• Categories
• Conector eléctrico
• Fuente de alimentación
• USB
• Red de computadoras
• Antena (Radio)

Citation preview

KATHREIN’s Remote Electrical Tilt System

Edition 2012

Overview of related products, installation and control possibilities

99811878_Remote.indd 1

16.05.2012 11:25:32

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

General Information

The answer to all current and future network demands Further advantages of using Kathrein’s RET system:

Network planning is becoming ever more complicated, especially with 3G (UMTS) and 4G (LTE). The challenge for wireless network operators is to balance coverage, capacity, call quality and costs in order to gain maximum revenue from their network. Each of the above factors affects the others and so network engineers use many different techniques to establish the right balance they are trying to achieve.

 No need for specialized teams trained in altitude work or with special safety skills  Limited site access and/or time restrictions are not so important  No special platforms or other means of access to the antenna are required  Adjustments can be made and the relevant measurements performed speedily  Network alterations can be carried out irrespective of weather conditions  No reduction in coverage – cells remain fully operational whilst changes are being made  Operators estimate that approx. 20 % of UMTS equipment can be saved by using such a RET system

One of these methods is adjusting the antenna’s downtilt. Here, the engineer must take into consideration certain facts, such as the weather, access to the cell site, availability of specialized installation teams and special equipment etc. Moreover, such an antenna adjustment can typically take several hours to perform. Since the cell site is usually switched off for safety reasons during such an adjustment, this results in lost calls and therefore revenue whilst these changes are being made. Consequently, operators tend to make fewer adjustments and so networks are often left operating unoptimized, which also eventually results in lost revenue for the operators. However, with Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt (RET) unit engineers can make the necessary adjustments without shutting down the whole system!

2 99811878_Remote.indd 2

16.05.2012 11:25:51

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

General Information

RET components Slimline RCU (Remote Control Unit)

Optional:

Smart Bias Tee

Kathrein’s overall RET system works in accordance with the AISG (Antenna Interface Standards Group) standard and 3 GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project).

Bias Tee

Antenna Line Configurator (ALC)

DTMA DT (Double Tower Mounted Amplifier)

PCA (Portable Control Adapter)

CCU (Central Control Unit)

DC Power and Signal Splitter

Lightning Protection Device

Control Cable

Earthing Clamp

3 99811878_Remote.indd 3

16.05.2012 11:25:55

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

General Information

Kathrein’s RET system is already used and installed all over the world UMTS site of the operator T-Mobile at the “Oktoberfest” in Munich (Germany) with Kathrein’s RET system.

UMTS site of the operator T-Mobile in Germany with a Kathrein Tri-sector pipe antenna and integrated RET system and TMAs.

Multi-system-configuration site with Kathrein quadband antenna and RCUs.

Antenna site for LTE 800 and UMTS 2100 with two Kathrein dual-band antennas and RCUs for each system.

4 99811878_Remote.indd 4

16.05.2012 11:26:02

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Control Devices

Devices for controlling the RET System Antenna Line Configurator The antenna line configurator is a stand-alone device for the configuration and control of AISG antenna line products such as Kathrein’s RET system. For the operation, no external power supply and no PC or laptop are required. The Antenna Line Configurator is made for on-site use and has a touch-screen display which is sunlight visible. Its size is only 265 x 102 x 37 mm and it has an extra clip to securely fix it during the site access.

A variety of functions can be controlled with the Antenna Line Configurator, where the most important ones are:  Scan for AISG devices  Select and configure the scanned devices (e.g. adjust the down-tilt of the RCU)  Documentation and protocolling of antenna installation parameters in a report file  Update the software of the used antenna line devices such as RCUs, DTMAs etc.  Check the mechanical downtilt of the antenna with the internal tilt sensor

All complex functions and data which need more storage can be transferred via WiFi to an arbitrary mobile device such as a PDA, smartphone or laptop. A USB connection between the Antenna Line Configurator and a laptop is also possible. The mobile device does not need special software, a standard web-browser is sufficient. With one single Antenna Line Configurator, up to nine RCUs can be controlled, depending on the system configuration and the length of the control cable.

