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STAAD(X) Tower® V8i (SELECTseries 3)

User Manual Last Updated: 30 June 2011

DAA039320-1/0003

Copyright Information

Trademark Notice Bentley, the "B" Bentley logo, STAAD(X) are registered or nonregistered trademarks of Bentley Systems, Inc. or Bentley Software, Inc. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.

Copyright Notice © 2011, Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Including software, file formats, and audiovisual displays; may only be used pursuant to applicable software license agreement; contains confidential and proprietary information of Bentley Systems, Incorporated and/or third parties which is protected by copyright and trade secret law and may not be provided or otherwise made available without proper authorization.

Acknowledgments Windows, Vista, SQL Server, MSDE, .NET, DirectX are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc. Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, the Acrobat logo are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Portions Copyright © Developer Express Inc. Portions Copyright © Visual Kinematic, Inc. Portions Copyright © MadCap Software, Inc.

User Manual — i

Restricted Rights Legends If this software is acquired for or on behalf of the United States of America, its agencies and/or instrumentalities ("U.S. Government"), it is provided with restricted rights. This software and accompanying documentation are "commercial computer software" and "commercial computer software documentation," respectively, pursuant to 48 C.F.R. 12.212 and 227.7202, and "restricted computer software" pursuant to 48 C.F.R. 52.227-19(a), as applicable. Use, modification, reproduction, release, performance, display or disclosure of this software and accompanying documentation by the U.S. Government are subject to restrictions as set forth in this Agreement and pursuant to 48 C.F.R. 12.212, 52.227-19, 227.7202, and 1852.227-86, as applicable. Contractor/Manufacturer is Bentley Systems, Incorporated, 685 Stockton Drive, Exton, PA 19341- 0678. Unpublished - rights reserved under the Copyright Laws of the United States and International treaties.

End User License Agreement To view the End User License Agreement for this product, review: eula_en.pdf.

ii — STAAD(X) Tower

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Using this Document

1

1.1 Help and Documentation

1

1.2 Documentation Conventions Used

2

1.3 Technical Support

4

Chapter 2 Getting Started

5

2.1 What is STAAD(X) Tower?

5

2.2 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower Environment

6

2.3 Units in STAAD(X) Tower

14

2.4 Coordinates in STAAD(X) Tower

15

2.5 Using Tables

16

2.6 Making Selections

17

Chapter 3 Geometry Generation

19

3.1 Understanding Sections and Panels

19

3.2 Creating a new tower model

20

3.3 Monopole Wizard

21

3.4 Self-Supporting Tower Wizard

29

3.5 Guyed Tower wizard

33

3.6 Editing Tower Geometry

41

Chapter 4 Load Generation

45

4.1 Understanding Loads in STAAD(X) Tower

45

4.2 Working with Tower Components

46

4.3 Manually Adding Lateral Loads

49

User Manual — iii

4.4 Creating primary load cases Chapter 5 Analysis and Design

51 53

5.1 Analyzing a tower model

53

5.2 Analysis methods used by the program

54

5.3 Perform Member Slenderness Checks

56

5.4 Setting the active design code

56

5.5 Performing a code check

56

5.6 Reviewing the design results

57

Chapter 6 Results and Reports

59

6.1 Member Analysis Results

59

6.2 Member Design Results

61

6.3 Tower Design Results

62

6.4 Using cost data to create a take-off report

63

6.5 Take a snapshot to include in a report

64

6.6 Building Your Report

65

6.7 Report Item Customization

66

Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar

69

7.1 Start tab

70

7.2 Model Tab

70

7.3 View tab

76

7.4 Tools Tab

83

7.5 Components tab

98

7.6 Results Tab

101

7.7 Report tab

103

Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer

121

8.1 Project Information

121

8.2 Physical Model

122

8.3 Analysis

187

8.4 Design

191

Chapter 9 Tutorials

193

9.1 Tutorial for Self-Supporting Tower

194

9.2 Tutorial for Monopole Tower

202

9.3 Tutorial for Guyed Tower

206

9.4 Create custom panel bracing pattern

209

Chapter 10 Engineering Reference 10.1 Bracing Patterns iv — STAAD(X) Tower

213 213

10.2 Monopole Design Methodology

217

Chapter 11 Index

225

Chapter 12 List of Tables

229

User Manual — v

Chapter 1

Using this Document This section contains general information on getting the most out of this documentation. 1.1 Help and Documentation

1

1.2 Documentation Conventions Used

2

1.3 Technical Support

4

1.1 Help and Documentation In an effort to provide you with the best application support in the industry, STAAD(X) Tower documentation is provided electronically in the form of HTML help files (which can be opened and browsed using the included MadCap® DotNet Help Viewer application) and Adobe® Acrobat® PDF files. This important decision was made to provide a method of quickly updating users with the latest program additions or modifications. Since this information is provided electronically, you can simply download the latest help files from our web site, without the delay to update and reprint hard copy documentation. Note: In response to user requests to have the application on-line help formatted in a manner that can be referenced away from a setting in which the actual software is installed, we will now provide the help

User Manual — 1

in an Adobe® Acrobat® Reader PDF formatted manual after each major release. These will be provided in PDF format to enable users to print as many copies of this information as desired. These files will be generated in a timely manner after each release from the on-line help and made available http://docs.bentley.com web page.

HTML and PDF Documentation and Help Files In addition to new dynamic help features built into STAAD(X) Tower, help files are provided in Adobe Acrobat PDF formats. To view the PDF files, you must have Adobe Acrobat Reader v.5.x or later installed and functioning. The online help is viewed externally of the program using MadCap Help Viewer v6.x or later, which is installed along with STAAD(X) Tower. You can download the most recent versions of these applications via the following urls: l

Adobe Acrobat Reader: http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/

l

MadCap Help Viewer: http://www.madcapsoftware.com/downloads/redistributables.aspx

These applications provide a Help > Contents menu selection, which will display the relevant help for that application. In most instances, help files for the primary application may be launched under that applications sub-menu in your Windows Start menu.

Printing Help and Documentation Files Topics in the STAAD(X) Tower help system may be printed when they are opened in the Help Viewer application. To print a topic: 1. Select the topic you want to print from the Table of Contents. 2. Select File > Print. or Select File > Print Preview to review the output before printing. Note: Help topics displayed in the context sensitive Help Window embedded within the application cannot be printed directly from that window. PDF files may be printed by selecting File > Print from the PDF reader application, then selecting the range of pages to print.

1.2 Documentation Conventions Used A number of typographical conventions are maintained throughout Bentley documentation, which makes it easier to identify and understand the information presented. Notes, Hints, and Warnings

2 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 1 Using this Document 1.2 Documentation Conventions Used

Items of special note are indicated as follows: Note: This is an item of general importance.

Hint: This is optional time-saving information.

Warning: This is information about actions that should not be performed under normal operating conditions. File Path/File Name.extension A fixed width typeface is used to indicate file names, file paths, and file extensions (e.g., C:/SProV8i/STAAD/Staadpro.exe) Interface Control A bold typeface is used to indicate user controls. Entries in the Tower Model Explorer pane are indicated with a series > characters to distinguish levels. (e.g., Physical Model > Objects > Members > Leg Members). User Input A bold, fixed width typeface is used to indicate information which must be manually entered. (e.g., Type DEAD LOAD as the title for Load Case 1).

Terminology l

Click - This refers to the action of pressing a mouse button. When not specified, click means to press the left mouse button.

l

Select - Synonymous with Click. Used when referring to an action in a menu, drop-down list, list box, or other control where multiple options are available to you.

l

pop-up menu - A pop-up menu is displayed typically with a right-click of the mouse on an item in the interface.

l

Window - Describes an on screen element which may be manipulated independently. Multiple windows may be open and interacted with simultaneously.

l

Dialog - This is an on screen element which (typically) must be interacted with before returning to the main window.

Mathematical Notation Similar to spelling conventions, American mathematical notation is used throughout the documentation. A serif typeface is typically used to clarify numbers or letters which might otherwise appear similar. l

Numbers greater than 999 are written using a comma (,) to separate every three digits. For example, the U.S. value of Young's Modulus is taken as 29,000,000 psi.

l

Numbers with decimal fractions are written with a period to separate whole and fraction parts. For example, a beam with a length of 21.75 feet.

l

Multiplication is represented with a raised, or middle, dot (·). For example, P = F·A.

User Manual — 3

l

Operation separators are used in the following order: 1. parenthesis ( ) 2. square brackets [ ] 3. curly brackets (i.e., braces) { } For example, F = [1 - (Kl/r)2/(2·C 2)]F / {5/3 + [3(Kl/r)/(8·C )] - [(Kl/r)3 /(8·C 3 )]} may be used a c y c c to represent the following equation:

1.3 Technical Support These resources are provided to help you answer support questions:

4 — STAAD(X) Tower

l

Service Ticket Manager — http://appsnet.bentley.com/srmanager/ — Create and track a service ticket using Bentley Systems' online site for reporting problems or suggesting new features. You do not need to be a Bentley SELECT member to use Service Ticket Manager, however you do need to register as a user.

l

Knowledge Base — http://appsnet.bentley.com/kbase/ — Search the Bentley Systems knowledge base for solutions for common problems.

l

FAQs and TechNotes — http://communities.bentley.com/Products/Structural/Structural_Analysis___ Design/w/Structural_Analysis_and_Design__Wiki/structural-product-technotes-andfaqs.aspx — Here you can find detailed resolutions and answers to the most common questions posted to us by you.

l

Ask Your Peers — http://communities.bentley.com/forums/5932/ShowForum.aspx — Post questions in the Be Community forums to receive help and advice from fellow users.

Chapter 2

Getting Started This section contains an overview of the application program window, background information on how the program handles input, and an overview on using some of the interface elements. 2.1 What is STAAD(X) Tower?

5

2.2 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower Environment

6

2.3 Units in STAAD(X) Tower

14

2.4 Coordinates in STAAD(X) Tower

15

2.5 Using Tables

16

2.6 Making Selections

17

2.1 What is STAAD(X) Tower? STAAD(X) Tower is a powerful addition to Bentley Systems, Inc.’s line of structural engineering software tools. It performs the comprehensive design and analysis of various types of communication structures such as tapered monopoles, stepped poles, 3-legged or 4-legged self-supporting and guyed towers. STAAD(X) Tower helps engineers to generate the physical model using parametric setup wizards and

User Manual — 5

categorizes the panels/sections, legs, horizontals, and bracing members with orientations without manual intervention. The structure can easily be edited to achieve the desired shape and configuration. In STAAD(X) Tower, external components like discrete appurtenances (antennas, dishes, mounts etc.) and linear appurtenances (waveguide ladder, feedlines, climbing ladders) can easily be attached and their forces due to wind/ice can be considered in the design and analysis of any type of tower structures. The robust analysis and design engine (as per TIA-222-F, TIA-222-G, or IS 802,806 codes) helps to minimize efforts to obtain the analysis and design results. It also offers a vast range of post-processing graphs and diagrams. STAAD(X) Tower features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design engines. It makes modeling even complex tower structures a fast and painless process. Additionally, STAAD(X) Tower provides a customizable and user-friendly report generation facility and also includes the capability to export to STAAD.Pro. Note: STAAD(X) Tower is compatible with Windows 7, Vista, XP, and 2000 environments only!

2.2 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower Environment It is recommended you take some time to familiarize yourself with the main features of the STAAD(X) Tower interface, as this new layout represents one of the greatest differences between STAAD(X) products and previous versions of STAAD. This section is intended to provide you with a general overview of the application environment. The figure below shows the default working environment in STAAD(X) Tower. However, many of the interface elements are customizable or may be dismissed to increase the screen area of others. Try dragging various panels about the interface window to find a layout that works best for you. Figure 2-1: The program window areas

6 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 2 Getting Started 2.2 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower Environment

A. STAAD(X) Application button and menu B. Quick Access toolbar C. Ribbon toolbar D. Tower Model Explorer pane E. View pane F. Properties and Help panes G. Output pane

STAAD(X) Application button and menu

The first item in the Ribbon is the STAAD(X) Application button (a STAAD(X) Tower logo), which replaces the File menu found in many other Windows programs. Clicking on the Application button displays the STAAD(X) application menu, which contains all of the file-level operations and program settings for STAAD(X). From here, you can create new models, save, or close current ones, along with similar file manipulations.

Ribbon Toolbar The traditional menus and toolbars have been replaced by the Ribbon, which shows relevant commands for a given action instead of every command at once. This allows you much more area on your screen to view models and the other panel areas that are described in the following sections. The pertinent tools for the current task are provided to you, collected in Groups. The Ribbon Menu bar is permanently located across the top portion of the STAAD(X) window. This style of menu will be familiar to users of Microsoft Office 2007, but is easy to learn for any user. Just think of the Ribbon tabs as visual menus. In the main Ribbon, you will see a series of tabswhich access sets of commands grouped by the relevant task. The Model ribbon tab contains a set of most frequently used commands. There are more tabs which appear just to the right of the Home tab which display collected features when clicked. This way, most of STAAD(X)'s functionality is brought to the top level, reducing the number of mouse clicks and hunting around for specific features. Frequently used commands may also be added to the Quick Access Toolbar to customize the interface. Note: The Ribbon automatically resizes itself, the groups it displays, and the resolution of the icons within; all depending on the window size and the resolution of your screen. Therefore, your ribbon may often appear differently than what is shown in the documentation and help images.

User Manual — 7

Start page

When STAAD(X) Tower is opened, you will be presented with the Start Page. There are several sections of the Start Page which include common task: Project Tasks Create a new model, opening an existing file, or change your program configuration. Help Topics Links to the online help, STAAD(X) knowledge base, product news, and technical support. License Status & Configuration Displays which license options you have available for use. Recent Files A list of recent files. Hover your cursor over any file link to display a thumbnail and project meta data. RSS Feed Displays a list of the most recent STAAD(X) Tower news items. Click on the title of any item to read more.

RSS Feed Each news item is identified with a title which is a link to a website which can be clicked on and will launch your web browser and load that website and a brief summary of the item. The news items included in the RSS Feed may be customized in the Configuration dialog. The item is categorized with one of the following categories:

Icon

Description Important

8 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 2 Getting Started 2.2 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower Environment

Icon

Description Bentley General

Release

Educational

News

Tower Model Explorer pane

The Tower Model Explorer is used to display all elements of your tower model in a folder tree interface which should be familiar to users of Windows. Here, you can quickly view all aspects of the model creation, analysis, and results in this pane. Using the model explorer to add, edit, or remove model elements is a fast and powerful way to use STAAD(X). The structure of the Model tab closely follows the typical workflow of model creation. Hint: Clicking on the

(plus sign) next to any item expands that item to display sub-directories.

User Manual — 9

Pop-Up Menus Many of the tree items have pop-up menus associated with them. These items will display a icon (small blue arrow) at the end of the title once you have clicked on them. When the mouse pointer hovers over this arrow, the pop-up menu will be displayed. Hint: Right-clicking on a STAAD(X) Explorer item will display the same menu.

Tabs Sections of the structure model are separated onto tabs for Model (superstructure) and Foundation (substructure). Clicking either tab selects the appropriate mode for modeling and designing these structure segments.

View pane

This is your visual display of the model and any construction aides you employ. The lower left corner of any view tab will also display the Global Coordinate System axis for reference.

10 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 2 Getting Started 2.2 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower Environment

Hint: View preferences are accessed by right-clicking anywhere in the active view window and selecting Preferences from the pop-up menu. If your mouse has a scroll wheel, you can also use this to zoom in and out within the View pane when the pointer is in that view. The arrow keys on your keyboard also act as a pan control in the View pane.

Properties pane

The Properties displays contextual information based on what model elements you have selected elsewhere (i.e., either the Tower Model Explorer or the View panes). Note: When no property fields or help information is associated with a particular element, these will not change from any previously selected element. Member Section Stresses queries are also displayed in the Properties pane.

Help pane The Help tab displays dynamic help information on features you are currently using in STAAD(X) Tower. Like the properties display, the help item updates when you select a new item for use elsewhere in the interface.

User Manual — 11

Hint: Some topics contain more detailed information which may be expanded by clicking the (arrow) next to the sub-heading. Hyperlinks are also embedded in various help files so you can navigate to related information for additional assistance. Click on hyperlinks within a help topic to display additional help. The Help Window also has common web-browser style navigation tools along the top. You can use these to view previous help topics or go to the Help Welcome screen. If the Help Window is too narrow to display all available tools, click the menu button to display the remainder. Table 2-1: Help Menu navigation tools.

Icon

Back

Forward

What it Does View the previous help file. This can be helpful when you may have selected a different item in the Model Explorer Window or Ribbon bar, but wish to continue reading the previously displayed help page. This also works for help files you have selected via a hyperlink. If you have navigated to a previous page, you can retrace your path up to the last page displayed. Opens the Help Welcome page.

Home Stops page loading. Stop This will reload the current page. Refresh

Favorite

Expand All

Collapse All

Search

Clicking this button will launch the current help page in an external viewer. This viewer will allow you to store commonly accessed help pages as favorite bookmarks for quick location. Click to expand all collapsed sections of the current help page. Click to collapse all expanded sections of the current help page. Type a term in search field and hit the Return key to have all matches of that term highlighted in the current help page. Clear any highlighted terms in the current help page.

Remove all Search Highlights

12 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 2 Getting Started 2.2 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower Environment

Output pane Geometry tables, analysis messages/warnings/errors, code check messages/warnings/errors, and design results will be displayed here.

Text messages and reports will be displayed here, providing you with information when the program is running an analysis or design. Hint: Pay close attention to Warning and Error messages displayed here. They will help you isolate any issues with your tower model.

Note: Detailed results of these actions will be found in the Results ribbon tab and the Model > Analysis > Results section of the Tower Model Explorer pane.

Tables STAAD(X) Tower can display model data in tabular format for easy review and editing. You may display tables for items via their pop-up menu found in the Tower Model Explorer Window. See "Using Tables" on page 16 for additional information. Hint: Some of the most commonly used tables are also accessible from the Model ribbon tab.

Report Building Panels When you click on the Report ribbon tab, the Tower Model Explorer is replaced by a pair of panels used report building. These two panels represent the list of all available report entities —the Report Document Map — and those which you want to include in the report output — the Selected Items List.

User Manual — 13

2.3 Units in STAAD(X) Tower When you begin a new model file in STAAD(X) Tower, you select default units of length and force. When you must use different units for length or force than the defaults, you will simply type them in the appropriate fields in the properties panel. When typing a value in any field, simply add a space and then type the abbreviation for the desired units (see the following table for available units). Additionally, you can set derived units differently than base units. For example, if you want to typically work in feet and kips, you will still set the units for pressure as pounds (force) per square foot and moment as inch-kips. Then, in one instance it is more convenient to enter a moment in foot-kips, you can simply include the non-default units. Hint: To access a list of available units for a given property field, simply right click in the field. Then select the units you want to use from the pop-up menu.

Warning: Changing a unit type in STAAD(X) Tower does not change any existing value's units in the model. This only changes the default units in the interface. Table 2-2: Available units of Length and Force in STAAD(X) Tower

Units of Length

14 — STAAD(X) Tower

Units of Force

Unit

Abbreviation

Unit

Abbreviation

inch

in or "

pound (force)

lbf

foot

ft or '

pound (mass)

lb

millimeter

mm

kilopound

kip

yard

yd

kilogram

kg

centimeter

cm

metric ton

Mton

Chapter 2 Getting Started 2.4 Coordinates in STAAD(X) Tower

Units of Length

Units of Force

Unit

Abbreviation

Unit

Abbreviation

decimeter

dm

newton

N

meter

m

decanewton

DN

kilometer

km

kilonewton

kN

mile

mil

meganewton

MN

Note: Some fields have units already specified and these will indicated as such. For these fields, simply provide a magnitude with no units.

2.4 Coordinates in STAAD(X) Tower STAAD(X) Tower uses a conventional Cartesian coordinate system, with the global Y axis assumed as vertical (i.e., the height of the tower is parallel to the global Y axis). This coordinate system is a rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z) which follows the orthogonal right hand rule. This coordinate system may be used to define the joint locations and loading directions. The translational degrees of freedom are denoted by u , u , u and the rotational degrees of freedom are denoted by u , u & u . 1

2

3

4

5

6

Degrees of freedom as used in STAAD(X) Tower

A STAAD(X) Tower model with global coordinate axis labeled

User Manual — 15

2.5 Using Tables Tables are opened in the Output pane and can be used to sort model data as well as to edit the geometry data as well as to verify the integrity checks. Hint: Some commonly used model input and results tables can be displayed from the Tables dropdown menu tool found on the Model ribbon tab.

Areas of the Output pane

A. Property Column headings B. Filter Row C. Model Data Rows (Sorted and Filtered by input) D. Filter Option Field E. Output Window tabs (containing all open tabs and the output window)

Selecting a element or load in the table 1. (Optional) Scroll, filter, or sort the table as necessary to locate the desired model element or load. 2. Click the selector found at the left side of the desired model element row. A icon is displayed in the selector field. The row is highlighted in the table and the corresponding model element is highlighted in theView pane.

Filtering table rows You can the rows in a table to those with column data which matches some criteria. The first row of a table (marked with a ) is used to filter the rows that display by matching column values.

16 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 2 Getting Started 2.6 Making Selections

1. Click the top cell for the Property column for which you want to sort. 2. Begin typing the desired filter value. or Select the Filtering drop-down (the icon) in the top, right hand corner of the Property Column heading and select an existing value from the menu. The table rows with matching values remain while non-matching rows are removed. Hint: Partial matches are possible with the left-most characters in the filter cells. 3. Additional filters may be entered as needed. Current filter values are displayed in an option field at the bottom of the filtered table.

Clearing a table filter 1. Click the close icon (red X) on the left hand side of the filter option field. or Clear all of the fields in the filter row. or Select All from the filter drop-down list.

Sorting a table by a column Tables are initially sorted by the first column in ascending order (typically Member or Node number). 1. Click the Property Column heading corresponding to the property The table is re-ordered, sorting rows by ascending values of the selected Property Column. 2. Click the same Property Column heading again to sort values in a descending order.

2.6 Making Selections The parametric modeling facilities in STAAD(X) Tower can result in fairly complex models with very little input. However, even for highly complex models, STAAD(X) makes it easy to select just the entities you want. The first step is to choose what class of entities you need to select, by clicking on the appropriate Selection tools. You can have more than one type of selection pointer highlighted at once. There are a number of ways in STAAD(X) to select entities: n

Here, entities are simply selected, one by one. You can also hold down the Ctrl key while making selections to select multiple entities. This method works well if entities are spread about the model.

User Manual — 17

n

Simply click and hold the left mouse button and drag the pointer diagonally (any direction). You will notice a rectangle forming on screen which is dynamically updated as the pointer moves. Any entity which is contained in this rectangle will be selected for you upon releasing the mouse button. This method works well for entities which are grouped together in one location in the model.

Note: Multiple selection tools may be toggled on simultaneously to select different types of model entities at the same time.

18 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 3

Geometry Generation Creating a new tower model is done by using one of the parametric set-up wizards included within STAAD(X) Tower. These easy-to-use yet powerful wizards allow you to create general tower structures which you can then modify as necessary. 3.1 Understanding Sections and Panels

19

3.2 Creating a new tower model

20

3.3 Monopole Wizard

21

3.4 Self-Supporting Tower Wizard

29

3.5 Guyed Tower wizard

33

3.6 Editing Tower Geometry

41

3.1 Understanding Sections and Panels The overall geometry of a self-supporting towers can be defined either by the total number of panels along the tower height or by the number of sections.

User Manual — 19

A panel is a superset of members consisting the leg members, diagonal members, horizontal members, and redundant members along the panel top. A panel height represents one bay of bracing, which is parametrically defined by a bracing pattern. A section represents a superset of panels. Using sections allows you to control the panel parameters for multiple panels simultaneously. Parameters such as panel slope (i.e., tapered or straight) and bracing patterns can be selected for all the panels within a section. Additionally, you can edit the number of bays within a section to vary the height of panels from section to section. Physical leg members are automatically split at divisions between sections, allowing you to vary leg member profiles along the height of the tower structure.

3.2 Creating a new tower model New tower models are created by either using a parametric wizard or by a previously saved template file. 1. Select New from the STAAD(X) Menu. The Setup Wizard page opens.

20 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 3 Geometry Generation 3.3 Monopole Wizard

2. Select one of the three options for tower type. STAAD(X) Tower supports three different basic types of tower structures from the wizard. Each of these choices will take you to a different wizard to create that general tower type.  l

Monopole: stepped, tapered, and tapered with round extension

l

Self-supporting: three-legged or four-legged

l

Guyed: three-legged or four-legged

3. Click Next > to proceed to the parametric wizard or to select the template file. 4. Complete the parametric model wizard as detailed in the following sections. 5. You can now edit your base tower model as necessary and proceed to add loads, components, etc. before performing an analysis.

Hint: Now is a good time to take a moment to save your model. To do so, click either the (Save) button found on the Home tab of the ribbon menu (also found on the STAAD(X) menu). You will be prompted to choose a location on your storage devices to save the file and to specify a file name.

3.3 Monopole Wizard This set of dialogs will walk you step-by-step through the creation of generating a freestanding, monopole tower structure. You can change the details of the tower once the wizard has finished in the STAAD(X) Tower interface.

User Manual — 21

Entering monopole tower properties The Tower Properties page in the Setup Wizard is used to provide general model information as well as overall structure parameters such as height and shape.

22 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 3 Geometry Generation 3.3 Monopole Wizard

User Manual — 23

1. Specify the general Tower Properties: Table 3-1: General Tower parameters

Parameter Name

Description

Tower Name

Type a name of the tower model. You can use any alpha-numeric combination for this field.

Tower Description

(Optional) Type a brief description of the model. You can use any alpha-numeric combination for this field.

Unit Type

Select the system of units:

Country Code

Design Code

l

English

l

Metric

Select the country in which the governing standards are used: l

US (for EIA/TIA-222-F and TIA222-G codes)

l

Indian (for IS 802,806 codes)

Select the design code standard to be used. Options available are dependant on the selected Country Code. Note: Only US Standards TIA-222-G and EIA/TIA-222-F are applicable for monopole design. The analysis and design per TIA-222-G addendum 1 and 2 (resistance factor for compression is different in addendum 1 and effective yield stresses are different in addendum 2) cannot be performed.

Length and Force units

Based on the Unit Type you have chosen, provide the units of both length and force you want to use as defaults for the project. For any field in which you do not explicitly provide units, these will be used.

