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Copyright © 2014 by Sohee Lee All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the written permission of the copyright owner and publisher.

DISCLAIMER

When using this Site, information will be transmitted over a medium that may be beyond the control and jurisdiction of SoheeFit. Accordingly, SoheeFit assumes no liability for or relating to the delay, failure, interruption, or corruption of any data or other information transmitted in connection with use of this Manual. SOHEEFIT, ANY LICENSORS, AND ANY SUPPLIERS, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTIES’ RIGHTS, AND FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

DISCLAIMER

Without limiting the foregoing, SoheeFit, its licensors, and its suppliers make no representations or warranties about the following: The accuracy, reliability, completeness, current-ness, or timeliness of the Content, text, graphics, links, or communications provided on or through the use of this Manual or SoheeFit. In no event shall SoheeFit (or any of its licensors, suppliers, or third parties mentioned on this Site) be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, incidental and consequential damages, personal injury/wrongful death, lost profits, or damages resulting from lost data or business interruption) resulting from the use of or inability to use this Manual, the Content and/or the Public Areas, regardless of whether based on warranty, contract, tort, or any other legal theory, whether or not SoheeFit, its licensors, its suppliers, or any third parties mentioned in this Manual are advised of the possibility of such damages. Any claims arising in connection with your use of this Manual, any Content, or the Public Areas must be brought within one (1) year of the date of the event giving rise to such action occurred. Because some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, in such states, liability is limited to the fullest extent permitted by law. Notwithstanding the above, our sole liability for any reason to you, and your sole and exclusive remedy for any cause or claim whatsoever, shall be limited to the amount paid by you for any product, information or service purchased by you from us through this Manual.

DIETING

REVERSE

Reverse Dieting

Contents

CONTENTS 4. Foreword 8. About the Author 10. Introduction 16. Understanding the problem 16. What is Metabolic Adaptation? 18. Who’s Susceptible? 21. Why You Should Pay Attention 21. Weight Loss Diets Can Make You Fat 23. The Oprah Paradox 26. The Psychology of It All 31. Biological Mechanisms 37. You Can’t Diet Through It 39. Be Wary of “Experts” 42. How to Reverse Diet 43. Understanding Macronutrients 44. Setting Baseline Macros 46. Assessing and Making Changes 50. Food Choices 54. Resistance Training 55. Cardio 56. When Does Reverse Dieting End? 57. Expectations 62. What’s Next 65. Recommended Resources 67. Recommended Coaches 70. Frequently Asked Questions 81. Acknowledgements 83. Glossary 87. Works Cited

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FOREWORD If you diet hard enough, you can reach your bodyfat goal. That much is straightforward.

Foreword

But then what? Most of us who diet don’t consider the aftermath. We just have our goal: we want to lose 10, 20, 30, maybe 100lbs. But what about after that? Will this bodyfat magically stay off? Reverse dieting is a concept that I never even thought about for the first five years of my coaching career. It never occurred to me as something that was needed or worthwhile. It simply wasn’t my job to worry about that.

Reverse Dieting

My job was just to help people hit their goal. As a scientist, however, I was growing increasingly disturbed by some of my observations. I noticed that people who worked with me year-round were typically having a much easier time getting in shape and keeping the bodyfat off, while those who hired me to lose bodyfat and then went off on their own struggled a great deal more. They would come back to me to diet down again, and it seemed like every time we would go through a diet cycle, we would have to get more and more restrictive. I started to wonder why there was such a schism.

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Those who didn’t have a plan in the post-diet period would tend to rapidly re-gain their bodyfat they lost, but did not recover their metabolic rate to the same extent as people who gradually re-introduced calories over time.

Foreword

Conversely, individuals who gradually reintroduced calories took a bit longer to recover from the diet, but had a tendency to keep off more of the bodyfat they lost and eventually were able to have less bodyfat with a recovered metabolic rate. Thus, when they went to diet down again, things were easier because they had a faster metabolic rate and less bodyfat to lose. These observations, however, were just that: observations. And I wondered if the scientific community had observed the same phenomena in the scientific literature. What I found was disturbing. Research shows that we are very good at losing weight; millions of people do it successfully every year. What we struggle with is keeping that weight off.

Reverse Dieting

Eighty percent of people who lose weight regain it within a year, and up to two-thirds of those actually put on more bodyfat during the post-diet period than they lose in the first place. In other words, they end up with more bodyfat than they started with. The scientific data suggests that if you don’t want excess bodyfat, your only chance is to never gain it in the first place. Indeed, the data is very grim. Consider the way most competitors diet: startlingly low calories and hours upon hours of cardio. Then, after the show, they reintroduce food quickly (mostly in the form of postshow binge eating). So by beating their metabolic rate down through very low calorie dieting and then massively overfeeding post show, they create the perfect storm for rapid fat gain and bodyfat overshooting.

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Even your average person who has no interest in competing has likely dieted in a similar fashion. My father, for example, went on a ketogenic diet and lost 30 pounds. Great, right? He then went on to re-gain 50 pounds shortly thereafter. Ah, not so great after all.

Foreword

Most of the popular mainstream diets tend to be very low calorie diets. Sure, they produce weight loss, but at what cost?

Diets fail. How can we break this cycle of massive weight regain post diet? Some people will tell you that you just have to stay on your diet year-round. Good luck with that. I don’t call 1500 Calories per day “living”; it’s simply not maintainable. We have to focus on employing a strategy that recovers metabolic rate in the post-diet phase while minimizing fat regain. This is where reverse dieting comes in.

Reverse Dieting

To be clear, the purpose of reverse dieting is not to lose bodyfat, but rather to recover your metabolic rate so you 1) minimize fat gain and 2) have a better shot at future fat loss phases being increasingly successful. I should warn you as well, reverse dieting is not easy. In many cases, the first few weeks or months may feel more difficult than the actual fat loss phase itself. If you do it correctly, however, it will set you up for long-term metabolic success. When Sohee asked me to help her with this book, I was conflicted, to be honest. Because on the one hand, there currently exists virtually no scientific research on reverse dieting itself - only what we have observed with clients. Yet at the same time, scientific peer review process is extraordinarily slow, and it may be ten years before we see relevant data published, if not longer.

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If we have a methodology that can be of use to people, we have a responsibility to share it now. On a personal level, I can tell you that Sohee poured her heart and soul into this book and spent many hours on the phone with me to make sure she left no stone unturned.

Foreword

You will find hard scientific data on weight cycling, diet failure, bodyfat overshooting, and metabolic adaptation. You will also find a plethora of information on how to hopefully mitigate all these negative outcomes from dieting. The information reported in the book is mostly based on our experiences, though we do rely heavily on the scientific evidence above to guide our claims. We want you to get to your best body but also do it in a healthy, maintainable way that doesn’t involve three hours of exercise per day and ultra low calories. We both wish you the very best on your journey forward breaking the cycle. I hope you enjoy this book.

DR. LAYNE NORTON Reverse Dieting

PhD Nutritional Sciences

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About the Author

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Reverse Dieting

Before we move forward, I think it only makes sense that you get to know me a little bit. My name is Sohee Lee, and as I type this up, I’m a 24 year-old living in Savannah, Georgia. I came here by way of New York City, by way of Connecticut, by way of the Bay Area where I attended Stanford University. I have my Bachelor of Arts in Human Biology with a concentration in Psychosocial and Biological Determinants of Health. Basically, that’s just a really overcomplicated way of saying I’m really interested in the social and biological aspects that make us human. My fascination with fitness stems from a 10-year eating disorder (anorexia and bulimia) that I have since kicked to the curb. What initially started out as an obsession with weight loss has, over the years, morphed into a genuine love for the field of fitness – not just strength training, not simply the nuances of nutrition, but more so the psychological aspect of it all.

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About the Author

I’ve dieted many times, and I’ve also been through a few “bulk” cycles – not all of them intentional. (Oops.) I stumbled across the concept of flexible dieting a few years back when I found myself struggling (badly, might I add) with following meal plans and seeing foods in black and white. At that point, I was at an all-time low and convinced that I simply didn’t have the discipline, willpower, or self control to ever be lean again. I was binging every other day and hating every minute in the gym. Luckily, things have changed for the better now. It’s been two and a half years since I launched my brand, SoheeFit (formerly known as Sohee Lee Fitness). I’ve written more than a hundred articles, both for my own site and for other publications. I’m a contributing writer for Bodybuilding.com, and my work has also been featured in Shape, Yahoo! Health, Muscle&Fitness Hers, and Livestrong, just to name a few. Most recently, I had my first in-print article published in Australia’s April 2014 issue of Oxygen magazine. Incidentally, the topic of that piece was reverse dieting.

Reverse Dieting

I’m also an online coach specializing in fat loss and reverse dieting with an emphasis on behavioral psychology. I’ve worked with hundreds of clients all over the world, not only helping them achieve their physical goals, but also undergo a mindset transformation. There is perhaps nothing more fulfilling to me than walking someone through a paradigm shift with his or her approach to fitness. I believe that less can be more, and I believe that science is on our side. I believe that the long-standing thought of suffering to get to your fitness goals is obsolete. There are better, smarter, less painful ways of going about things – and we know that now. The fitness industry is changing, and I hope to be a positive part of that movement.

SOHEE LEE Fitness Professional

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INTRODUCTION Introduction

WHO IS THIS BOOK FOR? This reverse dieting guide is for anyone and everyone looking to maximize their metabolic capacity. In other words, if you want to learn how to eat more food on a daily basis and make nice with carbohydrates without blowing up, you should probably pay attention. If your calorie intake has been next to nothing and your fat loss efforts have yielded little to no results, perhaps it’s time to try something different. Perhaps it’s time to reverse diet. Even if you’re not suffering from an abused metabolism, it’s perfectly fine to apply what you will learn in this book.

Reverse Dieting

This is not intended for anyone looking for a quick fix. I’m not promising you an overnight transformation by any means, and you probably won’t get six-pack abs (at least, not

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immediately) from what you learn here. I refuse to beat around the bush or promise false results. That helps no one.

Introduction

Here’s the truth: reverse dieting requires a lot of patience and will force you to think outside the box of what results you can achieve in the next few weeks, and instead focus on your long-term transformation. Do you want to be able to lose fat later on without feeling like you’re white-knuckling it all the way through? Then this book is for you. Do you want to know what it feels like to be able to consume an ample amount of carbohydrates every day and not balloon overnight? Then this book is for you. Are you a physique coach looking for quality resources from which you can learn and consequently provide a better service for your clients? Then this book is for you. Whether you’re a trainer, client, stay-at-home mom, student, or seasoned competitor, if you’re at all curious about how to edge your way out of a diet and heal your body from years of under-eating, this will prove to be a valuable tool to keep in your toolbox.

WHY I WROTE THIS BOOK

Reverse Dieting

Losing weight is easy; keeping it off is the problem. All’s fine and well when you put yourself on your first diet. You may find the fat on your body melting away and the pounds dropping off like flies. You may feel increasingly confident as the scale weight goes down, and for a while, you don’t mind that you’ve restricted yourself to a dozen foods all in the name of fat loss glory. You reach your goal look. You proudly slide your favorite pair of jeans over your hips with ease, and they button with a satisfying snap. To celebrate your incredible feat, you take some friends out to dinner and you feel no qualms whatsoever about reaching repeatedly for the bread basket. You then order an appetizer just for yourself – fully-loaded nachos – plus a main dish of that succulent burger with a side of fries. And a beer. Make that two.

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You deserve this, don’t you?

Introduction

After months and months of denying yourself carbs, alcohol, and anything even remotely tasty, you’re convinced that you can now let go of the reins on your diet and finally eat with abandon. Three weeks later, you’re standing in your kitchen in a drunken stupor and you realize that you’ve somehow undone all the hard work you’ve put in. Not only are you busting out of your jeans, but you no longer fit into your old clothes. You gingerly step on the scale, and to your dismay, you find that you’ve piled back on all the weight you lost plus ten more pounds. And to add insult to injury, you look like you’ve actually lost muscle and gained more fat than ever before. Out of sheer desperation, you dramatically throw the half-eaten éclair in your hand across the room and you vow to put yourself back on the diet. And there you go, back on that yo-yo grind. Lose ten, gain twenty. Lose eight, gain twentyfive.

Reverse Dieting

Doesn’t seem to end, does it?

