• Author / Uploaded
• palmuaddibka

Citation preview

Grammar folder Unit t

Past perfect contlnuous tense

This tense is used

Perfect tenses The perfect tenses are used

. English in a number of ways.

Present perfect simple tense . when talking about events or situations that started in the past and are stili true Amelia Kenton has lived in the same house all her life.

¡ . .

when thinking about the present effects of something that happened in the past I've lost my purse so I need some money for the bus. when talking about a recent event or situation lack has just phoned to wish you good luck.

when referring to something that will happen at some time in the future As soon as I haye settled in, come and stay!

to stress the continuity of an event at an earlier point in

time Their cat had been missing for over a week when a neighbour spotted it in the local park. See also

information regarding stative verbs.

Future perfect simple tense This tense is used

.

to refer to events which have not yet happened but wiil definitely do so at a given time in the future By the end of September, I will have started that course in London.

Future perfect continuous tense This tense is used

o

to indicate duration at a specified time in the future Come next Saturday, we'll have been going out together for a whole year!

Present perfect continuous tense This can sometimes be used instead of the present perfect simple tense. So, in the first example above, you couid also say Amelia Kenton has been living in the same house all her

Other modalverbs

lrfr.

To express regret about the past, should or ought to is

Main uses of the present perfect continuous tense

. .

are:

to stress the period of time involved I've been sitting at th¡s computer all day! to refer to a situation that continues Membership numbers at this club have

been

I'm sorry, I ought to have remembered that you can't eat strawberries.

falling year by

year.

o

¡

combined with a perfect tense form. We should never have bought Alex that drum kit!

Unit z

to focus on the present effects of a recent event You can tell it's been raining - the seats are still damp.

Aspects of the future

to refer to something that has recently stopped Have you been crying?

There are many ways of expressing the future in English depending on meaning. We can use:

Note that stative verbs such as be, know, seem are nof usually used in continuous tenses. For example, you would not say I've been knowing lim since he was I 5, b:ut I ve known Jim since he was 15. Past perfect simple tense This tense is generally used to clari$, the timing of an

Will + infinitive to predict what is going to happen based on past experience or opinion You must go to lndia * you'll enjoy it.

. .

event. It is used

¡

to refer to an event which took place before something

o

else

Sailing towards the harbour I remembered how it had looked on my first visit, ten years earlier. Sometimes this involves using words llke already or just. I had just stepped into the bath when the phone rang.

G

RAMMAR FOLDE

R

in more formal contexts for arrangements which have been made in some detaii The tour will begin at 9.30 and all visitors to the site will need to wear good walking shoes. for decisions which are made on the spur of the moment

I think I'll

go to Paris next weekend.

Going to + infinitive . to predict something that you have evidence for Look at those clouds - I'm sure it\ going to rain.

.

to express intentions or decisions I'm going to see the Museum of Modern Art when I get to

Future perfect cont¡nuous . to emphasise how long something has been going on for by a particular point in the future The airline will have been carrying passengers for fifty years at the end of March.

New York.

Note that this tense isnt used with stative verbs, e.g.

Shall+ infinitive to talk about the future instead of will wifh I and we, although it is used less nowadays than previously I shall certainly travel first class next time I go abroad.

. .

Expressions ¡ There are various expressions in English which are used

to express future meaning. These include:

for offers Shall

to be about to

I carry your bags?

to be on the verge/point of

Present continuous . to talk about activities or events which have alreadybeen arranged or are definite. The future continuous can also be used in this context. It is a little more formal. I'm travelling on the Orient Express to Venice. I'll be travelling on the Orient Express to Venice.

. o

to avoid going to + go we can use the present continuous form ofgo instead He\ going climbing in the Alps next summer. for surprising or unexpected events Paula is taking her mother on her honeymoon!

leaves at 5.00 sharp every

Unit

3 Conditional clauses There are four main tlpes of conditional clauses.

o

in temporal clauses after

a

o

-

to express real situations tense

Second conditional

If I If I

time conjunction

I'll

¡

?neet

-

to express unreal situations

tense I wouldlcouldlmight had some money, I would live somewhere warmer. were

you, ld go now before it rains.

Third conditional - to express unreal situations If + past perfect I wouldl couldlmight + have + past participle

:uture continuous

If

'

have been in a worse mood.

to talk about something that is going on at a particular rime or over a particular period in the future The ship

will

o

be travelling at 20 knots as it cruises in the

.

she hadn't had the chocolate chíp ice cream, she

would

Mixed conditionals

If + past tense I mightl couldl shouldlwould - for situations in the present which affect the past If I weren't so untidy, I wouldn't have lost your keys. If + past perfect I wouldlmightlcould + infinitive - for situations in the past which affect the present If I had moved to Calfornia, I would be much richer

Caribbean.

¡

will

If + past

Friday

I{hen you arriye in Beijing, go directly to the hotel and you in the lobby.

First conditional

If you don't apologise, you'll regret it later.

¿vening.

.

Zero conditional - to express real situations If/When + present tense I present tense If I eat too much in the evening, I can't sleep at night.

If + present tense I future

Programme

trainfor Burnley

to b e b ound/ c ertain / likely / unlikely t o to be on the brink of

¡

Present simple . to talk about future events such as a timetable or The

see,

believe, hear, know, become, efc.

-or something that has been arranged previously Luisa wíll be visiting us again in the fall. -^rhen

you want to appear very polite l,t-ill you be needing anything to drink, Sir?

today.

¡e + infinitive . -irr official notices, newspaper reports, formal -:istructions and to give orders ?;issengers are to leaye by the rear door of the aircraft.

:,.;ture perfect | :.i say when something will be completed by - ;iope they will have finished the building work on the

lnversion and conditionafs Sentences with inversion are more formal than those with

o

First conditional This often expresses a tentative idea/request/offer, etc. If you should require more assistance, please telephone. Should you require more assistance, please telephone.

