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DEDUCTIVE GENETICS

PRACTICAL SCIENCE OF THE GAMEFOWL The reasons the masters did not tell us, science can explain.

Actually, breeders during the pre Mendelian era had unconsciously benefited from then already existing but yet unknown laws of inheritance of chicken genes. They reached specific instances without being aware of scientific principles. No wonder, the masters could not tell us then because they themselves did not know about these principles. Now, armed with the knowledge, we can reverse the process and apply principles of genetics to reach specific instances in creating gamefowl we want. REY BAJENTING ASUS

Advanced Manok Academy @rbs.wix.com PRIMER ON PRACTICAL SCIENCE OF THE GAMEFOWL (The reasons the masters didn’t tell us, science can explain)

INTRODUCTIONS Abstract: Deductive Genetics Opportunities in Cockfighting Philippines the New Mecca of Cockfighting Forms of cockfighting in the Philippines Creating and selling original Filipino bloodlines Money making ideas in Sabong Running your farm while away

PRACTICAL SCIENCE OF THE GAMEFOWL Right Way of Starting Right Basic genetic terms and concepts Setting goals

Application of science to art Four paths in breeding (Scientific inbreeding, linebreeding, linecrossing and crossbreeding). Practical Deductive Genetics of the Gamefowl

How to create a good gamefowl Aspire for achievable goals Understanding good gamefowl (What is a good gamefowl); Understanding substance; Understanding form; Understanding function). Achieving good substance (Genotype) Breeding for form (Phenotype) Breeding for function (fighting ability) Essential Wild Type (EWT) traits most important in gamefowl Improvable Wild Type (IWT), nature plus ability of breeder Mandatory Mutations (MM), traits are full responsibility of breeder How traits interact with each other to produce fighting style you want.

Brood fowl Look for seed fowl Managing seed fowl Why the hen is important Inheritance emphasized from cock side and from hen side Gene pooling

Scientific Mating The best method of mating in gamefowl breeding Cell partitioning, rivalry and ejection. Battery vs Trap nest RBS simultaneous multiple single mating

Controlled natural mating The science in natural mating This method is much better than single mating Hens know how to choose mates

Specialty bloodlines Many of few, not few of many Creating specialized bloodlines by avoiding genetic pitfalls. Generic drift Bottleneck effect Founder’s effect

OTHER SUBJECTS Raising gamefowl (Modern and natural, the better way)

Conditioning gamefowl (From selection to preconditioning, to conditioning and pointing)

Battlecock nutrition (Includes the different forms of supplementation – natural, mainstream and extreme forms of supplementation)

Abstract: Deductive Genetics” This course, also deals on the whys and wherefores in gamefowl breeding that the masters failed to explain. It is actually about applied deductive reasoning with the hope of moulding a new approach to gamefowl breeding by making the process more scientific and outcome more predictable. The idea is simply explaining why something is likely to happen. It’s the why that is important, not the how. In gamefowl breeding people advance observations without any supporting explanations. And many accept such observations without asking for explanations. How many times have we heard the observation that stags take their traits from the mother? How many times have we heard that the hen contributes 60-70% to the traits of the offspring? Likely these observations are true. However, have we heard enough explanation, why? None, or very vague explanations, if any. Yet, these observations must have a grain of truth as these have been handed down from one generation of breeders to another, virtually uncontested. Actually, breeders during the pre Mendelian era had unconsciously benefited from then already existing but yet unknown laws of inheritance of chicken genes. They reached specific instances without being aware of scientific principles. No wonder, the master could not tell us then, because they themselves did not know about these principles. Now, armed with the knowledge, we can reverse the process and apply deductive reasoning. We will apply principles of genetics to reach specific instances. Let it be stated at the very onset, this book is not about in-depth genetics. This is mainly an extrapolation on why and how a little knowledge in the science of genetics helps in our practical breeding of gamefowl. In gamefowl breeding, practical knowledge, not in-depth genetics, is most important. After all, there is no science on the study of roosters’ fighting ability. Mastering the art of judging fighting ability and knowing how to produce gamefowl with the right fighting attributes may only be acquired by personally breeding and fighting a few hundreds of roosters over a period of some years. Nonetheless, knowledge in genetics is important. A good practical breeder with some knowledge in the science of breeding will enjoy big advantage as science will complement art. The application of science allows the chicken industry—meat and egg in particular-to progress much. Modern day breeding programs, based on sound genetic principles, facilitate the emergence of better chicken meat and eggs. But it is hardly the case in gamefowl breeding wherein progress is registered in logistics, infrastructures and nutrition, but not in genetics. Of course, because it is easier to understand the genetics behind egg laying or fast growth, than the genetics of a gamefowl’s fighting ability. And, also, the chicken meat and egg sectors are big business worldwide, gamefowl breeding is not. Giant companies and the best minds are not interested in such expensive research into the genetics of gamefowl. Thus, game fowl breeding remains mostly an art. Even today many of the gamefowl breeders are able to produce good gamefowl, not by learning genetics, but by the sheer art of selection. And maybe, logical thinking. Most experienced gamefowl breeding start with their practical observation and work their way to infer something out of these observations. But without knowledge of scientific principles they usually end up with nothing. Not a few old timers would