I wrote this book for those of you who can identify with the above scenario. For those of you who have wondered how it’s possible to not only get lean but to stay lean. For those of you who are beginning to doubt that there’s any sensible way to wean yourself off of a diet. For those of you who are sick of subsisting on shockingly low calories with little to no return. This is for you.

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Coaching people 1-on-1 is not enough. Replying to emails, Tweets, and Facebook queries is not sufficient.

Introduction

I wrote this book with Layne Norton’s blessing because we want quality information to continue to spread like wildfire. We need to reach more people. We have to help more, expand more, and do more for those who come to us for guidance. Unfortunately, as much as we’d love to sit down individually with each and every person who approaches us for our expertise, there are only 24 hours in a day. We can only juggle so much. I want people to fully grasp the concept that fitness is not just about fat loss – and when it is, it doesn’t have to leave you miserable. I want everyone to get that the solution to your fitness woes is rarely ever “just try harder.”

Reverse Dieting

In essence, I’ve removed the barriers of time, money, and geographic location, and I’ve come up with a solution – this book! – that you can peruse at your leisure at a price you can afford from the comfort of your own home. I’ve put forth my best efforts to make this book as comprehensive as possible, covering what I believe to be the most important aspects of this topic as well as going over some of the most frequently asked questions. I’ve taken what we’ve learned from working with dozens of clients and laid it all out in the following pages. Everything is written in layman’s terms, so that even those of you with no scientific background can easily grasp the concepts covered. The goal is for you to be able to walk away from this and successfully implement at least one full reverse dieting phase utilizing the tools and tricks provided for you. Come in here with an open mind, a willingness to learn, and a desire to make your health a top priority. Your life transformation starts now.

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Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #1

Reverse Dieting

JESSI JEAN: 5’4”, 23 Y/O Coach: Layne Norton

“

Before reverse dieting

End of reverse dieting

End of contest prep

139lbs

160lbs

127lbs

155p/165c/50f

155p/280g/62g

145/150/32

My story of reverse dieting and then my transition into contest prep is not one that is absolutely mind blowing, but even the little changes I experienced throughout the journey absolutely changed my life.

I came to Layne after an incredible restrictive/ “clean eating”/copious amounts of cardio contest

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prep desperate to find some sort of balance again. I had gained over 20lbs post show and my hormones were completely out of whack. As I begun the reverse diet and slowly increased my calories week to week, I began to regain a sense of balance in my life. My strength in the gym continued to increase while the weight I gained was minimal. My relationship with food was normalizing again as no foods were off limits.

Testimonials

As the weeks passed my hormones, mood swings, and emotions started to balance out as well. In the middle of my reverse diet, I had surgery and was unable to train for about 4-5 weeks. I did not maintain the same rigid consistency with my nutrition during this time and put on about 5-7lbs. Although I was uncomfortable with the weight I was at, I knew that if I continued to push as many calories as possible it would pay off when I began to cut for contest prep.

Reverse Dieting

After my recovery, I began to train and increase my calories yet again. At the end of my reverse I had put on about 11lbs total. This may sound like a lot, but what amazes me is that throughout my 24-week contest prep I was able to lose over 23lbs without starving myself or doing cardio twice a day as I had done during my previous prep. In fact, the most cardio I ever had to do throughout my contest prep was four 30-minute HIIT sessions per week. I never spent more than two hours a day total in the gym and was able to maintain incredible strength and energy throughout the entire prep process. This was not the case in my previous prep. My hormones were stable the entire prep and I truly feel great. Not restricting any foods and following a flexible diet has also been a huge blessing. I feel no need to binge as I can eat whatever I want within my allotted macros while continuing to make progress towards my goals. This has been nothing short of freeing. I have regained my love for the sport of bodybuilding and am forever grateful for all that I have learned. I look forward to beginning my next reverse diet following this competition season and hope to maintain as much leanness as possible while increasing my macros, strength, and athletic abilities.

JESSI JEAN

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Understanding the Problem

REVERSE

UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM WHAT IS METABOLIC ADAPTATION? The truth is, there is no clinical definition for metabolic adaptation. As a relatively new concept, there have unfortunately been no scientific studies done on the topic to date. But first, let’s clear the air. Originally coined by Scott Abel, the term metabolic damage describes a phenomenon in which the body refuses to shed fat despite what would typically be considered dieting calories and activity levels. Conversely, the body may also experience fat gain in excess of what is predicted by caloric intake and activity level. In this book, we prefer to utilize the more descriptive term metabolic adaptation. Note that the two terms can typically be used interchangeably.

Reverse Dieting

But even so, this definition doesn’t quite suffice, as there are numerous caveats. For one, after a long stint of low calorie dieting, weight gain is normal and expected. This is often observed in bodybuilding competitors who, after a long prep season, may overeat or even binge eat. When this happens, the competitor is said to be going through a rebound, which is distinct from metabolic damage because the individual is putting him or herself into a caloric surplus, albeit unintentionally. You also have people who may have been handed the short end of the genetic stick and consequently have naturally slower metabolisms than normal (through no fault of their own, might I add). If this is the case, then what may be considered a standard caloric deficit for the average Joe may not be enough for this specific individual. As such, it becomes necessary to cut calories further in order to elicit the desired fat loss response.

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Understanding the Problem

Metabolic adaptation, conversely, is the result of a period of chronic dieting and is typically exacerbated by multiple weight loss and regain cycles. In other words, the body is very, very pissed off. Signs and symptoms of metabolic adaptation may include, but are not limited to: »» Lack of energy »» No enthusiasm for training »» Inability to lose weight despite chronically low calories »» Loss of menstruation (for females) »» Osteoporosis/osteomalacia »» Underactive or nonfunctioning thyroid We should note, additionally, that a mild degree of metabolic adaptation is normal in just about any given fat loss process. This can be more or less expected in just about every instance. The problem arises, however, when this metabolic adaptation is taken to the extreme, and the individual begins to experience health complications.

Reverse Dieting

What can we do, then? The responsible thing to do is to make a concerted effort to minimize the impact. That’s where reverse dieting comes into play.

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Understanding the Problem

WHO’S SUSCEPTIBLE? The first kinds of people that come to mind when thinking of metabolic adaptation victims are competitors – bodybuilders and figure, physique, or bikini athletes. After all, the sport itself almost by definition necessitates alternating long periods of dieting with highercalorie off-seasons. Unfortunately, even today, there are far too many competitors who continue to diet not only frequently but also incorrectly. This is a recipe for disaster, setting them up for a massive rebound or worse. But the truth is that metabolic adaptation can happen to just about anyone. I’m sure you all know that lady in your neighborhood who’s been yo-yo dieting for years without much success. Perhaps she’s lamented to you about how each time she hits her goal weight, she celebrates by going on a month-long binge, only to end up at a higher weight than when she started. She then attempts to work that extra weight back off again by going back to her diet, but since her body is no longer responding, she ends up cutting calories even more and increasing her hours at the gym. All for what? For nothing.

Reverse Dieting

To be fair, it’s not all entirely our fault that we don’t know any better. We’ve got TV shows that showcase obese individuals embarking on dangerous crash diets and exercising for hours a day. They crawl abjectly across the gym floor; they cry in the corner out of exhaustion; they stare forlornly at piles of junk food that they’re forbidden from consuming. The contestants then hang their heads in defeat when they lose “only” seven pounds in a week instead of ten or more.

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Understanding the Problem

Then we’ve got celebrity trainers touting a “recommended 1,200-Calorie daily intake” in order to get the body of our dreams. They’ve made millions off of their diet books that fly off the shelves, and we innocently fall prey to their ways. »» Slash ALL the Calories! »» Cut out ALL the carbs! »» Do ALL the exercise!

If this is what’s considered mainstream, then how else are we programmed to think? It’s become the norm now to expect to feel hungry, deprived, exhausted, and miserable when dieting. This, we’ve been brainwashed to believe, is the price we have to pay to sport a body that’s worthy of admiration. And if it doesn’t feel difficult? Then it doesn’t feel right. We convince ourselves that if it feels easy and effortless, it must not be working – so in a panic, we continue to tighten the reins on our diet and deprive ourselves of vital sustenance. All this to say that anyone and everyone can become metabolically adapted over time.

Reverse Dieting

Male or female, young or old, if you crash diet long enough, your body will start to fight back.

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Reverse Dieting

Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #2

BREE LIND Coach: Layne Norton Before reverse dieting

End of reverse dieting

6-8 weeks pregnant

31 weeks pregnant

125p/130c/35f

130p/280c/65f

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Why You Should Pay Attention

REVERSE

WHY YOU SHOULD PAY ATTENTION WEIGHT LOSS DIETS CAN MAKE YOU FAT There is perhaps no greater irony than the rapidly spreading obesity epidemic placed in juxtaposition with the nation’s increasing obsession with being thin. But we find ourselves in a catch-22, you see, because the alarming obesity rate actually fuels the prevalence of fad diets, which in turn only contribute to the obesity epidemic. A perpetual yo-yo of insanity.

Reverse Dieting

How could this be? There are multiple factors to consider here. Keep in mind that in most developed countries such as the United States, people have become accustomed to getting what they want right away. That late-night infomercial advertising that food blender you don’t need? Only a quick, two-minute phone call and it’ll be sitting at your doorstep the next business day. That high-tech kitty litter? You need it now – never mind that you don’t even have a cat! We even have the option of having groceries delivered to our door, so we have no reason to leave the comfort of our living room couch. We’re living in the era of instant gratification. We want things and we want them now – otherwise it’s not good enough.

Ain’t nobody got time fo’ patience! It stands to reason, then, that the kinds of diets that people tend to flock to are the ones that promise the fastest results in the shortest amount of time with the minimum amount of effort.

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Maybe no dairy. Perhaps fruit is deemed off-limits as well. Cream in your coffee? Get outta town. And it’s not that the weight loss diets don’t work; they do. The problem is that they only work…until they don’t. Then you’re in trouble. In other words, the problem with our society is not our inability to achieve our desired results so much as maintaining that fat loss.

Reverse Dieting

Why You Should Pay Attention

Poverty diets consisting of meal plans hovering around 1,000 Calories (maybe 1,500 if you’re really, really lucky) and absolutely, positively no junk food allowed. Ever.

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Why You Should Pay Attention

THE OPRAH PARADOX Consider the Oprah Paradox. I’m sure most of you are familiar with her infamous weight fluctuations over the years. Oprah Winfrey started her career as a news anchor, and during this time, her weight slowly crept up from 125 to 140lbs. A month on a 1200-Calorie diet had her back down to her original weight of 125lbs. A few years later, as she climbed the ladder of career success, she found herself sitting at 212lbs. Shocked, she put herself on a liquids-only diet (swearing off any and all solid foods) and worked her way back down to 145lbs. Imagine her dismay when, a couple of years after that, she tipped the scale at 247lbs. Her weight was at an all-time high, yet no doubt she may have been feeling at an all-time low. During this time, she was nominated for an Emmy Award, but she was so ashamed of her size that she prayed that her rival would win. Her reasoning? “I [wouldn’t] have to embarrass myself by rolling my fat butt out of my seat and walking down the aisle to the stage.”1

Reverse Dieting

The following years didn’t fare too well in Oprah’s favor on the weight loss front. Even after hiring a full-time personal trainer and chef complete with a strict regimen of when to eat what and how to exercise, by 2005, she clocked in at 160lbs – still 20lbs heavier than when she’d first started dieting. In 2009, just four years later, her weight settled at 200lbs.

“How did I let this happen?” she asked herself. Since then, she unfortunately has not had much more success on the fat loss front. This is what has been affectionately dubbed as the Oprah Paradox: the difficulty which those with seemingly high levels of self-control experience with controlling their own weight. These kinds of people seem to thrive in all other areas of their life – climbing up the ladder in the workplace, getting the top grades in school, and flourishing in their personal and

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Why You Should Pay Attention

emotional lives. Yet when it comes to managing their weight (and more accurately, their body fat levels), they just can’t seem to figure it out. How could this be? How does this make sense? Those with high self-control are actually only marginally more successful in their weight loss efforts than those with low self-control2. It would stand to reason, then, there must be something else going on beyond willpower. The explanation lies in how the body works. When you’re standing in line at the grocery store biting your tongue while the lady in front of you pulls out a binder full of coupons, your body doesn’t react the same way as when you restrict calories. Working on a business report, going to bed early rather than staying up and watching television, studying for an exam – all of these things are challenging to different degrees, but they all happen at a more superficial level.