::,.tel before we go on holiday.

GRAMMAR FOLDER

'ifl

o

Second conditional If you went out in this weather, youd be thoroughly

I

soaked.

To talk about something which continued to happen

Were

you

to go

used to go swimming four or five times a week. Every spring, Grant visited his elderly aunts in Maine.

out in this weather youd be thoroughly

before and after a given event, the past continuous is used. While Kevin was away visitingfriends in ltaly, his flat was

soaked.

¡

Third conditional lf I had known there

burgled. was going

to be a storm, I would

To talk about a temporary situation in the past, the past

have stayed indoors.

continuous is used.

Had I known there was going to be a storm, I would have

The two families were eating a meal together time.

stayed indoors.

Other conditiona I cla uses . If + would I will: If you would take a seat, the doctor will see

you shortly.

.

If + will I will: I'll clean the

o

Other words and phrases can be used to introduce conditional clauses:

To express certainty or near-certainty about something in the past, the modal verb must is used wíth have and a past participle. Those early settlers must have had access to fresh water. You must have seen that Johnny Depp film at least five times!

f

if introduces an extreme condition. Well, it\ true, even if you refuse to believe me. Unless car be replaced by if ...not or providing ... not

To express uncertainty about something in the past, the modal verbs could, may, might are used with have and a past participle.

but sometimes works better with except when. except when

/

unless

suppose it could have been my mistake, though I labelled everything cleaily. Experts are suggesting that the virus may have been carried long distances on the wind. We might have met at that party in 2010?

I

I get

excellent service.

Supposing should be used at the beginning of the sentence and is often not used as a linking word, but rather in the sentence setting up the condition. Supposing/suppose

it rains tomorcow. What will

To express impossibility about something in the past, the modal verbs can't or couldn't are used wifh have and a past participle. You can't have got to Leeds yet - it's a four-hour drive at

we do?

Given that is used when some fact is already known. Given that this area is liable to Jlood, it would be unwise in the extreme to consider buying a house here. But

for

and without are often used with

first

Speculating about the past

Even

I won't give a waiter a tip

the

For information about the past perfect, see also the section on Perfect tenses on page 178.

house, if you'll mow the lawn.

Providing, provided that, as/so long as are similar to They are all emphatic forms emphasising a condition.

for

least! Iames couldn't have played cricket last week as he was away.

third

conditional sentences.

for his help, I would never the ferry crossing.

But

have managed to survive

Using the passive ¡n the past o The passive is formed with the verb be and a past participle. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. Repairs were being made to the bridge at first light this morning. Fork-like implements have been used for over 2,000 years. Both sides had been advised to seek fresh legal representation before the trial.

Unit 4 Talking about the past There are a number of ways of talking about the past in English.

¡ .

To talk about completed actions, the past simple is used. Novak Djokovic won his first Grand Slam singles title in 2008, at the age of20. To talk about events which occurred regularly or habitually in the past, would or used to can also be used. was our little ritual. I would nod, she would smile and he would look longingly.

It

GRAMMAR FOLDER

o

There are only two passive infinitives that are commoniy used in English, the present and the perfect forms. This yoghurt needs to be eaten before the 25th. Radical cuts to the budget seem to have been made by the Managing Director.

Note that passive infinitives are often used after the verbs appear, prove and seem, as in the second example above.

Unit

o

5

For people and expressions concerning time and distance an apostrophe is generally used.

Nouns

my uncle's sister the boyi shoes

Nouns can be countable or uncountable.

¡

Countable nouns can: use a/an or the or some be used in the plural take the following determiners: many, a large number oJ several,

r

.

a

few, few, a lot

a

o

the back of the room the cover of the book

¡

of

or place.

can use the or some or nothing are used only in a singular form

a table leg a night Jlight

can take the following determiners: much, a great deal of, a large amount of,little, a little, a lot of

a shop window

trffic, advice, luggage, luck, ork, homework, furniture, eyidence Some nouns can be countable and uncountable with a slight change of meaning. The bridge is

hair. There are hairs on your jumper. built of stone. I've got a stone in my shoe.

Some nouns can be countable and uncountable

but

.

o

r

o

o

.i lump of sugar t shaft of sunlight

That'll be my guitar teacher; I heard him ring the door bell. She should have been able to sing at the concert, her sore throat was much better.

5ome nouns with a singular form can be treated as singular noun is seen as a unit

You must be tired after your performance.

o

)ome nouns look plural but take a singular verb. lite news is on at 8.00 pm. :,:hletics is an important part of the Olympics.

:cssesslve forms ,

.;ession can be signalied in English in three different s - using an apostrophe, using o/and using a noun as

r""

-L:

.;iective.

t

and could not.

released yet.

o

Could and might can be used to imply criticism or irritation. Intonation is very important in carrying meaning with these modals. You might have told me you'd be coming late. You could practise a bit more.

iDme nouns like policelooksingular but take a plural verb. -ite police are involved in tryingto catch the thief.

Impossibility is expresse dby cannot/can

It can't be aflute; it sounds more like a clarinet. You couldn't haye seen the new film _ it hasnt been

T!rc class is/are doing exams at present.

:

Deduction is expressed by must be I must haye been, be / will have been and should be / should have

will

been.

lÍrc committee is/are looking into the matter of vandalism.

¡

be many left. He may/might not have bought the album you wantecl.

üere are sometimes specific words which should be used instead.

.¡r plural, depending on whether the ,¡r a collection of people.

r

Could, may and might express present possibility with reference to the future, present or past. It may/might/could be a good concert/ haye been a goorl

May not and might not express possibility negatively. Get your ticket for the concert today; there may/mighit not

little capital to work with.

The majority of uncountable nouns can be made singular or plural by adding a bit/piece of or bits/pieces of, However,

Can is used to express possibility without reference to past, present or future. He can sound off-key at times when he sings.

concert.