2. Specify the Monopole Tower Properties:

24 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 3 Geometry Generation 3.3 Monopole Wizard

Table 3-2: Monopole Tower parameters

Parameter Name Type of Monopole

Description Select either: l

Stepped (i.e., a straight monopole with a constant diameter or diameter change at intervals along the height of the tower), or

l

Tapered (i.e., tapers down linearly along its height).

Elevation at Base

Type the elevation above surrounding terrain. This is used to calculate the appropriate wind forces along the height of the tower.

Height of Tower

Type the total height of the tower model above its base.

Number of Sections

Type the number of sections along the height. This must be an integer.

Number of Sides

(Tapered type monopoles) Select the crosssection type by number of facets. For stepped monopole sections, the cross section is always round.

Round Monopole Extension

Set this option to designate one or more topmost sections as a round tube for Tapered monoples.

3. Click Next > to continue.

Entering monopole structural properties The Structural Properties page of the Setup Wizard is used to provide cross section information, support, and load data.

User Manual — 25

26 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 3 Geometry Generation 3.3 Monopole Wizard

1. Specify the Member Properties for the type of monopole tower selected on the previous page: Table 3-3: Member Properties: Stepped Monopole parameters

Parameter Name Type of Section

Description Select either Pipe or Rod type section. Alternately, you may select None in the wizard and specify a section from the main interface. Note: Stepped monopoles design can be performed using only pipe sections from AISC 13th Edition, Table 1-4.

Default Section

Used the drop-down list to select a default Pipe or HSS section to be used. The Outer and Inner diameter values are displayed for the selected section.

Steel Grade

Select the corresponding steel grade for the selected section.

Material and Grade

Select the default Material and material Grade for the round monopole structure.

Table 3-4: Member Properties: Tapered Monopole parameters

Parameter Name

Description

Type of Section

For Stepped monopoles, specify either a predefined Tapered Tube or select None in the wizard and specify a section from the main interface.

Depth/Dia of Tube at top

Specify the diameter of the tapered tube at the top of the monopole structure. These can be edited in the General Tower Properties later, if necessary.

Tube Thickness at top/base

Specify the tube thickness to be used at both the top and base of the monopole structure.

Galvanizing Thickness

Specify a uniform galvanization coating thickness. Enter zero if non-galvanized or to be ignored.

User Manual — 27

Parameter Name

Description

Tapered Factor

Specify a slope factor for the change in outer diameter per unit of height. This can be edited in the General Tower Properties later, if necessary.

Material and Grade

Select the default Material and material Grade for the tapered monopole structure.

No. of Extensions

Select the number of extension segments to use for the round monopole extension.

2. Specify the Support conditions for the base level node. A Support assigned from the parametric wizard must be of a Fixed type. If other supports types (i.e., enforced displacement or partially fixed) are required, select None. These may be specified and applied in the main interface. 3. Select optional selfweight self-weight load and parameters. Table 3-5: Load parameters

Parameter Name

Description

Apply self-weight load

Set this option if you want to apply selfweight loads to all members.

Direction

Specify the direction in which the selfweight is to be applied (Y is default).

Factor

Specify the factor for the applied selfweight load.

Include Components

Select this check box if the dead load of the external components attached should be included along with the dead load of the structure.

4. Once you are finished with this page, select the Next tool to continue. A summary page is presented which displays the description of the tower properties for the model generated based on the input provided. You may select the  to continue.

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Chapter 3 Geometry Generation 3.5 Guyed Tower wizard

Entering guyed structural properties

User Manual — 39

1. Length of Section Table 3-13: Length of Section parameters

Parameter Name Maximum Permissible Length

Description You can enter the maximum permissible length for any physical member in the model. Typically, this will be used to limit the length of tower leg members. The parametric model generation process will ensure that any physical member's length that would have exceeded this limit will be split into multiple physical members. To remove this restriction, simply specify this value as zero (0). Note: Tower leg divisions can be assigned by using the Split Physical Leg Members tool after the Setup Wizard is complete.

2. Member Properties - For Leg, Horizontal, Diagonal (Bracing), Guy Pull Off, and Guy Diagonal Member types present in the tower structure, specify the following for the default member profile and material: Table 3-14: Member parameters

Parameter Name

Description

Type of Section

Specify either Angle or Pipe type section. Alternately, you may select None in the wizard and specify a section from the main interface.

Section Size

Select the section to be used from the within the section type specified.

Steel Grade

Select the corresponding steel grade for the selected section.

3. Specification - Select this check box if you want to consider all diagonal members as truss i.e., fully pinned-end) members. 4. Support - Specify the support conditions for all base level nodes. Supports assigned from the parametric wizard can either be fully Fixed or Pinned (fixed is default). If other supports types (i.e., enforced displacement or partially fixed) are required, select None. These may be specified and applied in the main interface.

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Chapter 3 Geometry Generation 3.6 Editing Tower Geometry

Similarly, the Anchor Node supports must be specified as either Pinned (default) or none, with the latter used if you want to specify some other condition in the main interface. 5. Load - Select this box if you want to apply selfweight loads to all members. If checked, the following parameters are required: Table 3-15: Load parameters

Parameter Name

Description

Direction

Specify the direction in which the selfweight is to be applied (Y is default).

Factor

Specify the factor for the applied selfweight load.

Include Components

Select this check box if the dead load of the external components attached should be included along with the dead load of the structure.

6. Once you are finished with this page, click Next to continue. A summary page is presented which displays the description of the tower properties for the model generated based on the input provided. You may select the  Physical Model > Objects > Panels section of the Tower Model Explorer. 2. Select Show Self-Supported Panels Table from the pop-up menu. The Panels table opens in the Output pane.

User Manual — 41

Displaying the sections table For Self-Supporting Tower structures, you can display the sections table. This table can be used for reviewing and editing tower geometry in one place by tower section. 1. Right click on the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Sections section of the Tower Model Explorer. 2. Select Show Sections Table from the pop-up menu. The Sections table opens in the Output pane.

Display the pole sections table For Monopole Tower structures, you can display the pole sections table. This table can be used for reviewing and editing tower geometry in one place. 1. Right click on the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Sections section of the Tower Model Explorer. 2. Select Show Pole Sections Table from the pop-up menu. The Pole Sections table opens in the Output pane. Note: Cells containing white backgrounds may be edited (shaded cells are non-editable).

Breaking physical leg members at a selected height By default, physical leg members are considered as a continuous, straight member. Breaks are added at changes in slope (such as from a tapered panel to a straight panel). Additional breaks can be added to accommodate changes in section at a leg splice. 1. Select the Split Physical Leg Members tool on the Tools ribbon tab. The Split Tower Leg Members dialog box opens. 2. Select either the Panel End tab (for splitting at the top of a panel) or the Custom tab (for splitting at any arbitrary elevation). 3. Select either the Panel ID or specify an elevation. or Specify a height along the global Y axis at which the split is to be added. 4. Select the Add tool. The split definition is added to the Elevations list. 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 to add as many tower leg splits as needed. 6. Select the Done tool.

Adding a hip member You can add out-of-plane members to a lattice tower structure using the following procedure.

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Chapter 3 Geometry Generation 3.6 Editing Tower Geometry

Before you begin If you want to use a different section profile than other members for a hip bracing member, then you may want to use the Structure Property Catalog tool to add that section. 1. Select the Select Node tool on the Model ribbon tab. The mouse pointer changes to the Nodes cursor. 2. Zoom into the area in the View pane where you want to add a member and select the two existing nodes which will form the start and end nodes. Note their numbers from either the tool tip or the Properties pane. Hint: You will quickly identify the number pattern and be able to add additional members without the need to switch back to this tool. 3. Select the Add Hip Member tool on the Tools ribbon tab. The Add Hip Bracing Member dialog box opens. 4. Select a Member Type which best describes the use of the member. Note: The member's orientation is checked against the selected member type to verify the appropriate selection (i.e., end nodes with the same X and Z coordinates cannot be specified for a horizontal). 5. Select the Panel No. in which the member is to be added. The Start Node and End Node lists are updated with the node numbers contained within the selected panel. 6. Select a Start Node and End Node to define the member orientation within the panel. 7. Select a Section Profile from the list of current profiles in the tower model. 8. Click OK. The dialog closes and the member is added to the model.

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Chapter 3 3.6 Editing Tower Geometry

44 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 4

Load Generation STAAD(X) Tower includes both automatic and manual load application methods for creating tower models. 4.1 Understanding Loads in STAAD(X) Tower

45

4.2 Working with Tower Components

46

4.3 Manually Adding Lateral Loads

49

4.4 Creating primary load cases

51

4.1 Understanding Loads in STAAD(X) Tower STAAD(X) Tower has facilities for manually applying joint and member loads as well as for the automatic generation of code-specified loads.

Definitions Definitions contain the options through which you specify parameters for a code load, such as wind or seismic.

User Manual — 45

See "Wind/ Ice Loads" on page 185 See "Seismic Loads" on page 186

Load Groups A load group is a set of explicitly defined reference loads, presumably from the same physical source. Each of these explicitly defined loads is referred to as a Load Item (e.g., joint load, member load, wind/ice loads, seismic loads, etc.). Some examples of a how a load group would be used are: l

All dead load on a structure (this is typically an automatically generated load group containing the selfweight)

l

Wind + ice load on a structure from a 45° azimuth

l

Seismic load in the North-South direction

Load Items Individual physical loads are added as load items within a user-generated load group. STAAD(X) Tower allows you to added manual load items, such as joint or member loads, as well as code-defined loads which are collected as a single load item. See "Joint Load" on page 180 for information on adding and assigning joint loads. See "Member Loads" on page 181 for information on adding and assigning member loads, including uniform, varying, and concentrated loads. Load items must be "applied" to the structural model before they are considered to be active.

Primary Load Cases A primary load case is a algebraic combination of Load Groups which is passed to the analysis engine during the analysis of the model. Note: Only load data which is included in one or more Primary Load Cases is included in the analysis.

4.2 Working with Tower Components One of the most important factors in loading a tower structure comes from the component weight as well as their additional effective wind area. You can add component support sub-structures parametrically to your model and quickly select the component types these sub-structures support. This allows you to quickly and easily model complex communication tower assemblies.

Adding a component mount Component mounts are used to support various components such as antennas or shields.

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Chapter 4 Load Generation 4.2 Working with Tower Components

1. Either l

Select one of the mount tools from the Discrete Appurtenance (Mounts) group on the Components tab.

l

Right click on the Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts entry in the Tower Model Explorer pane and then select the type of mount you want to add from the pop-up menu.

or

A new mount with default appurtenances is added to the model at an arbitrary height. The properties of the mount are displayed in the Properties pane. 2. In the mount Properties panel, Type the actual Elevation where the mount is located. The view updates. 3. (Optional) For T-Arm and Side Arm mounts, select the number of mounts included at this height. Hint: You can specify the legs to which these are mounted by editing the Orientation of the individual mount components. The selected mount type is now added to the model. However, it is likely that you will want to modify some of the individual mount or antenna component properties next.

Adding tower mounted amplifiers to panel antennas Tower mounted amplifiers (TMA) are added to individual panel antennas via their properties. Your tower model must have at least one panel antenna in order to add TMAs 1. Select the panel antenna to which you wish to add one or more TMAs by either: l

Expand the Physical Model > Objects > Components > … > Mount Pipe # > section of the Tower Model Explorer pane

l

Use the Select Panel Antenna tool in the View pane

or

The Appurtenance Properties for the panel antenna are displayed in the Properties pane. 2. Select the No of TMA in the properties. Hint: Up to six amplifiers may be added to a single panel antenna. The TMAs are added as child elements to the selected panel antenna in the Tower Model Explorer pane. You can now select any of the newly added TMAs to edit its properties.

Adding a work platform Work platforms can be added or Self-Supporting Towers or Guyed Towers only.

User Manual — 47

1. From the Components ribbon tab, select the Platform tool (found in the Add Components group). A Platform entry is added in the Tower Model Explorer pane. 2. Select the platform you want to edit from either the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Platforms section of the Tower Model Explorer or from the View pane using the platform selection cursor. The platform is highlighted in both areas of the interface. The platform parameters are displayed in the Properties pane. 3. Edit the Elevation Above Base value to add the Platform to the tower model. 4. Edit the platform parameters to manipulate the shape, structure, and type of platform present. 5. Specify values of the Projected Area and Weight Properties.

Adding a feed line 1. From the Components ribbon tab, select the Feed Line tool (found in the Add Components group). or Right click on the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Feed Lines section of the Tower Model Explorerpane and select Add Feed Line from the pop-up menu. A Feed Line entry is added in the Tower Model Explorer pane. Note: You must edit the feed line definition to specify start and end heights for the feed line to be added to the tower for analysis and design. 2. Select the feed line you want to edit from either the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Feed Lines section of the Tower Model Explorer or from the View pane using the feed lines selection cursor. The feed line is highlighted in both areas of the interface. The feed line parameters are displayed in the Properties pane. 3. Select a Coax Cable definition from the library. Note: Custom coax data can be added to the program using the Feed Line Shapes: Coaxial Cables dialog. 4. Edit the Start Height and End Height values to add the Feed Line to the tower model. 5. Select the Face ID from the drop-down list. 6. Select either Outside or Inside of the tower for the Position of the feed line. 7. Edit the feed line arrangement and other feed line properties as necessary.

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Chapter 4 Load Generation 4.3 Manually Adding Lateral Loads

Adding a ladder 1. From the Components ribbon tab, select the Ladder tool (found in the Add Components group). or Right click on the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Ladders section of the Tower Model Explorer and select Add Ladder from the pop-up menu. A Ladder entry is added in the Tower Model Explorer pane. Note: You must edit the ladder definition to specify start and end heights for the ladder to be added to the tower for analysis and design. 2. Select the platform you want to edit from either the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Ladders section of the Tower Model Explorer or from the View pane using the ladder selection cursor. The ladder is highlighted in both areas of the interface. The ladder parameters are displayed in the Properties pane. 3. Edit the Start Height and End Height values to add the Ladder to the tower model. 4. Select the Face ID option to place the ladder on a specific face of the tower. 5. Select either Outside or Inside of the tower for the Position of the ladder.

Deleting a component 1. Select the tower component you want to delete from either the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components … section of the Tower Model Explorer or from the View pane using the ladder selection cursor. 2. Click

(Delete) on the Model ribbon tab.

4.3 Manually Adding Lateral Loads Wind and seismic loads are defined and applied from the Tower Model Explorer pane.

Adding a wind/ice load per TIA/EIA-222 1. Right click on the Model > Objects > Loads > Load Generation Parameters section of the Tower Model Explorer pane and select Add Wind/Ice Parameters from the pop-up menu. 2. Select which definition type you want to provide from the sub-menu:

User Manual — 49

l

TIA/EIA[222F] Definition

l

TIA/EIA[222G] Definition

The wind/ice definition is added to the Load Generation Parameters list and selected for editing. 3. Select the new definition entry. The properties are shown in the Properties pane. 4. Select the Zone Identification (State and County). The Basic Wind Speed for the tower's location is populated. 5. (Optional) Select the option to include Ice Load and specify Type of Ice, Ice Density, Ice Thickness, and ice load Wind Speed parameters as needed. 6. Select the Load Case options (wind only, wind and ice, service wind) you want to include in the model by selecting the check box associated with each. When selected, the load case is added to the Model > Objects > Loads > Load Groups section of the Tower Model Explorer. Hint: Once you have selected a load case to be added to the model, un-selecting the case will not remove it. Selecting the same load case again will add a duplicate to the model. Refer to deleting a load case. 7. Assign each of the wind/ice loads to the structure by right-clicking the load entry and selecting Assign from the pop-up menu. Hint: No member selection is necessary as wind/ice loads are assigned to the entire structure.

Assinging wind loads per ASCE 7 1. Right click on the Model > Objects > Loads > Load Generation Parameters section of the Tower Model Explorer. 2. From the pop-up menu, select Add Wind/Ice Parameters > Wind Definition. The wind intensity definition is added to the Load Generation Parameters list and selected for adding height/intensity pairs to the table. 3. Add as many height and intensity pair values as necessary to the table to describe the wind profile. 4. Right click on the Model > Objects > Loads > Load Groups section of the Tower Model Explorer. 5. From the pop-up menu, select Add Load Group. A new load group is added to the Load Groups list. 6. Right click on the new load group entry and select Wind/Ice Load > Add Wind Load on Open Structure from the pop-up menu. The Wind [Open Structure] load is added to the Load Group and selected for editing.

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Chapter 4 Load Generation 4.4 Creating primary load cases

7. (Optional) Select the Wind Load Definition to be used with this Load Group (if multiple definitions are present) and edit Type and Overall Factor parameters if necessary. 8. Assign Direction Vector values to describe the wind azimuth. 9. Assign the wind load to the structure by right-clicking the load entry and selecting Assign from the pop-up menu. Hint: No member selection is necessary as wind loads are assigned to the entire structure.

Adding seismic loads per TIA/EIA-222-G Reference load cases can be generated and can be assigned on the entire model on the basis of such definition from either X or Z direction. 1. Select the Model > Objects > Loads > Load Generation Parameters section of the Tower Model Explorer. 2. From the pop-up menu, select Add Seismic Parameters > TIA/EiA[222G] Definition. The seismic definition is added to the Load Generation Parameters list and selected for editing. 3. (Optional) Add a short description to identify the load definition. 4. Edit the Classification, Importance Factor, ground acceleration, and Site Class parameters for your structure and location. 5. Right click on the Model > Objects > Loads > Load Groups section of the Tower Model Explorer. 6. From the pop-up menu, select Add Load Group. A new load group is added to the Load Groups list. 7. Right click on the new load group entry and select Seismic Load > Add Seismic [TIA-222G] Load from the pop-up menu. The Seismic Load is added to the Load Group and selected for editing. 8. In the Properties pane, select the global direction in which the seismic load acts. 9. Assign the seismic load to the structure by right-clicking the load entry and selecting Assign from the pop-up menu. Hint: No member selection is necessary as seismic loads are assigned to the entire structure.

4.4 Creating primary load cases An analytical model must have at least one Primary Load Case defined in terms of the physical load groups.

User Manual — 51

Hint: The Automatic Load Generation Wizard creates appropriate primary load cases based on the combinations selected. 1. Right-click on the Model > Analysis > Loads > Primary section of the Tower Model Explorer pane and select Add Primary Load Case from the pop-up menu. An empty primary load case is added to this section. 2. Select the new Primary Load case. The Properties pane displays the 3. (Optional) Select a Load Classification Type to define this Primary Load Case. 4. Select the Load Group Types from the drop down menu by clicking the check box associated with each Type. Hint: Select the (Select All) option to list all physical Load Groups. The load groups with assigned load types matching the selection options appear listed in the Available Load Groups. 5. Select a Load Group in the Available Load Groups list. 6. (Optional) Edit the Factor which will be applied to this Load Group in the Primary Load Case. 7. Select the Add tool. 8. Repeat Steps 5 through 8 as needed to add additional load groups.

52 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 5

Analysis and Design This section contains information on using the analysis and design capabilities of STAAD(X) Tower. 5.1 Analyzing a tower model

53

5.2 Analysis methods used by the program

54

5.3 Perform Member Slenderness Checks

56

5.4 Setting the active design code

56

5.5 Performing a code check

56

5.6 Reviewing the design results

57

5.1 Analyzing a tower model When you have completed the analytical loadings, you will need analyze the structure before proceeding to design. 1. (Optional) Select the Analysis > Whole Model entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane to display the Analysis properties.

User Manual — 53

2. (Optional) Select the method of analysis to be used and set any analysis options as needed. See "Analysis model properties" on page 187 for descriptions for the various options available. 3. Either From the Model ribbon tab, select the Run Analysis tool. or From the Analysis > Whole Model entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane, select Perform Analysis from the pop-up menu. At this time, the physical model will be decomposed into analytical parts (which can be viewed using the View Analytical Model command). You can monitor the progress of the analysis in the Output pane.

5.2 Analysis methods used by the program Analysis methods specified in Whole Model properties are performed by the STAAD engine using the following methods.

Linear Elastic Analysis Methodology This option for a 1st Order Analysis directs the program to perform the analysis that includes: i. Checking whether all information is provided for the analysis; ii. Forming the joint stiffness matrix; iii. Checking the stability of the structure; iv. Solving simultaneous equations, and v. Computing the member forces and displacements.

Second Order Analysis Methodology This command directs the program to perform the analysis that includes: i. Checking whether all information is provided for the analysis; ii. Forming the joint stiffness matrix iii. Checking the stability of the structure; iv. Solving simultaneous equations, and v. Computing the member forces and displacements. vi. For P-Delta analysis, forces and displacements are recalculated, taking into consideration the

54 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 5 Analysis and Design 5.2 Analysis methods used by the program

chosen P-Delta effect. vii. In each of the iterations of the P-Delta analysis, the load vector will be modified to include the secondary effect generated by the displacements caused by the previous iterations.

Notes on selecting either the Default or the Exclude Small Delta options a. The default and Exclude Small Delta options should specify anywhere from 3 to 30 iterations to properly incorporate the P-Delta effect. With this many iterations, the results using these options are as good as or better than the Stiffness Matrix results for static analysis. The advantage of these analysis options comes from not having to re-form and then triangular factorize the stiffness matrix for every iteration within every case. Also this command allows tension/compression. b. Be aware that global buckling can occur in P-Delta analysis, resulting in large or infinite or NaN values for displacement. Do not use the results of such a case. Sometimes the loads from Repeat Load combination cases are too large; sometimes partial moment releases rather than the full release is needed, sometimes connectivity needs to be corrected. Always check the maximum displacements for P-Delta analyses. c. When the Convergence Check option is not selected, the member end forces are evaluated by iterating by the number of times specified. d. The convergence option is not recommended over directly specifying the number of iterations.

Notes on selecting the Stiffness Matrix option a. This command directs the program to perform the analysis that includes: i. Solving the static case. ii. Re-forming the global joint stiffness matrix to include the Kg matrix terms which are based on the computed tensile/compressive axial member forces. iii. Solving simultaneous equations for displacements; b. P-Delta KG effects are computed for frame members with the results are based on “P-large & small Delta” effects.  c. For static analysis, the default option with 20 or more iterations is preferred. d. Tension/compression only members are not allowed with the Stiffness Matrix. You must use the default P-Delta option instead. e. Be aware that global buckling can occur in a KG analysis. This condition is usually detected by the program. A message is issued and the results for that case are set to zero. The program will continue with the next load case.    f. Global buckling may not be detected which could result in a solution with large or infinite or NaN values for displacement or negative L-matrix diagonals or stability errors. Do not use the results of such cases. This condition may require a nonlinear analysis. Sometimes the loads from primary load cases are too large; sometimes partial moment releases rather than the full release is needed, sometimes connectivity needs to be corrected. Always check the maximum displacements for P-Delta analyses.   

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5.3 Perform Member Slenderness Checks You can perform slenderness checks on all members of a self-supporting or guyed tower structure during the modeling phase using the Check Slenderness tool. 1. Select the Check Slenderness tool The Output pane shows the status of failed members in red. The member number, type, and section will be included for each. 2. Clicking on any status lines of the output content will highlight the member in the View pane.

5.4 Setting the active design code Use the drop-down menu to select which standard you want to use for checking the structure. The code displayed will then be set as the active design code. The available codes are: n

TIA-222-F - Selects the ANSI/TIA/EIA-222-F-1996 TIA Standard: Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Towers., June 1996

n

TIA-222-G - Selects the ANSI/TIA-222-G-2005 TIA Standard: Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Towers., August 2005

n

IS 802, 806 - Selects a combination of the Indian standards for angle and pipe section design for tower structures. Note: Indian codes are not available for the design of monopoles.

Hint: The TIA-222-G standard is selected by default.

5.5 Performing a code check Once the model has been analyzed, and a standard for design has been selected, you are ready to perform member code checks based on the selected members.

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Chapter 5 Analysis and Design 5.6 Reviewing the design results

1. Select the Check Code tool. The code check operations will be displayed in the Output pane.

5.6 Reviewing the design results 1. Select the Physical Model > Design section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. The Design Results table opens in the Output pane.

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Chapter 5 5.6 Reviewing the design results

58 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 6

Results and Reports STAAD(X) Tower contains facilities for reviewing the results of analysis and design both on screen and by generating detailed reports. 6.1 Member Analysis Results

59

6.2 Member Design Results

61

6.3 Tower Design Results

62

6.4 Using cost data to create a take-off report

63

6.5 Take a snapshot to include in a report

64

6.6 Building Your Report

65

6.7 Report Item Customization

66

6.1 Member Analysis Results Once a successful analysis has been performed, you will want to review the results of the analysis. STAAD(X) Tower provides you with rich inquiry tools to review these results on screen.

User Manual — 59

Note: Analysis results are displayed on screen for the selected Results load case only. Change this selection to update the results displayed.

Displaying the member end force results table 1. Right click on the Analysis > Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member End Forces entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane. 2. From the pop-up menu, select Show Member End Forces Table The Member End Forces Table opens in the Output pane.

Querying the force results anywhere along the length of a member 1. Select the Select Physical Member tool on the Model ribbon tab. 2. Select the Show Results Box tool on the Results ribbon tab. or Select the Analysis > Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Forces/Displacements entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane. 3. Select a member in the View pane for which you want to review analysis results. The Results: Physical Member # dialog box opens to display the displacement and internal force values at the start of the member (Distance = 0). 4. Use the slider tool or specify a Distance value to query any point along the length of the physical member. 5. Repeat step 3 as often as needed to review the results for different members. The Results: Physical Member # dialog box updates.

Querying the stress results anywhere along the length of a member 1. Select the Select Physical Member tool on the Model ribbon tab. 2. Select the Show Member Stress tool on the Results ribbon tab. or Select the Analysis > Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member Stresses entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane. 3. Select a member in the View pane for which you want to review stress results. The Properties pane displays the stress values at key points along the member cross-section. 4. Use the slider tool or specify a Distance value to query any point along the length of the physical member. Note: Maximum stress at extreme cross-section points are listed along with their locations along the length of the member.

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Chapter 6 Results and Reports 6.2 Member Design Results

5. Repeat step 3 as often as needed to review the results for different members. The Properties pane updates.

Viewing force diagrams for a single member 1. Select the Select Physical Member tool on the Model ribbon tab. 2. Select the Show Force Graph tool on the Results ribbon tab. or Select the Analysis > Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member Force Graphs entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane. 3. Select a member in the View pane for which you want to view force graphs. The Member Force Diagrams tab opens in the Output pane. 4. Use the slider tool or specify a Distance value to query any point along the length of the physical member. 5. Click the {force type} button (default to Bending - Z) and select the option corresponding to the force you want displayed on the graph. Note: The {force type} button displays the type of force currently displayed. This defaults to Bending - Z. 6. Repeat steps 3 through 5 as often as needed to review the results for different members. The Properties pane updates. Note: The force graph displays the force along a physical member. If you want to see the forces at analytical segment ends, refer to the Member End Forces Table.