5 99811878_Remote.indd 5

16.05.2012 11:26:11

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Control Devices

Portable Control Adapter (PCA)

The PCA is a portable controller for the on-site configuration of ASIG antenna line devices, such as DTMAs or RCUs. This product is designed for mobile applications to be used by installers or maintenance staff with temporary access to the antenna site. Mainly, the PCA is used for the configuration of AISG devices directly after the installation. The PCA consists of a small control box and Windowsbased software to be installed on a laptop. The control box with dimensions of 40 x 95 x 160 mm (H x W x D) transforms the USB interface into an AISG-conform interface (RS 485 & DC voltage). Together with the supplied software, all functions of the RCU can be controlled via a laptop. Up to nine RCUs can be managed using one single PCA.

Central Control Unit (CCU)

The Central Control Unit (CCU) is a base-stationintegrated device to control antenna line devices such as RCUs and DTMAs. In order to cover all required applications, the CCU can be accessed from the Operational Maintenance Center (OMC) via the Ethernet input and/or directly on-site through a personal computer via the RS 232 input. For the control via a PC, the CCU can be operated with a standard browser which means no additional software is required.

For the control from the OMC, special Kathrein software can be used: the Antenna System Manager (ASM). This ASM is able to control the configurations of all antenna line devices on the antenna sites converging in the OMC. Up to 27 RCUs and six DTMAs can be controlled via one CCU, depending on cable size and maximum power.

6 99811878_Remote.indd 6

16.05.2012 11:26:18

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Control Devices

Connection Possibilities for RET Control Devices

For the communication between the control devices and the RCU, three different options are possible:  Using separate RS 485 cables  Using two Smart Bias Tees (SBT) in the feeder lines  Via a DTMA at the antenna and a Smart Bias Tee at the base station Depending on the respective application, either a CCU can be integrated into the base station or a PCA or Antenna Line Configurator can be used for the local configuration and control of the AISG antenna line devices.

7 99811878_Remote.indd 7

16.05.2012 11:26:25

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Control Possibilities

Ways of controlling the RET System: Communication between the OMC and CCU control. In this case, an installation team must be sent to the site. A laptop is connected by means of a PPP link to the RS 232 interface on the CCU. Alternatively, the Ethernet interface may be used. Instead of a CCU, an Antenna Line Configurator or a PCA can also be used for local control. Remote control: Due to the required UMTS and LTE network optimizations, the downtilt of an antenna’s vertical radiation pattern has to be adjusted much more frequently than as compared with a GSM network. To meet this demand, a remote controlled system via the OMC is inevitable. The Ethernet interface can be selected for implementing remote control in a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN). The electrical tilt can be controlled either locally or remotely.

The following transport and application protocols are served by the CCU: TCP/IP, UDP, PPP, DHCP, HTML and ICMP/Ping, FTP, and SNMP.

Local control: The configuration of the RET system and simple adaptation to network changes can be effected via local

RET – Software Tools RET – Browser Application The CCU runs a web-server. RCUs and CCUs, as part of a network, can be configured and controlled through a standard browser, e.g. Firefox, Internet Explorer – no additional software is required. The RET system can be controlled over a long distance directly on site. The connection to each CCU is easily generated simply by typing in its own individual IP address. The website which appears contains all the required control functions for normal service and installation. In addition to permitting the configuration and control of the connected RCUs and TMAs, the CCU program also displays the device status, command history list and various types of system errors. Via the alarm interface all AISG alarms can be read off.

ion format in r e h t For fur ee the s ual! re man a w t f o s

It is also possible to perform CCU software updates. The browser application is a helpful tool for the installation team on site, especially during the initial configuration of a RET system. Each CCU, and with it each of the connected RCUs, can be addressed and controlled individually.

Therefore, the browser application also offers a practical solution for responding to new situations by changing the individual downtilt angles quickly and easily.