.

completely change their meaning. I\thati the capital ofyour country? The company has very

to indicate kind, use

Degrees of likelíhaad

n, eather, w

She has grey

as an adjective

Unit 5

accommo dation, information,

r

A noun is often used

Uncountablenouns:

Common uncountable nouns include: most substanc es - coal, china, Jlour, efc. abstract nouns - happiness, admiration, freedom all sports most nouns ending in -ing - shopping, sightseeing

o

year\ salary

For objects o/is generally used.

o

Various expressions can be used to express likelihood: it's

a foregone conclusion the chances are

there! every likelihood he\ bound to there\ a slim/faint chance iti doubtful

GRAi'IMAR FOLDER

Unit 7

Never and nowhere are used in a similar way. Never had I felt more relaxed than that first week on

Partlciple clauses

Corsica.

Nowhere could we find fresh vegetables, and some dairy products were in short supply too.

Participle clauses give more information about someone or something. In many ways, their function in a sentence is similar to defining relative clauses.

Other negative words and expressions like thís are little, no sooner, not.

The man dancing over there is my brother. (The man who is dancing over there is my brother.) The painting sold at auction yesterday has already been shipped to New York. (The painting that was sold at auction yesterday has already been shipped to New York.)

o

c

The position of the clause can affect meaning. Standing at the top of the hill, I could just see the village. (refers to the subject, 'I') I could just see the village standing at the top of the hill. (refers to the object, 'the village')

Having + past participle refers to previous action. Having reached the top of the hill, I could just see the

Little did we realise what we were letting ourselves

¡

Being + past participle is used to express a passive. The report being published today will force local governments back to the drawing board. Past participle -ed clauses are used

in a similar

o

o

r

a sentence, a subject is verb. Madrid offers its visitors an excellent choice of restaurants and some wonderful bars too.

rewritten

Sometimes a time clause precedes inversion. Not until two days later did we remember to call the

Only once before have I felt like this about a project. Sometimes an adjunct of place precedes inversion. At the end of the path lay the meadows. Inversion occurs with certain prepositional phrases. On no account are you to leave this room!

In no way

does

¡

Inversion can occur with so + an adjective. loud was the music that we couldn't attempt to chat. So consistent has lohn\ performance been that he has So

earned the nickname'Strongman'.

c

Such is used in a similar way to emphasise the extent of something. Such is the demand for tickets that they are selling at double their face value.

Unit 3 on page 179 for information about inversion

See also

Seldom does a day go by without someone ringing up to

in conditional

GRAM¡TIiAR FOLDER

me an accurate picture of what

was going on.

on stage.

complain about the product.

that imply defeat.

At no time did you give

as:

The broad negative adverbs barely,hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom can be used like this. Barely were we into our costumes when it was time to go

the distance stood the foothills of the Himalayas.

Under no circumstances can a replacement card be issued.

a

Not only does Madrid offer its visitors an excellent choice of restaurants, but there are also some wonderful bars.

o

Inversion also occurs at the end ofsentences with neither, nor and so. Tim didn't feel like facing the press and neither did Lucy. Students haven't welcomed the new syllabus and nor have their teachers. Karl will be pleased to finish work and so will L

In

However, sometimes this word order is changed, or inverted. This is usually done to give emphasis within the sentence. For example, the sentence above could be

supportive friends and family, she

school.

In the normal word order of followed by

for

media.

¡

o

lnversion

been

could not have handled the constant intrusion of the

way.

I

Not a single word of thanks did they hear from her. The fixed expresston Had it not beenfor... is used to talk about the reasons for changed results.

Had it not

The images provided by the Hubble Space Telescope have given astronomers fresh insights.

Unit

for.

drink without asking.

village.

t

in

No sooner had Phoebe arrived than she helped herself to a

clauses.

Unit 9

They stopped dancing when she came into the room. (ceased)

Cerunds and infinitives

They stopped to have a cup of coffee halfway through the morning. (reason) Try to stand up straight. (attempt) lf you can't get the car going, try ringing the garage. (experiment)

Verb + object + to-infinitive o Some verbs include an object before a úo-infinitive: consider, warn, allow, believe, encourage, etc. I encouraged her to wear her school uniform.

.

I decided to throw out all the

clothes

I hadn't

worn

for

a

year.

.

I heard Adele sing in Londorz. (once) I hear the birds singing every morning. (repeated action)

Some verbs don t require an object: decide, refuse, hope, fail, agree, start, etc.

Verb

.

* -ing

Some verbs must have an object before an -ing when they are in the active: catch, discover, observe, see, watch,

Some verbs sometimes take an object and sometimes doit: hate, help, like, love, want, prefer, need. I like to swim every morning.

I oyerheard them talking about

I

but

etc.

like you to swim so that you get some exercise.

the new manager.

They were overheard talking about the new manager. Verb + (object) + bare infinitive ¡ Some verbs are followed by a bare infinitive after an object: hear, feel, make, notice, see, watch, let, etc. I made him shave his beard off. Her parents let her choose the shoes she wanted. Verb + fo-infinitive or -ingl ¡ Some verbs are followed by a fo-infinitle: agree, aim, ask, demand, prepare, hope, manage, wish, etc. I agreed to wear the unifurm.

.

Some verbs are followed by -ing: consider, ayoid, envisage, miss, imagine, etc. and all phrasal verbs.

Liz couldn't imagine wearing an evening

I

.

I

Some verbs take either a fo-infinitive or -lng with little or no change in meaning: begin, start, cease, continue.

Expressing wishes and preferences Wish and if only

¡

Some verbs take a fo-infinitive or -ingbtf change their meaning: go on, stop, try, remember, forget, regret, mean, :ome, hear, etc. They came to accept her opinions. (gradual change) He came running into the room. (way of moving) Í-Ie went on to talk about the dress code. (next topic)

r{e went on talking even when everyone started yawning.

continue)

To talk about the past a past perfect is used.