6.2 Member Design Results Once successful analysis and design have been performed, you can review the results for members in detail.

Viewing detailed design results for a single member To review a more detailed set of results for a specific member, you can use the Show Selective Results tool. 1. Select the Select Physical Member tool on the Model ribbon tab. 2. Select the Show Selective Results tool on the Results ribbon tab.

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3. Select a member in the View pane which for which you want to review design results. The Member Design tab appears in the Output pane. 4. Select this tab to review detailed design results. 5. Repeat step 3 as often as needed to review the results for different members.

Displaying the design results table Used to display a summary table of the design as well as have the members which have failed a code check graphically highlighted. 1. In the Tower Model Explorer pane, select the Design entry. or On the Results ribbon tab, click the Show All Results tool in the Design Results group. The Design Results table opens in the Output pane and the View pane highlights any members which have not passed a code check.

6.3 Tower Design Results The program has several results review tools available for reviewing the behavior of the structure.

Displaying the horizontal deflection diagram 1. Select the Model > Analysis > Whole Model > Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Horizontal Deflection section of the Tower Model Explorer. The deflection diagram and table for the currently selected Primary Load Case open in the Properties pane.

Displaying the structure tilt diagram 1. Select the Model > Analysis > Whole Model > Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Tilt section of the Tower Model Explorer.

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Chapter 6 Results and Reports 6.4 Using cost data to create a take-off report

The tower tilt diagram and table for the currently selected Primary Load Case open in the Properties pane.

Displaying the structure twist diagram 1. Select the Model > Analysis > Whole Model > Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Twist section of the Tower Model Explorer. The tower twist diagram and table for the currently selected Primary Load Case open in the Properties pane.

Displaying the reaction results table 1. Right click on the Model > Analysis >Whole Model > Results > Reaction Results > Reactions section of the Tower Model Explorer pane and select Show Support Reactions Table from the pop-up menu. The Support Reactions Table opens in the Output pane.

6.4 Using cost data to create a take-off report Material take-off reports can be generated for self-supporting and guyed towers.

Adding unit cost data 1.

From the Tools ribbon tab, select the Unit Cost Catalog tool. The Structural Property Catalog: Unit Costs dialog box opens.

2. Specify Country, Specification, and Profile Type in the appropriate filters to select which profile type you want to update. 3. All profiles of this type will be listed in the Sections list box. Select which ones for which you want to provide cost data. 4. Select a material Grade specific to the cost data provided. 5. Specify a Currency for your cost data. 6. Enter in Unit Cost data for each. All selected profile and material combinations will listed in the table. 7. Click Update to save this data to the Structural Property Catalog. You can now add Material Take-off and Cost Summary sheets to your report.

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Editing unit cost data 1. Open the Structural Property Catalog: Unit Costs dialog box 2. Search for the shape/material designation(s) you want to edit. The existing Unit Cost is displayed in the table. 3. Change the Unit Cost to the current value. 4. Click the Update button to save the data. 5. Repeat Steps 2 through 4 as necessary. 6. Close the dialog.

Adding cost data to your report Use the following procedure to include material take-off and cost summary sheets to your report. Prior to this, you should add cost data. 1. From the Report ribbon tab, drag the Material Take-Off/ Cost Summary item from the Report Document Map list to the Selected Items List where you want to have this information appear in the report. This item appears in the Input Data section of the report.

6.5 Take a snapshot to include in a report 1. From the View ribbon tab, select the Take a Picture tool. The Take Picture dialog box opens.

2. Enter an identifiable description in the Picture Title field. 3. Select the Automatic Update option to make the snapshot dynamic. That is, should the view you are capturing change, the snapshot will be updated for you automatically. 4. Select the OK tool to have the snapshot added the list of Report items.

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Chapter 6 Results and Reports 6.6 Building Your Report

6.6 Building Your Report Reports are created from the Reports ribbon tab. Once this tab has been selected, the Tower Model Explorer, Properties, and Output panes are cleared. The Report Document Map and Selected item lists open on the left hand side and report document view fills the remainder of the program window.

Adding items to a report 1. Expand the tree items of interest to display available entities in the Report Document Map . 2. Click and drag items or a group of items from the Report Document Map to the Selected Items List. A red line appears in the Selected Items List where the item will be placed within the report order. Hint: You can rearrange items in the Selected Item List by clicking and dragging them into a new position within the list.

Note: See "Report Item Customization" on page 66 for more information on how to change the appearance of report items

Removing report items Use either of the following procedures to remove report entities from the Selected Items List: 1. Select an item (or items) in the Selected Item List. Hint: You can select items in the list individually by clicking on them. Multiple items may be selected by holding down the Ctrl key (Control key) and clicking the items individually. To select multiple, adjacent items in the list, you can click and drag a window over the items or click the first and last items while holding the Shift key. 2. Click the Delete Items tool on the Selected Item list toolbar. or Right click on the report entity you want to remove and select Delete … from the pop-up menu. 3. Click OK in the confirmation dialog.

Generating your report 1. Click the Generate Report tool on the Selected Item list toolbar.

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The main window displays the report for review, printing, or export.

Exporting your report to a file Once you have generated a report, you may export it to a variety of different formats for your records and communication. 1. Select a file format from the Export To gallery to save a report. or Select a file format from the E-Mail As gallery to attach the report to an e-mail. Note: The most recently export tool is displayed in the toolbar. The corresponding file format dialog box opens. 2. Specify any additional parameters or details required. See "Export group" on page 114 for information on using the various file format export dialogs. 3. Click OK in the dialog box to create the file. A standard Windows Save As dialog box opens. 4. Specify a file name and Select the Save tool. 5. If you selected an Export To tool, a message dialog box opens asking if you would like to see the exported file. Click Yes to open the exported report. Note: You must have a program capable of displaying the exported file. or If you selected an Export To tool, an empty e-mail opens with the exported file attached.

6.7 Report Item Customization You can customize the style of report notes and tables.

Customizing the appearance of a report item When you have added one or more items to a Report Entity in the Selected Items List field, you have the option to customize those items. 1. Select the items you want to customize in the Selected Items List. 2. Click the

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button (Add Custom Info) above the Report Entity list.

Chapter 6 Results and Reports 6.7 Report Item Customization

or Right-click on the entry in the Selected Items List and select Add Customization … 3. Depending on the type of entity selected for customizing, a different dialog box will appear with available options. 4. Once you have made all changes, click OK to accept (or Cancel to discard). 5. Customized report items will have a check mark to signify changes have been made. 6. (Optional) If you did not select to Refresh View Immediately, then regenerate the report to update the Report View to reflect customized items.

Removing customized report items styles Use the following procedure to reset the customized appearance of a selected report item. The item will remain but will revert to the standard style. 1. Select the items you want to customize in the Selected Items List. 2. Click the

button (Remove Custom Info) above the Report Entity list.

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Chapter 6 6.7 Report Item Customization

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Chapter 7

Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar This section contains detailed information on the program tools found on the program's ribbon toolbar. 7.1 Start tab

70

7.2 Model Tab

70

7.3 View tab

76

7.4 Tools Tab

83

7.5 Components tab

98

7.6 Results Tab

101

7.7 Report tab

103

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7.1 Start tab Contains common commands for file-level operations such as creating new model files or opening existing ones. Table 7-1: File level tools found in the Start Tab > File Group

Icon

What It Does Opens the New Model dialog box.

New Used to open an existing file. Clicking the icon launches the common Windows file browser for locating files. Open Displays a list of recent files which have been used in STAAD(X) Tower. Recent Files…

7.2 Model Tab Contains many of the general tools you will use to manipulate your model, perform analysis, and check members against codes. Table 7-2: Analysis group tools

Tool

What it does Performs a analysis on the decomposed analytical model using the analysis methods selected for the Whole Model.

Run Analysis

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Once you have added members, boundary conditions, and loads to your physical model, you will then proceed to defining the analytical model. Most of this is completed for you by STAAD(X) Tower automatically at run time. You will need to add physical model load groups to Primary Load Cases for analysis. You can also add Primary Load Cases together into Load Combinations.

Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.2 Model Tab Table 7-3: Design group tools

Tool Active Design Code

What it does Used to select the design standard which will be used in slenderness and code checks for member design. Initiates a slenderness check for all members based on the selected Active Design Code. Note: This tool is inactive for monopole structures.

Check Slenderness Initiates a code check for all members based on the selected Active Design Code

Check Code

Standard Group This group contains common tools for file operations and for managing the content within the current model file. Table 7-4: Default contents of the Quick Access Toolbar, with their functions.

Icon

What it does Opens the New Model dialog.

New

Open

For opening an existing file or importing a model file created in a different application. Clicking the icon provides a drop-down menu with these options. This will close the current model file and return you to the Start Page.

Close This will save any changes made in the current model file since the previous save. Save

Save As

Opens a Windows Save As dialog, which is used to save the current model in a different location or with a different file name.

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Icon

What it does Export your tower model to a STAAD.Pro [.STD] file.

Export to STAAD Model This feature is currently inactive. Copy This feature is currently inactive. Cut This feature is currently inactive. Paste

Delete

Recent Files

Deletes the selected item(s) in either the Tower Model Explorer window or theView pane (with the exception of items which may not be deleted from a model file). Click this tool to see a list of recent files that have been opened in STAAD(X) Tower. Clicking any one of these files will open that file (but you will be prompted to save the current file first). Used to save the current structure as a reusable template file.

Save as Structure Builder Template

View Group Contains commonly used view control tools. Table 7-5: View group tools

Tool Physical Model

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Description Used to toggle the display of the physical model elements in the View pane (default view). The physical view mode is typically the environment in which you will construct tower models.

Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.2 Model Tab

Tool

Description

Analytical Model

Used to toggle the display of the physical model elements in the View pane. The analytical view mode is used for reviewing the mathematical model which will be used by the STAAD(X) engine in analysis. Note: Certain view features, such as member releases, may only be viewed in the Analytical Model display mode. Monopole tower physical sections are sub-divided to maximum analytical lengths based on selected code requirements (typically a five foot maximum analytical length).

Tables menu tools

Click the Tables menu button show tables to display a list of commonly used tables. Click any of the menu items to display the listed table in the Output pane. Hint: A check is displayed on the menu beside shown tables. Show Physical Member table Displays all members and some associated properties. Some properties can be edited directly from this table. Show Node table Displays all notes and associated properties. Show Joint Displacements table Displays the joint displacements and rotations for each load cases. Show Support Reactions table Displays the reactions at all supports for each load case. Show Member End Forces table Displays the force and moments at both ends of each analytical member

View From tools Rotate tools Zoom tools

A set of tools used to control global orientation of the View pane by a set of predefined directions. Used to rotate the perspective in the View pane about all of the three global axis. Used to control the zoom level within the View pane as well as pan about the view.

Selection Group The Selection Cursors Group contains various pointer types in addition to a filtering tool. The different pointers represent selection modes used to limit selections in the Model View by object type.

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Table 7-6: Cursors for model entity selections.

Tool

What It Does Use this to turn off any current selection mode(s).

Idle Pointer Used to select nodes. Select Node Used to select one-dimensional model entities which are part of the physical model. Select Physical Member

This selection tool is only available when viewing the physical model. Refer to "Modes Group" Used to select one-dimensional model entities which are part of the analytical model.

Select Analytical Member

This selection tool is only available when viewing the analytical model. Refer to "Modes Group" Used to select ladder entities.

Select Ladders Used to select feedline entities. Select Feed Lines Used to select work platform entities. Select Platforms Used to select t-arm mount structures. Select T-Arm Used to select low profile platforms. Select Low Profile Platform Used to select t-frame mount structures. Select T-Frame

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Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.2 Model Tab

Tool

What It Does Used to select sector frame mount structures.

Select Sector Frame Used to select side arm mount structures. Select Side Arm Used to select mount pipes supporting appurtenances. Select Mount Pipe Used to select an ice shield component. Select Ice Shield Used to select a dish antenna without a radome cover. Select Dish Without Radome Used to select a dish antenna with a radome cover. Select Dish With Radome Used to select a shrouded dish antenna (HP dish). Select Dish With Shroud Used to select a grid dish. Select Grid Dish Used to select a para reflector dish. Select ParaReflector Dish Used to select a panel antenna. Select Panel Antenna Used to select a Yagi-Uda array (direction antenna). Select Yagi Antenna

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Tool

What It Does Used to select a dipole antenna.

Select Dipole Antenna Used to select an omni antenna. Select Omni Antenna Used to select a tower mounted amplifier. Select TMA

7.3 View tab Contains tools for manipulating the View pane. You can toggle the views of members by class, change the view orientation, and switch between viewing the physical and analytical models. Table 7-7: View tab tools

Tool

Description

Physical Model

Used to toggle the display of the physical model elements in the View pane (default view). The physical view mode is typically the environment in which you will construct tower models.

Analytical Model

Used to toggle the display of the physical model elements in the View pane. The analytical view mode is used for reviewing the mathematical model which will be used by the STAAD(X) engine in analysis. Note: Certain view features, such as member releases, may only be viewed in the Analytical Model display mode. Monopole tower physical sections are sub-divided to maximum analytical lengths based on selected code requirements (typically a five foot maximum analytical length).

Tools group

Selection group

Contains View From, Rotate, and Zoom tools used to control the View pane. Contains a set of tools used for selecting physical model objects in the View pane. See "Selection Group" on page 73

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Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.3 View tab

Tool

Description

Preferences group

Used to toggle the view of members, nodes, and appurtenances by category. Used to control the graphic display details included in the View pane. By selecting the Apply Immediately option in the dropdown window, any selections made will be updated as soon as they are selected. Otherwise, all changes will be applied once the Apply button has been selected.

Structural Diagrams controls Opens the Take Picture dialog box, which is used to include model views or result diagrams in your report documents, or simply export images to external files.

Take a picture

View From tools A set of tools used to control global orientation of the View pane by a set of predefined directions.

With the View Group on the Model Tab, there is a row of six tools which indicate highlighted faces of a cube. Each of these changes the current Model View pane to align with either the positive or negative direction on one of the three global axis. A seventh tool highlights three faces of the cube. This changes the current Model View to an isometric view. Note: View directions are absolute. Unlike Rotate View, these do not make incremental changes in the current view but rather reset the current view to the selected direction.

Rotate View tools Used to rotate the perspective in the View pane about all of the three global axis. Table 7-8: Rotate view tools

Tool

What it Does Rotates the active view counter-clockwise manner about the positive x-axis.

Keyboard Command Ctrl + Up Arrow

Rotate Up

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Tool

Keyboard Command

What it Does Rotates the active view clockwise manner about the positive x-axis.

Ctrl + Down Arrow

Rotate Down Rotates the active view counter-clockwise manner about the positive y-axis.

Ctrl + Left Arrow

Rotate Left Rotates the active view clockwise manner about the positive y-axis

Ctrl + Right Arrow

Rotate Right Rotates the active view counter-clockwise about the positive z-axis Spin Left Rotates the active view clockwise about the positive zaxis Spin Right

Zoom tools Used to control the zoom level within the View pane as well as pan about the view. Table 7-9: Zoom group tools

Tools

What it Does Drag the mouse cursor to form a rectangle of the area you want to fill the view pane with.

Zoom Window Each click of this icon zooms the current view pane out by one step. Zoom Out Clicking this icon zooms the current view pane out to display the complete extents of the model. Zoom Extents Each click of this icon zooms the current view pane in by one step. Zoom In

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Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.3 View tab

Tools

Pan

What it Does Selecting this tool changes the mouse pointer to the Pan mode. Note the cursor changes to a hand. Click and hold the left mouse button within the view pane to drag the model around. Note that the cursor changes reflect "grabbing" the screen.You may release the mouse button and repeat to drag the view as much as needed. Select the Pan tool again to exit Pan mode.

Preferences Group Used to toggle the view of members, nodes, and appurtenances by category.

Members You can toggle the graphical display of members within the View pane by type using these buttons. Clicking the Legs, Horizontals/Pull-offs, or Diagonals (Bracing) buttons will turn on the view of those members, respectively. You can combine them to show two or more member types. Clicking the All Members button will reset the display. These commands do not affect the analytical model display mode. Nodal The Nodes and Supports buttons toggle the view each of these items, respectively. When the Analytical Model view mode has been activated, you may also select the Member Releases tool to view how member end specifications will be applied to the analytical model. Member releases are displayed as open circles near the end of the member. The member ToolTip will display additional information about the releases when the analytical member selection tool is used.

Guys If your model is a guyed tower, then the buttons to toggle the view of Guy Assemblies and

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Guy Cables will be activated. Faces You can toggle the display of individual tower faces for self-supporting and guyed tower structures. Note: The tower legs on each side of the face will be displayed, along with all members in the plane(s) of that tower face. Appurtenances These buttons allow you to toggle the display of tower appurtenances such as Antennas, Appurtenances, Platforms, Platforms, and Feedlines. For models where a given type of appurtenance is not applicable, that toggle will be grayed out.

Structural diagram controls Used to control the graphic display details included in the View pane. By selecting the Apply Immediately option in the drop-down window, any selections made will be updated as soon as they are selected. Otherwise, all changes will be applied once the Apply button has been selected.

Color Tab

The color tab allows you to vary the color of displayed structural elements such as members, supports, and appurtenances.

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Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.3 View tab

Change the Color of a Model Entity 1. Select the Structural Diagram pop-up dialog box from the View tab. 2. Select the Color tab in the dialog. 3. Select any color in the right column associated with the element you want to change. The colors can be selected either from the Custom tab, the Web (named colors) tab, or the System tab. 4. Select the Apply tool to update colors. or Select the Apply Immediately option to have all colors updated dynamically.

Use a Custom Color 1. When changing the color of a model entity as described above, select the Custom tab. 2. In any of the blank color spaces at the bottom of the dialog, right-click to open the Windows color picker dialog.

3. Use the color picker tool to select a hue and shade graphically. or Enter in numerical values for Hue, Saturation, and Lumosity. or Enter in numerical values for Red, Green, and Blue. 4. Select the Add to Custom Colors tool.

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5. Select the new color appears in the Custom colors grid. 6. Select the OK tool.

Label Tab

The Label tab allows you to toggle the display of element labels in the View pane.

Turn on Display Labels 1. Select the Structural Diagram pop-up dialog box from the View tab. 2. Select the Label tab in the dialog. 3. Select the box associated with any item label you want to be displayed. 4. Select the Apply tool to update labels. or Select the Apply Immediately option to have all colors updated dynamically.

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Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.4 Tools Tab

Scale Tab

The Scale tab allows you to control the relative size of graphic elements.

Change Display Scale 1. Select the Structural Diagram pop-up dialog box from the View tab. 2. Select the Scale tab in the dialog. 3. Enter a numerical value ratio (scale units described). or Use the Up and Down arrows to step the scale factors by values of ten. 4. Select the Apply tool to update labels. or Select the Apply Immediately option to have all colors updated dynamically.

7.4 Tools Tab Contains tools used to manage structural data for your project and create re-usable tools for new projects. Here, you will be view the section and materials catalogs, produce a material take-off or cost summary, and create re-usable templates for bracing and structures.

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Table 7-10: Tools tab

Tool

Description Opens the Split Tower Member Leg dialog box, which is used to define member breaks in tower leg members by parameter.

Split Physical Leg Members Opens the Add Hip Bracing Member dialog box, which is used to add a connecting two points within a tower bay (e.g., bracing two diagonals out of plane) by selecting two existing nodes. Add Hip Member Opens the Structure Property Catalog dialog box, which is used to add profile sections and associated materials to the tower model.

Structure Property Catalog Opens the Steel Cable Explorer dialog box, which is used to review and add steel cable profiles to your guyed tower model.

Steel Cable Catalog Opens the Define Bracing Pattern dialog box, which is used to define a custom face bracing pattern to add to the Library.

Face Bracing Wizard Opens the Define Bracing Pattern dialog box, which is used to define a custom horizontal bracing pattern to add to the Library.

Plan Bracing Wizard

Split Tower Leg Members dialog box Used to define member breaks in tower leg members by parameter.

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Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.4 Tools Tab

Opens when the Split Physical Leg Members tool is selected.

Dialog Controls Elevations list All split definitions added to the current tower model are listed here. Panel End tab Used to select the Panel ID which will define the tower leg breaks. The tower legs are broken at the top of the selected panel. Custom tab Used to specify the Height above base at which tower legs are broken. This allows you to define tower leg breaks at any point along the vertical height of the tower model. Remove Used to remove the selected split definition from the Elevations list. Add Used to add a Panel End or Custom split definition to the Elevations list. Done Closes the dialog box and updates the model with the split definitions included in the Elevations list.

Add Hip Bracing Member dialog box Used to add a connecting two existing points within a tower bay (e.g., bracing two diagonals out of plane) for a lattice tower structure. Opens when the Add Hip Member tool is selected from the Tools ribbon tab. Figure 7-1: The Add Hip Bracing Member dialog box

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Add/Remove Hip Member Select the action you want to perform for a hip member using the dialog box. The corresponding controls become active for your selection. Type of Member Select a redundant member classification by which the member will be grouped. Panel No. Specify a tower panel in which the member is to be added or removed. The Start Node and End Node lists are updated to include only existing nodes within the selected panel number. Note: Hip members cannot span across panels. Start Node (Add Hip Member only) Select the node number which connects the start of the physical member. End Node (Add Hip Member only) Select the node number which connects the end of the physical member. Section Profile Select one of the available cross section profiles in the model. Hint: Additional section profiles can be added using the Structure Property Catalog tool. Member No. (Remove Hip Member only) Select the hip member number from a list of hip members in the selected panel. This is the member that is removed when OK is clicked. OK When Add Hip Member is selected, this creates a hip member joining the two specified nodes with the specified parameters. The program will check to ensure that no duplicate members are created. Cancel Closes the dialog box without creating a hip member.

Structure Property Catalog dialog box Delete this text and replace it with your own content.

Standard tab Provides you with catalog-listed shapes to use for your tower model.

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Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.4 Tools Tab

Standard Sections search criteria: l

Material — Select the material to be used

l

Category — Specify which category of the material used

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l

Country — Specify the country where the section catalog is produced

l

Specification — Specify the catalog to be used

l

Profile Type — Specify the shape class

Material panel of the Property Catalog dialog box

Using the Structure Property Catalog The geometric and material properties are added using the Structure Property Catalog. This central database contains all material and cross section data. The Structure Property Catalog dialog box is divided into tabbed sections for rolled and prismatic sections. Either tab allows you to search databases of cross-sectional shapes and add profile and material combinations to the tower model. A list of all cross section profiles will be displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Properties > Profiles section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. Refer to this help topic for additional information on managing profiles and materials that have been added to your model file.s

Launching the Structure Property Catalog 1. From the Tools ribbon tab, select the Structure Property Catalog tool. or From the Model > Physical Model > Properties > Profile entry on the Tower Model Explorer, select Add Section from the pop-up menu. 2. The Structure Property Catalog dialog box launches.

Adding a catalog section to the tower model

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Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.4 Tools Tab

1. Using the Structure Property Catalog dialog, select the criteria you want to use. 2. Press the Search button. 3. Select a section in the search results box and click Add Profile so that it is added to the list of included profiles in the tower model. or Select both a section in the search results box and a material from the lower panel. Click Add Profile + Material so that both the profile and material are added to the tower model. Hint: When a profile is selected, you can press the F2 key to select a new section size from the shape list. The section profile is updated and any members with the previous size assigned will also be updated with the new profile selection.

Available catalog shapes STAAD(X) Tower contains an extensive catalog of standard shapes. Table 7-11: List of Standard, Hot-Rolled Steel Catalog Shapes in STAAD(X) Tower

Country/Region United States

India

Shapes Classes Available

Catalog AISC 7th Ed. (ASD)

L

AISC 13th Ed. (Imperial)

L, PIPE, 2L, HSS-ROUND, and Schifflerized L

AISC 9th Ed. (Imperial)

L, Pipe, 2L, HSS-Round, and Schifflerized L

API 5L All Steel

Pipe

API 5L Alpha Pipe

Pipe

IS 808: 1989 Generic

EA, UA, and TUBE

Schifflerized Angle A standard angle section whose legs form a 60° angle instead of a 90°. These sections are designated by the letter V. Only equal leg angles are available in this shape class, which is most commonly used in three-legged towers.

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Adding a material to the tower model Note: Typically, a material that will be associated with a particular profile to complete a section property will be assigned from the Section Explorer when adding a profile. 1. Select the Model > Physical Model > Properties > Materials entry on the Tower Model Explorer. 2. Right-click to open the pop-up menu and select Add Material. 3. Select the Material, Country, and Specification values you want to use. You may also select a custom Material Color to graphically represent this material. 4. Click Search. 5. Select a material from the search results list. 6. Click Add Material.

Steel Cable Explorer dialog box Used to review and add steel cable profiles to your guyed tower model. Opens when the Steel Cable Catalog tool is selected from the Tools ribbon tab.

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Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.4 Tools Tab

Adding a cable profile to the tower model Note: Cable definitions are added using the Steel Cable dialog box. 1. Select the Steel Cable Catalog tool on the Tools ribbon tab. The Steel Cable Explorer dialog box opens. 2. Select the Material and Standard from which you want to select a cable size. The panes of the dialog box update to reflect your choice. 3. Double-click the Cable size you want to add to the profile list in the Tower Model Explorer. Hint: The details of a selected cable profile are displayed at the bottom of the dialog.

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Define (Face) Bracing Pattern dialog box Used to add a custom face panel pattern for your tower structure. Though STAAD(X) Tower includes an extensive list of commonly used bracing patterns for tower structures, you may find it necessary to add your own. Your custom bracing patterns will be available along side the catalog patterns when selecting panel bracing. Custom bracing panels will listed in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Libraries entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane. See "Libraries" on page 173 Once you have added a custom bracing pattern, it will be available for future tower models as well when you run a new model wizard or edit panels in an existing model. Opens when l

The Face Bracing Wizard tool is selected, or

l

Define Bracing is selected from the Physical Model > Objects > Libraries pop-up menu in the Tower Model Explorer pane.

Dialog Controls Template Table 7-12: Define Bracing Pattern controls

Control

Add: Node

92 — STAAD(X) Tower

Description

Prototype Bracing Pattern

Select one of the included bracing pattern

Bracing Title

Specify a description which is used to in bracing library lists to refer to the new pattern.

Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.4 Tools Tab

Table 7-13: Define Bracing Pattern controls

Control Intersection

Description This command will add a new node at the intersections of two members. You will be asked to specify two members by clicking them. If these two member segments do not intersect, a node will be added at their projected intersection. If two parallel members are selected, no node will be added.

Extrapolate Intermediate

For this option, you must also specify the fractional length along a member where you would like a new node added. Then you must select the start and end nodes of the member in the pattern diagram. If you select User Defined, then enter a value between zero (0) and unity (1) as a ratio of the member length.

Intermediate Ratio

Active when the Intermediate option has been selected. Select one of the pre-defined ration of member length or specify a User Defined ratio.

Add Node

Click this button to add a new node to the bracing pattern.

Add: Member Table 7-14: Define Bracing Pattern controls

Control

Description

Diagonal Redundant Diagonal Redundant Sub Diagonal Secondary Horizontal Redundant Sub Horizontal Redundant Vertical Add Member

Click this button to add a new member to the bracing pattern.

Update Creates a bracing pattern definition with the specified Bracing Title.

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Cancel Closes the dialog box without saving any changes since the last type Update button was clicked.

Add a Custom Face Bracing Pattern 1. From the Tools ribbon tab, select the Face Bracing Wizard tool.

or Select Define Bracing… from the pop-up menu on the Libraries entry in the Tower Model Explorer pane. The Define Bracing Pattern (face) dialog box opens. 2. Select a prototype bracing pattern from the predefined types (optional) if one is similar to the custom pattern. 3. Enter an appropriate name in the Bracing Title field. 4. For each node or member you want to add, refer to the instructions below regarding Adding a Node or Adding a Member. Repeat to add as many new nodes or members as necessary. 5. Click the Update button to add the new bracing pattern (or click the Cancel button to discard the new pattern).

Adding a Node 1. Select one of the following methods to add a node to the template: 2. Select the Add Node tool. 3. Depending on the method of addition selected, follow the instructions which appear in the bottom status bar. Warning: An error message will be displayed if you attempt to create a duplicate node.

Adding a Member 1. Select the type of member you want to add to the template. Note: Thought the member type does not affect the structural analysis directly, it will affect how the structure is parametrically created and edited. 2. Select the Add Member tool. 3. Select the first and second nodes, respectively, to form the start and end of the additional member in the template.

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Warning: An error message will be displayed if you attempt to add a duplicate member or a zerolength member (e.g., start node and end node the same).

Deleting a Node or Member 1. Right click on the node or member you want to remove. 2. Select Delete from the pop-up menu. 3. The item(s) selected for deletion will be highlighted and a confirmation dialog box will open asking to confirm their deletion. 4. Click Yes to proceed with the deletion. Note: Removing nodes or members with dependant elements will require the deletion of dependants. These will be displayed when the confirmation dialog box opens.

Define (Plan) Bracing Pattern dialog box Used to define a custom horizontal bracing pattern to add to the Library. Custom bracing horizontal plans will listed in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Libraries entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane. See "Libraries" on page 173 Once you have added a custom bracing pattern, it will be available for future tower models as well when you run a new model wizard or edit panels in an existing model.

Dialog Controls Template

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Table 7-15: Define Bracing Pattern controls

Control

Description

Tower Type

Select the tower leg profile: Triangular or Square

Prototype Bracing Pattern

Select one of the included bracing pattern

Bracing Title

Specify a description which is used to in bracing library lists to refer to the new pattern.

Add: Node Table 7-16: Define Bracing Pattern controls

Control Intersection

Description This command will add a new node at the intersections of two members. You will be asked to specify two members by clicking them. If these two member segments do not intersect, a node will be added at their projected intersection. If two parallel members are selected, no node will be added.

Extrapolate Intermediate

For this option, you must also specify the fractional length along a member where you would like a new node added. Then you must select the start and end nodes of the member in the pattern diagram. If you select User Defined, then enter a value between zero (0) and unity (1) as a ratio of the member length.

Intermediate Ratio

Active when the Intermediate option has been selected. Select one of the pre-defined ration of member length or specify a User Defined ratio.

Add Node

Click this button to add a new node to the bracing pattern.

Add: Member Table 7-17: Define Bracing Pattern controls

Control Horizontal

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Description Defines the physical member category for members as Horizontal.

Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.4 Tools Tab

Control Add Member

Description Click this button to add a new member to the bracing pattern.

Update Creates a bracing pattern definition with the specified Bracing Title. Cancel Closes the dialog box without saving any changes since the last type Update button was clicked.

Add a Custom Plan Bracing Pattern 1. From the Tools ribbon tab, select the Plan Bracing Wizard tool.

The Define Bracing Pattern (plan) dialog box opens. 2. Select the Tower Type as either Triangular or Square. 3. Select a prototype bracing pattern from the predefined types (optional) if one is similar to the custom pattern. 4. Enter an appropriate name in the Bracing Title field. 5. For each node or member you want to add, refer to the instructions below regarding Adding a Node or Adding a Member. Repeat to add as many new nodes or members as necessary. 6. Click the Update button to add the new bracing pattern (or click the Cancel button to discard the new pattern).

Adding a Node 1. Select one of the following methods to add a node to the template: 2. Select the Add Node tool. 3. Depending on the method of addition selected, follow the instructions which appear in the Hint field below the bracing diagram. Warning: An error message will be displayed if you attempt to create a duplicate node.

Adding a Member 1. Select the Add Member tool. 2. Select the first and second nodes, respectively, to form the start and end of the additional member in the template.

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Warning: An error message will be displayed if you attempt to add a duplicate member or a zerolength member (e.g., start node and end node the same).

Deleting a Node or Member 1. Right click on the node or member you want to remove. Hint: Be cautious when clicking to ensure you are selecting the correct node or member. 2. Select Delete from the pop-up menu. 3. The item(s) selected for deletion will be highlighted and a confirmation dialog box will open asking to confirm their deletion. 4. Click Yes to proceed with the deletion. Note: Removing nodes or members with dependant elements will require the deletion of dependants. These will be displayed when the confirmation dialog box opens.

7.5 Components tab Contains tools used to add tower components to your tower structure model. Table 7-18: Tools tab Discrete Appurtenance (Mounts) group

Tool

Description Used to add a T-Arm support to the tower model.

T-Arm Used to add a Low Profile Platform mount to the tower model.

Low Profile Platform Used to add a T-Frame mount to the tower model.

T-Frame

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Tool

Description Used to add a Sector Frame mount to the tower model.

Sector Frame Used to add a Side Arm mount to the tower model.

Side Arm Used to add a Pipe mount to the tower model.

Pipe/Dish Mount Used to add a single Ice Shield to the tower model.

Ice Shield Table 7-19: Tools tab Discrete Appurtenance (Misc) group

Tool Guy Wires

Coax Cables

Description Opens the Steel Cable dialog box, which is used to add custom steel cable profiles to the program's database. Opens the Feed Line Shapes: Coaxial Cables dialog box, which is used to add custom coax data to the program for reuse. Used to add a work platform to a latticed tower model. Work platforms can square (four-sided towers only), triangular (three-sided towers only), or circular.

Work Platform

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Table 7-20: Tools tab Linear Appurtenances group

Tool

Description Used to add a Feed Line definition to the Tower Model Explorer pane.

Feed Line Used to add a Ladder definition to the Tower Model Explorer pane.

Ladder

Note: The discrete (antennas, dishes, and mounts) and linear appurtenance (feed-lines inside and outside) loading, except platform loads, cannot be considered for the analysis and design of monopole towers.

Note: T-arms, T-frames, stand-offs, side arms, ice shields, and pipe mounts cannot be used in the analysis and design.

Work Platform tool Used to add tower platforms to your latticed tower model. Platforms are defined and added to the structure through parameters in the Platform Properties. The program supports both square and round platforms shapes as well as full platforms or walkways. Note: Discrete (antennas, dishes and Omni’s) appurtenances cannot be added to the faces of all the different types of platforms.

Feedlines tool Used to add a Feed Line definition to the model for self weight, wind, and ice load effects. Feed Lines are defined and added to the structure through parameters in the Feed Line Properties. Warning: This feature is considered a beta in V8i (SELECTseries 3) and is only applicable to 3 legged towers designed per TIA-222-F wind loads. A single set of feed-lines along a face can be considered during EIA/TIA-222-F design and analysis (Beta Feature) for 3-legged, self-supported tower only. Banjo brackets and t-brackets cannot be added for feed-lines. Feedlines, also known as coax cables, are conduits for carrying electrical signals to the various antennas, dishes, etc. located on the tower. Feedlines are external components in case of self-supporting and guyed

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towers, and can be internal in case of monopoles. Custom coax data can be added to the program using the Feed Line Shapes: Coaxial Cables dialog box.

Ladder tool Used to add a Ladder definition to the Tower Model Explorer pane. Ladders can be added to designate their associated dead and lateral loads Note: Elements of the ladder are not designed by STAAD(X) Tower.

7.6 Results Tab Contains tools used to visualize results from the analysis on the model in the view pane. Here, you will be able to review member forces, member stresses, global reactions, and design results.

View Results Commands The following commands are used to graphically display force, displacement, or stress results on the physical model. The results are shown to scale (for scale settings, See "Scale Tab" on page 83) in wireframe, superimposed onto the current model view (Refer to "Modes Group" for model view settings). The current load case may be selected by using the drop-down list in the Results group. This list includes all Primary Load Cases and Load Combinations included prior to running the most recent analysis. Table 7-21: View Results commands

Icon

Description The force along the local x-axis of the member.

Axial Force

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Icon

Description The force along the local y-axis of the member.

Shear Y Force The force along the local z-axis of the member.

Shear Z Force The twisting moment about the local x-axis of the member. Torsion The bending moment about the local y-axis of the member (generally weak-axis bending). Bending Moment Y The bending moment about the local z-axis of the member (generally strong axis bending). Bending Moment Z The deformed shape of the structure will be displayed. Displacement The combined stress along the local y-axis will be displayed for both above and below the neutral axis of the member. Beam Stress Sup. Reaction

Global support reactions values will be displayed along each support. These will be listed in order of force (X, Y, and Z) and moment (MX, MY, and MZ).

Show Results Group This group provides you with tools to display all of the analysis results for a given load case. Select a load case from the menu of analyzed cases, then toggle on either force or stress results. Table 7-22: Design Results group tools

Tool Show Results Box

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What it does Used to open the Physical Member results dialog, which is used to display internal forces and displacements.

Chapter 7 Command Reference: The Ribbon Toolbar 7.7 Report tab

Tool

What it does

Show Member Stress

Used to display member section stresses at any point along the physical member length.

Show Force Graph

Used to open the Member Force Graph in the Output pane, which is used to display member forces plotted against the member length

Load Selection menu

Used to select which load case for displaying results. This list is dynamically updated with all Primary Load Cases included in the most recent successful analysis.

See "Member Analysis Results" on page 59 for help using these tools.

Design Results tools Used to display the design results once a successful code check has been performed. Table 7-23: Design Results group tools

Tool

What it does

Show All Results

Used to review the code check status of members graphically and by the Design Results Table.

Show Selective Results

Used to review a more detailed set of results for a specific member.

Any members which have failed a code check will be displayed as red in the View pane and their Status will be set to Fail in the Design Results Table.

The physical member properties and design parameters are displayed along with the code check status. Also, the critical code check information is presented along with each code check performed on the selected member. Any code checks that exceed their allowable value will be highlighted for you.

7.7 Report tab Contains a number of features for formatting, viewing, and distributing your compiled reports. Once you load the Report tab, the Tower Model Explorer is replaced with two different side windows: the Report Document Map and the Selected Items List. These tools, along with the tools found along the ribbon bar, are used to add elements into your report, customize the format, and produce reports for external use.

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Template Group These commands allow you to create, modify, save, and load report templates. Table 7-24: Report Template commands

Icon

What it does Launches the Open Template dialog box. Here you will find a list of all saved template formats.

Load Launches the Template Global Settings dialog box. Here you will find options for formatting aspects of report templates. Prepare This removes any changes made to a template since it was loaded. Restore This deletes all template settings currently in use. Clear Launches the Save Template dialog box so you may save the current template settings for reuse. Save

Open Template Dialog

Template Name — A drop-down menu provides a list of all previously saved Templates. Get Selected Entity List — Select this option to include any report objects which are in the included template's Selected Entity list.

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Get Each Object Customized Information — If the Get Selected Entity List option has been selected, this option may be selected to import any report object customizations which have been added to the selected template.

Template Global Settings

Save Template Dialog

Template Name — Enter a unique, alphanumeric name for the report template you want to save. The current report settings and options will be exported to this template name. Note: If you enter the name of an existing template file, you will be prompted if you want to overwrite the existing file. This cannot be undone.

Save Selected Entity List — Select this option to include any report objects which are in the current report's Selected Entity list. Save Each Object Customized Information — If the Save Selected Entity List option has been selected, this option may be selected to export any report object customizations which have been added to the current report. Set this Template as Default — Select this option to make the settings of this template the default when the Reports tab is opened.

Print Group Commands for printing a hard copy of your report from STAAD(X) Tower.

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Table 7-25: Report Printing commands

Icon

What it Does Opens a Windows print dialog box to select a printer and modify printer preferences.

Keyboard Shortcut Ctrl + P

Print Sends the report directly to your default Windows printer. Quick Print Inactive.

Options

Page Setup Group Control the printed page size and layout of your report. Table 7-26: Report page setup commands

Icon

What it Does Set the options for the header and footer of the report document.

Header/Footer Opens the Scale Settings panel to set your report scale.

Scale Opens the Margins gallery where you can select predefined options or set custom margins. Margins Opens the page Orientation gallery.

Orientation Opens the Page Size gallery.

Size

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Scale Settings Allows you to specify how the document should be scaled on a printed page.

Adjust to: — Set the scale based on the percentage to full size. Fit to — Scale the report output based on page width.

Margins The Margins tool opens the margins gallery, where allows you may select from a list of preset margin sizes or set Custom Margins.

Set Custom Margins 1. On the Reports ribbon tab, Click the Margins tool. 2. Select Custom Margins … at the bottom of the gallery list. The Page Setup dialog box opens.

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3. Specify the Margins (in inches) in the Margins panel. 4. Click OK.

Orientation The Orientation tool opens the orientation gallery, where you can set the report page orientation to either Portrait or Landscape.

Size The Size tool opens the Page Size gallery, where you can select from a variety of common paper sizes for your report output.

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Navigation Group Here, you will find controls to navigate through your on-screen report. Table 7-27: Report screen navigation commands

Icon

What it Does

Keyboard Shortcut

Opens the Find dialog box which is used to search for specific text strings within your generated report. Find Jumps the current report view to the first page.

Ctrl + Home

First Page Steps the current report view backward one page.

Ctrl + Page Up

Previous Page Steps the current report view forward one page.

Ctrl + Page Down

Jumps the current report view to the last page.

Ctrl + End

Next Page

Last Page

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Find dialog box Used to search for specific text strings within your generated report. Opens when you select the Find tool on the Report ribbon tab Navigation group.

Dialog Controls Find what: Specify a text string for which to search. Previously used text strings are available in the dropdown box by clicking the arrow. Search Options Select any combination of options to narrow your search: l

Match case — The search is case insensitive by default. This restricts the search to use on the letter case you enter.

l

Match whole word — The search will return partial word matches by default. This option restricts to only complete word matches (strings between whitespace and punctuation).

l

Search up — The search starts at the current point in the document and works towards the end. This option reverses the search to move from the current point towards the beginning.

Find Next Click this button to begin/continue the search Close This closes the Find dialog.

Zoom Group A series of controls for setting the display of your current Report View.

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Icon

What it Does

Mouse Pointer

The default pointer which does not affect the magnification or scrolling of your report in the Report View window. Use this to "turn off" the Hand Tool or Magnifier features. This tool allows you manually scroll by clicking and dragging a page up or down.

Hand Tool This tool toggles between viewing the report at 100% and viewing an entire page. Magnifier Choose the page layout for displaying the report. View Many Pages Click to see more of the page. Zoom Out

Zoom

Produces a menu for resizing the page view to a number of preset sizes. You can also specify a custom zoom by percentage. Get a close up view of the document.

Zoom In

Page Background Group You can customize the background of report pages. Table 7-29: Report page watermark commands

Icon

What it Does You can choose a color for the background of the report document.

Page Color Opens the Watermark dialog box, which is used to add a custom watermark to your report document . Watermark

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Watermark dialog box Used to add a custom watermark to your report document. Watermark images or text are often used to indicate that a document is to be treated specially (e.g., "Draft" or "For Internal Use Only"). Opens when the Watermark tool is selected from the Reports ribbon tab.

Text Watermark tab

Text Enter a text string to use as a watermark. Common watermark text strings are available in a drop-down list by clicking the arrow.

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Direction Specify the orientation of the text on the page using any of the preset options in the drop-down list.

Font / Color / Size / Bold / Italic Specify the look of the font using common typographical settings.

Transparency Set the watermark transparency using the slider or text field. Zero represents an opaque watermark; 255 will render the watermark entirely transparent.

Picture Watermark tab

Load Image … Opens a Windows file open dialog box in order to select the image you want to use as a watermark (e.g.,a company or client logo).

Size mode Specify how the watermark should be displayed if it is not the same width as the page: l

Clip — The left and right edges of the watermark will be clipped off if it is wider than the page (at 100 dpi).

l

Stretch — The watermark image will be stretched vertically and horizontally to fit the entire page (this also means squashing if the image is larger than the page). This option does not keep the aspect ratio of the image in tact.

l

Zoom — The watermark image will be resized to fill either the page width or height, depending on which dimension ratio of the watermark is greater. This option will keep the aspect ratio of the image in tact.

Horizontal / Vertical Alignment Specify how the watermark image will be aligned on the page.

Transparency

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Set the watermark transparency using the slider or text field. Zero represents an opaque watermark; 255 will render the watermark entirely transparent.

Position and Range options Position Specify if the watermark is to appear in front of or behind (default) of the report content.

Page Range The watermark may be added to All (default) pages or to a select range(s) of pages. Clear All Clears all text or image watermarks in the report. OK Accepts any changes made and closes the dialog. Cancel Closes the dialog box without saving any changes.

Export group STAAD(X) Tower gives you the capability to save a prepared report in a variety of file formats for later use or distribution. The Export To… tools are used to save the file to a storage device (local hard drive, network drive, etc.). The E-Mail To… tools will open your default windows application and add the file as an e-mail attachment. Both will provide you with the same file options dialog before saving or attaching. Table 7-30: Export tools for saving and e-mail reports

Tool

PDF File

HTML File

What it does Opens the PDF Export Options dialog, which is used to save the report as a portable document format (file extension .PDF) file. These files are commonly used to transport text and graphical data in a self-contained file. They require a reader program, such as Adobe® Reader®. (Export to only) Opens the HTML Export Options dialog, which is used to save the report as a hypertext markup language (file extension .HTM or .HTML) file. These files may contain text, images, and formats in separate files (depending on the options selected). They are typically read by web browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer® and Mozilla Firefox®. Note: You cannot select HTML files for e-mailing. Use .MTH files instead for attaching a file which can be read by many web browsers.

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Tool

What it does

MHT File

Opens the MHT Export Options dialog, which is used to save the repot as a MIME HTML (.MHT) file. These files are selfcontained html documents which can include rich data which can be read by Microsoft Internet Explorer® 5 or higher.

RTF File

Excel File

Opens the RTF Export Options dialog, which is used to save the repot as a rich text file (file extension .RTF). Rich text filescontains both text and images in a single file and also preserves much of the formatting from your report. These files can be read by a wide variety of word processing programs, such as Microsoft Office Word® or Sun OpenOffice®. Opens the XLS Export Options dialog, which is used to save the report as a Microsoft Office Excel 2003 spreadsheet (file extension .XLS). These files can contain images and text data, as well as preserve the table structure. They also allow for some richer formatting features for making your data easier to read. They are typically only readable by spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Office Excel®, IBM Lotus 1-2-3®, or Sun OpenOffice®. Opens the CSV Export Options dialog, which is used save the report as a comma-separated values text file (file extension .CSV). These files are plain text with a specified content deliminater (typically a comma).

CSV File Note: No images will be included in this format. Opens the Text Export Options dialog, which is used to save the report as a plain text file. These files can be read by a wide variety of programs and devices. Text File

Image File

Note: No images will be included in this format. Opens the Image Export Options dialog, which is used to save the report to one of several image file types. Saving to an image file creates a raster image of the entire report output (though .WMF files can also include vector data). The data in the image file is not directly editable, though image editors can manipulate the file graphically. All information will be human readable, though. Note: Reports saved to image file formats will create single image files of the entire report, except for a .TIFF file which are multi-paged images.

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Manage User Entities User entries are report entities that you can use to add in external information or organize the report to better suit your needs. You can include additional images (diagrams), notes, or rich text documents as well as group other report entities in the final report document. Clicking the

button (Manage User Entities) displays the Manger User Entities menu.

Add Diagrams, Notes, or Rich Text You can import external content for inclusion in your STAAD(X) Tower reports. Such items are called User Entries. These may be images, plain text files, or rich text files. 1. Open the Manage User Entities menu. 2. Select Add Diagram to add an image file or Select Add Notes to add a text file as a note or Select Add Rich Text to add formatted text. 3. Provide a Item Label, Footer/Header text (for diagrams and notes, respectively), and specify a file for use in Item Link.

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File Formats Diagrams — External image files to be used as report diagrams must be either JPEG (.jpg) or Bitmap (.bmp) types. Notes — Documents to be used as notes must be plain text files with a .txt extension. These may be created or edited with any plain text editor (such as Notepad). Rich Text — External documents to be included must be in the Rich Text (.rtf) format. Most any word processing software have the ability to save files in this format. No footer or headers are used when these documents are added in the file. They will simply be inserted inline.

Report User Groups You may create your own group definitions for how information in a report is organized. To open the User Group management dialog: 1. Select Add/Update/Delete User Group from the Manage User Entities menu. 2. The User Group management dialog box opens.

Add a Report Group 1. Open the Add/Update/Delete dialog. 2. In the Report Group Header text box, enter a section title as you want it to appear in the report. Previous entries will appear in the list box below when the arrow is clicked. 3. Select all the Report Entities you want to have included in this Report User Group. 4. Click the

(Add Group) button.

Note: Select the Immediately Refresh option before updating to have the report re-generated with the new group.

> Update Existing Report Group Report Group entities may be re-organized similarly to other report entities. 1. Open the Add/Update/Delete dialog. 2. Select the group want to change in the Report Group Header text box. 3. Select or unselect the Report Entities you want to have included in this Report User Group. 4. Click the

(Update Group) button.

To have these changes reflected in the Selected Items List: 1. Click the

(Update Selected Items List) button.

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> Delete a Report Group Follow one of the two procedures to remove a report group: 1. Open the Add/Update/Delete dialog. 2. Select the group you want to remove in the Report Group Header text box. 3. Click the

(Delete Group) button.

Add/Update/Delete User Group dialog box Used to collect report entries into custom sections. Opens when Add/Update/Delete User Group is selected from the Mange User Entities drop-down menu on the Selected Items List toolbar.

Dialog Controls Report Group Header Specify a section title as you want it to appear in the report. Note: Previously used are available by selecting the drop-down menu. Report Entity Name Select the check box associated with each report item to be included in the group. Immediate Refresh

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Select this option to update the report group immediately. Otherwise, the report must be regenerated for the Group to update. Add Group Used add a report group with the specified header. Update Group Used to update the items included in the User Group. A message dialog box will open confirming you want to update the Selected Items List. Delete Group Removes the selected User group from the Report. Note: The report items which make up a group are still available to be included individually or as other groups.

Update Selected Items List Updates the Selected Items List in the main window to include any changes made to the current Report Group. OK Closes the dialog. Cancel Closes the dialog box without saving any changes.

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Chapter 7 7.7 Report tab

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Chapter 8

Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer This section contains details on using the Tower Model Explorer pane which contains elements of the model in a familiar Windows tree outline view. 8.1 Project Information

121

8.2 Physical Model

122

8.3 Analysis

187

8.4 Design

191

8.1 Project Information Contains meta data about the model. When you select this item, the properties panel displays all the available fields for Project Information. All tower models contain the Project Information section, though the contents of the Tower Information and Tower Job Information fields are optional.

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Tower Information Project level information which describes the particular project. Tower Name and Tower Description can be any string of characters. Tower Job Information Project level information which you supply for record keeping in your organization. Job Name, Job Number, Client Name, Engineer Name, and Approved By can be any string of characters. Worked On and Approved On are date formats. You can edit manually or use the drop down calendar to select a date for these fields. File Information Relates to the computer file for the STAAD(X) Tower model. The File Name, File Path, and File Size are displayed in non-editable fields.

Changing project information 1. Select the Model > Project Information branch of the Tower Model Explorer pane. The job properties are displayed in the Properties pane. 2. Add, edit, or delete data in the Job Information fields as needed. Hint: You can leave any of these fields blank or remove existing information by pressing the Delete key.

Warning: You cannot edit File Information fields while the file is open. File name and location of a model may be changed in Windows Explorer provided that the model is not currently open in STAAD(X) Tower. However, doing so may result in unintended consequences for the recent files list.

8.2 Physical Model Contains all the information for physical model entities such as sections, materials, objects, and loads. When selected, this section also displays general information in the Properties pane about the tower model.

Changing some physical model properties Some of the physical model properties may be changed. 1. Select the Model > Physical Model > Tower Information branch of the Tower Model Explorer pane. The general information is displayed in the Properties pane.

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2. Add, edit, or delete data in the General Information fields as needed. Hint: You can leave any of the optional fields blank or remove existing information by pressing the Delete key.

Physical Model properties Displayed when the Model > Physical Model > Tower Information branch of the Tower Model Explorer pane is selected. Table 8-1: General Model properties

Property

Description

Tower Name

 You may enter in any string here to name and/or describe the tower you are modeling.

Description

(Optional) Text description of the model.

Tower Type

The type of tower structure was selected in the New Model Wizard (non-editable). Note: A new model file must be created to generate a tower of a different type.

Country Code

The country for code checking and section databases which was selected in the New Model Wizard.

Length Unit

The selected default units for length.

Force Unit

The selected default units for force.

Tower Information This section of the Tower Model Explorer pane displays all of the general, parametric tower model information in the Properties Pane. If you used the New Model Wizard to generate your tower model, then the relevant information will be presented in the Properties Pane. You can edit the initial tower data appearing in any of the General Tower Properties fields. The values in General Tower Properties can be edited to vary the default values for the tower model. Individual model elements can be edited in the Physical Model > Objects section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. If any individual panels have been edited such that the tower geometry has altered (see Panel Properties), you will be asked if you want to maintain the specified panel top widths. You may uncheck any of the questions to return these values to those calculated by the model wizard. You will also be informed of other alterations in the model which will result from the Tower Information variable changes made. This will allow you the option to have multiple leg slopes for a tower model.