8 99811878_Remote.indd 8

16.05.2012 11:26:32

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Software Tools

RET – Antenna System Manager (ASM)

Via the Operational Maintenance Center (OMC), hundreds of sites are controlled at the same time. With the CCU browser application, not more than one CCU can be controlled at once. Hence, this tool is not suitable for an extensive site control. Therefore, Kathrein has developed the Antenna System Manager (ASM), a special software tool which gathers the access to the functionality of all CCUs into one single application. The ASM is a SNMP based software installed on the OMC computer for detecting faults and realizing network changes and events in real-time. It offers an optimized solution for controlling up to 10,000 CCUs at once. The ASM is based on a Client Server Architecture whose database contains all important network parameters needed for the configuration and the current status of all connected antenna line devices. This tool provides an excellent possibility to manage a whole network via one single program integrated in the OMC. For more detailed information, please contact your local Kathrein partner or [email protected]

9 99811878_Remote.indd 9

16.05.2012 11:26:35

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Instructions

Attaching the RCU (Remote Control Unit) for remote-controlled downtilt adjustment:

Twist off the protective cap completely from the antenna. Check the proper function of the phase shifter over the entire adjustment range by twisting the adjustment wheel in such a way, that the spindle moves completely in and out. Reset the downtilt to 0 degrees. Completely remove the black adjustement wheel by simply pulling it downwards.

Push the attachment nut of the RCU down towards the housing.

Clean the thread surface. Apply the assembly paste evenly onto the full circumference of the thread as illustrated in the figure.

Place the RCU carefully over the adjustment spindle, observing the correct alignment of the RCU with regards to the antenna, i.e. the flat surfaces of the attachment fixture on the antenna side and those inside the RCU housing must lie flat against each other.

Note! Avoid ingestion and contact with eyes. In case of contact with eyes rinse thoroughly with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Avoid long-term contact with skin. In case of contact with skin wash off with soap and water.

Push-up the RCU carefully to the stop at the antenna. Please note! Do not twist the RCU during attachment to the antenna, as this may damage the adjustment spindle.

For further information please read the ‘Safety data-sheet (91/155 EEC), Anti-Seize ‘High-Tech’ Assembly Paste different packing sizes’ at http://www.weicon.com/en

Tighten the RCU attachment nut using a torque-wrench; wrench width = 41 mm, min. torque = 15 Nm, max. torque = 18 Nm. Connect the RCU control cable immediately after attachment of the RCU. The tightening torque for fixing the control cable connector must be 0.5–1.0 Nm (‘handtightened’). Please note! In cases where a mechanical downtilt unit is installed, this must not be set for a downtilt of more than 14 degrees.

Connecting the control cables: Connect a control cable to the daisy chain input of the RCU.

For daisy chain operation, remove the protection cap and attach a control cable to interconnect with the daisy chain input of the subsequent RCU.

The tightning torque for fixing the connector must be 0.5–1.0 Nm (‘hand-tightened’). The connector should be tightened by hand only!

Daisy chain in (male)

Daisy chain out (female)

Please note: If the daisy chain output is not used, do not remove the protection cap.

Please note: Do not remove the protection cap on the daisy chain output of the last RCU device. Bottom view of RCU

10 99811878_Remote.indd 10

16.05.2012 11:26:38

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Datasheets

Remote Control Unit (RCU) For Kathrein base station antennas with adjustable electrical downtilt and appropriate mechanical interface  Compliant to AISG 1.1 and 3GPP/AISG 2.0 (switchable)  Compact size  Daisy chain feasibility  Suitable for operation under outdoor condition Type No. Protocols Logical interface ex factory 1) Input voltage range Power consumption Connectors 2) Hardware interfaces

Adjustment time (full range) Adjustment cycles Temperature range Protection class Lightning protection

Housing material Weight Packing size Dimensions (H x W x D)

86010148

86010147

Compliant to AISG 1.1 and 3GPP/AISG 2.0 AISG 1.1 3GPP/AISG 2.0 10 ... 30 V (pin 1, pin 6) < 1 W (standby); < 10 W (motor-activated) 2 x 8 pin connector according to IEC 60130-9; according to AISG; Daisy chain in: male; Daisy chain out: female RS 485A/B (pin 5, pin 3); Power supply (pin 1, pin 6); DC return (pin 7); According to AISG/3GPP 40 sec (typically, depending on antenna type) > 50,000 -40 °C … +60 °C IP 24 AISG interface (each pin) 2.5 kA (10/350 μs) 8 kA (8/20 μs) Profile: Aluminum anodized; cover: Aluminum die-cast coated 455 g (0.99 lbs) 245 x 93 x 102 mm (9.6 x 3.6 x 4 inches) 177.5 x 59.5 x 49.5 mm (7.0 x 2.3 x 1.9 inches)