If only they had listened to their

o

teacher.

To express irritation or criticism of something happening

now would is used.

I

wish he would stop answering me in English when I want

to practise French.

Nofe: would isnt used if the object and subject are the same.

o

If only

is perhaps slightly stronger than

I

wish.

Would rather I lt's time, etc. are followed by a past tense to express a present idea

o

with an object.

i mean to wear jeans

to the barbecue. (intend) i: means buying a new pair of shoes. (involves) : regret to say that you are not properly attired. (present/

rture) . regret tellingher

that she looked scruffy. (past) - "emember visiting the Costume Museum when -.urrg. (remember - second action)

To talk about the present a past tense is used.

I wish I could speak Spanish.

They began singing/to sing early in the programme.

r

to the party early.

suggested going

Unit ro

o

dress.

Some verbs dont have an object before -ing admit, advise, consider, deny, face, finish, suggest, efc.

I

was

Iti

time the government inyested in language training.

Id rather you learned Spanish at school.

¡

are followed by an infinitive when making a general statement. Iti time to leaye. Id rather learn Chinese than Russian.

- .¿membered to post the parcel to her this morning. :emember - first action)

GRAMMAR FOLDER

Unit rr

Unit rz

Cradability

Passive strt¡ctures

A gradable adjective can be combined with an adverb like reasonably or extremely to quanti$. that adjective. So, for example, you can be faidy happy or very happy. This cannot happen with an ungradable adjective, as the adjective itself already holds some notion of quantity or degree. These

An unmanned submarine has

adjectives can be combined with adverbs llke absolutely or totally to add emphasis.

conservationists.

We all feel slightly

frustrated by the lack of communication on

this project.

Charlotte was absolutely furious when she heard the decision.

adverbs deeply extremely fairly immensely

rather very adverbs absolutely completely

entirely totally utterly

gradable adjectives angry cheerful huppy

hurt irritable upset

ungradable adjectives awful broken-hearted impossible

terrible wonderful

gradable and ungradable adjectives in informal English. Tom finds it pretty quiet around here in the evenings, so he often shoots o;ff to town on his motorbike. It\ pretty amazing that someone who was at death\ door three months ago has just run the London marathon!

Really can aiso be combined with both types of adjective, though with ungradable adjectives, the use can only be informal. For a really comfortable night's sleep, choose Maxtoni mattresses every time. I've

The passive is formed with the verb be and a past participle. For modals it is formed with the modal + be + past participle. been developed to automatically track down and follow whales and tuna, alarming many

Miniature yersions can now

just had a really awful run-in with Duncan oyer his

Quite can be combined with both gradable and ungradable adjectives, but there is a change of meaning. l'm c1uite busy at work at the moment, but I've known it much worse. (= fairly) You're quite impossible at times - sweet wrappers go in the bin not on the floor! (= completely)

Some adjectives can be both gradable and ungradable, and

produced at minimal cost.

Simple present It is made. Present continuous It is being made. Present perfect It has been made. Present perfect continuous lf@e Simple past It was made. Past perfect

It was being made. It had been made.

Past perfect continuous

It'M@t

Future

It will

Future continuous Future perfect

@É

Futureperfectcontinuous

@

be made.

It will have been made.

Use

The choice ofactive or passive voice often defines the focus of the sentence. Compare: Massive waves destroyed the harbour wall. (Active voice, the focus is on the waves and what they did.) The harbour wall was destroyed by massive waves. (Passive voice, the focus is on the harbour wall and what happened

to it.)

In the second sentence, the waves are the agent. The agent tlpically introduced with the preposition b7.

is

The passive is used without an agent:

¡

marketing plan.

c

be

This table shows the formation of all passive tenses. Those crossed through do not normally occur in English.

Past continuous

o Prettl can be combined with both

o

Formation

when the action is more important than the person doing it

It\ going to cast

o

be quite some time before car body panels are

from titanium.

when the person or thing that performed the action is not known In separate incidents across the city, shop windows were smashed and goods taken. The oily stain had been hidden

from view until

now.

this is often accompanied by a change in meaning from

The passive voice can be used to produce an official or

literal to more figurative

impersonal tone.

use.

lake has been blind since an accident in childhood. Our consumer society is faiily blind to the issue of poverty.

Visitors must be accompanied by a member of staff at all times.

Each solution was heated to boiling point prior to lab analysis.

GRAMMAR FOLDER

Unit

.

13

Singular, concrete nouns require an article, except for some idioms. The definite article is precise and refers to

Reported speech o

something, while the indefinite article is vague and more general, or is used when something is mentioned for the

As reported speech is used to tell someone else of what happened, all pronouns change, almost all verb tenses, except second and third conditionals and past perfects,

first time.

change and all words referring to a particular time or place change.

The runner in first place came from Kenya. runner in the I'lew york marathon.

Steve is going to be a

¡

No article is used with: certain countries; names of mountains; meals, unless they are formal ones; bed, school, hospital, prison if fhey are being used for their intended purpose. I intend to visit Australia.

'I saw this film two weeks ago.' She said she had seen that film two weeks before. -

¡

Some changes are not quite so straightforward.. Must changes to had to and mustn'f becomes was not to for obligation. If must is used to talk about Iaws or general

truths then it doesnt change. 'I must buy a new bicycle.'

Shei in prisonfor stealing. Come down for breakfast!

¡

'You mustn't tell my mother.' She said I was not to tell her mother.

The definite article is used with: rivers, seas, oceans, chains of mountains, gulfs and bays; newspapers; before musical instruments; before a superlative adjective; when we know there is only one of something.

+

'You must not go more than 40 kph.' He said you mustn't go more than 40 kph.

I

With the first conditional, the verb tenses in the clause f backshift in the usual way and will changes to would in

The Sierra l'{evada is a beautiful mountain range. The sky is very blue.

-

She said she

had to buy a new bicycle.