contend that the hen, not the cock, contributes more traits to the offspring, although genetically both parents contribute 50% of the offspring’s genetic information. This is their practical observation, and they maintain this without knowing why because of the lack of support of a scientific study. Another common observation in gamefowl breeding is that the stag gets its traits, especially fighting ability, from the mother. Another common observation is that black roosters are speed roosters and green legged greys are strong and game. Likewise, they cannot explain why. Although, proponents of this kind of conclusion fail to offer explanations, Deductive Genetics can. Deductive Genetics is combining practical knowledge in gamefowl breeding with the science of genetics, drawing connections between conclusions developed from practical experience and the scientific hypothesis, theories and principles of genetics. The concept of Deductive Genetics is an application of the science of genetics in aid of the art of selection, hoping to make selection easier and more scientific. And, results more predictable. When I thought of applying deductive genetics to gamefowl breeding, I never entertained any notion that it will produce sure winners. I believed it will only make selection of brood fowl simpler, easier and more accurate. And, for years now I have been studying and applying the concept, particularly in breeding the Blakliz, a bloodline I originated. However, I managed to refrain from raising the topic in my writings, lectures and seminars and in my blogs. Somehow, for some time I had succeeded in keeping it as my little trade secret. My first mention about deductive genetics is in the study on “Science of Gamefowl.” for Warhawk Gamefowl Feeds (submitted in May, 2018), I have a humble part in the research and writing of said study. In fact, many parts of this course are excerpts from the said Warhawk study. However, in this course are additional examples of deductive genetics in practice and more detailed explanations of the concept.

Advanced Manok Academy @rbs.wix.com In short, what the masters did not tell us, science can now explain. Read on for a taste of the lessons. Very different from what we know at present.

Reasons are now told by REY BAJENTING Mentor

Professional roosterman Rey Bajenting, the mentor at Advance (Online) Manok Academy, is a professional roosterman, having been a handler, conditioner in his younger days, and finally a breeder. He founded RB Sugbo Gamefowl Technology which conducts research on gamefowl. He also originated bloodlines, foremost of which is the Blakliz.

Writer He has written articles for several gamefowl magazines. He had been a newspaperman and editor; PR practitioner and Public Affairs Consultant.

Public service He had worked as Legislative Staff Chief for a congressman, Consultant to the Governor of Cebu, and at the Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary in Malacanang.

Rey Bajenting and Jimmy Camposano, with the 2014-2015 National BOTY trophy awarded by FIGBA.

Reasons are now told. Armed with the knowledge, we can reverse the process and apply principles of genetics to reach specific instances in creating gamefowl we want.

The men in block work together Acknowledgements: First of all, this work, like many others by RB Sugbo, is not possible without the invaluable involvement of Paul Vincent Duran, managing partner of RB Sugbo Gamefowl Technology at Scorpion Ox Gamefarm. Many ideas in this work are contributed by Marlon Mabingnay of Excellence Poultry and Livestock Specialist and Pit Games Magazine. Marlon started his career in the gamefowl industry as a trainor

with

RB

Sugbo

Gamefowl

Technology and Masang Nagmamanok (MANA). Also to Dr. Noel Delizo who contributed

much

in

the

technical

aspects of the study. Paul Duran, interviewed. Paul Vincent Duran is managing partner of RB Sugbo Gamefowl Technology at Scorpion Ox Gamefarm.

A number of the lessons in this work are drawn out from practical experiences

and successes of our partners in Leyte, brothers Jimmy and Reiner Camposano and Lemuel Go. They added new data to the RB Sugbo method. The Camposanos won the 2014-2015 FIGBA Breeder of the Year Award by scoring 10 out of 12 in the 2014 Bakbakan and 9 out of 10 in the 2015 Bullangbullang, fielding stags and bull stags all of RB Sugbo bloodlines. For the additional insights into the true value of select bloodlines of the American Game, I owe them all to a good friend Vency Maranan. Vency has provided the various imported bloodlines that largely contributed to our gene pools that are basis of the genetic enhancements of RB Sugbo bloodlines. Foremost of which is the Doyle Watson Shuffler. For adding the Peruvian perspective, thank you Sr. Rafael Bazan, a champion breeder of Peruvian navajero. Of course, to Steve Sarmago, Allen Sarmago, Aga Duran, Raul Ebeo, Jayson Garces, Ben Dimaano, Glenn Lim, Frank Rebosura, Mike Espinosa; to the “boys” and the countless of other friends who were with us at any circumstance.