Reverse Dieting

The body views caloric restriction as a threat to your survival, so it fights back. Evolutionarily speaking, individuals with the capability to endure famines were the ones most likely to survive. And while we live in a society of abundance today, those genes that once helped our ancestors get by are still sticking around. In other words, when you go all-out on a business report, you may receive rave reviews from your boss without lasting repercussions to your health (save for perhaps some sleep deprivation). When you go balls to the wall on your diet, on the other hand, while you may see some initial success, that will all come back to bite you – hard. This yo-yo dieting phenomenon is not only emotionally distressing, but it has lasting physiological implications as well. The thing is, once your body goes through one fat loss cycle, it will fight back harder the next time around3. What this means is that the first time you ever embark on a diet, your body may quite readily respond, and you may find yourself leaning out relatively quickly. But each subsequent round, the fat loss will become more and more difficult – and eventually, you’ll retain the extra weight you’ve gained postdiet even when you’re consuming far fewer calories than before. Bollocks.

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What Oprah Winfrey went through was the result of a number of factors, including relying on unrealistic, unsustainable methods to achieve her goal as well as wearing her body out. And what she likely didn’t realize is that that exact approach is what got her into trouble over and over again. Oprah may just be the epitome of a metabolic adaptation victim. Our hope is that you can learn from our dear Oprah as an example to fully understand why metabolic adaptation is such a prevalent issue that we need to be paying attention to. This is a problem, no doubt, but why is this happening and what can we do to fix it?

Reverse Dieting

Why You Should Pay Attention

Things like hormones and brain chemicals (of which we’ll get more into later) all come into play here in an attempt to hang onto every ounce of fat you have on your body.

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Why You Should Pay Attention

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF IT ALL Let’s first understand why, psychologically, we tend to find it nearly impossible to stick to a diet for any appreciable length of time. Imagine that you’ve resolved to finally get rid of that spare tire around your waist. You know that your six-pack is hiding under there, and you’re ready to finally achieve your best self. In your excitement to get a jumpstart on your journey, you eagerly slash calories left and right and confine yourself to a six-item food list. Go hard or go home, you tell yourself with a crazed look in your eyes. You start out more dedicated than ever. You couldn’t be more gung-ho. Yet after just a few short months (or perhaps even a handful of weeks), a number of scenarios begin to unfold.

Reverse Dieting

Scenario A: You’re sitting at the table with your family for dinner and you watch in horror as your brother reaches for the bread basket and plops not one, not two, but three dinner rolls on his plate. Appalling! You look at him in disgust as you sneer, “Don’t you know that’s so bad for you?” Meanwhile, on your plate, you’ve got four ounces of dry, grilled chicken breast – no oil! no butter! – and a cup of steamed green beans. Oh, and two almonds. (Can’t forget those precious almonds.) As you take your first bite, you turn your nose up at your morally inferior family members for being irresponsible with their food choices. Tsk tsk, such bad people. They should learn to be more like you.

Scenario B: You’re finding it increasingly difficult to abstain from all of your favorite treats you used to regularly indulge in. The box of Reese’s Puffs taunts you every time you open the kitchen pantry, and you can’t stand it when your significant other orders pizza on Friday night. One day, a coworker shoves a slice of birthday cake in your face. Just once slice, you say, and you take a bite. Oops. As soon as that sugar hits your tongue, you’re blasted with a powerful combination of guilt infused with titillating pleasure. Ah, what the hell, you think to yourself, I’m already off the diet. So for the remainder of the day, you go out of your way to inhale every bit of “forbidden” food you can get your hands on. You’re stuffed to the gills, but there’s no stopping you. This may as well be your Last Supper.

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Why You Should Pay Attention

Scenario C: Despite having been a straight-A student in high school and graduating summa cum laude from college, you find yourself falling off your diet more and more often. What starts off as a moderate cheat meal quickly turns into a weekend full of binge eating, and you’re finding that you just don’t have the self-control to stop this behavior. Your diet program looked promising on paper, yet due to your inconsistent adherence to the plan, you find the scale weight creeping up and your measurements steadily increasing. Let’s break down each of the scenarios one by one.

Scenario A: This black-and-white mindset is what will get you in trouble. By dubbing foods “clean” versus “unclean”, “bad” as opposed to “good”, you’re setting yourself up for failure. Studies demonstrate that when you tell someone they can’t have something, the desire for it increases even more4. As you continually fight the urge not to stray from your diet, your willpower gradually depletes itself. But the more you tell yourself no, the more ego depletion occurs – and the more ego depletion occurs, the harder it is to resist5.

Reverse Dieting

Perhaps even more concerning is the fact that ego depletion can be caused by events entirely unrelated to dieting. If you’re studying for a big test coming up, for example, that will drain your willpower, as will something as innocuous as babysitting a few toddlers. Both can lead to ego depletion which, over time, will make that bread basket look more and more enticing and increasingly harder to resist. What’s interesting to note, however, is that this ego depletion doesn’t occur in those who are not dieting. In other words, if you’re not on a mission to shed some fat, sitting next to that bread and watching others relish their scrumptious desserts won’t do anything to drain your willpower storage. Why? Because you know that you have the freedom to indulge whenever you please. On the other hand, if you’re a dieter actively resisting the urge to reach for those snacks, ego depletion will occur – and fast. So while your intentions may seem innocuous at first glance – stay away from all the foods you like yet supposedly are the cause for your extra weight – you’ll eventually find yourself in a catch-22: to resist all the yummy treats, you need a good dose of willpower, which is ironically depleted by your very act of self-denial; yet to restock your willpower storage, you actually need glucose via food.

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Why You Should Pay Attention

What happens then?

Scenario B: All hell’s broken loose. This is more clearly demonstrated in a fascinating study conducted by researchers who wanted to understand why self-control in eating was so elusive among even the most accomplished people. The subjects arrived at the lab after having not eaten for several hours. They were then divided into two groups: one was given two large milkshakes, and the other drank just one small milkshake. They were then asked to rate the taste of a number of cookies and crackers, and they were encouraged to consume as many as they needed to in order to rate all the snacks properly. What the subjects weren’t aware of was that the rating forms were simply a hoax; the researchers were really interested in monitoring their food intake.

Reverse Dieting

What they found with the non-dieters was unsurprising: those who had consumed two large milkshakes had merely nibbled at the snacks, while those who had enjoyed one small milkshake ate a little more. With dieters, it was a whole different story: the individuals who had downed the giant milkshakes were the ones who actually ended up chomping down on far more cookies and crackers than the other subjects. This was the opposite of what you would expect, and understandably, these findings left researchers stunned. Because you’d set up such strict rules for yourself, you allowed no flexibility should anything have gone astray. That means that as soon as you deviated even just a little bit, all of a sudden you had no guidelines to follow. It was either stick to the food list or be completely off-plan. In other words, once you broke past the limits – intentionally or not – there were no limits, nothing holding you back. You see no way of redeeming yourself until tomorrow (or next week), so you wave your white flag and call the day a failure. This is what’s known as counter-regulatory eating, more colloquially known as the what-

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Why You Should Pay Attention

the-hell effect6.

Scenario C: Why is it that, while you’re trying to be increasingly stricter on yourself, you’re failing that much more in your fat loss efforts? Ah. The devil is in the detail. Dieting, perhaps more than any other activity, puts you in a mentally (and physically) depleted state. The lack of glucose makes you crankier than normal, so you find yourself reacting much more emotionally to the happenings on any given day . This includes getting upset over the presence – or even the thought - of junk food. Anything deemed off-limits by your diet becomes that much more tempting. Let’s keep in mind what a typical diet entails: a slew of food restrictions, coupled with stringent eating requirements – specific meals to be consumed at certain times of the day no matter what’s going on. In other words, dieting tends to place emphasis on external cues and in turn makes people turn a blind eye to their internal cues.

Reverse Dieting

Doesn’t seem so bad, right? Ignoring your internal cues means that you no longer honor your hunger signals. So when you feel your stomach growling, instead of grabbing a meal, you might look at the clock and say, nope, still another two hours until I can eat. In this way, you lose touch with your cravings, and consequently, you also disconnect yourself from the natural signal that tells you to stop eating once you’re satisfied. This latter part is particularly troubling because this contributes to weight gain. As we’ve learned, the more extreme the diet, the more your willpower is drained. The less willpower you have available, the less you’re able to resist off-limits foods. And once you’ve succumbed to your cravings, you’re crossed that bright line into the what-the-hell zone and you end up caving into a binge because your body no longer knows when you’ve had enough food. Not so glamorous, is it?

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So that’s what happens from a psychological standpoint. How does this affect you physically, though?

Reverse Dieting

Why You Should Pay Attention

But it’s just science.

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Why You Should Pay Attention

BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Here’s a scary fact: dieting to lose weight is directly associated with future weight gain and obesity. And the more times you diet throughout your lifetime, the more weight you will eventually gain back8. Following the conclusion of a fat loss cycle, weight regain is more the rule than the exception, with up to two-thirds of the weight lost regained within a year, and almost all regained within five years9. Seems backward, doesn’t it? When the body detects a reduction in energy intake, its anti-starvation mechanisms kick in, even prior to actual weight loss. During this caloric deficit, thermogenesis is decreased in order to conserve energy. In other words, the body slows its production of heat in an attempt to reduce fuel utilization. The rate of protein and fat mobilization thus slows down, reducing the rate at which the body’s tissues (both fat mass and fat-free mass) are depleted 10. This has been found to occur in both normal-weight and obese individuals.

Reverse Dieting

When the weight loss cycle is over and individuals return to ab libitum feeding, thermogenesis suppression persists even during weight recovery, meaning that metabolism tends to increase at a much slower rate than does bodyweight. The hyperphagic phase that then follows is a time during which the individual experiences increased appetite and consequently consumes more food. This is driven by the body’s demands for lean tissue growth (fat-free mass, or FFM) and not fat or BMI11, meaning that your appetite will be directly correlated to the amount of FFM that was lost during the weight loss cycle. The mechanisms behind why and how this happens are unclear, though it has been postulated that skeletal muscle may play a role as an endocrine organ. With ab libitum feeding, fat mass is recovered at a faster rate than is FFM. Did you read that? If, after you’re done dieting, you eat to your heart’s content, you will put on fat disproportionately quicker than you will put on lean tissue.

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Why You Should Pay Attention

REVERSE

This is exacerbated by a greater degree of weight loss (and thus fat and FFM depletion), which further suppresses thermogenesis and thereby increases the fat-to-FFM recovery ratio. Yet even when pre-weight loss fat-mass is 100% recovered, hyperphagia still continues. This is because the reduced FFM also lends to increased appetite, and thus you are predisposed to continue overfeeding until your lean tissue has been fully recovered. To that end, more body fat is gained. Ultimately, then, while your fat-free mass may be fully recovered, you will have also gained back extra body fat, and you’ll end up likely weighing more than you did before dieting. This is a phenomenon known as post-starvation weight (or fat) overshooting. Unsurprisingly, you can imagine that the kinds of people who experience this tend to be yo-yo dieters and athletes who need to make weight on a recurring basis (bodybuilders, wrestlers, etc.). Now, while the studies do not establish a causal relationship, the strong positive correlation does raise interesting questions about the physiology behind fat loss.

Reverse Dieting

Simply put, the body doesn’t like change and works hard to maintain the status quo, a phenomenon known as homeostasis. (Ah, you might be saying. But how does homeostasis explain the trend over the years of Americans steadily gaining weight? Wouldn’t homeostasis counteract that? To a degree, yes, although it should be noted that the human body does have a bias toward energy intake and storage over expenditure12. It’s easier, in other words, to put weight on than to peel it back off.) There’s a widely circulating theory in the scientific community that the body has a specific body fat setpoint that it will fight to maintain. This, in essence, is the place where your body will tend to hover around if you were to simply eat at maintenance calories (that is, if you’re not in a caloric deficit or surplus). Deviate too far below this point and your body will be quick to adapt to make fat loss more difficult (hence suppressed thermogenesis). Think back to all those times you’ve dieted in your life. You may recall that the first few weeks you made tremendous progress and it felt like you were coasting. Eventually, however, there likely came a point when

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Why You Should Pay Attention

progress came to a crawl and you were forced to either drop calories further and/or bump up the exercise. This is because your body became more efficient at utilizing your energy. Sounds like a good thing, right? Typically it is, but in the realm of fitness and fat loss, it’s the opposite. When we talk about an efficient metabolism, we mean that the body has become better at executing tasks on less and less fuel. If you’d previously been burning around 500 Calories an hour in the weight room, it may now have dropped to 420 Calories for the same amount of work. This also means that your body has now adapted to needing fewer Calories to maintain its current weight. In sum, then: Efficient metabolism = bad. Inefficient metabolism = excellent. (At least when we’re not faced with a famine.) Got it? Moving on, then.