+

¡

o

.

the main clause. 'If you don't hurry up, you'll miss your flight., - She said that if we didn't hurry up, we would miss our Jlight. As a general rule, the second conditional doesnt change. 'He would be pleased if you visited him., She said he would be pleased if she vísited him.

-

Often

a

verb or

a

verb and adverb are used which

;ontain many of the elements of what is being reported.

'I{hat

-

about picking up the litter?, she said. picking up the litter.

at that rubbish tip!, he said. , He exclaimed in horror when he saw the rubbish tip.

-

,

plays the violin.

read The Times.

The indefinite article is used when we mean bne,of something unless we want to emphasise the amount.

Id

like a cup of

cffie.

lust one cup, not two.

Unit

15 Purpose and reason clauses o A purpose clause normally comes after a main

clause. keep my mobile switched off when I,m working, so as not to be distracted.

I

o

had absolutely nothing to do with it,' he said. He categorically denied having anything to do with it.

Unit .l

o

She suggested

Goodness! Look

i

Tessa

Purpose clauses are introduced by the following conjunctions: for fear that (formal) lesr (formal)

in order to in order not to

14

so as to so as

rticles .'-ural, abstract and uncountable nouns do not need an

.:ticle ifthey are used to talk about things in general. To ---:rit these nouns a definite article is required. i::rt is goodfor you. -::e sport played the most is football.

not to

so that

o

A reason clause can come before or after the main clause.

As it was late, Jenny went stra¡ght to bed. I d shut the window in case it rains.

o

Reason clauses are introduced by: as

because

in

case

since

GRAMMAR FOLDER

In some cases there is a difference in the meaning of an adverb which sometimes uses -ly and sometimes doesnt. Adverbs that change meanings include: hard, direct, short, wide, late, free, wrong, right.

I saw the UFO high over the mountains. He thinks highly of the research done on Aboriginal beliefs.

Unit zo Uses af hsve, get and ga o We use the structure of have + object

+ past participle when we talk about other people doing things for us, for example I have my hair cut every three weeks. use of have + object + participle is of txperience', for example I had my car stolen last night. This is something that happened to me. I didnt organise it. The following are similar examples. It! good to have the birds singing in the morning now it's

Another

spring.

I had a dogfollow

me home yesterday.

Have + object + infinitive or -ing form is also quite

common. have you coming home late every night! Have Mrs lones sit down and wait please. The teacher had us all running round the field in the rain.

I won't

Look at the following uses of gel + object + participle. I got the car repaired. - This is a more informal way of saying t had the car repaired. She got herselflost on the underground. - It was her own fault. I'll get the washing done if you do the ironing. - This implies I'il do it myself. I'll never get this done by tomorrow. - I'll never be able to

finish it.

G

RAMMAR FOLDE

R

Answers and recording scripts following pages contain all the answers to the exercises, sample answers for the writing tasks, the recording scripts, and lots of additional notes, including useful background information on the texts and topics.The Map of Objective The

Proficiency Student's Book on pages 3-5 gives full details ofthe Ianguage and exam skills covered in each unit.The Content of the Proficiency Examination on pages 6-7 provides information about the exam, with links to the relevant Exam folder, Writing

folder or Unit.

Unit r 1.1

pages

8-9

§peak§m6

1

two idioms are a change for the better and a change of heart. Ring the changes,the unit title, is also an idiom. Note that you can also say a change for the worse. The

Possible answers ;1,,Wh1eh,,my:tamtl1ly',méVed.to, á new,,housei ¡t

üas défi nitely

a

,Chá,09é,foi thq',bqtté¡,.Thrat'is,,alsortthé'earli,éstrc,hange I can ' ré,meri1'bq f, l,r,ha d, m)f owñ,:f áige,,béd roo.mr for the ñ rst ti m e, iit ,inlteáid.tgf ,,htaf itt.á. to,sha té with,my sislé r, a n,d the re wa s a r.r.. : :: .,. rir,ri. , ,. tr.,mu-h b' getg¡:¡den,toO.'r,,,''

,,

;oprpolitq,,llder ofithel Céuntfy, whiih,was ver)¿ d¡fferent r, :,',,fiom,Whe¡é1,f,,hád,g1own,U,p.,',,irtilrrr''rr ii i i ,,1 ,ugéd,to,,h.avér:árlitressfu ,invertmentrba inr nking, but I iOb : two,,.rn1ó¡ths. a go l¡ re,si:gned a nd,went, off tr:avel li n g. Th i s n.ew,:qxPerlié nqe,:madér rne tll i n k, ser,ióú,sl¡¡ abo,ut my f utu re iir rll,ánd: Úhé¡r,l cemg ¡lat[, I désided,to,,ret,iáiñ',a,s,a teacher. .,'l'foú,nd sómé óld,,létteis thé othe¡,day;which I had keptfor .,mo¡eth¡a,n,tweht¡1.1¡ears - but l had á judde,n change of ,r:'héáit árnd rlrú,int,th'é lótl ]t , ' |

r

,,1

,,

,,, .

,

ldiom spot ldioms are an important area of vocabulary at Proficiency level. Try to record new ones you come across in a vocabulary notebook, and use them in your writing. However, use them sparingly! Too many idioms in a text will sound unnatural.

rb 2a 3b

A,b

L§sterx§r'rg

2

The underlined parts

ofthe

recording script confirm the

answers. The phrasal verbs are highlighted.

t gaining media attention z stepping in for someone 3 heading the wrong way

4 5

being made redundant meeting'Mr Right'