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General Properties for Monopole towers For towers with the monopole type listed under the Physical Model properties, the following General Tower Properties are presented in the Properties pane. Table 8-2: Monopole Tower: General Properties

Property

Description

Base Tower Type

Defines how the cross section varies along the height of the tower structure: stepped or tapered (non-editable).

Base Elevation

The elevation of the tower above surrounding topography. Changing the Base Elevation value does not affect the geometry of the tower but will affect wind loading conditions.

Tower Height

The height of the tower above the base elevation.

Bottom / Top Diameter

Specify the nominal diameter at the bottom and top of the tower, respectively.

Number of Sections

The tower is divided into the number of section divisions specified.

Number of Facets

For tapered monopole sections, select the cross-section type by number of facets. For stepped monopole sections, the cross section is always round.

General Properties for Self-Supporting towers For towers with the self-supporting type listed under the Physical Model properties, the following General Tower Properties are presented in the Properties pane. Table 8-3: Self Supporting Tower: General Properties

Property

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Description

Legs

The number of tower legs in the model (non-editable).

Base Width

The panel face width at the base of the tower.

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Property Top Width

Description The panel face width at the top of the tower. Note: The slope of the tower legs (and, thusly, the slope panel sides) is determined by Base Width, Top Width, and Tower Height  above base. However, you can edit the panel width of individual panels to alter the slope above and below that panel top.

Base Elevation

The elevation of the tower above surrounding topography. Changing the Base Elevation value does not affect the geometry of the tower but will affect wind loading conditions.

Tower Height

The height of the tower above the base elevation.

Sections

The number of tower sections along the height of the tower.

No. Of Bays

The number of panel bays used in each section. Note: If you have edited any of the Sections to have a different number of bays, the minimum number of bays per section is displayed in the Tower Information.

Panels

The number of panel divisions along the height of the tower. Note: You can also change the number of Panels in the tower model. The number of panels is counted up from the base, such that higher values will add panels to the top of the structure and lower values will remove the top panels. The top-most panel will maintain the Top Width value you have specified. Therefore, the slope of the new panels will be determined by either the Base Width and Tower Height or by the upper-most Top Panel Width and panel heights above that point (see Panel Properties for these variables).

Horizontals

Select this box if horizontal members are present at the top of each panel.

Bracing

Select the typical bracing pattern you want to apply for all panel faces by default. Individual panels and panel faces may be edited individually to change from the default selected here.

General Properties for Guyed towers For towers with the self-supporting type listed under the Physical Model properties, the following General Tower Properties are presented in the Properties pane.

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Table 8-4: Guyed Tower: General Properties

Property

Description

Base Tower Type

Indicates if the tower is square (four-legged) of triangular (threelegged) (non-editable).

Base Elevation

The elevation of the tower above surrounding topography. Changing the Base Elevation value does not affect the geometry of the tower but will affect wind loading conditions.

Tower Height

The height of the tower above the base elevation.

Base Face Width

The panel face width at the base of the tower. Note: If the Tapered at Base option is selected below, this width will be used at the top of the highest tapered panel. That is, the panel width at the point of inflection between the tapered slope and the upper tower slope will be set equal to this specified width.

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Top Face Width

The panel face width at the top of the tower.

Number of Panels

The number of panel divisions along the height of the tower.

Tapered at Base

Select this option to specify if tower model will be tapered at the base level.

Tapered Panels

Specify the number of tapered panels at the base of the tower if the tapered option has been selected above.

Horizontals

Select this option if horizontal members are present at the top of each panel.

Panel Bracing

Select the typical bracing pattern you want to apply for all panel faces by default. Individual panels and panel faces may be edited individually to change from the default selected here.

Guy Mount Type

Select type of guy mount you want to use as a default for this model. Mounts may be changed individually in the model. Choose from: l

Corner Mount

l

Face Mount

l

Torque Arm Corner Mount

l

Torque Arm Star Mount

Spread

Specify the distance between the tip of the adjacent torque arms.

Torque Arm Style

If you selected either Torque Arm Corner or Star Mount in the default type, you must also specify the Torque Arm type.

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Properties Contains the material and section information which has been added to the model file.

Profiles Profiles describe the geometric properties assigned to a model entity. A list of all cross section profiles will be displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Properties > Profiles section of the Tower Model Explorer Window. If you used a wizard to create your model, then any profiles you selected for the member classes are already listed there. Note: Profiles must be added to the Tower Model Explorer before they may be used in members or engineering entities.

Assigning a profile Once a profile has been added to the model, you need to assign it to the appropriate members. 1. Select the member(s) you want have a profile assigned to, either from the Tower Model Explorer or the View pane. 2. Select the profile you want to use from the Model > Physical Model > Properties > Profiles section of the Tower Model Explorer. 3. From the pop-up menu of this profile, select Assign.

Changing a profile Profiles themselves are non-editable. You may change the profile that you have added to the model file to a different profile within the same class. 1. When a profile is selected, press the F2 key 2. Select a new section size from the shape list. The section profile is updated and any members with the previous size assigned will also be updated with the new profile selection. Additionally, if a custom shape is needed, you may create a user-defined profile with a catalog section as a template.

Materials The list of material and grade combinations that have been added for use in the physical model are displayed in the Physical Model > Properties > Materials section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. Note: Materials are non-editable and cannot be deleted from a tower model. To view material properties, you can select them in the Tower Model Navigator and the properties will be displayed in the Properties pane.

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Assigning a material 1. Select the member(s) you want have a material assigned to, either from the Tower Model Explorer or the View pane. 2. Select the material type you want to use from the Model > Physical Model > Properties > Materials section of the Tower Model Explorer. 3. From the pop-up menu of this material, select Assign.

Objects Contains all of the tower model's physical objects.

Panels A list of all panels along the height of the tower structure will be displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Panels section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. This allows you to manipulate individual panels parametrically, instead of making changes or updates at the member or node level. Panels are numbered starting with the first at the base and increasing along the tower height (positive Y direction). Note: Panels can only be added or removed by editing the Tower Information properties. The total number of panels can be edited there, with panels counted up from the base.

Editing a panel All panels will have the default properties as you specified in the New Tower Model wizard. A few simple controls allow you to edit the panel properties to generate irregular or specialized tower structures. 1. From the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Panels section of the Tower Model Explorer, select the panel which you want to edit. All physical members within this panel will be shown rendered in the main View pane while all other members in model will be shown in wireframe. 2. The parametric properties of the selected panel are displayed in the Properties pane.

Panel properties By default, the tower structures created by the wizard have a constant taper and all panels have uniform height (unless the Constant Slope option was deselected in the wizard, then the top panel will be made straight).

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Table 8-5: Panel Properties

Property

Description

Panel ID

This program assigned integer is used to identify the panel (noneditable).

Ht above Base

The height above the tower base to the top of the selected panel (non-editable)

Panel Height

You may edit the Panel Height of each panel. To change the automatically calculated panel height, specify the desired value and press the Return key (or simply click outside of the field). Note: The top panel height is non-editable. To extend the top panel, the total tower height must be edited in the Tower Information properties.

Top Face Width

Indicates the width at the panel top (non-editable).

Taper Panel

Select this option to have the panel tapered with the tower taper factor as determined by the wizard. Otherwise, this panel will have the same top and bottom

Bottom Face Width

Indicates the width at the panel bottom (non-editable).

Apply to all faces?

Select this option to use the bracing pattern selected for Face A for all faces at this panel level.

Panel Faces

The bracing pattern of each face of the selected panel may be varied from the specified default pattern. Predefined or custom patterns from your Library are available in the drop-down list. Selecting the Top Horizontal box includes a horizontal brace at the top of each face of the panel. Selecting the Apply to All Faces? option will update all faces for the last selection made to any one. This keeps all of the bracing constant for all faces of the selected Panel.

Top Face: Bracing Type

Select a horizontal bracing pattern, if necessary, for the horizontal tower section formed by the tops of each face at this panel. Predefined or custom patterns from your Library are available in the drop-down list.

Displaying the panels table For Self-Supporting Tower structures, you can display the panels table. This table can be used for reviewing and editing panels in one place. 1. Right click on the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Panels section of the Tower Model Explorer.

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2. Select Show Self-Supported Panels Table from the pop-up menu. The Panels table opens in the Output pane.

Sections A list of all monopole sections along the height of the tower structure will be displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Sections section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. This allows you to manipulate individual sections parametrically, instead of making changes or updates at the member or node level. Sections are numbered starting with the first at the top and increasing down the tower height (negative Y direction). Note: Each section consists of a single round or tapered member but sections are not the same as the component member.

Note: Sections can only be added or removed by editing the general tower properties, found in Tower Information. The total number of sections can be edited there, with panels counted up from the base.

Editing a section All panels will have the default properties as you specified in the New Tower Model wizard. A few simple controls allow you to edit the panel properties to generate irregular or specialized tower structures. 1. From the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Sections section of the Tower Model Explorer, select the section which you want to edit. The parametric properties of the selected panel are displayed in the Properties pane

Section properties Monopole towers do not have panels, but pole sections (which appear under the Panels section of the Tower Model Explorer).

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Note: Only properties in black text on a white background are editable. Other properties in gray are inactive and are for information only. Table 8-6: Pole Section Information: Round

Property

Description

Section

Program assigned identification number for the selected monopole section.

Elev. above Base

Elevation at the top of the selected section above the base support of the monopole. Calculated by the Length of selected sections and length of lower section(s).

Length

The specified length of the selected section. Sections default to equal divisions along the specified tower height. Note: The section length just above the tower base may not be edited directly. It is calculated as the total tower height above the base minus all other section lengths.

No. of Sides

A round monopole simply displays Round for this parameter.

Profile

The physical member section specification is listed here. Any section which has been added to the model's Profiles may be selected from the drop-down list. The corresponding Physical Member properties are updated.

Diameter

The outer diameter of the selected Profile is displayed here.

Wall Thickness

The wall thickness of the selected Profile is displayed here.

D/T Ratio

The ratio of diameter to thickness is displayed here. Table 8-7: Pole Section Information: Tapered Monopole

Property

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Description

Section

Program assigned identification number for the selected monopole section.

Elev. above Base

Elevation at the top of the selected section above the base support of the monopole.

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Property

Description

Length The specified length of the selected section. Sections default to equal divisions along the specified tower height. Note: The section length just above the tower base may not be edited directly. It is calculated as the total tower height above the base minus all other section lengths. Lap Splice

Displays the actual length of the lap splice between the selected Pole Section and the section below it. The Required Lap Splice value is used by default but you specify

No. of Sides

The number of tapered tube facets for the selected section.

Top Depth/Dia.

The ratio of diameter at the top of the section to thickness is displayed here.

Bottom Depth/ Dia.

The ratio of diameter at the bottom of the section to thickness is displayed here.

Thickness

The wall thickness of the selected Profile is displayed here.

Galvanizing Thickness

The thickness of the galvanization coating is displayed here.

Slope

The slope of the taper along the

Required Lap Splice

Displays the calculated length of the lap splice between the selected Pole Section and the section below it.

Splice Check

Displays the status of the lap splice code check.

Slope Check

Displays the status of the slope code check.

Bend Radius

As per TIA, the bend radius is equal to four times the thickness for tapered, n-sided polygon sections.

Displaying the sections table 1. Right click on the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Sections section of the Tower Model Explorer. 2. Select Show Pole Sections Table from the pop-up menu. The Pole Sections table opens in the Output pane.

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Nodes All of the nodes in the model are listed in this branch of the Navigation Tree. Nodes are added automatically in the physical modeling process.

Node properties can be reviewed by one of the following: 1. Use the Select Node tool and highlight the node(s) you want to review in the View pane. 2. Expand the Physical Model > Objects > Nodes section of the Tower Model Explorer. From the pop-up menu, select Show Nodes. Select the node from the list you want to review. The Node properties are displayed in the Properties Window.

Note: Nodal properties cannot be directly edited from the Properties Window. They are for information purposes only.

Members The Model > Physical Model > Objects > Members section of the Tower Model Explorer contains subsections for each of the physical object entities that may be present in your tower model. The sections can each be expanded for displaying and editing some entities. The members are separated into tower structure element types such as legs, diagonals, horizontals, etc. Note: When using the parametric modeling capabilities of STAAD(X) Tower, physical members are added by changing model parameters such as panel bracing patterns.

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Display a list of all members in a classification Initially, all of the individual physical member entries of any classification (i.e., legs, horizontals, diagonals, etc.) are not displayed. To display one such list: 1. Right-click on the corresponding section of the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Members > classification entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane. and select Show all Diagonal Members from the pop-up menu. 2. Click the

to expand the list.

Hint: Diagonal members are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from face A to face C or D (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively). 3. Click on any diagonal member in either the Tower Model Explorer pane list or the View pane to display parameters in the Properties pane. Refer to Edit a Member for information on property fields.

Editing a physical member Before you begin To see a list of all physical members of a particular classification, you must first display the list in the Tower Model Explorer pane. 1. Either select the physical member entry in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Members > member type entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane or select the physical member graphically in the View pane using the Select Physical Member tool. The properties for the selected physical member are displayed in the Properties pane for editing.

Member Releases Each (linear) member in STAAD(X) Tower if restrained at both ends with six degrees of freedom, unless a release is specified. In other words, all members are rigidly connected the nodes. You have the option to release each of the degrees of freedom as well as specify a partial release by providing a spring constant. Note: If the member end is a cantilever end or is supported, those conditions govern the degree of freedom at that location.

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Release Types Table 8-8: Release specifications

Specification

Description

Full Fixed

Degree of freedom is fully restrained at the node.

Full Release

Degree of freedom has no restraint at the node.

Partial (Spring) Release

Degree of freedom is restrained to the node by the value of the spring constant specified.

User-Specified End Releases One or both ends of a member can be released. Members are assumed to be rigidly framed into joints in accordance with the structural type specified. When this full rigidity is not applicable, you can set individual force components at either end of the member to zero. By specifying release components, individual degrees of freedom are removed from the analysis.

Specifying a member end release 1. With the member selected, expand the Start Release and/or End Release section of the Specification Information in the Properties pane. 2. Check the box to activate the release at the Start or End of the member. 3. For each of the end degrees of freedom you want to release, select Full Release from the associated force/ moment menu.

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4. To specify a partial release, select Partial Release and provide a spring constant.

Note: Release components are given in the local coordinate system for each member.

Axial-only members You may specify axial load-only members in STAAD(X) Tower. There are three different methods for specifying an axial load member: Table 8-9: Axial Only Member specifications

Specification

Description

Truss Member

A member which is only capable of carrying axial load, though in either tension or compression. Often, bracing members in a frame will use this specification. A Truss member has only a single degree of freedom - axial deformation. Any applied member loads are redistributed equally to each end as joint loads.

Compression Only Member

Compression -only members are truss members that are capable of carrying compression forces only. Thus, they are automatically inactivated for load cases that create tension in them.

Tension Only Member

Tension-only members are truss members that are capable of carrying tensile forces only. Thus, they are automatically inactivated for load cases that create compression in them.

Specifying an axial-only member Warning: A custom End Release should not be applied on a member which is declared Truss, Tension Only, or Compression Only. 1. Select the member which you want to specify as an axial-only member. 2. From the Properties pane, under Specification Information, set the options for which axialonly specification you want to use.

Member Offsets Some members of a structure may not be concurrent with the incident joints thereby creating offsets. This offset distance is specified in terms of global or local coordinate system (i.e. X, Y and Z distances from the incident joint). Secondary forces induced, due to this offset connection, are taken into account in

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analyzing the structure and also to calculate the individual member forces. The new offset centroid of the member can be at the start or end incidences and the new working point will also be the new start or end of the member. Therefore, any reference from the start or end of that member will always be from the new offset points. Partial elevation of beam and brace member-end offsets due to connections.

Specification information for members 1 and 2, respectively, from the above elevation.

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Insertion Point STAAD(X) Tower provides you with the option of offsetting linear entities with regards to the local x-axis of that element. An imaginary line can be assumed that connects the two end points, or nodes, of a member. Under normal circumstances, this line passes through the centroid of the members profile (this is the "center" insertion point). You can use the Insertion Point feature to specify pre-defined offsets, based on shape-specific geometric points. When adding a new member, the insertion point may be set using the drop-down Add Member menu from the Model ribbon tab.

Local Coordinate System A local coordinate system is associated with each member. Each axis of the local orthogonal coordinate system is also based on the right hand rule. The following figure shows a beam member with start and end (e.g.,joints 'i' and 'j', respectively). The positive direction of the local x-axis is determined by joining start to end and projecting it in the same direction. The right hand rule may be applied to obtain the positive directions of the local y and z axes. The local y and z-axes coincide with the axes of the two principal moments of inertia. The local coordinate system is always rectangular.

Leg Members Legs are physical members with a generally vertical (parallel to the global Y axis) orientation that form the corners of self-supporting or guyed towers. You can assign a section to all leg members when using the model wizard to generate your tower structure. Each leg member will be a continuous member unless you have specified a maximum section length which is exceeded or the structure geometry is altered such that a leg member has a discontinuity. Note: The number and pattern of leg members are defined in the General Tower Properties. These cannot be directly added or deleted.

Hint: In the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Members > Legs entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane, leg members are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from leg 1 to 3 or 4 (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively). When legs are broken by discontinuities in the tower slope or by maximum length, multiple leg members

Horizontals Horizontals are physical members oriented parallel to the global X-Z plane. These secondary members are in plane of the tower face and lay between two adjacent panel sections. You can select to include horizontals automatically when using the model wizard to generate your tower structure (self-supporting and guyed towers). You can also assign a section to all horizontal members at this time. Note: Horizontal members are added or removed by means of selecting the appropriate panel pattern when selecting panels. Horizontal members are selected for each panel. You may also generate custom panels using the library editor.

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Hint: In the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Members > Horizontals entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane, horizontal members are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from face A to face C or D (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively).

Diagonal Members Diagonals are physical members oriented in the tower panel plane. These secondary members generally form the intermediate bracing of a panel pattern. You can assign a section to all diagonal members when using the model wizard to generate your tower structure (self-supporting and guyed towers). Note: Diagonal members are added or removed by means of selecting the appropriate panel pattern when selecting panels. You may also generate custom panels using the library editor.

Hint: In the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Members > Diagonals entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane, diagonal members are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from face A to face C or D (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively).

Redundant Members These are physical members oriented in the tower panel plane. These tertiary members form the intermediate bracing of a panel pattern along with the diagonal members. Multiple sections in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Members > Redundant Members entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane are included to represent the various classifications of redundant members. Redundant members inherit their section from diagonals when using the model wizard to generate your tower structure (self-supporting and guyed towers). Note: Redundant members are added or removed by means of selecting the appropriate panel pattern when selecting panels. You may also generate custom panels using the library editor.

Hint: In the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Members > Redundant Members entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane, redundant members are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from face A to face C or D (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively).

Guy Cables Guy cables are physical members which provide stability to guyed structures. The cable sections used for guys are selected when using the model wizard to generate your guyed tower structure. Note: Guy cable members are added or removed by means of selecting the appropriate guy mount patterns when specifying guy levels.

Hint: Guy cables are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from face A to face C or D (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively).

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Guy Levels Individual guy cables are connected to the main tower structure in a regular pattern which is specified by selecting a mount type. This pattern can repeat at different heights along the tower, each of which are referred to as a guy level. Each guy level consists of several guy connections to the main tower structure. In the case of torque arm mounts, additional members are used to transfer forces from the tower to the guys.

Adding a guy level 1. Right click on the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Guy Levels entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane and select Add Guy Level from the pop-up menu. The Add Guy Level dialog box opens.

2. Enter the parameters for the new guide level. 3. Click OK. The new guy level and guy cables are added to the guyed tower model.

Editing a guy level You can review a list of cable levels in the Tower Model Explorer pane: Note: Editing guy mount properties will affect all guys at that level. 1. Select the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Guy Levels entry on the Tower Model Explorer pane. 2. Click the

to expand the list.

Hint: Guy cables are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from face A to face C or D (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively).

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3. Click on any cable member in either the Tower Model Explorer pane list or the View pane to display parameters in the Properties pane.

Guy Level properties Display the guy level properties by selecting a guy level in the Tower Model Explorer pane. Table 8-10: Guy Level properties

Property

Description

Level

An identification number assigned automatically. This is not directly editable.

Leg/Face

The tower leg or tower face to which the guy mount is connected.

Mount height above Base

The elevation above tower base where the guy levels are attached to the main tower structure.

Anchor Radius

The straight-line distance (in the X-Z plane) from the center of the tower structure to the guy anchor.

Anchor Elevation

The elevation above tower base where the guys at this level are anchored. Enter a negative value if the anchor elevation is below that of the base of the tower. Note: Editing anchor radius or elevation will affect all guy anchors in the tower model.

Guy Mount Type

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This describes the connection method which the guy cables are connected to the main tower structure. The Spread value and Torque Arm Style values are required for corner or star mount types. See the following section on guy mount types.

Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model

Property

Description

Spread

(Corner or Star Mount styles only)

Torque Arm Style

(Corner or Star Mount styles only)

Table 8-11: Cable properties

Property

Description

Standard

Material used for the cable.

Designation

Cable size used.

Apply at Same Level

Select this option to have the cable properties applied to all guys at this guy level.

Guy Mount types There are four mount types available:

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Table 8-12: Guy Mount types

Mount Type Corner Mount

Description essentially provides the way to attach the guy cable from individual legs and anchored at the available base elevation level while respecting the anchor radius value for the guy level. The direction of anchoring must make an angle of 45 degrees from X direction in case of 4 legged guy tower.

Diagram

Four leg corner mount

Three leg corner mount

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Mount Type Face

Description guy cable mounting the two guy cables from individual legs constituting the vertical/inclined boundary of the face of interest will be pulled together to meet in a singular anchoring point found at convenient base elevation level. Each of these two guy cables will subtend same angle with the X/Z direction as decided by the face of interest.

Diagram

Four leg face mount

Three leg face mount

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Mount Type Torque Arm Corner

Description two pulled off guy cables driven out from two adjacent face's torque arm assembly gets united at the convenient base anchor point. In case of four (4) legged guy tower the individual cables will make same angle with the imaginary diagonals of the square tower. The imaginary diagonals will make 45 degree with the principal tower construction axis (X/Z).

Diagram

Four leg torque arm corner mount

Three leg torque arm corner mount

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Mount Type Torque Arm Star

Description

Diagram

involves specific torque arm assemblies at user specified guy level from which the cable is pulled off and is anchored at the convenient base anchor point. The direction of stressed cables will always be parallel to the principal axis of main tower construction like X/Z in case the guy tower has four (4) construction legs.

Four leg torque arm star mount

Three leg torque arm star mount

Torque Arm styles Both the corner mount and star mount types use torque arms to transfer forces into the guys. If either of these are selected, a torque arm style must also be specified. There are four styles available:

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Table 8-13: Torque Arm Styles

Style

Description

Wing

Forms a isosceles triangle parallel to the tower leg, centered over two panel heights.

Bar Ear

Forms a right-angle triangle with the height of one panel and a horizontal arm at the top of that panel.

Dog Ear

Forms a right-angle triangle with the height of one panel and a horizontal arm at the bottom of that panel.

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Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model

Style Cantilever

Description

Diagram

A single cantilevered member is used at the panel height specified.

Additionally, when a torque arm is used, the spread value must be specified. This is the distance between the guy end points on two adjacent torque arms.

Components You can add multiple components to the tower physical model. Components are considered for both gravity and lateral loads. They can be either selected from vendor catalog lists included in the interface or custom components may be generated parametrically. Note: If you have opened a STAAD(X) Tower file created in a previous version of the program which contains Antennas or Appurtenances, these will be listed here as in previous versions of the program. These files may be analyzed and designed as in previous versions. If additional components must be added, the new mount tools must be used.

Mounts A list of all mounts which have been added to the structure is displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. Individual mount pipes and their attached appurtenances are includes as children of the associated mount.

Mount properties The Properties pane displays the mount properties when a mount is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. Table 8-14: Mount properties

Parameter

Description

Mount Number

Integer assigned by the program to identify the mount. (noneditable)

Elevation

Height above ground of the mount.

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Parameter

Description

Type of Mount

Select the type of mount from the drop-down list. Not all mount types are available for all tower types.

No of mount types

For T-Arm arm Side Arm mount types, select the number of arms at this mount location. These will be

Appurtenance properties The Properties pane displays the appurtenance properties when an antenna is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts > Mount # > … > Antenna # - type section of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the antenna type selection tools in the View pane. Table 8-15: Appurtenance properties

Parameter

Description

Antenna Number

Integer assigned by the program to identify the platform. (non-editable)

Loading Classification

Select Existing , Reserved , or Proposed from the drop-down list in order to classify the mount.

Manufacturer

Select a catalog manufacturer to automatically populate the size and weight.

Model No.

Select an antenna model number from the selected Manufacturer catalog.

Antenna Type

Select the type of antenna: l

Dipole

l

Dish

l

Omni

l

Panel

l

Yagi

Refer to the antenna type properties below for settings appropriate to the selected antenna type.

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Parameter

Description

Length of Antenna

Type the length of the antenna along the tower height (global Y axis).

Azimuth

Type the rotation of the antenna with respect to the mount. Rotation is measured perpendicular to the local mount azimuth, clockwise.

Ka, Front/Side

The shielding factor for appurtenances, as used in the front (along global X direction) and side (along global Z direction) wind. This value is applicable for design per the TIA-222-G code only. Note: The Ka factor for other appurtenances is conservatively taken as 1 per Section 2.6.9.2 of the TIA-222-G code. This is the default value.

Horizontal Offset

Location of the appurtenance from the face of the structure/leg.

Lateral Offset

Location of the pipe mount and attached antennas along the width of the mount. This option can also be used when the azimuth is not zero. Note: Based on the Azimuth, you can define the lateral offset to locate the force point application.

Vertical Offset

Used to shift a particular mount pipe and antenna above or below the elevation of the mount.

EPA or Area (CaAa)

(EPA for EIA/TIA-222-G) The effective projected area (EPA) values for Front (wind along X)— (EPA) —and Side (wind along Z)—(EPA) —with N T and without ice are calculated and displayed here. (CaAa used for EIA/TIA-222-F) For discrete and linear appurtenances, this value is C A , where: a a

C = the force coefficient a determined by Section 2.3.7 in the TIA-222-F code A = projected area of the a component, with or without ice for the appropriate field. Weight

The weight of the platform with and without ice is calculated and displayed here.