Warning, this might not be for you

This course is not about gambling and winning. True breeding is all about producing the gamefowl you want. Breeding is not the sole factor that determines outcome of fights. There are others such as conditioning, pointing, heeling, and there is the element of luck. These factors are outside the realm of breeding. This course is mainly just about breeding. Do not bother to wonder whether or not the lessons here will make you win the big events. Not necessarily, but maybe it could help.

Also, this course clarifies lots of whys. The old school of gamefowl breeding just accepts whatever is said without asking for explanations. Here, as much as possible, explanations are offered. Some may find explanations hard to take as many are contradicting to what they were told. They would rather believe things without asking for reasons. This course is not for them. If you are a serious student of the gamefowl, who want to learn true breeding, then this is for you.

Marlon Mabingnay (with Rey Bajenting) of Excellence Poultry and Livestock Specialist and Pit Games Magazine. Marlon started his career in the gamefowl industry as a trainor with RB Sugbo Gamefowl Technology.

Advanced Manok Academy @rbs.wix.com

Go ahead. Read some of the Lessons In Advanced Science Of the Gamefowl

Right Way Of Starting Right The advice is always to “start right.” What is starting right? Starting right half a century ago meant importing breeding materials from Americans whose roosters dominated competition in the Philippines. Starting right a quarter of a century ago meant buying your materials from local big names who consistently wiped out their American counterparts in the WSC. Invariably the advice meant acquiring good breeding materials. Now starting right could might as well mean learning a little genetics; setting achievable goals; and of course understanding what a gamefowl is. Without these, you will not be able to recognize the best materials to start with. To effectively absorb breeding concepts and ideas you need basic knowledge in genetics in addition to a lot of common sense. This couse connects practical observations to scientific principles. Yes, because expertise in gamefowl breeding actually comes from some science and lots of experience in producing and fighting hundreds and hundreds of roosters. As a practical breeder, you need fundamental knowledge in genetics in order to enjoy and get satisfaction from what you are doing. You cannot enjoy doing something you are ignorant of. Basic knowledge will enable you to set genetic objectives that you can use as yardstick to determine whether you had succeeded or failed. Such objectives could be simple like producing chickens with straight comb. Or complex like combining different fighting traits to produce roosters with power, speed, flight and shuffle--attributes that might be opposites but might yet converge in a bloodline. Without essential knowledge or if you are ignorant of genetics you will not know how to start toward your goal, or you may not even be able to formulate a goal. This knowledge will complement practical experience. This part of the course discusses genetic terms, principles and practical concepts to help you create the gamefowl you want. Also this will help you set achievable goasl in your breeding program.

Understanding good gamefowl Whatever, your goals are, and regardless of your capabilities, in gamefowl breeding you have to produce your own gamefowl. The most important thing is to breed for superior bloodline type. A bloodline must have bloodline characteristics. Individuals belonging to a particular bloodline must breed true-to-type. Type refers to many things such as body conformation, station, size, plumage and leg color, comb shape, and fighting ability. Each breed or bloodline must have a specific type. Bloodline types differentiates an Asil from a Peruvian from an American Game. This is also why a hatch should be different from a roundhead. It is not however easy to set type. Moreover in gamefowl breeding wherein fighting ability is most important. You have to proceed to knowing the subject further because to produce good gamefowl you have to understand what good gamefowl is.

What is good gamefowl? To plain cockers and gamblers a good gamefowl is a gamefowl that wins. They will simply ask, if a bloodline has won in the World Slasher Cup and other big events. Many small-time gamblers or common sabungeros follow suit and set this as their standard too, although they themselves do not have the capability to join such events. To a peddler, a good gamefowl is a gamefowl that will sell for good profit. That is why these type of gamefowl producers just replicate famous bloodlines and advertise they have pure F1s and seed fowl of such and such. They don’t even bother to check the real meaning

of pure, F1 and seed fowl. In fact some don’t acquire genuine materials, they simply drop bloodline names. However, there are indeed scientific reasons why a game fowl is good. But only a serious breeder will bother to study these elements so he can consistently breed based on these scientific principles The elements of a good gamefowl are substance form and function. Substance is the genotype. Form is the phenotype. Function is fighting ability and pre-potency. The three, in their best perspective, make a good gamefowl. These three are highly correlated. This part of the course explains in detail what is substance, form and function. Understanding these three elements is the key to producing good gamefowl.