ANSWERS AND RECORDING SCRIPTS

Recording script "rl'r;l¡tl Speaker 1: Ive had a really fantastic year. It all started last November, when I was dragged along to a party by a

friend. I was in a terrible mood, I remember, and nearly didnt go. Anlwa¡ I was wearing an outfit I'd made myself - in soft black leather and antique lace, quite an unusual combinationl Kell)¡ Tohns, the presenter of a big daltime TV show. was there and m), little number cauqht her eye. We sot chattins and she asked whether I could come up:,with something original for her to wear on the show. I jumpedr,át the opportunity. That was a real turning point for me and I was soon able to quit my day job and concentrate on the clothes side fuIl time. Through Kell),i show. I've had lots olorders. l've.iust finished an exclusive range for a top designer and Il,vr even takel on an assistant to help me. |ust think if I'd stayed at home that nightl Speaker 2: People often ask me how I got to be where I am today, with sell-out concerts in big stadiums around the world, thinking that I've spent years playing in local clubs, but the truth is, I'm literally an overnight sensation! I dont mean that arrogantly. It was just one Iucky break, all down to being in the right place at the right time. There I was, an absolute nobod¡ hánging:l around backstage with Arrowhead, when their lead guitarist tripped over a pile ofspeakers and broke his arm, five minutes before they were due on. I'd been telling them about my awesome guitar style, so naturally, the). all turned to me and said 'Kid, help- us out here ...' and I did. The place was packed and I can still feel my hands shaking as I played that very first solo. It went OK though, and the rest is ... history. Speaker 3: I was in Milan visiting friends, trying to cheer myself up after a dismal few months - my long-term boyfriend and I had broken up, plus Id left a job without another to go to. My money was running out and I was planning to leave a few days later. An1.wa¡ my friends suggested that I should take a look at Verona before going back home and told me what time train I could get from Milan. Weli, for some reason, I é:lded up on a slow train going south, without realising my mistake - both trains had left at the same time. I fell asleep in the compartment and woke just as the train arrived in Bolognal I had a wander round and fell in love with the place, and knew it was where I wanted to be. Everlthing just fell into place - I found a teaching job, took a room in a beautiful flat and séttled!n immediately. I lived there for six years and I go back regularly.

Speaker 4: It's funny how you can hit a run of bad luck: one moment, things á§:ry.§tlggt§.Lqt¡{; quite normaliy

in your life and then, bam, something comes out of the blue and knocks you sideways and then, wham, something else. I'm OK now, but IVe had a difficult couple of years. My problem was quite simply that Id been living beyond my means for a long time and some debts finally (,á0,§ht,up,,wi1b me. Even rhen, I thought Id be OK; I arranged to g,ay,,the-m o,fflittle by Iittle from my salary, monthl¡ you know. But then, the place where me go. Well, that was it, I suppose I panicked, I wasnt thinking straight, you know. So I just packed a bag, got on a coach and left town for London, where my life went downhill fast. i g.óir:irltú a bad crowd, and one thing led to another. It's a miracle my brother ever

trucl$¡ml§§¡y4, but he's got me back and sorted, with roof over my head and a new job on the cards. 5: It couldbe a sfory in True Romance, but it really happened just like this. Almost twenty years ago to the day, I was waiting for a bus after another nind-numbingly awful day at work, no bus in sight, a

Sp,eaker

e

of course. I was in a rut, my job was going nowhere.

me ever since

-

a was / had been paid off b tracked (me) down c jumped at d cut back on; were / have been taken on Í

-{n1.wa¡ there I was, staring gloomily at my reflection in a puddle, feeling utterly sorry for myself and thinking: 1s this really all there is to life? Then I saw two things in rhat puddle, one imperceptibly after the other. The first -'ras no surprise, huge splashes of rain, as the heavens :pened yet again, but then, this enormous red umbrella, :ppearing behind my head as if by magicl A gorgeous iravell), voice to m), left said did I mind, it was big "nough for two and he didnt want my hair to get wet. erv fortunately, it was another fifteen minutes before " bus :::e finally ütiiliid up and hooray, it didn,t stop :atningl :,-¡

5

and Dad to our three wonderful

I h

s

1.2

with word order when using phrasal verbs. The

rcrb and particle cannot be separated:

. "

i,vhen it is a three-part phrasal verb I caught up with Jackfurther down the road. if the phrasalverb is used intransitively (without an o bj ect) All my hard work paid off. 'rvhen

the particle is a preposition 5ally jumped at the chance of visiting Rome.

pages 1o-r1

Grarmrmar e!íníe

1

Think about areas of grammar that remain problematic for you. This lesson concentrates on perfect tenses. Yellow = Perfect tenses Blue = Passive forms Pink = Relative clauses

{eep a list of new phrasal verbs in a vocabulary notebook. rou can record them by main verb, by particle or by topic.

.

help (me) out

questions 4 and 8).

bu larlr: Pkrasa I verbs

3e careful

turned up

6 This Part of Paper r Reading and Use of English tests different aspects of vocabulary, including phrasal verbs (see

::rildren. \Woca

broke up

getting in with

Creen = Reported speech

2

Refer to the Grammar folder on pages l7g-rgg if you are unsure of a point covered in any unit. Even at proficiency level, you need to spend time studying grammar and you

should check your written work for grammatical accuracy. Here is a checklist of things to watch out for:

. . . . . . .

subject-verb agreement choice of modal verb

tense in conditional structures choice of past/present/future tense choice of preposition

punctuation in relative clauses structure with reporting verbs, e.g. insist on doing, urge someone to

ANSWERS AND RECORDING SCRIPTS

written by past Cambridge English: Proficiency candidates and show typical errors with perfect tenses at this level. These sentences were

,,,

á w¿ñt t¿u:,,,i,4..has.,reéñ, uiéá,.. .,i: háa

,,imea§útred,r,rrr:,e: ,,

lniíni,t"nn,.