Reverse Dieting

Cellular adaptations. Think of mitochondria as the powerhouse of the cell. It produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the body’s primary energy currency. When you diet, your mitochondrial efficiency increases – that is, less input is required to produce ATP. It’s believed that this phenomenon may be explained in part by a reduction in uncoupling proteins13, which make mitochondria give off extra energy in the form of heat (thereby making them incredibly thermogenic). Additionally, when you gain weight, the increased number on the scale is correlated with an increase in the diameter of fat calls (known as adipocyte hypertrophy), which is believed to be the primary feature of obesity14. Once the fat cells reached their limit in volume, paracrine factors are released that trigger pre-adipocyte proliferation, which then gives rise to adipocyte hyperplasia, or an increase in fat cell number. In English: your existing fat cells grow to their maximum size when weight is gained, and

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Why You Should Pay Attention

when they reach their limit, new fat cells are created in order to continue to accommodate your weight gain. Adipocyte hypertrophy is reduced with weight loss, though the hyperplasia is not. Behavior weight loss, then, can reduce the size of fat cells, but the total number remains. This may be due to a lack of apoptosis, or programmed cell death15, and to this day can only be treated via liposuction. Does this have implications for weight re-gain? Perhaps. We don’t know yet for certain. However, lipolysis, or fat breakdown, is believed to be correlated with fat cell size and surface area16, with smaller cells decreasing the rate of fat oxidation and simultaneously holding onto ingested fue17. Hormonal adaptations. The decrease in fat cell hypertrophy in turn reduces the secretion of leptin, a hormone that plays an important role in appetite, hunger, and metabolism.

Reverse Dieting

As well, research has indicated that within 24 hours of reduced energy intake, leptin levels dip – even before any weight loss has occurred18. This does not bode well for dieters, as leptin is largely responsible for the prevention of starvation, and reduced levels below a certain threshold trigger a starvation response. Evidence points to this threshold actually increasing proportionally with adipose tissue – so the more fat stores you have, the higher the threshold that induces anti-starvation actions19. Leptin may well be considered the king of all hormones when it comes to fat loss. Lower levels decrease metabolic rate and physical activity20, and it also increases hunger and thereby food intake21. So when leptin is low, fat loss is slow. The thyroid hormone T3 is also negatively affected by weight loss and low calorie dieting. This reduces the body’s metabolic rate and may contribute to reduced lipolysis and increased fat storage . At the same time, the hormone ghrelin, which is responsible for appetite, increases, making you hungrier than normal. Peptide YY3-36 (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK), conversely, are two hormones that promote satiety; decreases in PYY and CCK levels have been observed in dieting individuals23. Put more simply, weight loss leads to a reduction in satiety as well as an increase in hunger.

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REVERSE

Adipose tissue adaptations. Once the fat loss period is over, it’s not uncommon for individuals to consume calories in excess of their previous intake (a phenomenon, as we’ve discussed before, known as rebounding). As fat is regained in this post-dieting phase, the fat cells enlarge. But now that there is a greater total number of fat cells, the size of each cell may be smaller than at the previously established setpoint. This means that there may be a reduction in leptin output at the same body fat level as compared to the pre-dieting period. Recall that more leptin equals better metabolism. Conversely, then, less leptin can have adverse effects on the body when it comes to body composition. Finally, weight loss increases insulin sensitivity in fat cells, which is a concern as it may promote an increase in nutrient storage in the form of adipose. Bottom line: the body will do everything in its power to maintain its body fat setpoint. Yes, it sucks, but that’s the way the cookie crumbles. Particularly when undergoing multiple bouts of dieting, the body fights back harder and harder each time.

Reverse Dieting

Neural adaptations. In the neural system, food intake consists of three realms: the homeostatic, reward-related, and inhibitory systems. The homeostatic system is driven primarily by the hypothalamus and responds to caloric energy imbalances by inducing eating. The dopaminergic signaling pathway processes the reward-related system, which is driven by the perceived reward value of food. A donut, then, may have higher perceived reward value than would, say, a dry chicken salad, and this reward-related system may drive you to reach for that sweet treat. Lastly, the inhibitory system in the prefrontal cortex is associated with dietary restraint and behavioral inhibition24. Under normal circumstances (e.g. non-dieting conditions), there is no need for homeostatic-driven eating. But when the body perceives an energy restriction, the

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Why You Should Pay Attention

homeostatic system will upregulate activity of the reward-related system, which then makes high-calorie foods look all the more enticing25 26. Right, but wouldn’t the inhibitory system kick into high gear to prevent you from stuffing your face with ice cream? Actually, the reward-related signaling appears to override inhibitory signaling27, which may help explain why turning down those cookies seems nearly impossible – and actually makes those “forbidden foods” that much more desirable. This thus illustrates the biological bias toward energy intake and storage (as opposed to restriction). That’s not to say that you’re never able to decline dessert. Over the short-term, the inhibitory system is temporarily able to override the urge to consume high-caloric foods. But over time – particularly once the diet is over – dietary restraint is decreased, indicating erosion of inhibitory neural responsiveness, and subsequently weight gain occurs28.

Reverse Dieting

Metabolic adaptations. Energy expenditure is decreased upon caloric restriction as discussed above – but what may be startling is the fact that this occurs within mere hours, before any metabolic tissue has been lost . Dieting leads to disproportionately reduced energy expenditure than predicted for losses in metabolic mass, pointing to increased metabolic efficiency. What’s more, with every additional weight-loss-and-regain cycle, your body composition will tilt more and more in favor of fat mass over lean mass30. In other words, each time you diet and then gain the weight back, you will have an increasingly higher proportion of body fat. Why does this happen? Research has shown that weight cycling increases lipogenic enzymes and reduces leptin level in rodents31, though a casual relationship has not been established. Oprah Winfrey, as you read by now, knows this all too well. Can you relate? When you couple a long period of caloric deficit with a post-diet massive overfeeding phase, it can create the perfect storm for rapid and alarming fat gain.

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Why You Should Pay Attention

YOU CAN’T DIET THROUGH IT Don’t get any ideas here. If you learn that you’ve fallen victim to metabolic adaptation, you may be tempted to avoid the reverse dieting route. After all, intentionally putting yourself into a caloric surplus for a long period of time can be a scary, scary prospect. You may think you’re being clever by planning on dieting just a bit more to push yourself past the hazy fog of metabolic adaptation. Perhaps you harbor a paralyzing fear of consuming more food (carbs, specifically). After all, there’s a good chance that you’ve been told that carbohydrates are the devil and will make you gain fat instantly. So despite finding yourself spinning your wheels for months and months on end, barely squeezing by on low macros and making zero progress, you dig your heels into the ground and insist on fat loss. The answer to your problems, my friend, is not to continue to diet. You cannot trick the system by pushing against it. If you have any doubts, go back and read the prior section. Then read it again.

Reverse Dieting

By keeping your calories in a chronically low state, you only exacerbate the biological phenomena discussed. The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different result. I cannot emphasize this point enough. I know that’s not what you want to be told. And you may click away after having read that sentence. But that shows me that you’re still in denial about your problem and you’re not yet willing to tackle the issue head-on. Let me repeat myself: you cannot fix metabolic adaptation by dieting through it. Which means you can’t tell yourself that you’re going to lose just a few more pounds and

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I encourage you to keep an open mind and think of your long-term health. Yes, the thought of not actively dieting can be petrifying. But a year from now, do you want to have a healthy metabolism and a body that stays lean on an ample amount of carbs? Or do you want to be in the same position you’re in now – constantly tired, hungry, and miserable?

Reverse Dieting

Why You Should Pay Attention

then come back to reverse dieting in a few months when you’re a little leaner.

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You Are Just 12 Weeks Away

BE WARY OF “EXPERTS” This may seem obvious, but it needs to be said. Not every fitness “expert” out there is going to have your best interests in mind. Since the surge in awareness surrounding metabolic adaptation, many coaches have come out claiming that they’re familiar with the problem and are well versed in helping to fix the issue. But for every coach out there who does mean well, there are ten more who look at you and see nothing but dollar signs. If they play you the right tune, they’re hoping you’ll fork over hundreds, perhaps even thousands, of dollars with false promises that they’ll help you get your life back. Were they singing praises about the virtues of fish and boiled chicken just yesterday? Do they refuse to offer explanations and reasoning behind their methods? Do they preach the magical powers of low-carb diets and strict meal plans?

Reverse Dieting

Run away. Hang onto your wallet and run as fast as you can in the opposite direction and don’t look back. How do I know this? Because men and women alike have come to us, distraught after a particularly miserable experience with a coach “reverse dieting” them on less than 1000 Calories per day and keeping the volume on the cardio cranked far too high. So why didn’t these people think for themselves and realize that something was wrong? You may be wondering. You might think that it’s their fault that they got scammed, and you may blame them for continuing with their coaches despite the red flags. Are you familiar with the psychology of authority? If not, I suggest you read on. Let’s look at the Milgram Experiment for example. Conducted at Yale University in 1961 by psychologist Stanley Milgram, this study tested individuals’ willingness to obey authority figures. More specifically, Milgram wanted to see if people would abide by a teacher’s commands even if the proposed acts conflicted with their conscience.

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You Are Just 12 Weeks Away

REVERSE

The experiment was set up as follows: the participant would be told that he or she was participating in a study on how punishment affected learning and memory. Armed with this knowledge, he or she was then assigned the role of Teacher. There would be a confederate in the next room, masquerading as a fellow participant, who would be the Learner. The job of the Learner would be to answer the questions read out by the Teacher. If incorrect, the Teacher’s role would be to deliver an electric shock, which would increase in voltage the more questions the Learner got wrong32. (We should note, just to be clear, that none of the shocks were actually real; the confederates were simply acting.) Common sense may tell you that once it became clear that the Learner was experiencing a considerable deal of physical pain from the electric shocks, the Teacher would stop delivering the shocks and promptly refuse further participation in the experiment. Common sense, my friend, is wrong. Much to everyone’s surprise, including Milgram’s, a full 65 percent of the participants obeyed the experimenter’s commands until the bitter end – well past the point of the Learner screaming in agony and pleading to have the experiment ended.

Reverse Dieting

So were the participants psychotic? Not at all. They were completely normal. They actually begged the experimenter to let them stop. They shook visibly, they sweated bullets, they held their head in their hands. And yet they still adhered to the experimenter’s commands. The explanation stems from people’s deep-rooted desire to abide by authority, even if the demands go against what we believe. In other words, “it is the extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of the authority” that makes it clear why people seem to blindly follow orders. Do you see parallels with this experiment and con artists in the fitness industry? All of this to say: please be careful whom you hire and trust with your health. You think it’s expensive to hire a professional? Wait until you hire an amateur.

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Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #3

CHRIS WREN: 24 Y/O Coach: Layne Norton Reverse Dieting

Before reverse dieting

End of reverse dieting

168lbs

175lbs

High days: 225p/300c/53g

205p/345c/71f

Low days: 225p/140c/60f

“

Reverse dieting prevented me from binging post show as it gave me a goal to work towards.

Due to the slow rise in calories, the amount of extra food I was able to eat far outweighed the small amount of weight gain. At no point was there any rapid weight gain, which prevented the mind games of guilt and wanting to start dieting again. Sohee Lee with Dr. Layne Norton

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How To Reverse Diet

HOW TO REVERSE DIET Reverse dieting is a form of positive metabolic adaptation in which the body responds in a favorable manner to increased food intake. This is achieved via a controlled diet of steadily increasing macronutrient intake and is designed to prime you metabolically without gaining excess body fat. This process helps to counteract the negative implications of dieting discussed above and is typically implemented after a diet. Some have argued that reverse dieting isn’t a real thing, that it doesn’t exist, and that it’s the same as simply switching over to a “bulk” phase at the end of dieting.

Reverse Dieting

The problem, though, is that when you spike your caloric intake too quickly at the end of a crash diet, your metabolic rate doesn’t have time to catch up to the change. This means that the enormous caloric surplus gets shuttled into your fat storage, lending to tremendous and alarming body fat gain in a short period of time. In the same way that losing 30lbs of fat in a month is harmful to the body, so too is the opposite process. At the absolute minimum, we want to coax the metabolic rate to return to normal – that is, to what it was before you dieted in the first place.