Achieving good substance An ideal genotype is either pure or heavy with the traits you desire to constitute your bloodline’s type. The ideal substance is one that will enable the characteristics you want in your gamefowl to manifest in order for it to fulfill its function. Therefore you aim for seed fowl for the traits you want.

Purifying traits Once you have identified the characteristics you want in your gamefowl, and you have acquired or created your seed fowl, you may now proceed to further purifying said characteristics. The common practice of purifying traits is inbreeding or the mating of related individuals. However, since inbreeding minimizes genetic variations, likewise, it increases the risk of inbreeding depression.

Avoid inbreeding But inbreeding is not the only way of purifying desirable traits. We can purify good traits without resorting to in-breeding. Yes, that’s it. You can purify traits even without inbreeding, and there are even advantages to it. You can make desirable traits homozygous or predominant by selective breeding, particularly positive assortative mating or mating like to like of unrelated individuals. If you do this, you reduce the risk of unseen identical bad alleles as in the case of related individuals. However, because you select for the desired traits you are nonetheless assured that these traits are common in the individuals you mate and can become homozygous or preponderant even if these individuals are not related.

Pure In gamefowl breeding the word pure is often used to describe purity of bloodline such as pure possum sweater or pure Sanford yellow legged hatch or pure Travis Clark kelso. One meaning of pure is pure of a bloodline. Most likely people also think of pure as invariably an inbred individual. There is another meaning of the word pure, though. Pure of a trait or characteristic. This concept, although not known to many gamefowl beeders, is the more correct meaning of the word pure in breeding and genetics.

So what really is pure? One meaning of pure is pure of a bloodline. In this sense, there are no pure gamefowl nowadays because all new bloodlines are result of mixing older bloodlines. But in gamefowl breeding the purity of an individual is judged by the composition of its bloodline name. In reality being pure of a name is nothing. In breeding being pure of the good traits is everything. There is another meaning of the word pure that is pure of a trait or characteristic. When a real breeder say that an individual is bred pure, it means it is pure of particular traits that are typical of the breed. In breeding and genetics, definitely there is pure.

Breeding for form Breeding for form means setting the phenotype you want in your bloodline. This is how you want your gamefowl to look ,like. The primary phenotypic traits of gamefowl, those can be observed at a glance, include plumage color, comb type, leg color, station, structure, balance, and overall physical feature. Fighting ability, health, productivity and the likes can be called secondary phenotype as these traits can be observed by deeper scrutiny. When we say breeding for form we mean the primary phenotype, mainly plumage color and the corresponding compatible traits in leg color and comb type. These three can be grouped together and reclassified by following the progress of the gamefowl’s wild type to succeeding mutations and variations. Also, there are phenotypic traits that are usually effective when lumped together. There might be some linkages and favorable interactions in them, their respective fighting traits not to be discounted. The probability of linkages is high between looks and fighting ability.

Among the phenotype of chicken the foremost attention-getter is plumage color. Indeed color is an important element in most animals. Color is vital in the survival and propagation of species in the wild. The original plumage phenotype of chicken and the gamefowl for the matter is similar to the phenotype of the red jungle fowl. Black and red plumage, dark legs and straight comb. This is the bankiva type of chicken first used in cockfighting from Persia to Europe. This is presumably similar type to the first American Gamefowl as the breed were originally from Europe brought to America by early settlers.

Chicken only has two colors. Red and black. The addition of the silver gene turns the red into white and resulted in the mutation that is known as grey in gamefowl.

Variations came about with the addition of silver genes that resulted in the mutation which turned red into grey (Upper picture). While dominant white erases black and resulted in the red gamefowl becoming pyle. Mutations also occurred in leg color and comb type (left pic). Plumage color is the foremost attention-getter among the various phenotype features. Thus, plumage color play important role in many bloodline characteristics. At present there are a number of varieties of the American Game recognized by the American Poultry Association. These are recognition for purposes of poultry show and exhibition. However, we breeders of American Game who are not into exhibition but rather into sporting seemingly have our own unofficial classifications of popular American Gamefowl varieties.

Dominant white gene erases black pigment turns red gamefowl to pyle.