',!', 'have béen,Continuallytia,nSfó¡med

2

1¡

q 5;:b¿ s ¡

t'

/

"

at

1.3

wé,rg §iuenr,=,,one,spet!fii iñStance ', ,,,,hav,e,bee'n,;,§i-uéh'.=':tásk is

e

d

1

,

a,,,,"'

e

in ihe pastr

ongoing , ,

,,:,d,,:,,havgl,,b,é,,,g,n,dealing.t,iontinuot¡s

completed Onot .= aition,' com;pletéd, !:e, p ¡obl,em successf ha ndled No difference in meaning

u

I

ly

't :.'1,',ne;thought,=,fucüs is on the relult;implies'that a r:'r,.r:rd:eci:iiónrhás,,beén,táken],: - ,', .::...:. . ,: .. ,,,:,,¡',;,!,;'1rl",bé:e'n"th,inkin§,:'fa9.,ut ii oñ the áct!v!ty, implies that ,

,:,:,8:,,,,,¿o.,uld 1:1L,1¡¡i

ll,

.r

,.,'.,r

,.i.,.,,'.r ,..t... , i

ii,therétany:thri.áB el.se'we wiII have ',t doné{byithé'eñd.óf,tl1eyéá,r)?l , I,',, ', h N.oidiitrery,nae in méá,nihg; though ,the futuie per,fect cÓntin UoUs:,te nsé is: more co mmo n;rál'l iv,i:n g, 6u¡"', t

",

'a..,!l1te.,p9én, b,,,

,

a,nld,ongo¡ng.

!!arn! n§,r ng!

:llve,, n,.evé¡r,'do n:e a'

is h,

fór te n yeá

f

depieted

/

be dep,leted r,,'

:' ,:1

:,¡i,

prges 12-13

The pictures on the left show the same location in New Orleans during and after Hurricane Katrina in zoo5 and the

Backgrou nd information Hurricane Katrina is the costliest natural disaster to take place in the USA to date. New Orleans suffered huge devastation and most of its major roads were damaged. A zooT report found design flaws in its flood protection levees. Suggested answers

l

,' ,,rr,iéVf ,árnn.u'_al,re,polft,,-

continuoús

b.éen

.

r,,,p'd'1st:1,pec,u,[tion,'rr : f forécást. e,§. l lm w rit i n g u p = útuf é,

ha,ue,,dane,

|í 6i;vp;rt:one

,

:

.

qourse i n dee p-iea dlving; thou gh

I

would really like to. .c, Oner,particular,street in the.centré has been closed to priVaté, ca ls,rwhich: ha§,rn,ade,traffi c i'n othér pa rts of , the town much worse. d1,,,M¡4 qu,a,lity.,óf tlfe would be improved by the purchase ,',,óf a'driirhwaihér:,because then I wouldn¡t háve to wash

:

The pictures on the left shoW a natu¡álrdiláiter that has caused a change in the envírohment.The,róád,is flooded in one picture and people are u5¡ngrsmáll,boats to get around, so they may have l.ost their homes. ln'rthe other picture, things are back to norm'ai'a,kñoü§rh,.the roáá.ii,. :i stillwet so the weather conditi'onsrmus,t be bád, Other environmental changes incfude the effect¡ s¡ §lobal wairming - flooding again, or dry,r,¡ye¡ rr¡¡eys,- ánd the results of deforestation, although that ióúld álso come under the commercial category]l , , ' : :. i'll The pictures on the right snowtec,hnolo§iiallcha¡ge, i¡ the space ofonfy a few years I suspéit?fhe, úhildre¡ in the computer room are working with clunky big machines, whereas the kids using tablets are working.in,,t¡qi¡.,¡fr¡o,¡ classroom. There are cou,ntléss, other,recenl,téchnologica cha,nges in the worfd around u5,,fo¡.réxrmple,,úi¡¿... . ,,, turbines and solar panels for generatingéfeitrircity would not have been prevalent twentyfearsrago. ,; , I

1

er:',l

rmay,have,moved tó anlóthel

r

ones on the right show school children working in an lT suite and school children using tablets in a class.

:

acti,o¡ithat is not yet

hOUn

,t,tiperS:Onrtit,.itillttihiirnking,t

h e

Kead§xag §mto Wr§t§mg: §ur*rmxar§s§xxg §dems

u nS péc ifi

time in the past ,;,c:,';,;:

rt

,t,

i;uffe ri4ig' ;,6n§oi n g,iit,u,át !on; i.e.:l '' ,,,,,.,.', i'r,',,, i,,ili .,t'ii.:.'

..,t,,;'l,tutnerr¡piovm,eint,tii:.stilli,higfi',, ,, ,,,' ",'," :wa s, 51tffe'ti n g ; g6 e1¡ r'¡ou i' Sit,ü at io n

fú

,

l',.i.i......,,r.

iilln6-:lóngéf,thg¡éu..r...,,,,,.r,..'rr'irrl,i:'

/ having

r: . ,,, ' r, ''i ,5 _evern. h,áve tho.r¡ght / have even thought ,6 1.be be!ng,used constanüyf ioñstantl,y,¡b§ being used 7 ,have embraced:lt,berem,bracin,g .1,,¡ ., l' .,. 8 , háie

llt,',

,

imp:roved

,,,4'l.w-oúldrhavebeenableto

3

',,

I ,.

,3' rwar§:fu ¡ther stírn,ulatedi z was sti m,u latedl

ljyg.t¡ied,,,'f'y,qú"h¿vé'boüglit':,,'.,g:,they'h1a¡il:¡gót,married h people care

,,,,:,:,:,,..,Wént..;,hÉ,

l hálvih§

been improved

d were

llvé b'een Dia¿t¡sirñá; {lfve,been),tir.i!ng

be¡ngi¡:mproved 1 improving

iity foiwork.

ANSWERS AND RECORDING SCRIPTS

\foea

bu¡ §a ry:

Vtrford formatssxn

Theword judge could be replaced with

Using the English Vocabulary profile you can run an advanced search for words containing individual prefixes and suffixes at each level of the Common European framework. The Word

assess or evaluate.