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UNDERSTANDING MACRONUTRIENTS

Protein. Carbohydrates. Fats. Capisce? If this is not the case, please take the time to read How to Count Macros by yours truly. I promise you that all of what’s about to follow will make a whole lot more sense once you do so.

Reverse Dieting

How To Reverse Diet

Before I move forward, I’m going to assume that you have a baseline level of knowledge regarding what macronutrients are. I’m also going to assume that you already know how to count macronutrients.

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SETTING BASELINE MACROS

How To Reverse Diet

The best way to determine your reverse dieting macros is to start with your current intake. If you haven’t really been tracking your intake, then log everything you eat for the next three days. Try not to change your food choices or portions simply because you want to be “good”; the more accurate a reading we can get, the better. You can use the old-fashioned pencil-and-paper method to do this, and then find the nutritional information of all foods online. Alternatively, you can download the MyMacros+ app and use that. To be clear, for this process, we strongly recommend using a food scale to weigh everything you’re eating and log all the ingredients of meals that you consume. Eyeballing portions is less than ideal, especially when you need an accurate idea of what and how much you’re eating. From those numbers, increase your carb and fat numbers by 10-20%. Protein intake can stay constant, as more is not necessarily going to be better. As long as you have a minimum protein intake of 1g/lb bodyweight, that’s more than sufficient. If you’ve been ingesting an unusually high amount of protein (1.5g/lb bodyweight or more), you may even consider bringing that number down.

Reverse Dieting

For example, let’s say you ended your diet at the following numbers: »» 150g protein »» 120g carbs »» 45g fats

From here, we have the following calculations implementing a 10% increase: »» 150g protein

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»» (120*1.1) = 132g carbs »» (45*1.1) = 50g fats

How To Reverse Diet

If you’ve been calorie or carb-cycling, the same rules apply. I’d recommend beginning with a more conservative bump until you have a better understanding of how your body is responding to the increase in food. Admittedly, it doesn’t look like much. And you may not think that it’s going to change anything. But remember, we want to do this slowly in order to allow your metabolic rate to come back up to speed. If you wanted to adopt a more aggressive approach and increase your numbers by 20%, you would have: »» 150g protein »» (120*1.2) = 144g carbs »» (45*1.2) = 54g fats

This is just to give you an idea of how to calculate your starting macros.

Reverse Dieting

So remember: • Protein number stays more or less constant (unless it’s too high, in which case you can bring it down) • Carbs increase 10-20% • Fats increase 10-20%

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ASSESSING AND MAKING CHANGES

How To Reverse Diet

When and how you make changes to your numbers is really going to depend on how your body is responding. You will ideally be taking measurements and pictures once every two weeks at the absolute minimum. Waist measurement is critical, but it may also benefit you to keep track of your hips, thighs, chest, and arm circumference. Try to be as objective as possible. I understand it’s not always easy to do so, but not letting your emotions get in the way is going to be critical to your success. You will then make the following changes: • If you’ve lost scale weight, measurements are down, and you’re looking leaner in the mirror, you can add on 5-10% to your carb and fat numbers. • If you’ve maintained your measurements and you’re looking the same, you can add on 5% to your carb and fat numbers. • If scale weight has increased, measurements have gone up, and you are visibly carrying more fat, keep all numbers constant.

Reverse Dieting

From here, continue for another two weeks before doing another check-in. I strongly recommend keeping a close record of your macronutrient history as well as your corresponding weight and measurement changes. These will prove to be invaluable later on as you assess your progress. A 5% bump in macros may seem insignificant. But if you continue to increase your numbers incrementally, over time it will add up. Consider the following graphs as a visual. The first is what could happen if you were start at 120g and increase your carb intake every other week by 5% for a full year. The second is what could happen if, instead of biweekly bumps, you only increased your numbers once a month.

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Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #4

Reverse Dieting

KRISTY WILCE: 5’3”, 53Y/O Coach: Layne Norton Before reverse dieting

End of reverse dieting

131lbs

121lbs

160p/160g/45f

160p/310c/70f

“

Reverse dieting has been the best decision I have ever made to improve my physique. I have been competing for several years, and previously, after a competition, I would jump back into my regular diet, gaining a significant amount of body fat in a short period of time. This would cause me to become very frustrated and I would revert back to a diet close to my competition diet, with very low calories. Making progress in lean gains was slow and my energy levels were not where they should be. I often slept on the floor of my office during my lunch hour as a result.

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I believe it also forces me to be mindful of what I am eating and how much, and I can see the physical changes as I progress. There is no need to gain a large amount of body fat or “bulk” in the off season. I have learned that the most significant progress really is during the off season, before you ever start the “competition diet.”

Reverse Dieting

Testimonials

Reverse dieting has allowed me to add a significant amount of calories, I have ample food every day (and I follow flexible dieting so there are no restricted foods) which in turn gives me energy to train hard and the extra calories needed to gain lean mass. Most of all, I can enjoy food with my family and friends and still feel I am on track and making progress. Starting a new competition diet will be much easier as I will be starting from a position of very high calories, so when I reduce to lose body fat, I will still be eating a relatively high calorie diet.

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CHANGE IN CARB INTAKE WITH WEEKLY 5% INCREASES 500 450

How To Reverse Diet

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52

CHANGE IN CARB INTAKE WITH MONTHLY 5% INCREASES 250 200 150 100 50 0

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Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Notice how, in the first graph, you could end the year at a daily carbohydrate intake of 447g. Can you imagine? Now, to be fair, very rarely is anyone going to be able to pull off these numbers at such a consistent, astonishing rate. The second graph depicts a somewhat more realistic change. With just monthly increases, you could end the year at 215g of carbs a day – a full 95g more than what you started out at. Does 5% seem like so little now?

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FOOD CHOICES

How To Reverse Diet

Now that you understand how much to eat as well as how and when to change your numbers, we should discuss what you should be eating. In the most general terms, you should eat what you want so long as it fits your macros. The bulk of your choices should of course come from whole sources – think primarily unprocessed foods. Refer to the chart below for examples of what you should be eating most of the time. We recommend you print it out and take it with you on your next trip to the grocery store to help you make responsible food choices.

PROTEIN • Egg whites • Whole eggs • Greek yogurt • Chicken breast • Turkey breast • Pork tenderloin

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• Canned tuna • Cottage cheese • Extra lean ground beef • Top round steak • Top sirloin steak • Flank steak • White fish (cod, halibut, haddock, mahi mahi, tilapia, etc.) • Salmon • Protein powder

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CARBOHYDRATES • Old-fashioned oatmeal • Brown rice How To Reverse Diet

• Jasmine rice • Couscous • Quinoa • Ezekiel bread • Sweet potatoes/yams • Squash (all varieties) • White/Russet potatoes • Fibrous vegetables • Fruit

FAT

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• Extra virgin olive oil • Extra virgin coconut oil • Fish oil • Ghee • Grass-fed butter • Natural almond butter • Natural cashew butter • Natural peanut butter • Natural coconut butter

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• Mixed nuts (almonds, walnuts, pecans, brazil nuts, cashews, etc.) • Cheese • Avocado How To Reverse Diet

• Coconut milk

We want to steer clear of the bad food vs. good food mindset, so no foods will be off-limits (excluding allergies and intolerances, of course). Meaning if you want to fit some ice cream into your macros, you should go right ahead and do so. Examples of fun treats include: sugary cereal, candy, Pop-Tarts (this tends to be a popular one), pizza (may be harder to fit into macros, but can work for higher carb days), and alcohol (that’s not a typo, I promise!). Ah, flexible dieting is nice, isn’t it? But there’s more to it than that.

Reverse Dieting

There’s this misconception going around that flexible dieting is inherently unhealthy because it encourages the consumption of artery-clogging, heart-stopping poison. Poison! “I don’t see how a diet full of sugar and trans fat can be healthy by any means,” a critic might cry. I can promise you, though, that it’s impossible to meet your macros by eating junk food alone. And the thing with flexible dieters, as you will come to learn, is that they don’t abuse this privilege. In fact, if you don’t set anything off-limits, then the appeal of any one food is greatly diminished. Contrast this with the overzealous restricted dieter who proudly totes around her cooler full of Tupperware all throughout the week, only to binge like crazy on the weekends in a one-person race to inhale as much “forbidden” food as possible before Monday rolls around again.

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How To Reverse Diet

I’d like to think that eating whole foods most of the time and never binging is a far better alternative to severely restricting food choices most of the time and feeling guilty about accompanying binges. What’s more, the glorious thing about flexible dieting is that it’s sustainable. It’s far, far easier to adhere to over the long term. In short, it doesn’t suck. As for the fine details, try to hit a fiber intake of 25-55g per day. Consuming two to three cups of vegetables will help in this regard, and don’t forget your Quest bars. But be forewarned: more fiber is not necessarily better. We’ve heard tales of clients spiking their fiber intake (due to, say, one too many Quest bars) and consequently getting backed up in the bathroom for days. Don’t let this be you.

Reverse Dieting

Don’t worry about sugar intake as long as you’re sticking to the 80/20 rule (80 percent of your food choices come from whole foods; the rest can be filled in with treats). If you’re not sure which category a certain food falls into, err on the side of caution and count it as a treat. In other words, as long as the large majority of the foods you consume are from the food list above, you’re probably fine. Alcohol is also permitted. Oh, happy day! This doesn’t mean you should get blackout drunk every night, though. Rather, practice moderation again here. A glass of wine or a beer once or twice a week is probably the most realistic. Keep in mind that alcohol contains 7Cal/gram. You can subtract this from either your carb or fat numbers.

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How To Reverse Diet

RESISTANCE TRAINING In terms of strength training, you should continue to train heavy and hard. Whatever training protocol you’re following – be it a full body split, body part split, or perhaps Layne Norton’s Power Hypertrophy Adaptive Training (PHAT) – you should strive to make progressions from one workout to the next. The frequency at which you train in the gym will vary from person to person. For a beginner just starting out in the weight room, I’d recommend two to three days of full body workouts per week. On the other end of the spectrum, you may be an advanced lifter with many years of experience under your belt. You’ve likely found what works best for you, which can be anywhere between four to six days of training a week. Truth be told, there is no ideal training frequency for everyone because that number is going to vary based on past experience, stress levels, injuries, and other factors.

Reverse Dieting

Obviously, you will be expected to work hard at every session. We’re not just going through the motions here; with the extra fuel, you should be pushing yourself that much more. What weights should you use? That depends on you. You’ll want to finish each set feeling like you could have only gotten one or two more quality reps. If you feel like you could have easily done three or more reps, then you know it’s time to pick up some heavier weights. Alternatively, if you find that you’re grinding out some ugly reps and you’re barely making it to the prescribed rep range, strip off some pounds. Quality will always trump quantity. Make sure that your form is good and your reps look smooth before you even think about going heavier.

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CARDIO

So if you were cranking out a total of 10 hours of steady-state cardio per week, maybe for the next month you’ll cut it in half and replace some of that time with some short, high-intensity interval sessions instead. Over time, you should work your way down to 1-3 interval sessions a week, each lasting no more than 20-30 minutes. Conditioning work just about always trumps steady-state cardio. Most of you will be more than fine with zero steady-state cardio, even when it comes time to return to fat loss.

Reverse Dieting

How To Reverse Diet

If you’re just coming off of a diet that involved hours and hours of steady-state cardio per week, instead of cutting it out cold-turkey, taper it off slowly.

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WHEN DOES REVERSE DIETING END?

How To Reverse Diet

In short, it ends when you want it to end. At the bare minimum, I’d recommend working your way back up to what your maintenance macros were prior to dieting. But I strongly suggest pushing past that point and maxing out your metabolic capacity. If you find yourself still wading in what would technically be considered dieting calories and you are putting on weight with those numbers, keep going. Maybe you’ll want to slow down the process a little bit, though, and spend a month at a time on a given set of numbers to provide your body with ample time to adjust. As far as how long you should spend in this process, the length of time should be proportional to the time spent dieting. The longer you’ve been in a chronic deficit, the longer you should be reverse dieting. So if you’ve been in prep mode for the past 10 months straight, you’ll want to reverse diet for at least that long to get the most out of the process.