1) The protocol of the logical interface can be switched from AISG 1.1 to 3GPP/AISG 2.0 and vice versa with a vendor specific command. Start-up operation of the RCU 86010147 is only possible in a RET system supporting AISG 1.1 and start-up operation of the RCU 86010148 is only possible in a RET system supporting 3GPP/AISG 2.0!

Please contact Kathrein for further information. 2) The tightning torque used to fix the connector must be 0.5–1.0 Nm (‘hand-tightened’). The connector should be tightened by hand only!

11 99811878_Remote.indd 11

16.05.2012 11:26:44

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Datasheets

Antenna Line Configurator (ALC) For Antenna Line Devices (ALD) Stand-alone unit for the configuration and control of antenna line devices

Type No. Connector * to RCU/TMA Input voltage of ALC Display Tilt sensor Output voltage to RCUs/ TMA’s

Output power (power supply to RCUs/ TMA’s) Current monitoring measurement level Over-current protection Interface to RCU/TMA Protocol to RCU/TMA Interface Max. number of RCUs/TMAs Max. length of control cable

86010156 1 x 8-pin connector according to IEC 60130-9, female, conforming to AISG RF-connector (SMB male) 20–30 V DC Touchscreen, sunlight visible, impact resistant Measuring range ± 80°, accuracy ± 1° AISG female pin 6 (24 V DC): 20–30 V DC AISG female pin 1 (12 V DC): 10–15 V DC RF male (at 24 V DC): 10–30 V DC ** RF male (at 12 V DC): 10–15 V DC ** AISG female pin 6 (24 V DC) without load on pin 1 (12 V DC) and on RF-plug: ≤ 15 W AISG female Pin 1 (12 V DC) with max. 7.5 W load on pin 6 (24 V DC) and/or on RF plug: ≤ 7.5 W Per branch (12 V, 24 V, RF): 10–1,500 mA

Per branch (12 V, 24 V, RF): < 1,500 mA RS 485/power supply/RF connector (SMB male) HDLC hex-coded command set, conforming to AISG 1.1 and 3GPP/AISG 2.0 W-LAN, USB 9/1 pcs., depending on system configuration and length of control cable 200 m/9 RCUs (in daisy chain configuration) 150 m/6 RCUs (in splitter configuration) Weight 1 kg Protection class IP 54 Temperature range 0 ... +55 °C ambient temperature Dimensions (H x W x D) 265 x 102 x 37 mm Packing size 400 x 280 x 85 mm Power supply LiPo-battery (14.8 V, > 2,000 mAh) * Tightening torque used to fix the connector must be 0.5–1.0 Nm (‘hand-tightened’). The connector should be tightened by hand only! ** Switchable with software

Preliminary Issue

12 99811878_Remote.indd 12

16.05.2012 11:26:48

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Datasheets

Central Control Unit (CCU) For Remote Electrical Tilt (RET) and Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) Control Base-station integrated unit to control antenna line devices, for indoor use only.

Type No. Connectors 1) to RCU Power supply from BTS Power supply to RCU Total output power Interface to RCU and TMA Protocol to RCU and TMA Interface to BTS Protocols to BTS Alarm interface to BTS Max. number of RCUs and/or TMAs Max. length of control cable Temperature range Packing size Dimensions (h/w/d)

86010006

86010026

3 x 8 pin connector acc. to IEC 60130-9, female, acc. to AISG DC: -48 V/max. 1.7 A DC: -48 V/max. 1.7 A AC: 100 … 240 V/50 ... 60 Hz/max. 1.6 A 3 x +29 V DC/max. 1.7 A (in total) 3 x +13 V DC/max. 3.8 A (in total) Max. 50 W RS 485/power supply HDLC hex-coded command set, acc. to AISG Ethernet (10 Base-T) and RS 232 TCP/IP, PPP, HTTP/HTML, UDP, DHCP, FTP, SNMP, ICMP/PING 8 x open collector output, user programmable Up to 27 RCUs in daisy chain and up to 6 DTMA’s; depending on cable configuration and max. power 200 m (9 RCUs in daisy chain configuration) -25 °C ... +55 °C ambient temperature 597 mm x 367 mm x 148 mm 19", 1 HU* (43.6 mm/483 mm/250 mm)

* HU = Height Unit 1) The tightning torque used to fix the connector must be 0.5–1.0 Nm (‘hand tightened’). The connector should be tightened by hand only!