The underlined words in text z that could be replaced are: produced (developed, concocted, made); chance (accident); revol utio ni sed (changed, updated, modernised); i n novati ons

family panels within English Vocabutary profile entries also indicate the level at which members of a word family are likely to be known - anything in italics is probably restricted to learners at Cl and Cz level. Visit www.englishprofile.org to sign up to the resource.

(new techniq ues/inventions); sig nifica ntly (notably, importantly). A word like mauve or aspirin cannot be paraphrased, as it is something very specific.

2

-1

Underlining important information is an important first step in planning a summary, as it shows which ideas must be included.

Exam folder Paper

t pases 14-1s

I Part 3 Word for**ration

Aff ixes

1

This exercise gives practice in the range of different affixes that are commonly tested. you should take particular care to note plural forms.

The sentence summarises

the general idea that people oick up on things through facial features, but it omits any reference to health and social status, which means

it

clear than the original

is less

text.

Compounds

2

Compounds are often tested at this level. More than one answer is possible for some of the examples.

ANSWERS AN D RECORDING SCRIPTS

faameworiki updátézu,pturn;,óutfálUóütb,réák;riwri ndfall

klwind,pfoéfj ¡áinfall/ra downfall/downtu rn

,,'wi nd,b1eá

3

The photos are

. .

a

Woeahsx§ary: Co§§oea*§oms

/

i,n,p(óof;, ciéditwo rt hy;

4

young woman with tattoos and piercings

' tirntinrúÍÚ,i.i.l,r,aó,m]ñ,án!t1¡,,u1customisin iS,arppa{ently,.. ,6,,u,¡derr{ine, .7

2.1

gl:i2i;,ng,',,

Ar§uábly 8 i,nfinitéIy,,

íunwary 5

Possible answers I don't totally agree with the writer. I really enjoy my

z

holidays and lthinkyóu ca¡i,gét moie oút óf rneqting people.and being immer:sed in a difféient culture; than.,,,, , from justléadingrá book. I dó understa:nd whát he means tho u g h, e,specia I ly, whe n l've a ¡'rived át .á r:éso r,t,,o n ly to

pages 16-17

find that the hotel is a building sité.:

a campsite an expensive hotel Barbados - Bottom Bay

Machu Picchu

1

Machu Picchu is a r5th-century lnca site located in a mountainous region in Peru,South America. lt is often referred to as the 'Lost City of the Incas'. Possible answers Beach scene: be able to chill out; end up spending a fortune; be in the lap of luxury rMaqhur,Bilqchú,¡¡pog¡i,§f1¡,h¿ve to rough it; get by on a budget¡, e njoy lbe i n g a cu ltu re,vu ltu re ; get ba c k ,,,§lio.eitf lnár

of luxury

answefs

'.

'

:r'

'r

,ll l

'

a

talk about arranged plans for this evening; things you have already organised or booked,,e.g. á cinema or

b

talk about plans which are not organised and maybe just ideas or s,pur of the momeñt pla,ns, Jhese could include plans which míght chánge depending on circumstances, e.g. lf it raihs, l'll watc¡h TV,instead of

To

To

are

c

playing tennis. talk about your intentionis thls évening; sóméth!ñg which you are thinking of do-!ng bút,,háye¡l{ quite got around to booking/planning in detai¡l. , ' ,, Usually used to talk about á specific time 'in the future, e.g. What wiII you 6" ¿s¡¡g'at 8;oó thii:evening¡..¡l:ill.be To

,,

d

Kead§mg

to the Grammar folder on pages q8-t7g if you are unsure about which tense is used to express a particular aspect. Refer

.Possible

to nature

Campsite¡ get off the beaten track; possibly have to rough it; get by on a shoestring budget; get back to nature r,Ex,prernsive'hotel:end upspending á fórtu,ne; be in the lap I

e

through the Exam spot. For more advice look at the

Exam folder on pages

'I

§rspeets CIf tke futnxre

Barbados is an island in the Caribbean.

Read

:'

'

2.2 pages 18-19

Background information

2

,d inirepid wda,ry: f d¡stern¡ng , g an,áimCharir 1,h¡rinveiqrate

,

The photos are of:

. . . .

,,fr.¿.¡"¡1 , ,U ináe,péndent l,csea,soned e

4 kinship

§pea§«§rng

1

Use an English-English dictionary to help you. Decide which of the two options collocates with traveller/

travellers.

of

a man with traditional designs on his body and face

Unit

w§tk *raveller

6+-65.

washing myhair, , ,,,,,,,,¡,,.. To talk about what will have ha,ppénaa by:arriertain time in the future.You are looking.intó,thefüture and saying'this witl have ha ppened], e.g:,;f úil1! rlhráve fi n is hed all my homework by ro tónight : ' , , To talk about plans which have,been a,ba.n{o,ned for one reason or another, e,g. I was goingrto pláy tenñ¡s tonight, but now I have to sta¡r in to babytit,,my,little ,

The writer thinks that holidays away from home are ,iroveruatéd'and,that thinking about them is probably better

than actually going on one.

f

,;,,1;:,,, ,,

sister-

3

Do the example question and read the guidance

that

goes with it. Then read the questions and try to find the paragraphs that contain the information. Underline the

word or phrase that contains the information.

rB zD ¡B qC 54 6D 7B

196

8A

ANSWERS AND RECORDING SCRIPTS

get

b will be . [aru"r' ,,' ¿' is §oin§rto get going g willyou be doing h will have travelled i is not allowíng j will do k wil|háúe been painting I will have finished m he'll feel n willyou do o is p am having q arrive r will be arriving s Shall a he's going to e l'll f l'm not

go

3

in conjunction with - together with on behalf of - instead of in vain - without success on the verge of - to say when something good or bad about to happen on the grounds (that) - because with the exception of - not including

Possible answers :ar'rlr:m,.goingtóc!é:a,n,:úy,cra,!1.,!omorrow.',

b lt's going to rain.

:,',,,r,,,,,',,

,¿,lt,titttWil.l,ráin:¡éit,úé¿t