are not native; processes will vary in effects according to driving mechanisms;

Summary: modular (101); 3 pathways of diffusion – relational, nonrelational, and mediated; India to the US, Belgrade to Tbilisi; diffusion of Zapatista movement first through Mexican indigenous movements then through world press; Chapter 7: Shifting the Scale of Contention Puzzle: Argument: shifts in scale are not simply reproduction at different levels, but rather produce new alliances, targets, and changes in claims focus; Summary: scale shift – local struggles begin in enclaves of tolerance, spread when conditions are auspicious, and evolve into inclusion of the broader polity (120); upward and downward; Political Islam – upward then downward shifts; Social Forum – upward and downward; internet – communication and social networks; a domestic movement that shifts in scale to the international level does not automatically become a global movement and lose its local existence; Chapter 8: Externalizing Contention Puzzle: how are claims externalized?; are there different ways for different claims? How does externalization relate to internal outcomes? Argument: the process of externalization must be specified differently for different kinds of contentious politics; info monitoring – bodily harm; external institutions – legal parameters; direct action – workers; Summary: human rights in Latin America – information transmission and monitoring; gender equality in W Europe – institutional access; labor transnationalism in N America – direct action and international ties; Chapter 9: Building Transnational Coalitions Puzzle: Argument: in a closely knit international economy actors with different but complementary aims can forge collaborative arrangements; maintaining coalitions across borders is difficult; Summary: networks, coalitions, and movements (163-5); opportunity spirals (176), institutionalization (177), socialization (178); Chapter 10: Transnational Impacts on Domestic Activism Puzzle: Argument: the domestic impacts of transnational activism depend on a combination of mechanisms (diffusion, brokerage, mobilization, and certification) that channel its reception; Summary: truth and reconciliation commissions in Greensboro and Cape Town; new forms of activism do not appear automatically; diffusion, brokerage (190), mobilization, certification (194); rapid spread of human rights advocacy supports the claim of world polity institutionalists of universalization; Chapter 11: Transnational Activism and Internationalization Puzzle: Argument: internationalism is a triangular structure of opportunities, resources, and threats within which transnational contention is mobilized; internationalism does not break down the power of states; Summary: Washington events after 9-11 support contention that new transnational activism recruits supporters around focal points of international institutions, regimes, and events; specifying the mechanisms of contentious politics and understanding how these mechanisms combine in political processes tells us how likely they are to be and understand outcomes; shifting campaigns and composite organizations; the new transnational contention has its greatest impact where foreign states become involved in domestic conflicts;