13 99811878_Remote.indd 13

16.05.2012 11:26:53

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Datasheets

Portable Control Adapter (PCA) For Remote Control Unit (RCU) For Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) Portable controller for the local configuration of antenna line devices.

Type No. Connector * to RCU/TMA Input voltage of PCA Output voltage to RCUs/TMAs

Output power (power supply to RCUs/ TMAs) Current monitoring measurement level Over-current protection Interface to RCU/TMA Protocol to RCU/TMA

86010046 1 x 8-pin connector according to IEC 60130-9, female, conforming to AISG RF-connector (SMB male) 24 V DC AISG female pin 6 (24 V DC): 24 V DC ± 10 % AISG female pin 1 (12 V DC): 14 V DC ± 7 % RF male (at 24 V DC): 24 V DC ± 10 % *** RF male (at 12 V DC): 14 V DC ± 7 % *** AISG female pin 6 (24 V DC) without load on pin 1 (12 V DC) and on RF-plug: ≤ 60 W AISG female Pin 1 (12 V DC) with max. 30 W load on pin 6 (24 V DC) and/or on RF plug: ≤ 30 W Per branch (12 V, 24 V, RF): 10–2,500 mA

Per branch (12 V, 24 V, RF): < 2,500 mA RS 485/power supply/RF connector (SMB male) HDLC hex-coded command set, conforming to AISG 1.1 and 3GPP/AISG 2.0 Interface to PC USB 1.1/2.0 Max. number of RCUs/TMAs 27/3 pcs., depending on system configuration and length of control cable Max. length of control cable 200 m/9 RCUs (in daisy chain configuration) 150 m/6 RCUs (in splitter configuration) Weight 535 g (incl. external power adapter) Temperature range 0 ... +55 °C ambient temperature Height x width x depth 40 mm x 95 mm x 160 mm External power supply ** Input: 90–264 V AC, 47–63 Hz 24 V DC/3.0 A * Tightening torque used to fix the connector must be 0.5–1.0 Nm (‘hand-tightened’). The connector should be tightened by hand only! ** If powered via AISG-interface, no external power supply is required. *** Switchable with software

14 99811878_Remote.indd 14

16.05.2012 11:26:57

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Datasheets

RET Cable for power supply and control For indoor and outdoor use, designed according to ETS 300019-1-4, class 4.1E

Type No. Connectors Tightening torque for fixing the connectors Construction

Rated current Temperature range Protection class Cable diameter Flammability Colour

86010007 ... 2 x 8 pin connector, according IEC 60130-9, female/male 0.5–1 Nm (the connector should be tightened by hand only) Screen 1 x twisted pair 100 Ω/1 MHz 2 x power supply, 1 x ground AWM style 20317 I/II A/B / 20549 / 20233 4 A (power supply) (at 50 °C air temperature) -40 °C to +80 °C, (fixed position) IP 67 (connected) 8 mm VL 1581 VW-1 CSA FT 1 Black, similar to RAL 9005

Minimum bending radius: One time 60 mm, several times 120 mm. The control cables are available in different lengths from 0.5 m up to 100 m.

Female

Male

PIN assignment according AISG: 1 +13 V DC (+12 V DC nominal) 2 Not connected 3 RS 485 B 4 Not connected 5 RS 485 A 6 +29 V DC (+24 V DC nominal) 7 DC Return 8 Not connected

DC-Power and Signal Splitter For Remote Electrical Tilt (RET) Indoor and Outdoor Use AISG compliant device for splitting of DC-power and control signals from one input to three outputs.