No of TMA

For panel antennas, select the number… , up to six.

User Manual — 151

Table 8-16: Panel Antenna properties

Parameter

Description

Width of Panel Antenna

Type the height of the panel antenna.

Depth of Panel Antenna

Type the width of the panel antenna.

Table 8-17: Dipole Antenna properties

Parameter Dipole Type

Description Select the number of bays in the dipole antenna: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10. Table 8-18: Dish Antenna properties

Parameter

Description

Dish Antenna Diameter

Outer diameter of the dish antenna.

Dish Type

Select the dish type:

Dish Appurtenance Area (No Ice / Ice)

l

Grid

l

HP Dish

l

Parabola without Radome

l

Parabola with Radome

l

Para Reflector

The effective projected area without and with ice (both 1/2 inch and 2 inch of ice are calculated).

T-Arm properties The Properties pane displays the t-arm properties when a t-arm is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts > Mount # > t-arm elev.-Leg section of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the Select T-Arm tool in the View pane. Table 8-19: T-Arm properties

Parameter

Description

T- Arm Number

Integer assigned by the program to identify the platform. (noneditable)

Loading Classification

Select Existing , Reserved , or Proposed from the drop-down list in order to classify the mount.

Manufacturer

n/a

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Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model

Parameter

Description

Model No.

n/a

Orientation

Select the tower leg from which the T-arm is supported.

Stand-Off Distance

Type the length of the support mount (i.e., the distance between the panel face, tower leg, or pole and the cross arm).

Width of T-Arm

Type the length of the arm member.

Add Support Arm

Set this option to include a support arm member for the T-Arm.

Support Arm Elevation

Type an elevation of the support arm member.

Horizontal Offset

Location of the appurtenance from the face of the structure/leg.

Lateral Offset

Location of the pipe mount and attached antennas along the width of the mount. This option can also be used when the azimuth is not zero. Note: Based on the Azimuth, you can define the lateral offset to locate the force point application.

Vertical Offset

Used to shift a particular mount pipe and antenna above or below the elevation of the mount.

Ka, Front/Side

The shielding factor for appurtenances, as used in the front (along global X direction) and side (along global Z direction) wind. This value is applicable for design per the TIA-222-G code only. Note: The Ka factor for other appurtenances is conservatively taken as 1 per Section 2.6.9.2 of the TIA-222-G code. This is the default value.

User Manual — 153

Parameter

Description

Azimuth for Mount Rotation

Type the angle between a line normal to a plane tangent to the tower structure and the support arm, measured clockwise. Refer to "A" in the figure below. Figure 8-1: Azimuths for t-arm mounts A) for mount rotation and B) for arm rotation

Azimuth for Arm Rotation

Type the angle between a line normal to the mount and the cross arm. Refer to "B" in the figure above.

EPA or Area (CaAa)

(EPA for EIA/TIA-222-G) The effective projected area (EPA) values for Front (wind along X)—(EPA) —and Side (wind along Z)—(EPA) — N T with and without ice are calculated and displayed here. (CaAa used for EIA/TIA-222-F) For discrete and linear appurtenances, this value is C A , where: a a

C = the force coefficient determined by Section 2.3.7 a in the TIA-222-F code A = projected area of the component, with or without a ice for the appropriate field. Weight

The weight of the t-arm with and without ice is calculated and displayed here.

No. of Mount Pipes

Select the number of mount pipes arranged along the t-arm (up to six). Mount pipes are arranged equally spaced along the arm, with one at each end (unless a single mount pipe is selected for a arm, in which case it is placed in the center of the arm).

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Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model

Low Profile Platform properties The Properties pane displays the low profile platform properties when a low profile platform is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts > Mount # > Low Profile Platform # section of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the Select Low Profile Platform tool in the View pane. Table 8-20: Low Profile Platform properties

Parameter

Description

Low Profile Platform Number

Integer assigned by the program to identify the platform. (noneditable)

Loading Classification

Select Existing , Reserved , or Proposed from the drop-down list in order to classify the mount.

Manufacturer

n/a

Model No.

n/a

Shape

Only triangular low profile platforms are supported.

Width of Platform

Type a width (face of triangle) for the platform.

Grating

Set this option if the platform includes catwalk grating along the edges.

No. of Handrails

Select the number of handrails along each edge, up to six.

Top-most Handrail Elevation

Type the elevation above ground of the top handrail. The No. of Handrails selected (if any) are distributed between the platform and this elevation.

Azimuth

Type the angle measured parallel to the global X axis and Face C of a the triangular platform.

Ka, Front/Side

The shielding factor for appurtenances, as used in the front (along global X direction) and side (along global Z direction) wind. This value is applicable for design per the TIA-222-G code only. Note: The Ka factor for other appurtenances is conservatively taken as 1 per Section 2.6.9.2 of the TIA-222G code. This is the default value.

User Manual — 155

Parameter

Description

Horizontal Offset

Location of the appurtenance from the face of the structure/leg.

Lateral Offset

Location of the pipe mount and attached antennas along the width of the mount. This option can also be used when the azimuth is not zero. Note: Based on the azimuth, you can define the lateral offset to locate the force point application.

Vertical Offset

Used to shift a particular mount pipe and antenna above or below the elevation of the mount.

No. of Mount Pipes: Face A/B/C

Select the number of mount pipes arranged along the platform face (up to six). Mount pipes are arranged equally spaced along the face, with one at each end (unless a single mount pipe is selected for a face, in which case it is placed in the center of the face).

No. of Mount Pipes: Leg A/B/C

Select if a mount pipe is included at the corner leg of the platform.

EPA or Area (CaAa)

(EPA for EIA/TIA-222-G) The effective projected area (EPA) values for Front (wind along X)—(EPA) —and Side (wind N along Z)—(EPA) —with and without ice are calculated and T displayed here. (CaAa used for EIA/TIA-222-F) For discrete and linear appurtenances, this value is C A , where: a a

C = the force coefficient determined by Section a 2.3.7 in the TIA-222-F code A = projected area of the component, with or a without ice for the appropriate field. Note: Refer to Section 2.6.2.9.4 of the TIA-222-G code for determination of the EPA for low profile platforms. Weight

The weight of the platform with and without ice is calculated and displayed here. You may type in override values if necessary.

T-Frame properties The Properties pane displays the t-frame properties when a t-frame is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts > Mount # > T-Frame elev.-Leg section of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the Select T-Frame tool in the View pane.

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Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model Table 8-21: T-Frame properties

Parameter

Description

T- Frame Number

Integer assigned by the program to identify the platform. (noneditable)

Loading Classification

Select Existing , Reserved , or Proposed from the drop-down list in order to classify the mount.

Manufacturer

n/a

Model No.

n/a

Orientation

Select the tower leg to which the T-Frame mount is connected.

Stand-Off Distance

Type the length of the support mount (i.e., the distance between the panel face, tower leg, or pole and the cross arm).

Width of T-Arm

Type the length of the arm member.

Tie Back

Set this option to include…

No. of Mount Pipes

Select the number of mount pipes arranged along the t-frame (up to six). Mount pipes are arranged equally spaced along the arm, with one at each end (unless a single mount pipe is selected for a arm, in which case it is placed in the center of the arm).

Ka, Front/Side

The shielding factor for appurtenances, as used in the front (along global X direction) and side (along global Z direction) wind. This value is applicable for design per the TIA-222-G code only. Note: The Ka factor for other appurtenances is conservatively taken as 1 per Section 2.6.9.2 of the TIA-222-G code. This is the default value.

Horizontal Offset

Location of the appurtenance from the face of the structure/leg.

Lateral Offset

Location of the pipe mount and attached antennas along the width of the mount. This option can also be used when the azimuth is not zero. Note: Based on the Azimuth, you can define the lateral offset to locate the force point application.

Vertical Offset

Used to shift a particular mount pipe and antenna above or below the elevation of the mount.

User Manual — 157

Parameter

Description

Azimuth for Mount Rotation

Type the angle between a line normal to a plane tangent to the tower structure and the support frame, measured clockwise. Refer to "A" in the figure below. Figure 8-2: Azimuths for t-frame mounts A) for mount rotation and B) for frame rotation

Azimuth for Arm Rotation

Type the angle between a line normal to the mount and the cross arm. Refer to "B" in the figure above.

Area

The effective projected area (EPA) values for Front (wind along X)— (EPA) —and Side (wind along Z)—(EPA) —with and without ice are N T calculated and displayed here. For discrete and linear appurtenances, this value is C A , where: a a

C = the force coefficient determined by Table 2-8 in a the TIA-222-G code A = projected area of the component, with or without a ice for the appropriate field. Weight

The weight of the t-frame with and without ice is calculated and displayed here.

Sector Frame properties The Properties pane displays the sector frame properties when a sector frame is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts > Mount # > Sector Frame elev.-Leg section

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Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model

of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the Select Sector Frame tool in the View pane. Table 8-22: T-Frame properties

Parameter

Description

Sector Frame Number

Integer assigned by the program to identify the platform. (noneditable)

Loading Classification

Select Existing , Reserved , or Proposed from the drop-down list in order to classify the mount.

Manufacturer

n/a

Model No.

n/a

Orientation

Select the tower leg to which the T-Frame mount is connected.

Stand-Off Distance

Type the length of the support mount (i.e., the distance between the panel face, tower leg, or pole and the cross arm).

Width

Type the length of the arm member.

Tie Back

Set this option to…

No. of Mount Pipes

Select the number of mount pipes arranged along the t-frame (up to six). Mount pipes are arranged equally spaced along the arm, with one at each end (unless a single mount pipe is selected for a arm, in which case it is placed in the center of the arm).

Ka, Front/Side

The shielding factor for appurtenances, as used in the front (along global X direction) and side (along global Z direction) wind. This value is applicable for design per the TIA-222-G code only. Note: The Ka factor for other appurtenances is conservatively taken as 1 per Section 2.6.9.2 of the TIA-222-G code. This is the default value.

Horizontal Offset

Location of the appurtenance from the face of the structure/leg.

Lateral Offset

Location of the pipe mount and attached antennas along the width of the mount. This option can also be used when the azimuth is not zero. Note: Based on the Azimuth, you can define the lateral offset to locate the force point application.

Vertical Offset

Used to shift a particular mount pipe and antenna above or below the elevation of the mount.

User Manual — 159

Parameter Azimuth

Description Type the angle between a line normal to a plane tangent to the tower structure and the support frame, measured clockwise. Refer to "A" in the figure below. Figure 8-3: Azimuths for t-frame mounts A) for mount rotation and B) for frame rotation

EPA or Area (CaAa)

(EPA for EIA/TIA-222-G) The effective projected area (EPA) values for Front (wind along X)—(EPA) —and Side (wind along Z)—(EPA) — N T with and without ice are calculated and displayed here. (CaAa used for EIA/TIA-222-F) For discrete and linear appurtenances, this value is C A , where: a a

C = the force coefficient determined by Section 2.3.7 a in the TIA-222-F code A = projected area of the component, with or without a ice for the appropriate field. Weight

The weight of the t-arm with and without ice is calculated and displayed here.

Side Arm properties The Properties pane displays the side arm properties when a side arm is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts > Mount # > side arm elev.-Leg section of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the Select Side Arm tool in the View pane.

160 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model Table 8-23: Side Arm properties

Parameter

Description

Side Arm Number

Integer assigned by the program to identify the side arm mount. (non-editable)

Loading Classification

Select Existing , Reserved , or Proposed from the drop-down list in order to classify the mount.

Manufacturer

n/a

Model No.

n/a

Orientation

Select the tower leg from which the side arm mount is supported.

Stand-Off Distance

Type the length of the support mount (i.e., the distance between the panel face, tower leg, or pole and the end of the side arm).

No. of Mount Pipes

Select the number of mount pipes arranged along the t-arm (up to six). Mount pipes are arranged equally spaced along the arm, with one at each end (unless a single mount pipe is selected for a arm, in which case it is placed in the center of the arm).

Ka, Front/Side

The shielding factor for appurtenances, as used in the front (along global X direction) and side (along global Z direction) wind. This value is applicable for design per the TIA-222-G code only. Note: The Ka factor for other appurtenances is conservatively taken as 1 per Section 2.6.9.2 of the TIA-222G code. This is the default value.

Horizontal Offset

Location of the appurtenance from the face of the structure/leg.

Lateral Offset

Location of the pipe mount and attached antennas along the width of the mount. This option can also be used when the azimuth is not zero. Note: Based on the Azimuth, you can define the lateral offset to locate the force point application.

Vertical Offset

Used to shift a particular mount pipe and antenna above or below the elevation of the mount.

User Manual — 161

Parameter

Description

Azimuth

Type the angle between a line normal to a plane tangent to the tower structure and the side arm, measured clockwise.

EPA or Area (CaAa)

(EPA for EIA/TIA-222-G) The effective projected area (EPA) values for Front (wind along X)—(EPA) —and Side (wind N along Z)—(EPA) —with and without ice are calculated and T displayed here. (CaAa used for EIA/TIA-222-F) For discrete and linear appurtenances, this value is C A , where: a a

C = the force coefficient determined by Section a 2.3.7 in the TIA-222-F code A = projected area of the component, with or a without ice for the appropriate field. Weight

The weight of the side arm with and without ice is calculated and displayed here.

Mount Pipe properties The Properties pane displays the mount pipe properties when a mount pipe is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts > Mount # > … > Mount Pipe # section of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the Select Mount Pipe tool in the View pane. Table 8-24: Mount Pipe properties

162 — STAAD(X) Tower

Parameter

Description

Mount Number

Integer assigned by the program to identify the platform. (noneditable)

Loading Classification

Select Existing , Reserved , or Proposed from the drop-down list in order to classify the mount.

Manufacturer

n/a

Model No.

n/a

Length of Mount Pipe

Type the length of the mount pipe.

Diameter of Mount Pipe

Type the outer diameter of the mount pipe.

Orientation

Select the tower leg to which the mount pipe is attached.

Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model

Parameter Ka, Front/Side

Description The shielding factor for appurtenances, as used in the front (along global X direction) and side (along global Z direction) wind. This value is applicable for design per the TIA-222-G code only. Note: The Ka factor for other appurtenances is conservatively taken as 1 per Section 2.6.9.2 of the TIA-222G code. This is the default value.

Horizontal Offset

Location of the appurtenance from the face of the structure/leg.

Lateral Offset

Location of the pipe mount and attached antennas along the width of the mount. This option can also be used when the azimuth is not zero. Note: Based on the Azimuth, you can define the lateral offset to locate the force point application.

Vertical Offset

Used to shift a particular mount pipe and antenna above or below the elevation of the mount.

EPA or Area (CaAa)

(EPA for EIA/TIA-222-G) The effective projected area (EPA) values for Front (wind along X)—(EPA) —and Side N (wind along Z)—(EPA) —with and without ice are calculated T and displayed here. (CaAa used for EIA/TIA-222-F) For discrete and linear appurtenances, this value is C A , where: a a

C = the force coefficient determined by a Section 2.3.7 in the TIA-222-F code A = projected area of the component, with or a without ice for the appropriate field. Weight

The weight of the mount with and without ice is calculated and displayed here.

Antenna

Set this option if an antenna is attached to this mount pipe (box is checked by default).

Ice Shield properties The Properties pane displays the ice shield properties when an ice shield is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts > Mount # > ice shield # section of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the Select Ice Shield tool in the View pane.

User Manual — 163

Table 8-25: Ice Shield properties

Parameter

Description

Ice Shield Number

Integer assigned by the program to identify the platform. (noneditable)

Loading Classification

Select Existing , Reserved , or Proposed from the drop-down list in order to classify the mount.

Manufacturer

n/a

Model No.

n/a

Orientation

Select the tower leg to which the mount pipe is attached.

Width (Side)

Type the width along the side of the ice shield (i.e., the dimension away from the tower structure).

Width (Front)

Type the width across the front of the ice shield (i.e., the dimension tangent to the tower structure).

Ka, Front/Side

The shielding factor for appurtenances, as used in the front (along global X direction) and side (along global Z direction) wind. This value is applicable for design per the TIA-222-G code only. Note: The Ka factor for other appurtenances is conservatively taken as 1 per Section 2.6.9.2 of the TIA-222G code. This is the default value.

Horizontal Offset

Location of the appurtenance from the face of the structure/leg.

Lateral Offset

Location of the pipe mount and attached antennas along the width of the mount. This option can also be used when the azimuth is not zero. Note: Based on the Azimuth, you can define the lateral offset to locate the force point application.

164 — STAAD(X) Tower

Vertical Offset

Used to shift a particular mount pipe and antenna above or below the elevation of the mount.

Azimuth

Type the angle between a line normal to a the tangent at the mount and the centerline of the ice shield.

Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model

Parameter EPA or Area (CaAa)

Description (EPA for EIA/TIA-222-G) The effective projected area (EPA) values for Front (wind along X)—(EPA) —and Side N (wind along Z)—(EPA) —with and without ice are calculated T and displayed here. (CaAa used for EIA/TIA-222-F) For discrete and linear appurtenances, this value is C A , where: a a

C = the force coefficient determined by a Section 2.3.7 in the TIA-222-F code A = projected area of the component, with or a without ice for the appropriate field. Weight

The weight of the platform with and without ice is calculated and displayed here.

TMA A list of all tower mounted amplifiers (TMA) which have been added to the structure is displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts > … > TMA # section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. A TMA (also referred to as a mast head amplifier) is a low-noise amplifier mounted as close as possible to an antenna. In STAAD(X) Tower, these are assumed to be mounted to the back of a panel antenna.

TMA properties The Properties pane displays the tma properties when a tma is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts > … Antenna # > TMA # section of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the Select TMA tool in the View pane. Table 8-26: Tower Mounted Amplifier properties

Parameter

Description

TMA Number

Integer assigned by the program to identify the platform. (noneditable)

Loading Classification

Select Existing , Reserved , or Proposed from the drop-down list in order to classify the mount.

Manufacturer

n/a

Model No.

n/a

User Manual — 165

Parameter

Description

Length of TMA

The dimension of the amplifier parallel to the tower face (Azimuth = 0).

Width of TMA

The dimension of the amplifier along the tower height (global Y axis).

Depth of TMA

The dimension of the amplifier in thickness (away from the tower face when Azimuth = 0).

Horizontal Offset

Location of the appurtenance from the face of the structure/leg.

Lateral Offset

Location of the pipe mount and attached antennas along the width of the mount. This option can also be used when the azimuth is not zero. Note: Based on the Azimuth of TMA, you can define the lateral offset to locate the force point application.

Vertical Offset

Used to shift a particular mount pipe and antenna above or below the elevation of the mount.

Ka, Front/Side

The shielding factor for appurtenances, as used in the front (along global X direction) and side (along global Z direction) wind. This value is applicable for design per the TIA-222-G code only. Note: The Ka factor for other appurtenances is conservatively taken as 1 per Section 2.6.9.2 of the TIA-222G code. This is the default value.

Azimuth of TMA

Type the rotation of the antenna with respect to the mount. Rotation is measured perpendicular to the local mount azimuth, clockwise.

EPA or Area (CaAa)

(EPA for EIA/TIA-222-G) The effective projected area (EPA) values for Front (wind along X)—(EPA) —and Side (wind N along Z)—(EPA) —with and without ice are calculated and T displayed here. (CaAa used for EIA/TIA-222-F) For discrete and linear appurtenances, this value is C A , where: a a

C = the force coefficient determined by Section a 2.3.7 in the TIA-222-F code A = projected area of the component, with or a without ice for the appropriate field. Weight

166 — STAAD(X) Tower

The weight of the amplifier with and without ice is calculated and displayed here.

Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model

Antennas A list of all dish antennas which have been added to the structure is displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Mounts > … > Antenna # section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. Note: Dish antennas are only available for self-supporting and guyed tower models created in previous versions of STAAD(X) Tower.

Dish Antenna properties The Properties pane displays the dish antenna properties when a mount is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Antennas section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. Table 8-27: Dish Antenna properties

Property

Description

Antenna No.

Program generated number identification number.

Title

Program generated title for the selected.

Mount. Pattern

Currently inactive.

Leg ID

Specify the tower leg to which the antenna is anchored.

Offset Distance

The distance from the face of the supporting element (e.g.,tower leg) to the antenna.

Node No

The node which the antenna support is connected to in the analytical model.

Height

Displays the elevation above the tower base (non-editable).

Azimuth Angle

The angle of rotation in a plane parallel to the XZ plane. Note: The reference line from which this local azimuth value is measured is taken as a line that is 135° from each adjacent leg of a square tower or 150° from each adjacent leg of a triangular tower.

XZ Angle

The angle of rotation as measured from the XZ plane.

Model Name

You may select the antenna type by catalog description from the drop-down menu in this field.

Mode ID Product Name

User Manual — 167

Property

Description

Manufacturer Outer Dia, Depth, and Weight

Displays parameters for the selected dish antenna (non-editable).

Appurtenances A list of all appurtenances which have been added to the structure is displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Appurtenances section of the Tower Model Explorer. Note: Appurtenances are only available for self-supporting and guyed tower models created in previous versions of STAAD(X) Tower.

Appurtenance properties The Properties pane displays the appurtenance properties when a mount is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Appurtenances section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. Table 8-28: Appurtenance parameters

Parameter

168 — STAAD(X) Tower

Description

Appurtenance No.

This program-generated number is used to identify each ladder element.

Title

(Optional) Add a short title or description of the ladder element.

Alignment

Dictates whether appurtenance will be placed in parallel to the global vertical axis ( Vertical ) or the local x-axis of the supporting member ( Aligned ).

Leg ID

Specify the tower leg to which the appurtenance is anchored.

Offset Distance

The distance from the face of the supporting element (e.g.,tower leg) to the appurtenance. The initial value will be such that, with a vertical alignment, one or both ends of the appurtenance is held tight to the supporting members.

Height above Base

Displays the elevation above the tower base (noneditable).

Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model

Parameter Azimuth Angle

Description The angle of rotation in a plane parallel to the XZ plane. Note: The reference line from which this local azimuth value is measured is taken as a line that is 135° from each adjacent leg of a square tower or 150° from each adjacent leg of a triangular tower.

Appurtenance Shape Data

You may select the appurtenance type by catalog description from the drop-down menu in this field. Note: The remaining non-editable fields will display the dimensions and weights associated with the selected appurtenance.

Work Platforms A list of all monopole antenna platforms which have been added to the structure is displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Platforms section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. Note: Monopole antenna platforms can be mounted on monopole tower models only.

Work Platform properties The Properties pane displays the platform properties when a platform is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Work Platforms section of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the Select Platforms tool in the View pane. Table 8-29: Work Platform properties

Property

Description

Platform No

The automatically generated number for a specific platform entity (non-editable).

Elevation Above Base

Specify the elevation above the tower base. This value is required for the platform's weight and effective area to be considered in tower loads.

Shape

Select either a Square or Circular platform shape from the dropdown list.

Structure

Select the platform structure type.

Type

Select either a Full Platform (covers the complete width of the tower) or a Walkway (a narrow walkway structure surrounding the tower legs).

User Manual — 169

Property

Description

Handrail

Select this option to include a handrail for weight and effective area calculations.

Square Full Platform Details

(For square shaped full platforms) Select the Auto-Calculated option to have the platform extend to fill the space between tower legs. Otherwise, specify a total platform Width.

Square Walkway Details

(For square shaped walkways) Specify a width of the walkway (distance measured from tower legs) and select if the walkway is located inside or outside the tower legs.

Circular Full Platform Details

(For circular shaped full platforms) Select the Auto-Calculated option to have the platform extend to fill the space between tower legs. Otherwise, specify a total platform Radius as measured from the tower centerline.

Circular Walkway Details

(For circular shaped walkways) Specify a width of the walkway (distance measured from tower legs) and select if the walkway is located inside or outside the tower legs.

Projected Area

Specify a projected wind area for the No Ice Condition and each of the Ice thickness conditions to be considered.

Weight of Platform

Specify a platform weight for the No Ice Condition and each of the Ice thickness conditions to be considered.

Weight of Handrail

Specify a handrail weight for the No Ice Condition and each of the Ice thickness conditions to be considered.

Ladders A list of all ladders which have been added to the structure is displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Ladders section of the Tower Model Explorer. Note: Ladders can be mounted on self-supporting and guyed tower models.

Ladder properties The Properties pane displays the ladder properties when a ladder is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Ladders section of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the Select Ladder tool in the View pane.

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Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model Table 8-30: Ladder Properties

Parameter

Description

Ladder ID

This program-generated number is used to identify each ladder element.

Description

(Optional) Add a short title or description of the ladder element.

Start Height

Specify the elevation (global Y coordinate) of the bottom of the tower. Note: Start height should be greater than or equal to the elevation at base of the tower model. Start height should also be less than the total tower height.

End Height

Specify the elevation (global Y coordinate) of the top of the ladder. Note: End height should be greater than the Start height. End height should also not exceed the elevation of the top of the tower structure.

Has Cage

Select this option if the ladder has a safety cage.

Along

(Currently,ladders may only be placed on a tower face.)

Face ID

(Face only) Select the tower face ID to which the ladder is attached.

Position

(Face only) Select if the ladder is attached to the inside or outside of the selected tower face.

Face Offset

(Face only) Specify the offset distance from the tower face to the ladder centerline.

Lateral Shift

(Face only, Optional) Shift a ladder placed on a tower face laterally either direction along the face. The offset is specified as a fraction of the face width, with positive values shifting left and negative values shifting right. Accepted values range from -0.5 to 0.5.

Feedlines A list of all feedlines which have been added to the structure is displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Feedlines section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. Note: Feedlines can be mounted on self-supporting and guyed tower models.

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Feedline properties The Properties pane displays the feedline properties when a feedline is selected in the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Feedlines section of the Tower Model Explorer pane or using the Select Feedline tool in the View pane. Table 8-31: Feed Line properties

Parameter Feedline ID

Description This program-generated number is used to identify each feed line element.

Description Coax Cable Start Height

Specify the elevation (global Y coordinate) of the bottom of the tower. Note: Start height should be greater than or equal to the elevation at base of the tower model. Start height should also be less than the total tower height.

End Height

Specify the elevation (global Y coordinate) of the top of the feed line. Note: End height should be greater than the Start height. End height should also not exceed the elevation of the top of the tower structure.

Along

(Currently, feed lines may only be placed on a tower face.)

Position

(Face only) Select if the feed line is attached to the inside or outside of the selected tower face.

Leg/ Face ID

(Face only) Select the tower face ID to which the feed line is attached. Note: Only one set of feed-lines can be added on a single face.