We, at RB Sugbo have our own. Below are some of our classifications at RB Sugbo. This may differ from classifications of others. Ours is based on origin, phenotype, history of the strains belonging to respective type and the perceived fighting characteristics of each class. As per our study those outside of these types are products of careless blending or nickshopping crosses.

The Red, further sub-classified into dark legged and light legged. Then we have the Grey, sub classified into dark legged and light legged. Another kind of grey is the hatch grey type. Then the Dark Fowl that includes, black, brown red and black grey. There is also the White and the Off-colors. In this part of the course it is explained why they are classified as such. This part of the course also discusses which among the classes of phenotypes are considered compatible and breedable woith one another.

Breeding for fighting ability Breeding for fighting ability is the most complex job of a gamefowl breeder. For centuries breeding for fighting characteristics had been done mostly by trial and error, without scientific principles to guide the old-time breeders. Now, the situation is much better. Today breeders can be guided by genetic principles that make the task simpler and more accurate. Advances in genetics has taken away much of trial and error from gamefowl breeding. However, when it comes to fighting ability, it is still the subjective assessment of the experienced breeder that counts most. But there are now helpful scientific principles.

Types of fighting characteristics From these ideas we, at RB Sugbo, have found out there are two manners by which traits dictate fighting ability. The first one is the types of traits and how these traits could be introduced to a bloodline and inherited by subsequent generations. The other aspect is how these type of traits interact with one another. First, there are three types. One we classified as “Essential Wild Type” (EWT) traits. Then there are “Improvable Wild Type” (IWT) characteristics. The third type are the traits we classify under “Mandatory Mutation” (MM). EWT are the traits that will naturally manifest in gamefowl. These traits traits can be easily inherited from the hen. On the other hand, IWTs are traits that will naturally manifest in wild type form, but need complementary efforts by the breeder to enhance. Finally, MMs are mutations that are not necessary for survival of chicken in the wild but vital for survival of gamefowl in the pit. It is the task of the breeder to put these traits and keep them in the bloodline.

Interaction of traits The second aspect is how the different traits that dictate fighting ability interact with one another. The different types could interact as either supplement or complement to one another. To us fighting traits complement each other when only the presence of both will result in certain fighting characteristic to manifest For example the EWTs sharp instinct and quick reflex are always necessary in most fighting traits to manifest. The two are complementary with each other and often complementary with other fighting traits. Traits supplement each other when together they work better. Similar to interactions that result in heterosis. For example, gameness, endurance, aggressiveness and killer instinct are supplementary with one another. Some bloodlines exhibit a higher degree of expression in one class of traits than the others, however, a good breeder always see to it that all three are present in good grade in his battle fowl. That is why blending of two or more bloodlines is often necessary, because a breeder will want to have these three types of traits adequately-balanced in his battle fowl. This is where the breeder’s knowledge in the interactions of the different types is most important. Deductive reasoning suggests that wild type are advantageous and dominant so these can be left to natural law of inheritance. Gamefowl breeders, can concentrate on developing, through intelligent selective breeding, the necessary non-wild type traits.

Brood fowl In gamefowl breeding what is of vital importance is the quality of your breeding materials. After you get an idea of what kind of gamefowl to produce and how to set the characteristics you desire, both phenotype and genotype, then now you have the fundamental knowledge to start your breeding venture or reset your program based on this new found knowledge. It’s time to acquire the materials you will start with. When you scout for materials to acquire for breeding, you are indeed looking for seed fowl. A seed fowl is the fowl with which you started a breeding program. But there is another meaning to the term seed fowl. A seed fowl should be a prepotent fowl, meaning pure of or heavy with desirable traits, not necessarily pure of a bloodline name. To a breeder out to set his own bloodline a seed fowl is either pure or heavy of the features he wants in his bloodline type.

Look for seed fowl When you are out to breed your own gamefowl, you ought to look for seed fowl for the characteristics you want in your bloodline. Yes seed fowl, not a pure of bloodline name. There are gamefowl pure of bloodline names that are not prepotent, thus, not a seed fowl. A seed fowl can pass on to offspring certain desirable traits because it is pre-potent for these desirable traits. A seed fowl can be a pure of a bloodline or a blend; an in-bred or a crossbred. It doesn’t matter as long as it is prepotent for desired traits and thus can pass on these traits. Prepotency is the factor that separates a good brood cock from a good battle fowl, and a valuable hen from an ordinary hen. Prepotency is what makes seed fowl.