3-way splitter for RET Type No. Connectors 1) Rated current (power supply) Max. voltage Protection class Weight Packing size Height/width/depth 1)

86010002 4 x 8 pin connector according IEC 60130-9, 1 x male, 3 x female 3 A (at 50 °C) 60 V IP 65 250 g 114 mm x 117 mm x 117 mm 91 mm/103 mm/72 mm

The tightning torque used to fix the connector must be 0.5–1.0 Nm (‘hand-tightened’). The connector should be thightened by hand only!

15 99811878_Remote.indd 15

16.05.2012 11:27:08

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

Datasheets

Lightning Protection Device (LPD) For Remote Electrical Tilt (RET) Indoor and Outdoor Use The device is designed for lightning protection of control cables carrying partial lightning currents up to 25 kA (shield) and 2.5 kA (inner conductor), according IEC 61643-1, IEC 61312-3. Each pin is protected individually.

86010030

Type No. 1)

Connectors

SPD-type Max. impuls current Max. dynamic overvoltage at spark gap (1 kV/μs) Static overvoltage (100 V/s) Grounding

Max. operation current Max. operation voltage Weight Packing size Height/width/depth 1)

2 x 8 pin connector, according IEC 60130-9, input: male, output: female 8 x bipolar gas tube 25 kA (housing, shield) (10/350 μs) inner conductors: 2.5 kA/pin (10/350 μs) < 700 V < 100 V Via mounting plate/clamps at metallic surfaces or via separate cable, min. cross-section 5 mm2 Cu (screw M6) 4 A at 50 °C 60 V 250 g 114 mm x 117 mm x 117 mm 91 mm/103 mm/72 mm

The tightning torque used to fix the connector must be 0.5–1.0 Nm (‘hand-tightened’). The connector should be tightened by hand only!

Earthing Clamp For Power Supply and Control Cable For Remote Control Unit (RCU) The clamp is designed for lightning protection of control cables according accordin ng to EN EN 50164-1 501 164-1 Type No. Max. lightning current Contact resistance Protection class Grounding

Packing size Weight

86010031 20 kA (pulse 10/350 μsec) < 3 mΩ IP 68 Via stranded grounding wire, 16 mm2, length 0.5 m, one end terminated with cable eye (10 mm lug) Plastic bag: 210 mm x 210 mm 160 g

16 99811878_Remote.indd 16

16.05.2012 11:27:14

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

DTMAs

KATHREIN DTMAs Kathrein DTMAs are designed in a compact line and as double units for easy use with XPol antennas. All DTMAs have a bypass mode to ensure cell operation in case of DC power down and have a built-in lightning protection. DTMAs with AISG compatibility support AISG 1.1 and AISG 2.0 (default) and are suitable for antenna RET control according to AISG/3GPP standard.

17 99811878_Remote.indd 17

16.05.2012 11:27:22

Kathrein’s Remote Electrical Tilt

DTMAs

Kathrein offers a big variety of different DTMA types with numerous features. The customer can choose an adequate DTMA according to the following characteristics: 1. Single mode (AISG or CWA) or dual mode (AISG and CWA) DTMA 2. Different gain values  12 dB  24 dB  12/32 dB (switchable) 3. Single-band and dual-band devices 4. Various frequency ranges  700 MHz range  800 MHz range  850 MHz range  900 MHz range  1,800 MHz range  1,900 MHz range  AWS  2,100 MHz range  2,600 MHz range 5. RF-bypass at different frequencies For an up-to-date overview of all existing types, please see the TMA selection guide on our homepage.

18 99811878_Remote.indd 18

16.05.2012 11:27:29

For your notes

19 99811878_Remote.indd 19

16.05.2012 11:27:31

99811878/6/0512/ZWD/Pf Technical data subject to change. Technical data represent typical values.

For technical information, orders, catalogues or CD-ROM, please contact: [email protected]

Internet: http://www.kathrein.de KATHREIN-Werke KG · Phone +49 8031 184-0 · Fax +49 8031 184-973 Anton-Kathrein-Straße 1-3 · P.O. Box 10 04 44 · 83004 Rosenheim/GERMANY

99811878_Remote.indd 20

16.05.2012 11:27:34