Face Offset

(Face only) Specify the offset distance from the tower face to the feed line centerline.

Lateral Shift

(Face only, Optional) Shift a feed line placed on a tower face laterally either direction along the face. The offset is specified as a fraction of the face width, with positive values shifting left and negative values shifting right. Accepted values range from -0.5 to 0.5.

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Parameter

Description

Consider Torque Allow Sheilding Ka Factor (No Ice / Ice)

Libraries User defined bracing patterns will appear here. In order to create or edit User Defined Bracing patters, use either the Face Bracing Wizard or Plan Bracing Wizard tool.

Supports A list of all support types which have been added to the structure is displayed in the Model > Physical Model > Supports section of the Tower Model Explorer pane.

Adding a support type 1. Select the Model > Physical Model > Supports section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. 2. From the pop-up menu, select either l

Add Pinned Support

l

Add Fixed Support

l

Add Fixed-But Support

A new entry is added for the selected support type. Next, the support type should be assigned to one or more nodes.

Assigning support types to model nodes To assign any support, following the steps mentioned below.

Method 1 1. From the Model ribbon tab, click the Node Selection cursor. 2. Select the desired support type in the navigation explorer 3. Select the target node/ nodes 4. Move the mouse over the selected support in the navigation explorer 5. Assign pop-up menu will appear near the selected support item 6. Select Assign pop-up menu item

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Method 2 1. Chose the Node Selection cursor 2. Select the target node/ nodes 3. In the node(s) property list, select the desired kind of support from the list.

Method 3 1. Open the Nodes Table in the output pane. 2. Select the row that contains the target node information. 3. Change the cell value under the support column.

Editing a fixed-but support type Note: Both Fixed and Pinned supports are pre-defined and their properties cannot be edited. 1. Select the support type in the Model > Physical Model > Supports section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. 2. The parameters are displayed in the Properties pane. 3. Select the correspond options to release either force or moment in the indicated direction. 4. Spring constants can be defined instead of releases in the second panel.

Display the Support Assignments table 1. Select the Model > Physical Model > Supports section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. 2. From the pop-up menu, select Show Support Assignment Table. The Support Assignment table opens in the Output pane.

Loads Physical loads will be grouped in this section of the Tower Model Explorer pane.

Load Generation Parameters STAAD(X) Tower includes tools for rapidly adding code defined wind and seismic loads to your tower model.

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Wind/Ice Load Definitions per TIA/EIA-222 codes The parameters for a TIA/EIA 222G or 222F wind/ice load are displayed in the properties Table 8-32: TIA-222F Wind Type properties

Property

Description

Reference Number

A value automatically generated by the application (non editable).

Description

You may provide a brief description here for identifying the parameter set. Any alpha-numeric string is allowed.

Sate

Select the target US State name from the all exhaustive list.

County

Select the target county name pertaining to the selected state.

Basic Wind Speed

For the specified geographic location (state/ county combination); retrieved from the TIA database. Note: The basic wind speed information (EIA/TIA-222-F) cannot be modified.

Wind Azimuths

By default 0 deg, 45 deg, 90 deg for a square structure, and 0 deg, 60 deg, and 90 deg for a triangular structure (non editable).

Ice Load

Select this option if ice load is required for this tower model load definition.

Type of Ice

Select either solid or rime as per requirement.

Ice Density

This value is determined based on type of ice selected above (normally 56 lb/ft3 for solid ice and 30 lb/ft3 for rime ice).

Ice Thickness

This value is retrieved from the TIA database based on geographic location but you may edit if necessary.

Wind Speed (Ice)

This is the concurrent wind speed with ice load. This will default to 75% of the basic wind speed without ice, but you may edit it if necessary.

Wind Speed (Service)

Specify a wind speed used for service load conditions. Note: The default is 50 mph, as specified in the TIA-222F code. A warning dialog box opens if this value is edited.

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Property Load Cases

Description Select which load type and direction you want to be generated as a primary load case. Any or all of the following six different sets of load cases can be added based on this definition: l

wind without ice from 0 degree

l

wind without ice from 45 / 60 degree

l

wind without ice from 90 degree

l

concurrent wind with ice from 0 degree

l

concurrent wind with ice from 45 / 60 degree

l

concurrent wind with ice from 90 degree

Note: Any of these load cases, when applied, will create corresponding reference load case that can be assigned by the user on the entire model.

Table 8-33: TIA-222G Wind Type properties

Property

Description

Reference Number

A value automatically generated by the application (non editable).

Description

You may provide a brief description here for identifying the parameter set. Any alpha-numeric string is allowed.

Sate

Select the target US State name from the all exhaustive list.

County

Select the target county name pertaining to the selected state.

No Ice

The basic wind speed without ice for the specified state/ county combination retrieved from the TIA database

Ice

for the specified state/ county combination retrieved from the TIA database Note: The minimum basic wind speed and minimum ice thickness per TIA-222-G cannot be considered for the analysis and design.

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Service

for the specified state/ county combination retrieved from the TIA database

Wind Azimuths

By default 0 deg, 45 deg, 90 deg for a square structure, and 0 deg, 60 deg, and 90 deg for a triangular structure (non editable).

Thickness

The ice thickness value is retrieved from the TIA database based on geographic location but you may edit if necessary.

Density

Normally an ice density of 56 lb/ft3 is used.

Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model

Property

Description

Classification

Class I / Class II / Class III as per requirement, based on usage of the structure.

Type

Tower structures are considered latticed structures.

Exposure Category

Select wind exposure category B / C / D as dictated by surrounding site conditions.

Category

You must select the appropriate topographic category description as per code requirement.

Height of Crest (H)

For topographic categories 2, 3, and 4, you must also specify the height of the escarpment, hill, or ridge on which the structure is located.

Topographic Factor (Kzt)

For topographic category 5, you must specify a site specify topographic factor.

Load Cases

Select which load type and direction you want to be generated as a primary load case. Any or all of the following nine different sets of load cases can be added based on this definition: l

wind without ice from 0 degree

l

wind without ice from 45 / 60 degree

l

wind without ice from 90 degree

l

concurrent wind with ice from 0 degree

l

concurrent wind with ice from 45 / 60 degree

l

concurrent wind with ice from 90 degree

l

wind (service) from 0 degree

l

wind (service) from 45 / 60 degree

l

wind (service) from 90 degree

Note: Any of these, when applied, will create corresponding reference load case that can be assigned by the user on the entire model.

Note: The Ka factor for linear and discrete appurtenances per TIA-222-G cannot be modified. The program considers Ka =1 by default.

Seismic Load definitions per TIA/EIA-222G code The parameters for a TIA/EIA 222G seismic load are displayed in the properties

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Table 8-34: TIA-222G Seismic properties

Property

Description

Reference Number

A value automatically generated by the application (non editable).

Description

You may provide a brief description here for identifying the parameter set. Any alpha-numeric string is allowed.

Analysis Procedure

Only Method 1 as described in the code is currently supported

Classification of Structure

Select either Class I / Class II / Class III as per requirement

Importance Factor

Taken from Table 2-3 in TIA-222-G, based on the classification of the structure.

Ss

Spectral response acceleration at short period, to be specified as per requirement

S1

Maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at one second, to be specified as per requirement

Site Class

A to F, to be specified as per requirement

Load Groups The Load Groups item in the navigation explorer contains the collection of user-defined reference load cases. A Load Group only has an inherent class (e.g., dead, live, wind, seismic, etc.) and no other parameters. However, each component load item within a load group has its unique property list where you can specify the typical parameters for that load.

Seismic load groups For seismic loads as per the TIA 222 G standard, if the corresponding Load Generation Parameter is defined properly, you can the seismic load in any available reference load case. Under such reference load cases (or load groups), you can add other types of loads as well using the pop-up menu. The other types of load items that can be added are: l

Joint Loads

l

Member Loads like uniform force load, concentrated force load, uniform moment load, concentrated moment load, trapezoidal load, and linearly varying load.

Note: The add loads pop-up menu is only available to user-created load groups. Generated load groups may only be assigned and cannot have additional loads added.

Adding a load group You can add a Load Group (by default referred as Load Group followed by an unique identification

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number) under the Load Groups item in the navigation explorer. 1. Select the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups entry in the Tower Model Explorer. 2. From the pop-up menu, select Add Load Group. 3. A new Load Group entry appears in the list below this entry. Hint: If reference load cases for wind and / or ice are created from the Load Generation Parameters following the TIA-222-F and TIA-222-G codes, then those reference load cases are added in the collection automatically.

Changing a load type for a load group Use the following procedure to change the load type. 1. Select the load group you want to edit from the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups entry in the Tower Model Explorer pane. The Load Group properties are displayed in the Properties pane. 2. Select the appropriate Load Type which best describes the load applied..

Assigning generated wind, ice, or seismic loads Except the selfweight load, all other reference loads need to be assigned. Since wind, ice and seismic loads are assigned on the entire structure, no selection is necessary for assignment. Hint: For joint load or member load assignment, you must select the target joint(s) or member(s), respectively, prior to the assignment. This is done by individual load, rather than by load group. Refer to load types. 1. Select the load group you want to assign from the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups entry in the Tower Model Explorer. 2. From the pop-up menu, select Assign.

Selfweight Selfweight is the automatically calculated dead load of the physical model elements and components. If the selfweight load was applied from the Setup Wizard, then that selfweight load gets added in the collection Selfweight as a reference load case automatically. If this option was not selected during the Setup Wizard, then you may add a new load group and add a selfweight load to it. Note: Once added, a selfweight load cannot be deleted from the model file.

Adding selfweight load This procedure is not necessary if you selected the selfweight option in the new tower model wizard.

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1. Right click on the load group where you want to add selfweight on the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups entry in the Tower Model Explorer pane and select Selfweight Load > Add Selfweight Load from the pop-up menu. An entry for the selfweight load is added and the selfweight load is automatically assigned to all members and components based on their properties. 2. From the pop-up menu, select Selfweight Load > Add Selfweight Load. 3. An entry for the selfweight load is added below. Note: The selfweight load does not need to be assigned. It will automatically be assigned to all members and components based on their properties. In some instances, you may want to change the direction or load factor on the selfweight load once the load is added.

Selfweight properties Displayed when the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups entry is selected in the Tower Model Explorer pane. Table 8-35: Selfweight Load properties

Property

Description

Direction

Select which Global direction along which the selfweight load will act. As gravity/vertical is always defined parallel to the global Y axis in a parametric tower model, this will typically be Y .

Factor

Specify a ratio factor for the selfweight load. This factor will be a direct multiplier to the weight as determined by the material and geometry properties of the members and components. The default value is 1 (i.e., 100%).

Joint Load Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure. These loads act in the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the positive coordinate directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case the loads will be additive on that joint.

Adding a joint load 1. Expand the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. 2. Select the load group where you want to add a joint load. 3. From the load group's pop-up menu, select Joint Load > Add Joint Load. 4. A new joint load appears in the load group with the default properties.

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Specifying a joint load magnitude A single joint load may have a force parallel to and a moment about each global axis. There are no other parameters to be set for a joint load. 1. Select the joint load you want to edit. 2. The load parameters are specified in the Properties pane. 3. Edit any force or moment value and press the Return key. Note: Enter values for Fx, Fy, Fz (forces in corresponding global directions), Mx, My and Mz (moments in corresponding global directions), as needed.

Assigning a joint load 1. Use the Node Selection tool to select the node(s) in the View pane to which you want to apply the joint load. 2. From the joint load's pop-up menu (Expand the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups section of the Tower Model Explorer pane if you cannot see it), select Assign. 3. The load will appear on the structure in the View pane when selected in the Tower Model Explorer pane.

Member Loads STAAD(X) Tower provides you with three types of member loads may be applied directly to a member of a structure. These loads are uniformly distributed loads, concentrated loads, and linearly varying loads (including trapezoidal). Uniform loads act on the full or partial length of a member. Concentrated loads act at any intermediate, specified point. Linearly varying loads act over the full length of a member. Trapezoidal linearly varying loads act over the full or partial length of a member. During analysis, trapezoidal loads are converted into a uniform load and several concentrated loads. You may specify any number of loads to act upon a member in any independent loading condition. Member loads can be specified in the member coordinate system or the global coordinate system. Uniformly distributed member loads provided in the global coordinate system may be specified to act along the full or projected member length. Refer to the figure below to find the relation of the member to the global coordinate systems for specifying member loads. Positive forces act in the positive coordinate directions, local or global, as the case may be.

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Figure 8-4: Member load configuration. Variables d and w are input via the Properties pane.

Adding a member load 1. Expand the Model > Physical Model > Loads section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. 2. Select the load group to which you want to add a new member load. 3. From the load group pop-up menu, select the Member Load > menu and then select the type of member load you want to add (refer to list of descriptions above). 4. A new member load is added to the load group with default load properties. 5. The pointer changes to a member selection cursor in the View pane. Clicking on a member will assign the new load.

Specifying member load magnitude and distance 1. Select the member load you want to edit using either the Select Load tool or by selecting the entry in the Tower Model Explorer pane. 2. The load properties are specified in the Properties pane.

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Assigning member load to a member 1. Use the Physical Member Selection tool to select the member(s) in the View pane to which you want to apply the member load. 2. From the member load's pop-up menu (Expand the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups section of the Tower Model Explorer pane if you cannot see it), select Assign. 3. The load will appear on the structure in the View pane when selected in the Tower Model Explorer pane.

Member load properties The following types of member load are available to you, with multiple options covering most all member load conditions: l

A uniform member load can be specified as either Force or Moment. Table 8-36: Uniformly Distributed Load properties

Property

Description

UDL / URM

The uniformly distributed load or moment is specified in the UDL or UDM variable, respectively. Specify the magnitude of the load here, with appropriate sign (+/-).

d1

Specifies the distance from the start of the member to the start of the uniform load. Note: All distances (d ) are taken along the local n axis.

l

d2

Specifies the distance from the start of the member to the end of the uniform load.

d3

specifies the distance from the centerline of the member (local y-axis) to the load.

Direction

Select which direction to apply the force, with axis in local or global coordinate systems in the menu.

A Force or Moment applied to a single point along the length of a member. Table 8-37: Concentrated Member Load properties

Property P

Description The concentrated load or moment is specified by the P variable.

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Property d1

Description Specifies the distance from the start of the member to the location of the concentrated load. Note: All distances (d ) are taken along the local n axis.

l

d2

specifies the distance from the centerline of the member (local y-axis) to the load.

Direction

Select which direction to apply the force, with axis in local or global coordinate systems in the menu.

A load that varies linearly along the member's length. A Linearly Varying Load is applied over the full length of the member whereas a Trapezoidal Load may act over the full or partial length of the member. Both Linearly Varying Loads and Trapezoidal loads act through the centroid of the member. Table 8-38: Linearly Varying Load properties

Property

Description

w1

Specify the magnitude of the load closest to the start of the member. Selecting this option and specifying these values is used for either a Linear or Trapezoidal load.

w2

Specify the magnitude of the load closest to the end of the member. Selecting this option and specifying these values is used for either a Linear or Trapezoidal load.

w3

specifies the magnitude of the load at mid-span of a triangular loading. Note: You must select an option for specifying w 1 and w (for a linear or trapezoidal member loads) or 2 w (for triangular member loads). 3

d1

Specifies the distance from the start of the member to the location of the concentrated load. Note: All distances (d ) are taken along the local n axis.

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d2

specifies the distance from the centerline of the member (local y-axis) to the load.

Direction

Select which direction to apply the force, with axis in local or global coordinate systems in the menu.

Chapter 8 Command Reference: Tower Model Explorer 8.2 Physical Model

Note: If any load start or end values result in the load extending beyond the length of the member, the load is truncated to the member start or end, respectively.

Wind/ Ice Loads There are multiple wind or wind/ ice load combination loads that you may add to your tower model. Hint: In order to use wind/ice loads, you must first create a set of associated Wind/Ice Load Parameters or Wind Intensity (for Wind on Open Structures).

Note: Once it has been added, a wind/ice load cannot be deleted from the model file.

Adding a wind/ice load 1. Expand the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. 2. Select the load group where you want to add a wind/ ice load. 3. From the load group's pop-up menu, select Wind/ Ice Load and then the specific wind/ ice load you want to add. 4. A new load appears in the load group with the default properties.

Wind/Ice load properties The following properties are displayed for a wind/ice load. Table 8-39: Wind/Ice 222G Load properties

Property

Description

Ref. No

A value automatically generated by the application (non editable).

Description

Add an optional description for this wind/ice parameter set.

Zone Identification

Select the State and Country in which the tower is located.

Wind Speed

Wind speeds for No Ice, Ice, and Service conditions, as provided in the associated wind parameters (non editable).

Apply Load Case

Select the applied load case used from the drop-down list. This accounts for azimuth, inclusion of ice, and load level.

Ice Density

This value is determined based on type of ice selected above (normally 56 lb/ft3 for solid ice and 30 lb/ft3 for rime ice).

Ice Thickness

This value is retrieved from the TIA database based on geographic location (non editable).

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Table 8-40: Wind/Ice 222F Load properties

Property

Description

Ref. No

A value automatically generated by the application (non editable).

Description

Add an optional description for this wind/ice parameter set.

Zone Identification

Select the State and Country in which the tower is located.

Wind Type

Specifies if the wind includes ice per the referenced wind load parameters (non editable).

Wind Speed

Wind speed as provided in the associated wind parameters (non editable).

Wind Azimuth

Angle of wind on the structure from the GX axis in the XZ plane.

Ice Density

This value is determined based on type of ice selected above (normally 56 lb/ft3 for solid ice and 30 lb/ft3 for rime ice). Disabled if a wind-only load.

Ice Thickness

This value is retrieved from the TIA database based on geographic location (non editable). By default, this is 0.5 inches per TIA-222-F. Disabled if a wind-only load.

Wind Speed (Ice)

Wind speed as provided in the associated wind parameters (non editable).

Wind Speed (Service)

Wind speed of 50 mph as specified in TIA-222-F (non editable). Table 8-41: Wind Load on Open Structure properties

Property

Description

Load Definition

Used to select the number corresponding to the wind load definition you want to associate this load with.

Type

Describes the type of load applied (non-editable).

Overall Factor

A scale factor for the total wind load. Can be used to provide a base magnitude.

Direction Vector

Provide the relative direction vector magnitudes to describe the angle of the wind load in the global X, Y, and Z directions.

Seismic Loads You may add seismic loads per TIA/EIA 222G to your tower model. Hint: In order to use seismic loads, you must first create a set of associated Seismic Load Parameters.

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Seismic load properties Displayed when the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups section of the Tower Model Explorer pane is selected.

Direction Select which Global (GX or GZ) direction the selfweight load will act along.

8.3 Analysis The Analysis branch of the Tower Model Explorer pane contains all the information for analytical model entities such as member segments, nodes, and primary load cases.

Whole Model The Whole Model is the default analysis model. As the name suggests, this is a mathematical model which is decomposed from the entire physical model for the purpose of analysis. When the Whole Model is selected, the Properties pane displays options used to specify the method of analysis to be used by the STAAD engine along with details for the selected method.

Analysis model properties Displayed when the Analysis > Whole Model section of the Tower Model Explorer pane is selected. Table 8-42: Analysis Model properties

Property Method

No of Iteration

Description Select one of the following analysis methods from the drop-down list: l

1st Order Analysis

l

P-Delta Analysis

For either 1st Order Analysis or P-Delta Analysis methods, you must specify the number of iterations the program shall use. The default number of iterations is set to one (1) for the P-Delta options. Between 3 and 30 iterations is a recommended range for most structures.

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Property Analysis Options

Convergence Check

Description (P-Delta only) l

Default - This option is based on P-small & large Delta effects (sometimes referred to as P-δ & P-Δ). This is the recommended option for most second order analyses.

l

Exclude Small Delta Effect - Select this option to only include the P-large Delta effects only (P-Δ only).

l

Include Geometric Stiffness - This option is used to include the stress stiffening effect of the geometric stiffness, or KG, matrix into the member stiffness. The P-Delta KG Analysis includes the effect of the axial stress after the first analysis is used to modify the stiffness of the members. A second analysis is then performed using the original load vector. Both large and small P-Delta effects are always included in this option. 

(P-Delta only) When this option is selected, the member end forces are evaluated by performing a convergence check on the joint displacements. In each step, the displacements are compared with those of the previous iteration in order to check whether convergence is attained based on the convergence displacement tolerance. Note: The number of iterations will be ignored when this option is selected.

Load Cases Analytical model load cases are composed from the individual load groups applied to the physical model. These are represented by Primary Load Cases. These are the only loads which are passed onto the analysis engine for a given Analytical model (i.e., results will not be available for load groups applied to the physical model).

Primary Load Cases Primary Load Cases are direct combinations of individual load types which were are listed in the Model section of the Model Explorer Window. Here you will add loads of the same type together to form load cases which are passed to the analysis engine, including factored load combinations. After creating and naming the Primary Load Case, the aggregate load types must be selected in the Properties Panel. Each load type may be individually added to the Primary Load Case by double-clicking in the upper portion of the Properties Panel. After choosing, you must click on Add or Add All to generate and assign the primary load to the model. Each load type may have a load factor applied once selected.

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Analytical Objects The physical model is decomposed into analytical objects for the purpose of analysis. Selecting the Model > Analysis > Whole Model > Analytical Objects section of the Tower Model Explorer pane displays the analytical model for review. See Also: View Modes

Nodes A list of all analytical nodes is displayed under this entry of the Tower Model Explorer pane. These entities are not directly editable. You must edit the physical model elements.

Members A list of all analytical members is displayed under this entry of the Tower Model Explorer pane. These entities are not directly editable. You must edit the physical model elements.

Results Upon performing an analysis on the model, tables and graphs of the results of that analysis will be available in this section of the Tower Model Explorer.

Displacements Results Results on the geometric displacement of the tower structure elements under applied loads are found here.

Node Displacements This section provides you with a table for the displacements and rotations at each analytical node in the model for every primary load case. The table includes displacements parallel to the global coordinate system, as well as the resultant displacement distance, and the rotation of the node about each of the global axis.

Deflected Profile Horizontal Deflection Used to display the horizontal deflection graph for the structure. Tilt Used to display the tilt graph for the tower structure. Twist Used to display the twist graph for the tower structure.

Displaying the joint displacement table 1. Select the Model > Analysis >Whole Model > Results > Displacement Results > Node Displacements section of the Tower Model Navigator.

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2. From the pop-up menu, select Show Joint Displacements Table. 3. The table is displayed on the Joint Displacements Table tab in the Output pane.

Force Results Results on the internal forces and stresses of the tower structure elements under applied loads are found here.

Linear Members Display Member End Forces Used to open the Member End Force table, which displays the forces and moments in all degrees of freedom at the either end of each analytical member segment. Force/ Displacements Used to open the Physical Member results query dialog by selecting a member of interest in the View pane. Member Force Graphs Used to open the Member Force Diagrams tab in the Output pane by selecting a member of interest in the View pane. Member Stresses Used to open the Member Section Stresses query in the Properties pane by selecting a member of interest in the View pane.

Displaying leg compression curves For each leg of the tower structure, STAAD(X) Tower generates envelope diagrams of the axial compression along that leg's height. To view a specific leg's compression curve: 1. Under the Model > Analysis >Whole Model > Results > Force Results > Leg Compression Curves section of the Tower Model Navigator, select the entry for the leg you want to inspect. 2. The compression curve with the envelop of analyzed loads for the selected leg is then displayed in the Properties pane.

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Reaction Results Results on the tower structure boundary conditions under applied loads are found here.

8.4 Design The Design branch of the Tower Model Explorer pane displays results of your member code check for designing tower structures. Note: Design results are not available until a successful analysis and code check are performed.

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Chapter 8 8.4 Design

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Chapter 9

Tutorials This section contains several tutorial examples which you can follow to further explore the program. 9.1 Tutorial for Self-Supporting Tower

194

9.2 Tutorial for Monopole Tower

202

9.3 Tutorial for Guyed Tower

206

9.4 Create custom panel bracing pattern

209

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9.1 Tutorial for Self-Supporting Tower

Create a Basic Self-Supporting Structure 1. Launch STAAD(X) Tower 2. Select Create a New Model link in the Start Page’s Project Task panel. The Setup Wizards dialog box opens displaying the welcome page. 3. Select Self- Supporting type of tower. 4. Select the Next > tool to proceed to the Setup Wizard for Self- Supporting Towers. 5. Provide the following set of mandatory input in the Setup Wizard A.

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A. General Tower Properties: l

Tower Name:

l

Tower Description:

l

Country Code: US

Chapter 9 Tutorials 9.1 Tutorial for Self-Supporting Tower

Note: This example uses primarily English units, with Metric equivalents in parenthesis. Base Tower Properties l Number of Legs: 4 leg l

Base Face Width (ft): 10 (3 m)

l

Top Face Width (ft): 5 (1.5 m)

l

Elevation At Base (ft): 0

l

Base Tower Height (ft): 60 (18 m)

l

Number of Panels: 6

l

Horizontals: Yes

l

Default Bracing Type: X Brace

6. Click the Next > button to proceed to the Structural Properties page. A. Member Properties: l

Leg Members- Type of Section: Pipe, Section Name:6SCH40, Steel Grade: A53 Gr.B

l

Horizontal Members - Type of Section: Angle, Section Name: L3-1/2x31/2x1/4, Steel Grade: A36, Type of Angle: Single Angle

l

Diagonal (Bracing) Members - Type of Section: Angle, Section Name: L2-1/2x2-1/2x3/16, Steel Grade: A36, Type of Angle: Single Angle

B. Specification - Consider all diagonal members as Truss: Yes C. Support: Fixed D. Load (Apply Self-weight load): Yes 7. Select the Next > tool to proceed to the tower summary. 8. Click the Finish button to exit the wizard. The wizard closes and the basic tower geometry is displayed in the View pane.

Modify the Basic Geometry 1. Right click on the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Panels section of the Tower Model Explorer. 2. Select Show Self-Supported Panels Table from the pop-up menu. The Panels table opens in the Output pane. 3. Change the Panel Type for Panel 1 from Tapered to Straight. 4. Select Physical Model > Objects > Panels > Panel 3 in the Tower Model Explorer pane. 5. In the Properties pane, change the Face A Bracing Pattern from XBrace to XBraceSH1. Leave the Apply to all Face? option selected.

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Hint: You can also update panel bracing patterns from within the Panels table. Make sure to update each face if you perform this action in the table. 6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 so that all faces in Panel 4 use the KBraceDown pattern, all faces in Panel 5 use the DoubleK1BraceDown pattern, and all faces in Panel 6 use the K2BraceDown pattern. Hint: At any point of time you can switch to the View page to explore the different viewing utilities (like physical/analytical model, member filters such as only legs/horizontals/bracing members, face wise views, etc.)