How to select brood fowl Selecting a brood cock is much like selecting a good battle cock. Selecting a hen is more complicated and less accurate. Nonetheless, most of the factors that apply to selecting a brood cock apply to selecting a hen. The only difference is that you don’t select a hen based on its fighting ability. Select a brood cock like you select a battle fowl with the additional concern that the individual to be utilized as brood cock has better chances of being prepotent. So, you have a potential brood cock. Nice looks, great fighting ability. How then do you judge the cock’s potential to be a prepotent brood cock? \Well, if you bred the particular cock, you know if the traits it manifested are fixed in its genotype. For example if it manifested speed in sparring, and you have been breeding this particular line for speed over an ample period, then you will know that the speed of the cock was bred into it and not just acquired through some lucky draw of genes. If you didn’t breed the cock yourself, then, there would be some problem. You can ask the breeder how this particular cock was bred. But, best is to ask the breeder if you can watch spars of the full brothers of this cock. If its full brothers fight similar to the potential brood cock then chances are good that the characteristics they all possess are deeply rooted in their bloodline and thus can be passed on to succeeding generations. The situation will become more complicated when selecting brood hens. Unlike cocks, you cannot spar hens and select based on fighting ability. You can only judge the hens by their looks. Since you cannot select hens based on its individual fighting ability, you have to rely on the collective and average fighting ability and pit performance of the family, specifically of their full brothers. You may select females based on assumptions. For the same reasons as in the case of selecting brood cocks, select hens with full brothers that are uniformed in beauty and superb fighting skills. The most important factor, however, in selecting brood fowl is the family’s actual pit performance. If selecting from among your own yards it is not a problem of course, since you would have records. When acquiring from a source then you have to determine pit performance by other means. You can do this by asking around, or observing, yourself, the actual pit performance of the line. It may take time but you better bear with it than suffer the consequences later of not doing so.

Managing seed fowl If you are privileged or lucky you may be able to acquire seed fowl from good breeders. Mostly, however, you may have to create your seed fowl to be used as foundation of your own bloodline. The task does not end with acquiring your very first seed fowl. Some of the times you will find out that the supposed seed fowl does not produce offspring with traits consistent with what you like in the brood fowl. In this case you either have to discard the entire line or try to improve it. Sometimes you will find the seed fowl very satisfactory. But even in the latter case you will have to do something to maintain and improve it. In every generation there might be some variations. These variations will increase in both frequency and degree if you do not know how to manage it. You have to keep and maintain a number of prepotent individuals in the course of your operation. These individuals will ensure the quality of your flock will be maintained or improved even long after the original seed fowl are lost.

Why the hen is important In my many years as an aspiring breeder, I often heard from experienced breeders that the hen is more important than the brood cock. I did not keep too much consideration to the observation. In the first place, nobody among those who told me, told me why.

Later, I realized that the masters were referring to importance of the hen in relation to the parents contribution to the traits of individual offspring or individual generation. Let’s review a basic law of Mendelian genetics which says that each trait is composed of two parts, or alleles, one coming from the father, the other from the mother. Therefore, the genotype of an individual is 50% of the father and 50% of the mother. How come then that many breeders contend that the mother contributes more traits than the father, particularly to the male offspring. Absurd? No. Modern science has discovered new theories, principles and laws about how traits are inherited since the time of Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics. This part of the course explains why the hen is important.

Inheritance emphasized from cock side And from hen side Experienced gamefowl breeders often talk about some traits that ought to be bred from the male and others from the female. However, we have noticed that many times, the observations vary from one breeder to another. Some breeders prefer that a particular characteristic be bred from the hen side, while other breeders prefer the same trait be bred from the cock side. There is no clear cut designation. Then as usual, there is no clear cut explanation either. But it is true that in chicken breeding, both in commercial meat and egg and in hobby show breeding, breeders maintain a cock side and a hen side of matings. We made researches and consulted experts on why in many livestock and poultry breeding there is always the male and female side. We got explanations. These are called inheritance emphasized from the male and inheritance emphasized from the female. Then, from all the data we had gathered, we made our own conclusions applicable to game fowl breeding. This part of the course explains why some traits should be bred from the cock, some from the hen.

Gene pooling Another good means of fine tuning and maintaining traits in your bloodlines is by keeping separate gene pools for certain groups of characteritics. We at RB Sugbo has what we call as gene banking, a breeding concept we have been practicing for years. The idea is to pool genes of certain phenotypes and genotypes together along with corresponding fighting traits. It is sort of gene banking. When you repeatedly put in a line certain desirable traits then you are banking or collecting those traits in the said line or gene pool. When you combine two individual pools or bank of genes into another bloodline or a cross then you are trying to avail of complementarity by gene variations. For illustration purposes we will discuss our own gene banking process at RB Sugbo.