Reverse Dieting

If you’ve already surpassed your previous maintenance macros and you’re starting to grow uncomfortable in your skin with the extra padding, you may decide that that’s your signal to switch gears. Remember: think long-term.

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EXPECTATIONS

How To Reverse Diet

I understand that you may be wondering what kind of results to expect when you embark on this reverse dieting journey. Will your metabolism skyrocket in a fortnight? Will you be able to simultaneously get leaner (e.g. lose fat) and increase your metabolic capacity at the same time? Will you be able to maintain your weight at 400g carbs a day like that one girl you saw on Instagram? The truth is, everybody responds differently to reverse dieting. Physical adaptations. You may be a hyper-responder and crank up your carbohydrate intake over time from a measly 75g to more than 300g a day, all the while losing 10lbs of fat. (Yes, it’s happened before.) There’s also a chance you may put on a little bit of fat in the process. And you may also fall in the middle, neither losing nor gaining inches. Obviously, everyone wants to be a hyper-responder; you get to have the best of both worlds.

Reverse Dieting

But that’s not the point. Some people tend to naturally have a more adaptive metabolism. This is good and bad – good in that when you’re reverse dieting, your bodyweight will more or less hold steady while your macros steadily increase; bad when you’re trying to diet back down and your body insists on holding onto every ounce of fat. While most individuals should have their macros adjusted every two to four weeks on average, those of you who fall into the extra metabolically adapted metabolism category might have to adjust your numbers more frequently to continue seeing results. It would also benefit you to push your carbs as high as possible when reverse dieting because you’re going to need every gram you can hang onto when you’re working your way back down.

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You Are Just 12 Weeks Away

REVERSE

If you find yourself in a position in which you are maintaining a reasonable level of body fat and enjoying a high carb intake on a daily basis (“high” being relative to each individual, of course), you may be dubbed a macronator. Conversely, hyper-responders tend to be those who are either genetically blessed and/or have never seriously dieted in their life. This puts them in a sweet spot as they’ll drop fat while continually increasing their caloric intake. You also have to keep in mind that your body’s response will also depend largely on how you go about manipulating your macros. Chances are pretty good that hyper-responders generally are very controlled and conservative with their macro increases. The scale weight may creep up a bit. Your clothes may fit a little tighter. And that’s okay, because it’s all part of the process. There’s a good chance you’ll gain a considerable amount of physical strength. This, as you can imagine, will likely be coupled with some hypertrophy.

Reverse Dieting

Mental adaptations. The purpose of reverse dieting is not to get you to look better right now, right at this very instant. The purpose is to prime your body over a long period of time in order to facilitate the fat loss process later on down the road. There will be some mental adjusting that needs to happen. With fat loss, you may have found it exhilarating to see visible improvements on a weekly basis. Your friends and coworkers likely commented that you’ve been looking leaner, your abs are amazingly chiseled, and how did you get that bicep vein to pop? You probably looked smashing in all of your clothes, and you were all too keen to strut your stuff in as little clothing as possible at the gym. With reverse dieting, that’s not quite how it works. Now, again, if you’re a hyper-responder, you’ll get to experience the thrill of leaning out while simultaneously increasing your food intake. But if you’re part of the large majority who do not fall into that category, be prepared for a little bit of extra fluff. Understandably, reverse dieting ends up being much more difficult for most folks than straight up fat loss. While the food intake is far more liberal, the truth of the matter is, not many are going to be thrilled with the idea of putting on some weight. And if the scale

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weight goes up and you’re gaining inches, it’s not easy to swallow your pride

You Are Just 12 Weeks Away

I get it. I’ve been there. It can be a real struggle to wake up one morning and realize mid-shimmy that you no longer fit into your favorite pair of jeans. Or to run into a friend that you haven’t seen in a while and have her subtly remark that you seem to have, ah, let yourself go.

But rather than lamenting the temporary departure of your much-coveted abs, make the proactive decision to embrace the process. Would you rather look the exact same a year from now on the same low macronutrient intake? Or would you prefer to look better (fuller, leaner, etc.) all the while consuming significantly more carbs and not starving yourself? And if you refuse to reverse diet, then what is the alternative?

Reverse Dieting

When you think about it that way, it becomes much easier to accept the extra weight. You know it’s only temporary, and you know you’re doing it with a grand vision in mind. But besides the weight gain, you’ll free yourself from the bonds of food restriction hell. You’ll get to experience first-hand what it’s like to be able to consume an ample amount of carbs without being afraid of them. No more black-and-white thinking. No more feeling guilty for eating sugar. That’s what freedom is like.

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Reverse Dieting

Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #5

LORI PYPER: 5’3”, 38 Y/O Coach: Layne Norton

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Before reverse dieting

End of reverse dieting

End of post-reverse dieting fat loss

120lbs

128lbs

123lbs

150g protein/45c/30f

170p/285g/45f

High: 150p/140c/26f

Testimonials

Low: 170p/80c/31f

“

I am a natural Pro figure athlete in the IFPA. Since 2011, I have reverse dieted and competed at several pro shows. My most recent 4th place at the Yorton Cup was certainly my best physique yet. I’m eating more than I ever would have imagined. Slowly increasing carbs and fat has been concept that I was unfamiliar with until recently. My preps have been much, much easier on my body. I never thought I would enter a pro show doing no more than 90 min of cardio a week!

Reverse Dieting

Using IIFYM has also brought my life back. I am social with my friends and have learned to not live by the “clean”/“dirty” food terms. I am no longer married to my scale which all these combined has brought my mind and physique to their best yet!

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WHAT’S NEXT What’s Next

What you decide to do once you’re done with reverse dieting is up to you. Many of you will have embarked on this journey with the ultimate purpose of eventually dieting down – on higher macros than before, of course. Perhaps you’ve set a long-term goal of competing in a show and you want to know what it feels like to lose fat without feeling like you’re dying. If that’s the case, it’s time to start cutting back on the macros again. Certainly, how much you lower your macros will all be relative to your current intake. If you ended your reverse dieting stint at a daily intake of 300g carbs and over 2,000 daily Calories, it wouldn’t make sense to immediately cut down to 1,200 Calories. That would defeat the purpose of all the hard work from the past few months. Rather, perhaps you can bring your carbs down to 250g for two weeks and go from there.

Reverse Dieting

You may alternatively decide that you’d prefer to maintain at your current intake for a number of months and enjoy where you are right now. And that’s perfectly fine. You may not be ready to diet again just yet; hell, you may not be interested in it at all. You may very well take advantage of this time to relish the fact that your body is healthy and functioning at full capacity once again. Whatever you choose to do, know that you should be proud of yourself for sticking it out ‘til the end.

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Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #6

Reverse Dieting

KELLY HATER Coach: Layne Norton Before reverse dieting

End of reverse dieting

End of contest prep

139lbs

160lbs

127lbs

155p/165c/50f

155p/280g/62g

145/150/32

“

I contacted Layne when my body was not responding from a short offseason. I did 6 competitions in 2012 from March to November, and 3 in 2011. My old coach kept telling me to keep competing because I was so close so many times to getting that pro card. Getting 2nd at Jr. Nationals in 2012 was the closest. My body rebounded after doing 1.5hours of cardio daily and dieting hard for two years. I stopped doing cardio at the end of 2012 as I was mentally and physically exhausted and burnt out, and of course I gained weight, going from 108 to 123 in 3 months. I would never have recommend any

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client do competitions this often, I knew better, but my old coach kept encouraging it. When it came time for me to start my prep again, I went from 1800 calories to 1300 calories and 30 min of cardio to 70 minutes a day in a seven-week period. I knew I was in trouble because, during that timespan, I only lost 2 lbs.

Testimonials

I was done. I knew I needed a coach to tell me to stop! And Layne did that for me. Layne told me what I needed to hear, not what I wanted to hear. I decided to hire him, we reversed dieted me for 8 or so months. I went from 100g carbs to 335g. And 35g fat to 70g. Weight went from 125lbs to 135lbs. We did one mini cut during my off season where I easily lost those extra 10lbs but with no sacrifice of any kind. Then I was back to my 125 but with completely different shape from when I started with him. Then I reverse dieted again only gaining 2lbs going back up to 275g carbs.

Reverse Dieting

It was time to start my competition prep. It was by best prep I have ever had. I didn’t lose any strength. I got down to 85g of carbs on my first prep with him weighing 115 lbs doing HIIT 4x a week with two 30-min moderate cardio sessions. I won the figure overall at that show. We then had seven weeks until my next comp. We reverse dieted for four weeks and cut for only three weeks and were able to drop down to a much tighter physique at 113lbs. Now that my competitions are finished, I am reverse dieting and looking forward to working with him for my future preps.

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Recommended Resources

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RECOMMENDED RESOURCES • To Macro or Not: Should You Track Your Macronutrient Intake? (article)

• MyMacros+ (for iPhones only) • MyFitnessPal

• How to Count Macros (e-book)

Macro-tracking apps

Macro-Counting Resources

• MyOatmeal.com • Quest Bars

Food and supplements

Reverse Dieting

• Layne Norton’s PHAT protocol • Layne’s Norton’s 15-minute cardio routine

Free Training and Cardio Programs

• Food scale • Food scale (portable)

Kitchen tools

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Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #7

Reverse Dieting

CARRIE MCMAHON: 5’4”, 19 Y/O Coach: Layne Norton Before reverse dieting

End of reverse dieting

113lbs

110lbs

1500-1700kcalories (not counting macros)

160p/245c/52f

“

While reverse dieting, my energy sky rocketed, my strength increased and as a result I was getting so much more out of my workouts (and out of life!) Along the process, I leaned down and came out more defined than ever for my bikini competition. While it was tedious adding in small amounts each week, it was so worth it. It was such an incredible feeling to be able to eat more food, feel more energized, and watch my body lean down.

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Recommended Coaches

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RECOMMENDED COACHES Below is a list of coaches that Layne Norton and I recommend and can vouch for. All of them have experience with both reverse dieting and fat loss and are more than qualified to help you. Because each coach will vary in personality and communication style, it’ll be worth your time to sit down for an evening and research them thoroughly. You’ll know you’ve found the right coach for you when you hit it off with him or her and you feel a connection.

Layne Norton Sohee Lee Ben Esgro

Reverse Dieting

Ryan Doris Paul Revelia Team 3DMJ Brooke Erickson Dr. Peter Fitschen Dr. Joe Klemczewski Matt Jensen Jen Jewell

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Carrie McMahon Brian Melancon

Recommended Coaches

Pamela Sampson John Otis William Grazione Team Wilson Evan Godbee Dynamic Duo Connor LaVallie Ryan Blackburn Natural Physique Sciences Mike Pucci

Reverse Dieting

Team RESULTS Training Vic Tringali

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Reverse Dieting

Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #8

JUSTIN RILLE: 5’11”, 33 Y/O Coach: Layne Norton Before reverse dieting

End of reverse dieting

209.6lbs

219lbs

High: 240p/240c/48f

240p/450c/90f

Low: 260p/140c/53f

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Frequently Asked Questions

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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS I’m not sure if I am metabolically adapted or not, but I still want to try reverse dieting. Is this OK, or will this be detrimental to my body? Absolutely. You don’t have to be suffering from metabolic adaptation to reverse diet, nor do you have to have a history of multiple cycles of dieting. In fact, if you have never severely dieted before in your life, reverse dieting will probably go splendidly for you. You’ll likely have to spend less time in the reverse dieting phase because your body will be responding readily to the increased food intake. This also means that you have better chances of your subsequent fat loss phase being successful with fewer obstacles along the way.

Reverse Dieting

Everyone can stand to benefit from reverse dieting.

Can I follow intermittent fasting/Paleo/carb cycling while I reverse diet? Will this affect the results? Technically you can, yes. It’s going to take some time to find what way of eating works best for your needs. You may find that you’re not really a breakfast person, and the thought of food first thing in the morning may make you sick. If that’s the case, there’s nothing wrong with waiting until later in the morning to break your fast. I encourage you to be mindful of how certain foods, meal sizes, and meal distributions make you feel and adjust accordingly. What will matter most in determining your success on this journey will be your consistent

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Frequently Asked Questions

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adherence to the program, which is largely contingent upon your personal preferences. If you don’t find the method that makes you feel your best and takes into account your individual needs, your chances of failure will greatly increase. To that end, personal preference will always trump what is considered optimal by science.