Add Antennas and Appurtenances 1. Select the Antenna tool found on the Components ribbon tab. The mouse pointer changes to the Add Antenna cursor in the View pane. 2. Click on Leg B near the of panel 4 to place the antenna. Hint: If you need to place the antenna on a different leg, simply select a different Leg ID in the Antenna's property list. 3. Select the Antenna using either the Select Antenna tool (found on the Model tab) or by selecting the entry in the Tower Model Explorer pane, and then change the Model Name to a P-180-6r. Hint: You can begin typing the Model Name in the field to quickly find it's entry in the drop-down list. 4. Repeat Steps 2 through 3 to add a #05223 model dish antenna to Leg A at the top of Panel 2. 5. Select the Appurtenance tool found on the Components ribbon tab. The mouse pointer changes to the Add Appurtenance cursor in the View pane. 6. Click on Leg B near the top of Panel 1, approximately where you would like to place the appurtenance. Hint: The point clicked will be the height of the bottom most duct of the appurtenance; limited to the top of the tower. Therefore, you should click somewhere in the middle of the leg member. 7. Select the Appurtenance using either the Select Appurtenance tool, or by selecting the entry in the Tower Model Explorer pane,

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and then change the Offset Distance to 10 in (25 cm) the Description to a 2980.005/2980.015. 8. Repeat steps 5 through 7 to add a 06010 Omni to Leg D near the top of Panel 2 and a DV70-10 to Leg D near the top of Panel 1. Change the Offset Distance of the DV70-10 to 12 in. (30 cm) and the Azimuth angle to -30.0 degrees.

Add Platforms, Ladders, and Feed Lines 1. Select the Work Platform tool found on the Components ribbon tab. A new Platform is added to the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Work Platforms section of the Model Tower Explorer window. This item is selected and the properties are displayed in the Properties pane. 2. Specify the Elevation Above Base as 60.0 ft (18 m), which corresponds to the top of the tower. The work platform is displayed in the View pane. 3. Remove the check from the Auto Calculated option in the Square Full Platform Details and specify a Width of 10.0 ft (3 m). 4. Select the Feed Line tool found on the Components ribbon tab. A new Feed Line is added to the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Feedlines section of the Model Tower Explorer window. This item is selected and the properties are displayed in the Properties pane. 5. Specify the End Height and Start Height as 55 ft (16.5 m) and 2 ft (0.67 m), respectively. Hint: Enter the End Height first, as the program will not allow a Start Height that exceeds the value of the End Height. The feed line is displayed in the View pane. 6. Change the Face Offset to 10 in. (25 cm) and the Lateral Shift to -0.25. 7. Select the Ladder tool found on the Components ribbon tab. A new Ladder is added to the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Components > Ladders section of the Model Tower Explorer window. This item is selected and the properties are displayed in the Properties pane. 8. Specify the End Height as 60 ft (18 m). The ladder is displayed in the View pane. 9. Change the Face Offset distance to 12 in. (30 cm) and the Face Id to B.

Add Loads 1. Right-click the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Generation Parameters section of the Tower Model Explorer pane and select Add Wind/Ice Parameters > TIA/EIA[222G] Definition from the pop-up menu. 2. In the Properties pane, set the following parameters:

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l

Zone Identification is set to Dade County, Florida.

l

Structure Classification = Class II

l

Exposure Category = D

l

Select Load Cases for Wind (No Ice) = 0 degree, 45 degree, and 90 degree.

Hint: A new Load Group is selected for each of the Load Case options selected in the Load Definition properties. 3. Right-click the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Generation Parameters section of the Tower Model Explorer pane and select Add Seismic Parameters > TIA/EIA[222G] Definition from the pop-up menu. 4. In the Properties pane, set the following parameters: l

Structure Classification = Class II

l

Site Class = C

5. Right click the Model > Physical Model > Loads > Load Groups section of the Tower Model Explorer pane and select Add Load Group from the pop-up menu. 6. Right click on this new Load Group and select Seismic Load > Add Seismic [TIA-222G] Load from the pop-up menu. A new Seismic Load entry is added to the Load Group with the default direction of GX. 7. Repeat Steps 5 and 6 to add a second Seismic Load. Set the direction of this load to GZ. 8. Assign the Wind/Ice and Seismic load groups to the model by right clicking each in the Tower Model Explorer pane and selecting Assign. The load icon in the Tower Model Explorer tree turns green once the load has been successfully assigned. No element selection is necessary to assign wind/ice or seismic loads and no assignment is necessary for selfwieght loads.

Create Primary Loads and Perform Analysis 1. Right-click the Model > Analysis > Whole Model > Load Cases > Primary section of the Tower Model Explorer pane and select Add Primary Load Case from the pop-up menu. 2. In Properties pane, select (Select All) for Load Group Type. All the Load Groups are listed in the Available Load Groups table. 3. Select both Load Group 1 and 2 in the list and select the Add tool. Hint: Hold the CTRL key down to select multiple load groups. 4. Repeat Steps 1 through 3 to create the following primary load cases:

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Primary Load Case No.

Component Load Group No.s

1

1, 2: DL + W0

2

1, 3: DL + W45

3

1, 4: DL + W90

4

1, 5: DL + EX

5

1, 6: DL + EZ

5. Select the Run Analysis tool from the Model ribbon tab. Note: If you have not saved the file, you will be prompted to save the tower file prior to analysis. The analysis process is displayed in the output window.

Review Analysis Results 1. Select the Results > Displacement Results > Node Displacements section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. The Joint Displacement table opens in the Output pane. 2. Select the Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member End Forces section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. The Member End Forces table in the Output pane. 3. Select the Results > Reaction Results > Reactions section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. The Support Reaction table in the Output pane. 4. On the Results ribbon tab, select the any of the Axial Force, Shear Y Force, Shear Z Force, Torsion, Bending Moment Y, Bending Moment Z, Displacement, Beam Stress, and Support Reaction tools The corresponding diagrams are displayed on the structure in the View pane. 5. Select the Show Result Box tool and then select any physical member. The Results dialog box opens which can then be used to display the internal forces and displacements anywhere along the physical member length. Hint: You may need to select the Select Physical Member tool on either the Model or View ribbon tabs, if not selected earlier.

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Hint: You may select any other physical member and the dialog box opens. Select the Show Result Box tool again to close the dialog box when you are finished. 6. Select the Show Force Graph tool and then select any physical member. The graph opens in the Output pane.. Now move the slider at different distances to see different member forces. Hint: Select the Show Force Graph tool again to close the dialog box when you are finished. 7. Select Show Member Stress tool and then select any physical member. The Corner Stresses dialog box opens in the Properties pane. The slider tool can be used to display the Corner stresses anywhere along the length of the member. Hint: Select the Show Member Stress tool again to close the dialog box when you are finished. 8. Expand the Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile section of the Tower Model Explorer pane and select the Horizontal Deflection, Tilt, and Twist entries in the navigation pane. The corresponding deflection diagrams are individually displayed on the structure in the Properties pane. 9. Select the Results > Force Results > > Leg Compression Curves > Leg A section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. The corresponding leg compression graph is displayed in the Properties pane.. Repeat this step for other legs to view the corresponding diagrams.

Perform Member Design and Review Results 1. Select TIA-222-G as the Active Design Code from the Model ribbon tab. 2. Select the Check Slenderness tool. Any members which do not meet slenderness criteria per the selected code are listed in the Output pane. Selecting the entry will also highlight this member in the View pane. 3. Select the Code Check tool. The progress of the code check is displayed in the Output pane. 4. Select Show All Results tool from the Results ribbon tab. The Design Results table opens in the Output window to display the critical information for all members. Members which have failed a design check are highlighted in the View window. 5. Select the Show Selective Result tool and select any physical member. This will display a table comprising of detail design results for the selected physical member

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Edit Members and Re-Design 1. Select the Split Physical Leg Members tool found on the Tools ribbon tab. The Split Tower Leg Members dialog box opens. 2. Select Top of Panel ID 1 on the Panel End tab and click the Add button. Each of the continuous leg members are broken into separate members at the top of the bottom-most panel. 3. Select the Done tool to close the dialog. 4. Select the Structure Property Catalog tool found on the Tools ribbon tab. 5. Use the filters to select a 8SCH40 Pipe from the AISC: 13 Ed. catalog with A53 Gr. B steel. 6. Select the Add Profile + Material tool. The new section profile is added to the Model > Physical Model > Properties > Profiles section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. 7. Select the physical leg member sections in the bottom-most panel (Physical Members 1 through 4) and select the Pipe8SCH40 profile for their section. Hint: This can be performed by using the Select Physical Member tool in the View pane or by selecting the Physical Members in the the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Members > Legs section of the Tower Model Explorer pane. 8. Perform the Analysis and Design steps again to review results of the updated model.

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9.2 Tutorial for Monopole Tower

Create a Tapered Monopole Structure 1. Launch STAAD(X) Tower 2. Select Create a New Model link in the Start Page’s Project Task panel. The Setup Wizards dialog box opens displaying the welcome page. 3. Select Monopole type of tower. 4. Select the Next > tool to proceed to the Setup Wizard. 5. Provide the following set of mandatory input in the Setup Wizard for Monopoles. A. General Tower Properties l

Country Code: US

l

Design Code: TIA-222-G

B. Monopole Tower Properties

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l

Type of Monopole: Tapered

l

Elevation At Base (ft): 0

Chapter 9 Tutorials 9.2 Tutorial for Monopole Tower

l

Base Tower Height (ft): 120

l

Number of Section: 4

l

Number of Sides: OctDecagonal (18)

l

Select the option to include a Round Monopole Extension.

C. Member Properties l

Type of Section: Tapered Tube

l

Depth/Dia of Tube at top (in): 24

l

Tube Thickness at top (in): 0.25

l

Tube thickness at base (in): 0.50

l

Galvanizing thickness (in): 0.0625

l

Tapered factor (in/ft): 0.3

l

Material & Grade: Steel / A572 Gr. 65

l

Default Support - Fixed

l

Self weight Load - Applied

Hint: At any point of time you can switch to the View page to explore the different viewing utilities (like physical/analytical model, member filters such as only legs/horizontals/bracing members, face wise views, etc.)

Create Primary Loads and Perform Analysis 1. Right click on the Model > Physical Model > Objects > Sections entry in the Tower Model Explorer pane. 2. Select Show Tapered Pole Sections Table from the pop-up menu. The Pole Sections table opens in the Output pane 3. Select Pole Section 4 and change the Length value to 30 ft. 4. Select the Model > Physical Model > Profile >Add Pipe entry in of the Tower Model Explorer pane. 5. Select A Section Explorer window will open up 6. Click Search Button and select the Section Named PIPE8XXS, PIPE6XXS, PIPE5XXS and Click the Add To Model button one by one 7. Select the Physical Member Cursor and select the Physical Member corresponding to Pole Section 2 8. In the properties pane change the Section from PIPE10SCH60 to PIPE8XXS in the sections combo box 9. Next select the Physical Member corresponding to Pole Section 3 10. In the properties pane change the Section from PIPE10SCH60 to PIPE6XXS in the sections combo box 11. Next select the Physical Member corresponding to Pole Section 4

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12. In the properties pane change the Section from PIPE10SCH60 to PIPE5XXS in the sections combo box 

Add Components and Loads 1. Select the Monopole Mount tool from the Component ribbon tab. The mouse pointer changes to the Add Monopole Mount cursor in the View pane. 2. Click on the Tower Model at a desired position 3. Repeat the above step for two times and thus three platforms are mounted on the model 4. Visit Physical Model > Components > Platforms to see those platforms 5. In the Tower Model Explorer pane, select Load > Load Generation Parameters 6. Select Add Wind/Ice Parameters and then select TIA/EIA[222G] Definition 7. In the Properties pane change the classification option to Class II and make the Exposure category to option D 8. Explore the option Load Cases and check the wind (no ice) load case option for 0 degree, with ice 45 degree. Simultaneously Load Groups are generated in the navigation window. 9. Explore the load groups and right click on the individual load groups and click the Assign option to assign Load Groups to the model

Analysis 1. In the Tower Model Explorer pane, select Analysis > Whole Model > Load Cases > Primary 2. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load case, i.e., Primary Load Case1 3. Select the option Primary Load Case1 and then select Load group 1 and 2 and click add 4. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load case, i.e., Primary Load Case2 5. Select the option Primary Load Case2 and then select Load group 1 and 3 and click add 6. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load case, i.e., Primary Load Case3 7. Select the option Primary Load Case3 and then select Load group 1 and 4 and click add 8. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load case, i.e., Primary Load Case4 9. Select the option Primary Load Case4 and then select Load group 1 and 5 and click add 10. To analyze the model go to Run Analysis menu item in the tool bar and click it. You will be asked to save the tower file prior to analysis

Post Analysis Results 1. In the Tower Model Explorer pane, select Results > Displacement Results > Node Displacements. Thus you can view the Joint Displacement Table in the output pane

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2. Select Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member End Forces. This will bring up the Member End Forces Table in the output pane  3. Select Results > Reaction Results > Reaction to see the Support Reaction Table in a similar way 4. From the Model page go to the Results page 5. Select the buttons named Axial Force, Shear Y Force, Shear Z Force, Torsion, Bending Moment Y, Bending Moment Z, Displacement, Beam Stress, and Support Reaction all available in the tool bar one by one to see the corresponding diagrams respectively 6. Chose physical member selection cursor, if not selected earlier 7. Select the Show Result Box button in the tool bar and then select any physical member. A popup window will appear which will show the changing values with the change in length 8. Toggle off the Show Result Box Button 9. Select Show Member Stress button in the tool bar and then select any physical member. A property pane will appear which will show the Corner stresses by varying the slider 10. Select the Show Force Graph button in the tool bar and then select any physical member. The graph will appear in the output pane. Now move the slider at different distances to see different member forces 11. Toggle off the Show Force Graph button 12. Select Show Member Stress button in the tool bar and then select any physical member. The corresponding UI will appear in the property pane. By varying the slider measure the Corner stresses. 13. Toggle off the Show Member Stress button 14. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Horizontal Deflection in the navigation pane. The deflection diagram will appear in the property pane 15. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Tilt in the navigation pane. The tilt diagram will appear in the property pane 16. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Twist in the navigation pane. The twist diagram will appear in the property pane 17. To perform Member Design go back to the Model page and select the menu item named TIA222-G and then Check Code 18. Once the code checking is performed successfully, switch back to the Results page. 19. Select Show All Results button in the tool bar. This will generate a table comprising of critical information for all members along with graphical representation of the failed and passed members 20. Toggle off the Show All Results button 21. Select the Show Selective Result button in the tool bar and select any physical member. This will display a table comprising of detail design results for the selected physical member

Report Generation 1. Select Report Button in the toolbar. Explore the tree node named Reports and drag the elements which you want to view in the Report Entity Pane 2. The reports will be generated and click the option Export To in the toolbar and select the desired file format you want and save the file

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9.3 Tutorial for Guyed Tower 1. Launch STAAD(X) Tower 2. Select Create a New Model link in the Start Page’s Project Task panel 3. In the Setup Wizards welcome page select Guyed type of tower 4. Provide the following set of mandatory input in the Setup Wizard A. Base Tower Properties l Number of Legs: 4 leg l

Elevation At Base (ft): 0

l

Base Tower Height (ft): 100

l

Base Face Width (ft):5

l

Tapered At Base: Yes

l

Horizontals: Yes

l

Number of Panels: 10

l

Number of Tapered Panels: 3

l

Default Bracing Type: None

B. Guy Level Information l Guy Level 1: Yes - Elevation: 30, Standard: ASTM, Size: Cable-2, Anchor Radius: 60 l

Guy Level 2: Yes - Elevation: 60, Standard: ASTM, Size: Cable-2, Anchor Radius: 60

l

Guy Level 3: Yes - Elevation: 90, Standard: ASTM, Size: Cable-2, Anchor Radius: 60

C. Member Properties l Maximum Permissible Length (ft): 0 [No restrictions] l

Leg Members - Type of Section: Angle, Section Name: L2x2x1/8, Steel Grade: A36

l

Horizontal Members - Type of Section: Angle 83, Section Name: L2x2x1/8, Steel Grade: A36,

l

Diagonal (Bracing) Members - Type of Section: Angle, Section Name: L2x2x1/8, Steel Grade: A36

l

Guy Pull Of Member

l

Type of Section: Angle, Section Name: L2x2x1/8, Steel Grade: A36

l

Guy Diagonal Member - Type of Section: Angle, Section Name: L2x2x1/8, Steel Grade: A36

D. Specification - Consider all diagonal members as Truss: Yes

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E. Support At Base Node: Fixed F. Support At Anchor Node: Pinned G. Load (Apply Self-weight load): Yes Hint: At any point of time you can switch to the View page to explore the different viewing utilities (like physical/analytical model, member filters such as only legs/horizontals/bracing members, face wise views, etc.) 5. Load Generation A. In the Tower Model Explorer pane, select Load > Load Generation Parameters B. Select Add Wind/Ice Parameters and then select TIA/EIA[222G] Definition C. In the Properties pane change the classification option to Class II and make the Exposure category to option D D. Explore the option Load Cases and check the wind (no ice) load case option for 0 degree and wind (ice) 0 degree E. Simultaneously Load Groups are generated in the navigation window. Explore the load groups and right click on the individual load groups and click the Assign option to assign Load Groups to the model 6. Analysis A. In the Tower Model Explorer pane, select Analysis > Whole Model > Load Cases > Primary B. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load case, i.e., Primary Load Case1 C. Select the option Primary Load Case1 and then select Load group 1 and 2 and click add D. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load case, i.e., Primary Load Case2 E. Select the option Primary Load Case2 and then select Load group 1 and 3 and click add F. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load case, i.e., Primary Load G. To analyze the model go to Run Analysis menu item in the tool bar and click it. You will be asked to save the tower file prior to analysis 7. Post Analysis Table A. In the Tower Model Explorer pane, select Results > Displacement Results > Node Displacements. Thus you can view the Joint Displacement Table in the output pane B. Select Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member End Forces. This will bring up the Member End Forces Table in the output pane C. Select Results > Reaction Results > Reaction to see the Support Reaction Table in a similar way D. From the Model page go to the Results page E. Select the buttons named Axial Force, Shear Y Force, Shear Z Force, Torsion, Bending Moment Y, Bending Moment Z, Displacement, Beam Stress, and Support

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Reaction all available in the tool bar one by one to see the corresponding diagrams respectively F. Chose physical member selection cursor, if not selected earlier G. Select the Show Result Box button in the tool bar and then select any physical member. A pop-up window will appear which will show the changing values with the change in length H. Toggle off the Show Result Box Button I. Select Show Member Stress button in the tool bar and then select any physical member. A property pane will appear which will show the Corner stresses by varying the slider J. Select the Show Force Graph button in the tool bar and then select any physical member. The graph will appear in the output pane. Now move the slider at different distances to see different member forces K. Toggle off the Show Force Graph button L. Select Show Member Stress button in the tool bar and then select any physical member. The corresponding UI will appear in the property pane. By varying the slider measure the Corner stresses. M. Toggle off the Show Member Stress button N. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Horizontal Deflection in the navigation pane. The deflection diagram will appear in the property pane O. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Tilt in the navigation pane. The tilt diagram will appear in the property pane P. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Twist in the navigation pane. The twist diagram will appear in the property pane Q. Select Results > Force Results > Leg Compression Curves > Leg A in the navigation pane. The corresponding leg compression graph will be displayed in the property pane. Repeat the same for other legs R. To perform Member Design go back to the Model page and select the menu item named Check Code S. Once the code checking is performed successfully, switch back to the Results page. T. Select Show All Results button in the tool bar. This will generate a table comprising of critical information for all members along with graphical representation of the failed and passed members U. Toggle off the Show All Results button V. Select the Show Selective Result button in the tool bar and select any physical member. This will display a table comprising of detail design results for the selected physical member 8. Report Generation  A. Select Report Button in the toolbar. Explore the tree node named Reports and drag the elements which you want to view in the Report Entity Pane B. The reports will be generated and click the option Export To in the toolbar and select the desired file format you want and save the file

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9.4 Create custom panel bracing pattern If the panel bracing pattern you need to use is not included in the STAAD(X) library of patterns, you can easily create a template to re-use. In this example, you will generate a variation of the K1 Brace Down pattern.

Use a prototype pattern to create the redundant diagonals 1. Select the Face Bracing Wizard tool found on the Tools ribbon tab. The Define Bracing Pattern dialog box opens. 2. In the Prototype Bracing Pattern. l type KBraceDown or l

select KBraceDown from the drop-down menu.

Hint: It is helpful to familiarize yourself with the types of patterns already included in the STAAD(X) library, which can help save you time when you use these as prototypes. 3. Select the Intermediate & 1/2 Intermediate Ratio options and click Add Node. 4. Click the node labeled 1 and then the node labeled 4 (top and bottom nodes of the left chord leg). A new node, labeled 6, is added 1/2 along the length of member 1 (the left chord leg).

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5. Repeat step 4 to create new nodes 1/2 way along members 5, 6 and 2, in that order (diagonals and then right chord leg) Hint: If you make a mistake in adding a node or member, you can right click on the incorrect element and select Delete to remove it. Nodes 7, 8, and 9 are created. The diagonal members are split into two separate analytical members as well. 6. Select the Redundant Diagonal member option and then click Add Member. 7. Click the node labeled 4 and then the node labeled 7. A new redundant diagonal member is added between the panel corner and the mid-point of the left diagonal (one of the new nodes you created in step 5). 8. Repeat step 8 to add another redundant diagonal member between nodes 3 and 8 (mirrored about the vertical panel centerline). The pattern should now appear as the following figure:

Add redundant members to the left half You will now complete the redundant members in the left half of the panel face. 1. Select the Secondary Horizontal option and click Add Member. 2. Click the node labeled 6 and then the node labeled 7. A horizontal member is added between the two nodes. 3. Add nodes at the 1/2 intermediate point along members 5 and 9, in that order (the lower analytical elements of the diagonals and the newly created redundant diagonals). 4. Select the Intermediate & 1/4 Intermediate Point options and click Add Node. 5. Click the node labeled 1 and then the node labeled 4 (top and bottom nodes of the left chord leg). A new node, labeled 12, is added 1/4 along the length of member 1 (the left chord leg). 6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 to add nodes at the 3/4 along the left chord leg.

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7. Add Redundant Sub-Horizontal members between nodes 10 and 12 and between nodes 11 and 13. 8. Add Redundant Sub-Diagonal members between nodes 6 and 11 and between nodes 6 and 10. The pattern should now appear as the following figure:

You can now repeat this series of steps to mirror the secondary horizontal, redundant sub-horizontal, and redundant sub-diagonal members on the right side of the panel pattern.

Name and save the new pattern 1. In the Bracing Title field, type K1RH2BraceDown. 2. Click Update. The panel is saved. 3. Click Cancel. The dialog box closes. The panel type is now saved to the library of panels and can be used in the current model as well as any other self-supporting or guyed tower model. You can even use this panel type as a prototype for generating more custom panels.

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Chapter 10

Engineering Reference This section contains some basic methodology and assumptions used in STAAD(X) Tower. 10.1 Bracing Patterns

213

10.2 Monopole Design Methodology

217

10.1 Bracing Patterns STAAD(X) Tower ships with a wide variety of commonly used panel patterns. The various members that make up a panel are classified as follows: Legs Vertical or mostly vertical members forming the outside edges of a panel. Horizontals Primary, horizontal (parallel to the X-Z plane) members. These form the top edge of a panel.

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Diagonals Primary members not parallel to the legs or top horizontal connecting those members. Redundant Diagonals Secondary, diagonal members connecting diagonals and/or other members. Redundant Sub-diagonals Tertiary, diagonal members Secondary Horizontals Secondary, horizontal members connecting diagonals and/or legs. Redundant Sub-horizontals

Redundant Verticals

Naming Conventions The nomenclature used for bracing patterns is as follows: A letter and/or phrase to describe the basic layout of the diagonals. The letter is typically a Roman character which resembles the primary diagonal layout in shape. Examples: l

XBrace: Cross bracing which forms an "X" in shape.

l

KBrace: Diagonals intersecting the horizontal member at its midpoint, thus forming a "K" in shape (rotated 90°).

l

DoubleKBrace: Diagonals intersecting a secondary horizontal, thus forming two "K" shapes back-to-back.

214 — STAAD(X) Tower

Chapter 10 Engineering Reference 10.1 Bracing Patterns

Panel Face Bracing Patterns Table 10-1: Panel face bracing types and their names

None

DiagonalDown

DiagonalUp

XBrace

CXBrace

TXBrace

XBraceRD1

XBraceRD2

XBraceRD3

XBraceRD4

XBraceRD5

XBraceSH1

XBraceRH1RD3

XBraceRH1RD4

XBraceRH3RD4

KBraceUp

Note: Brace members do not connect where they cross.

User Manual — 215

216 — STAAD(X) Tower

TKBraceUp

KBraceDown

TKBraceDown

KBraceLeft

KBraceRight

DiamondBrace

DoubleKBrace

K1BraceDown

K1BraceUp

K2BraceDown

K2BraceUp

K3BraceDown

K3BraceUp

K4BraceDown

K4BraceUp

K3ABraceDown

K3ABraceUp

K4ABraceDown

K4ABraceUp

DoubleK1BraceDown

Chapter 10 Engineering Reference 10.2 Monopole Design Methodology

DoubleK2BraceDown

DoubleK3BraceDown

DoubleK4BraceDown

DoubleK4ABraceDown

CrankedBrace

PortalBrace

DoubleK3ABraceDown

10.2 Monopole Design Methodology Technical reference material on procedures performed during the analysis and design of monopole tower structures.

Monopole Design per TIA-222-F The design philosophy and procedure for member selection and code checking are based upon the principles of allowable stress design. According to EIA/TIA-222-F Section 3.1.1, the members shall be designed in accordance with the appropriate AISC or AISI specifications. Member stresses are calculated per AISC ASD Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, 9th Edition (hereafter, AISC ASD). Where the 222-F specification does not specifically address a design issue, values from the 222-G specification have been used.

Compression l

Round Monopoles The cross section slenderness is checked against the criteria provided in AISC ASD: i. Compact Section—when D/t < 3,300/F , the allowable axial stress, F = 0.6·F y

a

y

Where:

User Manual — 217

D = outside diameter of a circular hollow section, in. t = wall thickness of section, in. F = Yield stress of steel, ksi y

ii. Non-Compact Section—when 3,300/F < D/t