The female line The gene pool in the RB Sugbo female line are mostly essential wild type, because these features are most likely affected by strength or weakness of mitochondria, and mitochondria is inherited from the hen. Essential wild types influence instinct and reflex, which are important to fighting ability; health and survivability, which are factors for the line’s viability; and egg, fertility and hatching rates, which are vital to reproduction of the line. This gene bank also contributes much to fighting attributes such as speed, agility, intelligence, power and other wild type traits that are affected by the quality of mitochondria. Our female gene bank at RB Sugbo is mostly constituted by genes from certain speed families of the Blakliz. Since we originated the Blakliz, we are most familiar with its genotype. Our assumptions of the hens’ worth are more accurate. We know the Blakliz hens have strong mitochondria. We know that the Blakliz has sharp instinct and quick reflexes that enable it to be intelligent, agile and fast.

The Blakliz in this pool are mostly from the black gene pool, originally from a black of Richard Bates and later to the Black Bonanza. They come black/brownred plumage; black /dark legs; straight comb. Individuals from this pool are likely to possess all around fighting ability with emphasis on speed.

The male line The male line at RB Sugbo is focused on the Improvable Wild Type and Mandatory Mutation. We only put in this gene bank qualities such as cutting and gameness, fine structure, good temperament and right tendencies. These are features observable in sparring and actual fights. So these are aspects that can be observed from the males only. This gene bank is likewise constituted by genes from certain Blakliz families. The genes from this pool come from the Blakliz families that contain the silver (grey) gene. These are the Blakliz families which were infused with Aguirre Hulsey grey sometime ago and lately with the Art Lopez Mel Sims grey. Another great contributor to this gene pool is the Doyle Watson Shuffler. Individuals from this bank are either black grey or brown red in plumage; dark legs; straight comb. Emphasis on cutting, gameness, and endurance.

Black and Silver For years we worked on putting in the Blakliz the fighting traits we desired. The results of our participation in stag derbies the four years, starting 2014, proved satisfactory for us. It was about time to stabilize these traits further and also about time to set a breed standards for the Blakliz. In 2015 we started stabilizing and standardizing the Blakliz. We are effecting the stabilizing and standardizing process in this Black and Silver gene pool. The Black and Silver as the name implies is a combination of the black female pool and the silver in the male pool. Whereas the black female pool and the silver male pool are foundation stock. The Black and Silver is an out crosser or parent stock. Individuals from the Black and Silver pool can be effectively crossed with other compatible bloodlines. In chicken breeding, including game fowl, it helps to breed from parent stock. Parent stocks are produced to produce F1s. The F1s will serve the purpose they are intended for. If for laying, they will lay more eggs. If for meat they grow bigger faster. For cockfighting, they fight good. There must be two sets of compatible parent stock to produce good F1s.This multi-layer method of breeding is efficient because desired traits are first stabilized in the foundation stock before they are blended into parent stock. That’s why it is not easy for true breeders to produce parent stocks. Because to produce parent stock you need to breed from stable foundation stocks. Then, there must be four sets of stable foundation stock to produce two sets of unrelated parents that will in turn produce the good F1s. Gene banking is one good idea to make a seed fowl. Seed fowl for specific traits. Seed fowl for speed, seed fowl for power, seed fowl for smarts. Each of these lines can be fought “pure” by itself. Because although each is heavy on a particular fighting trait, each also receives passing grades in the important aspects of fighting, meaning no marked weaknesses. You can also blend these pools among themselves or with other bloodlines to take advantage of complementarity of traits.

Scientific Mating There are many modes of mating, but here we will discuss only the mode most expert game fowl breeders agree, as best, the single mating. Many gamefowl breeders do single mating solely for the purpose of pedigree identification. In order to determine which cock, which hen and which pair produce the best offspring. However, unknown to them, single mating, also fits well with scientific concepts. For example, the spacing the interval of matings by rotational single matings, augurs well for quality of sperm. Too short or too long intervals between ejaculations have negative effects on sperm quality. In the yard, a brood cock can mate for as many as 20-30 times a day often repeatedly with a few favorite hens. Imagine the waste.

Flock mating with trap nest In contrast, flock mating is the presence of a brood cock and several hens together in a single yard or compartment. This means the brood cock can mate with any of the hens. Identifying the exact mother is difficult. In some instances, all the hens in the yard come from the same family, preferably sisters, so at least the composition of the offspring based on bloodline can be established.

Flock-single mating However, there is a way you could identify the exact mother, even if you put a cock over many hens in a yard. The trick is to provide trap nests in the yard. Once the hen get inside the nest to lay egg, it will be trapped and will remain inside the nest until someone will come to release it after marking the egg accordingly. Like in individual single mating method, in flock – single mating, you could correctly identify the eggs of the hens individually.