When do you know to add macros? If you’re gaining weight on your current macros, I would keep the macros steady for a number of weeks until your weight normalizes. Also take into consideration life stress, menstrual cycles, and anything else in your life that may be affecting the scale weight and your measurements. If your weight has been holding steady after a week or two, you can add macros slowly. If your weight is dropping, resist the urge to add a generous portion of macros and still add them judiciously. You may have lost 3lbs in the past two weeks, but if you then get overexcited and spike your macros, then the next week, the scale weight may jump back up. Then what happens? You’ll panic, you’ll probably try to bring your macros back down to undo the “damage” that’s been done, and then a few weeks later, you may find yourself bringing your macros up again, only to drop them once more a short time later. This defeats the inherent purpose of reverse dieting and you’ll be chasing your tail.

Reverse Dieting

It’s best to make small, consistent and controlled increases instead. I’d recommend paying close attention to your body and being as objective as possible.

If I go off-plan for my entire birthday month and put on a couple of pounds from overindulging in too much cake, is it alright if I cut down my macros for a few weeks to get my weight back down? If it was a binge, then no, you don’t want to drop your calories afterward because that’s a slippery slope. Don’t punish yourself for your mistake because you’ll quickly find yourself in a vicious cycle of overindulge-restrict-overindulge-restrict. It’s never going to end well. Yes, it sucks, but you should move on. Instead of beating yourself up for your mistake, ask yourself: What could I have done

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Frequently Asked Questions

differently? What did I learn? How can I use this to make myself better as I move forward? Have a proactive attitude as you approach this situation and everything you do will become a learning opportunity.

I’m stuffed all the time, and it almost makes me physically sick to eat all my macros day after day. Does it get easier? It does, but I’d also take a look at the kinds of foods you’re eating. As funny as this may sound, when your macros are high enough, it may not be practical to try to stick strictly to whole foods simply due to the fact that they tend to be more filling. I would suggest resorting to some calorie-dense foods that will give you more bang-foryour-calorie-buck and not leave you feeling so stuffed. Things like candy (particularly the fat-free kind) tend to help a lot with meeting carbohydrate requirements. Also take into consideration fruit juices and other liquid calories.

Reverse Dieting

For fats, make sure you’re cooking with oils – coconut oil, olive oil, grass-fed butter, and even ghee are all great options. You can also opt for higher-fat meats. If you’re struggling with consuming enough protein, you may want to consider one of the following options: 1. Add in a protein shake. You can get creative with this with a multitude of mix-ins: milk, nut butters, fruit, and even spinach to help get in your veggies. 2. Increase your protein portions at each meal. If you were previously eating 3oz meat with each meal before, try bumping that up to 4oz. 3. Throw in an additional meal. If you find that consuming too much protein at once doesn’t sit well for you, you may want to consider increasing the number of meals you eat overall. This may mean you should start eating breakfast, or perhaps you’d rather squeeze in a pre-bedtime meal. If you’re normally consuming

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Frequently Asked Questions

three meals a day, maybe five meals a day may help, as it will provide more opportunities to pack in nutrients.

I’ve got so much going on in my life outside of fitness. Relationships, career, family… all of that is really taking a toll on me right now. Is this still a good time for me to reverse diet, or should I hold off until things settle down? Here’s the thing: if you’ve got your plate full with other responsibilities, that leaves that much less mental energy to devote to reverse dieting – and chances are, it’ll get bumped down on the priority list. It’s understandably difficult to continually intend to do something – hit the gym five days a week, eat all the macros – and have your plans fall through time and time again. That in itself can be a huge source of stress and can decrease your confidence in your ability to do other things. As well, if your life stress is high, that may negatively affect your diet, whether it’s reverse dieting or fat loss. Chronically elevated cortisol can be a significant obstacle that stands in the way of you and your goal, even if you’re doing everything else right.

Reverse Dieting

You should first and foremost make an attempt to alleviate your life stress in some way, shape, or form. Perhaps try to untie yourself from some of your commitments for the time being, or if that’s not an option, find ways to manage your stress. I’ll leave it up to you to decide whether reverse dieting is worth the efforts at this time. Remember: you can’t always control what happens to you, but you can absolutely control how you choose to respond.

What is the physiology beyond hyper-responding? Is there any evidence/speculation on this? Unfortunately, since the concept of reverse dieting is so new, I don’t fully understand the physiology beyond hyper-responding. I’m merely reporting on my experience with myself, my clients, and others.

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Frequently Asked Questions

If I had to hazard a guess: in the same way that metabolism adapts to prevent weight loss, it’s adapting to prevent weight gain to preserve homeostasis. A hyper-response, of sorts. Research has shown that between weight-stable and weight-cycling individuals, the weight-stable tend to regain their metabolic rate and thyroid function much faster than weight-cycling folks. There likely is a correlation there.

Can I reverse diet even if I’m not counting macros? If you don’t track your macros, you won’t really have an accurate idea of how much you’re eating – so how would you know how much food to add? Especially with caloric increases to the tune of 80-100 Calories per adjustment, it would be near impossible to strike that right balance. People tend to underestimate their protein intake and similarly underestimate their total Caloric intake. To that end, the intuitive eating approach does not really go hand-in-hand with reverse dieting. I wouldn’t recommend it as it likely won’t go too well.

Reverse Dieting

Is it possible to reverse diet by increasing mostly fats and not carbs? It really depends on the individual and how they’re responding. I generally increase both fats and carbs at the same rate. Most people can tolerate carbohydrates up to the 200-gram range. Of course, there are always exceptions to everything. If someone does not consistently respond well to higher carbs, then I will increase fats. Now, how do I know if it’s the carbs that are the problem and not the overall calories? Where are their calories relative to their bodyweight? If they’re at a semi-normal range calorically and they’re still gaining weight, I may then try pushing their fats. With that said, I would not recommend a ketogenic diet, whereby virtually all

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carbohydrates are eschewed in favor of protein and a high, high amount of fats. Most people can “train” their metabolism, so to speak, to tolerate a reasonable level of carbohydrates. Not only that, but a ketogenic diet by principle violates what is practical and sustainable and is an invitation for rebound.

I can’t get in all my food in 5 meals. Is it okay to eat more frequently? If it means meeting your macros, sure.

Can’t I just eat when I’m hungry? Hungry is enormously complex and can be affected by a multitude of social and emotional factors. Simplifying it to “just eat when you’re hungry” can be a recipe for disaster, as you’ll likely find yourself way under on protein and completely off the mark with carbs and fats by the end of the day.

Reverse Dieting

The consistency of self-monitoring is incredibly reliable. If you’re serious about reverse dieting properly, count your macros.

I’m having trouble adhering to my macros. It’s not that I’m hungry; rather, I find myself spending way too much in the kitchen figuring out what I’m eating, and at the end I just get lazy and eat whatever. What should I do? If you haven’t already read the How to Count Macros e-book, it’ll be worth your time to check it out. It includes a plethora of practical tips and tricks for tracking your macros. It might also be a good idea to make your own meal plan for every day, and then stick to it on days that you don’t want to have to think about what you’re eating. This gives you control over your food choices but also saves you a good deal of time. So rather than planning day-by-day, create a template of sorts off of which you can work.

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Lastly, keep some emergency macros around. Emergency macros are essentially graband-go food items that you keep at home when you find yourself short on time or when you’re ravenous and need something to eat right away. These will generally be foods that are portable and ready to eat, such as nuts, protein bars, tuna packs, protein powder, beef jerky, and fruit. You can even keep some deli meat in your fridge if that’s something you enjoy. Remember that most skills are at first difficult before they become easy.

I have to take a training break for a while due to injury/ illness. Should I stop reverse dieting for the time being? You don’t have to stop reverse dieting completely; you can simply slow it down. You can still make progress with your metabolism without training, but understand that your energy expenditure will understandably be drastically decreased. How bad is the injury? Very few injuries mean you’re completely barred from the gym. Anything at all? Something is better than nothing, even if it means sticking strictly to isolation movements.

Reverse Dieting

Try to make some modifications in the gym just to get some kind of training effect. Figure out what you can do within the context of your injury. If your lower body is injured, you can increase the training volume of your upper body. Rather than getting down on yourself about your misfortune, see it as a golden opportunity to finally focus on those pull-ups you’ve been meaning to master, or maybe hone in on developing those boulder shoulders you’ve always coveted. If it’s an upper body injury – say, a broken arm, you can still get in the gym and train your lower body. Can you do leg extensions? Leg curls? There are numerous ways to get creative in the gym. If, however, you are unable to resistance train at all for whatever reason, keep in mind that the accompanying hormonal adaptations will not occur. Subsequently, the fat to muscle ratio will shift more in favor of fat.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Do you have to train five days a week? Or can you still have success with two days a week? That depends completely on the individual. If you’re a complete beginner to strength training, you may be able to significantly benefit from just two days a week of training. In this case, I’d recommend full-body workouts consisting of mainly compound movements. On the other hand, if you’re someone who’s no stranger to the gym with 20 years of lifting experience under your belt, you know that two days a week is just not going to cut it. You may be at the point where five or even six days a week of training is what’s necessary in order for you to see the results you’re looking for.

Do I have to count macros forever? In a word, no. I understand that it’s not always practical to do so, and the thought of keeping this up for the rest of your life can seem rather daunting.

Reverse Dieting

Rather, macro counting is a tool that can help you get to a goal. If you’re going to be reverse dieting, it will be substantially more difficult to do so without weighing and tracking your food, so yes, you do have to count macros for that. Beyond that, however, if your goal is neither to lose fat nor reverse diet, but simply to maintain, then no, you don’t have to break out the scale for every morsel of food. That doesn’t mean that food becomes a free-for-all; it should never get to that point. Mindfulness will always be a key player in your success. That means self-monitoring to some degree will be required. Pay attention to your portion sizes, focus your meals around protein, and stop eating when you’re satisfied, not stuffed to the brim.

I’m pregnant. Is it still appropriate for me to reverse diet? Should I follow the same guidelines? Yes. You need more calories, so absolutely you should reverse diet. This is the perfect time!

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Frequently Asked Questions

I know you’re wondering about food cravings and how that will affect the reverse dieting process. It doesn’t make sense to set up numbers for you that you can’t follow. Pregnancy is an incredibly transitional time in your life, and very rarely is everything going to go as planned. What you can do instead is base your macro numbers around what a normal day of pregnancy eating would look like for you. I will remind you once again that caution is not to be thrown to the wind. Yes, you’re eating for two, but you’re not necessarily doubling your caloric intake. Stay mindful. Always. How do cravings play into that? Hormones, etc. can affect your cravings obviously. Even if you’re gaining weight (as should be the case anyway), if you’re able to hit your macros, that in itself would be a victory. And yes, you can even continue to reverse through breastfeeding.

Reverse Dieting

If I am metabolically adapted, will it necessarily show up in my blood work? Not always. The metabolic adaptation literature shows that weight cyclers tended to not recover their resting metabolic rate as quickly as the weight stable people, which can perhaps point to an underactive thyroid. However, many metabolically adapted people are still within the normal thyroid range, even if on the low end. So while blood work can be useful, it’s not quite the end-all-be-all.

Can you do repeated reverse dieting cycles? Absolutely, and I could recommend it. I’ve found that dieting after numerous reverse dieting cycles becomes better over time. This appears to counteract the yo-yo cycle.

How is reverse dieting different from bulking? They’re two completely different animals.

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Bulking typically involves a caloric spike and may or may not entail the ingestion of enormous quantities of food. Bulking also doesn’t always take into account your past dieting history. For most people, bulking leads to rapid fat gain as the body doesn’t have a chance to catch up to the increase in food.

If I know I’m not done reverse dieting but I’m starting to feel uncomfortable in my skin, can I do a mini-cut for a few weeks before going back to reverse dieting? You can, but a mini-cut is only to be used judiciously. You can even do it every couple of months for two to three weeks at a time if it helps you stay on target. But when it comes to people who have been really restricted for a really long period of time, it’s probably not recommended. I’ve found that if this is your history, then doing a mini-cut too soon will backfire and you will not make much, if any, progress. Alternatively, a mini-cut can be longer if you’d like. You can make it six to eight weeks – essentially a full fat loss phase. The best thing you can do after your diet is to use the increased calories to train harder. Kick up the frequency and keep up the exercise intensity. The intensity can help subdue the weight gain.

Reverse Dieting

What about cheat meals? Contrary to popular belief, you can absolutely set yourself back significantly with one meal. You can absolutely gain fat from one meal. It’s recommended to practice mindfulness at all times. To that end, I wouldn’t advocate cheat meals. But if you are to approach them with the mindset that it’s just one meal and it’s never a free-for-all, you may implement them. Just keep in mind that since you are already in a caloric surplus, the cheat meals may lend to more weight gain.

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Reverse Dieting

Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #9

LAURIN CONLIN: 5’10”, 21 Y/O Coach: Layne Norton Before reverse dieting 170p/220c/50f

End of reverse dieting 170p/330c/75f

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End of post-reverse dieting fat loss 170p/115/35

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Acknowledgements

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Where do I even begin? This book would not have come to fruition without the help of a number of people. Layne Norton, first and foremost, of course, for having the faith and the trust in me to toil away at this project many months ago; for patiently answering every text, phone call, and email as I barraged him with hundreds of questions; and for providing invaluable resources, including full scientific papers, access to his clientele base, and connections to other highly respected fitness professionals. You have been a mentor and a friend and I can’t thank you enough for the countless opportunities you’ve provided for me thus far. Thank you for believing in me.

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Adam Bornstein, for helping me peel my face off the ground and pummel through the last few phases of this project. Without your business mentoring, this book would still be a half-finished Word document buried somewhere deep in my laptop. I’m grateful for your weekly phone calls and for your keeping me on my toes. Evan Walsh, my fiancé, for watching me wrestle with this for months on end. You sat by me on those nights I had to stay up late finishing up chapters and did a superb job at feigning interest as I ranted my frustrations and worries. Your unconditional support is what got me through to the end and I love you. My clients, for so generously granting permission to post their pictures and for providing testimonials. And all my mentors and colleagues over the years who have pushed me to be my best – thank you.

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Reverse Dieting

Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #10

RASMUS HANSEN: 5’6”, 37 Y/O Coach: Layne Norton Before reverse dieting

End of reverse dieting

End of post-dieting fat loss

184lbs

185lbs

177lbs

250p/255c/66f

250p/450c/99f

250p/405c/77f

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GLOSSARY Anti-starvation mechanisms (n): biological mechanisms by which the body prevents not only starvation but also weight loss

Glossary

Apoptosis (n): programmed cell death Body fat setpoint (n): the level at which the body strives to maintain homeostasis by manipulating hunger and metabolic rate Emergency macros (n): food items that are portable and keep well and therefore can serve as an emergency source for last-minute situations; examples include tuna packets, protein powder, nuts, and candy Flexible dieting (n): an approach to eating in which the majority of food intake consists of whole food sources while allowing for a small proportion of treats, or “junk food”; a diet in which no food is considered off-limits, though sufficient protein and fiber is advocated

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Ghrelin (n): hunger hormone associated with appetite; weight loss and caloric restriction increases ghrelin levels, lending to increased appetite Homeostasis (n): process by which the body’s internal conditions are maintained in spite of the varying external environment Hyperplasia (n): increase in cell number of a normal tissue or organ Hyperphagia (n): excessive hunger; increased appetite Hyper-responder (n): an individual whose body elicits an exaggerated response to an increase in food intake via a decrease in body fat Hypertrophy (n): an increase in size of skeletal muscle via increase in size of its cells Lipolysis (n): the breakdown of lipids; fat mobilization

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Macronator (n): an individual of reasonable body fat (i.e. relative leanness) who is able to consume an extremely high intake of carbohydrates while maintaining bodyweight Macros (n): macronutrients; the three chemical elements – proteins, carbohydrates, and fats – consumed by humans in the largest quantities that provide the majority of energy

Glossary

Metabolic adaptation (n): synonymous with metabolic damage; see below Metabolic damage (n): a term coined by Scott Abel that describes the phenomenon in which an individual experiences symptoms including but not limited to hypothyroidism, lack of vitality, osteoporosis, loss of menstruation (for females), and inability to lose weight despite chronically low calories, typically due to multiple cycles of poor dieting methods Metabolic efficiency (n): the process by which the body becomes more efficient at carrying out tasks; increased metabolic efficiency means reduced energy expenditure than predicted Post-starvation fat overshooting (n): the process by which extra body fat is gained following a weight loss cycle, usually resulting in greater scale weight than before Rebound (n): excessive weight gain that occurs as a result of post-dieting ad libitum high calorie food consumption

Reverse Dieting

T3 (n): thyroid hormone associated with metabolic rate; weight loss and low calorie dieting reduces T3 levels, which can then contribute to reduced lipolysis and increased fat storage Thermogenesis (n): the process of heat production in organisms

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Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #11

Reverse Dieting

P. P. : 5’5”, 31 Y/O Coach: Sohee Lee End of fat loss

“

End of reverse dieting

127lbs

133lbs

High: 140p/170c/45f

High: 140p/300c/53f

Low: 140p/135c/60f

Low: 140p/235c/82f

After a six-month long very strict diet (very low calories) I started looking for “an exit”. The diet was very successful as I was able to lose fat while maintaining lean mass. However, I

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knew that I couldn’t be on a diet like that one forever. First, the diet required too much discipline and “willpower.” Second, I started to worry about having my metabolism damaged.

Testimonials

I then started to research about reverse dieting and that seemed to me very logical: slowly increase calories in order to boost your metabolism with minimal fat gain in the meantime. As it so happened, Sohee was starting a reverse diet group and I decided to join it. I started my reverse diet journey in November of 2013 and until April of 2014 it was a very smooth ride: more food, better workouts, and no fat gained. Actually, on April 1st, I was leaner than when I started. Later I found out that that made me a hyperresponder and that I was in the minority. In the beginning of April, I injured my shoulder which made hard to keep my workout routine the same. After that, I ended up gaining some weight in the following month.

Reverse Dieting

Nevertheless, I really enjoyed the 9-month ride! People just can’t believe that I follow a “diet” because there are no off-limits foods and the carbs are plentiful.

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WORKS CITED Works Cited

1. “How Did I Let This Happen?” O, The Oprah Magazine, January 2009 2. A. W. Crescioni, J. Ehrlinger, J. L. Alquist, K. E. Conlon, R. F. Baumeister, C. Schatschneider, and G. R. Dutton, “High Treat Self-Control Predicts Positive Health Behaviors and Success in Weight Loss,” Journal of Health Psychology (in press). 3. T. Mann, A.J. Tomiyama, E. Westling, A.-M. Lew, B. Samuels, and J. Chatman, “Medicare’s Search for Effective Obesity Treatments: Diets Are Not the Answer,” American Psychologist 62 (2007): 220-33 4. N. L. Mead and V. M. Patrick, “In Praise of Putting Things Off: How Postponing Consumption Pleasures Facilitates Self-Control,” 2011. 5. K. D. Vohs and T. F. Heatherton, “Self-Regulatory Failure: A Resource-Depletion Approach,” Psychological Science 11 (2000): 249-54.

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6. C. P. Herman and D. Mack, “Restrained and Unrestrained Eating,” Journal of Personality 43 (1975): 647-60. 7. K. D. Vohs and T. F. Heatherton, “Self-Regulatory Failure: A Resource-Depletion Approach,” Psychological Science 11 (2000): 249-54. 8. Abdul G. Dulloo, Jean Jacquet, and Jean-Pierre Montani. “How dieting makes some fatter: from a perspective of human body composition autoregulation,” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71 (2012): 379-89. 9. National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference Panel, “Methods for voluntary weight loss and control,” Ann Intern Med 119 (1993): 764-70. 10. A. Keys, J. Brozek, A. Henschel et al, “The Biology of Human Starvation,” Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press (1950). 11. J. E. Blundell, G. P. Caudwell et al, “Body composition and appetite: fat-free mass (but

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not fat mass or BMI) is positively associated with self-determined meal size and daily energy intake in humans,” British Journal of Nutrition 107 (2012):445-49.

Works Cited

12. K.D. Hall, S.B. Heymsfield, J.W. Kemnitz et al, “Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95(2012):989-94. 13. E.T. Trexler, A.E. Smith-Ryan, and L.E. Norton, “Metabolic adaptations to weight loss: implications for the athlete,” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2014 11:7. 14. K. Sun, C.M. Kusminski, P.E. Scherer, “Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity,” Journal of Clinical Investment 121(2011):2094-11. 15. A. Martinsson, “Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of human adipose tissue in obesity,” Pol Arch Med Wewn 42(1969):481-6. 16. P. Arner, “Control of lipolysis and its relevance to development of obesity in man,” Diabetes Metab Rev 4(1988):507-15. 17. M. R. Jackman, A. Steig, J.A. Higgins, et al., “Weight regain after sustained weight reduction is accompanied by suppressed oxidation of dietary fat and adipocyte hyperplasia,” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294(2008):R1117-29.

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18. R.L. Leibel, “The role of leptin in the control of body weight,” Nutr Rev 60(2002):S15-9. 19. R.L. Leibel, “The role of leptin in the control of body weight,” Nutr Rev 60(2002):S15-9. 20. M. Rosenbaum, H.R. Kissileff, L.E. Mayer, et al., “Energy intake in weight-reduced humans,” Brain Res 1350(2010):95-102. 21. H.R. Kissileff, J.C. Thornton, M.I. Torres, et al., “Leptin reverses decline in satiation in weight-reduced obese humans,” Am J Clin Nutr 95(2012):309-17. 22. M. Moreno, P. de lange, A. Lombardi, et al., “Metabolic effects of thyroid hormone derivatives,” Thyroid 18(2008):239-53. 23. P. Sumithran, L.A. Prendergast, E. Delbridge, et al., “Long-term persistence of

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hormonal adaptations to weight loss,” N Eng J Med 365(2011):1597-604. 24. D.S. Le, N. Pannacciulli, K. Chen, et al., “Less activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in response to a meal: a feature of obesity,” Am J Clin Nutr 84(2006):72531.

Works Cited

25. H.R. Berthoud, “Metabolic and hedonic drives in the neural control of appetite: who is the boss?” Curr Opin Neurobiol 21(2011):888-96. 26. K. S. Labar, D. Gitelman, T. Parrish, et al., “Hunger selectively modulates corticolimbic activation to food stimuli in humans,” Behav Neurosci 115(2001):493-500. 27. G. Petrovich, B. Setlow, P. Holland, M. Gallagher, “Amygdalo-hypothalamic circuit allows learned cues to override satiety and promote eating,” J Neurosci 22(2002):8748-53. 28. M. McGuire, R. Wing, M. Klem, et al., “What predicts weight regain in a group of successful weight losers?” J Consult Clin Psychol 67(1999):177-85. 29. J.O. de Boer, A. J. van Es, L. C. Roovers, et al., “Adaptation of energy metabolism of overweight women to low-energy intake, studied with whole-body calorimeters,” Am J Clin Nutr 44(1986):585-95.

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30. M. Lahti-Koski, S. Mannisto, P. Pietinen, and E. Vartiainen, “Prevalence of weight cycling and its relation to health indicators in Finland,” Obes Res 13(2005):333-41. 31. A.M. Prentice, S.A. Jebb, G.R. Goldberg, et al., “Effects of weight cycling on body composition,” Am J Clin Nutr 58(1993):853-7. 32. Milgran, Stanley, “Behavioral Study of Obedience,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67(1963):371-8.

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Testimonials

TESTIMONIAL #12

Reverse Dieting

HEATHER S.: 5’7”, 40 Y/O Coach: Sohee Lee End of fat loss

End of reverse dieting 132lbs High: 135p/200c/62f Low: 135p/170c/74f

“

Over the years, I’ve been through several rounds of figure competition prep and various meal plans to refine my body. I’m fortunate in that I’ve never worked with a coach that

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Testimonials

prescribed me a dangerous and unhealthy caloric intake and cardio regime. However, my body was still in need of a rest from being in a deficit for so long. I started reverse dieting with Sohee in November of 2013, and over that time, I experienced a significant increase in both strength and energy. My food choices were able to expand greatly. I was planning fun and wonderful family meals with lots of great carbs and there was never a reason to feel bad about anything because it was all a part of my plan. Fruits, starchy veggies, breads, pastas, sweets…whatever I wanted was within reach as long as I made it part of my plan. Oh, and I also maintained or, at times, lost weight while increasing my caloric intake! Above all else, the most important benefit to me of reverse dieting is that it allowed me to learn a new, balanced way of eating. On top of that, I didn’t need to worry about having a negative impact on my impressionable three-year old daughter.

Reverse Dieting

I have learned how to be a positive role model for eating healthy, balanced, and moderate, and in a way that is going to fuel my body for success.

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