Simultaneous multiple single mating This is one of the centerpiece lessons of this course. Very advanced. As we have discussed earlier, there are ways to single mate one brood cock to a number of hens at a given time. You may do this by separating the hens in single confinements and rotate the brood cock among them, on certain interval. Or you may place a brood cock with several hens in a yard, just like in group or flock mating, but using the trap nest method. But even these methods will only allow you to have sampling of offspring of the brood cock with many hens, not sampling of the offspring of a particular hen with different brood cocks. In the case of the hen, you are supposed to be only able to single mate one hen with one brood cock at a particular time. So if you want to sample the offspring of a particular hen with several brood cocks or lines, it will take some time. However, we, at RB Sugbo, have found a way. We can single mate several brood cocks with several hens effecting multiple single mating simultaneously. Thus we multiply the number of sampling combinations that will be available at the same time. If we will put ten brood cocks with a hundred hens in a single yard, then the possible single mating combinations is 1,000 pairs of cock and hen, and still identify the exact father and mother of every chick. Knowledge in genetics has allowed us to do this method which we call Simultaneous Multiple Single Mating (SIM). Among its practical applications is that it can shorten the time to start setting a new bloodline. One of the longer process in setting a new bloodline is finding the better crosses to set into a new bloodline. Another practical advantage is that the method benefits from the natural instinct of hens to choose the mates they feel could provide the best offspring.

Specializing and Propagating When you already have created a bloodline or bloodlines with characteristics that you want, and more or less uniformed and stable, you may propagate these bloodlines. You may now mass produce your bloodlines either for fighting them yourself or for selling. Whichever is your aim, it is more advisable to concentrate on a few selected bloodlines. After all, most famous breeders are known for only a few bloodlines. They specialize on favorites. On the other hand, there are the so-called collectors who keeps so many bloodlines. More likely these collectors are not famous for any single bloodline. Specialists are better on their specialized fields than general practitioners. So chances of producing better gamefowl is higher if you specialized on a few bloodlines. When you breed only a few bloodlines, your resources will allow you to produce more samples of the few bloodlines you have. The more samples you will have the more accurate your assessment of the bloodline’s value. If you sell your produce, it is also attractive to showcase many individual gamefowl with the same looks than a few each of many different looks. A cord area with a hundred black chickens is nicer to look at than one with 100 heads of assorted plumage colors such as red, grey, gold, dom, brown reds, whites, and others. The above are from the point of view of mathematics. In genetics there are more logical and scientific explanations to support the idea of breeding more of few rather than few of many. This part of the course explains what genetic and scientific principle will affect the development of a bloodline with small populations.

Monitor performance and propagate To improve his stock from one generation to another is the desire of every breeder. Aiming for the current generation to be better than the previous one. This is progressive breeding. The aim is to breed winners, but it is always easier said than done. Genetics, by itself, is a complicated science. In the case of breeding game fowl it is the more complicated because of the purpose for which the game fowl is bred. There are traits that have little or nothing to do with the chicken’s fighting performance. Conversely, there are traits that have everything to do with winning and losing. If you want to breed winners focus on traits that have something to do with winning. The more desirable traits and the less undesirable traits in a gene pool, the greater the chances of producing desirable individuals. Forget bloodline names, forget in-breeding. Just put into your gene pool as many desirable traits as possible, traits that have something to do with winning and losing, and chances are you will be producing killers. This is doubly true when talking of polygenic and quantitative traits such as fighting skills, station, body structure and other important characteristics of the gamefowl of such nature. This is further discussed in the course.

Yes what they did not know then, science can now explain. Avail of the opportunity now!

Advanced Manok Academy @rbs.wix.com PRACTICAL SCIENCE OF THE GAMEFOWL (The reasons the masters didn’t tell us, science can explain)

Enrolment opens September 1, 2018. Classes start Oct. 18, 2018. What to expect: 1. Already posted are the existing lessons in Filipino for the previous first batches of students. 2. Plus whole new units of “Expert Level” updated advanced discussions on all you need to know about gamefowl breeding, raising and fighting (in English); 3. Backgrounder on the history of cockfighting, the state of sabong in the Philippines to prepare you for possible opportunities; 4.

Creation of original Pinoy bloodlines for selling and export.

5. Also available immediately are dozens of E-books, publications, blog and articles. 6. Students may also avail of 20% discounts on RB Sugbo gamefowl breeding materials, starter sets and other promos and programs. The main features of the new “Expert Level” lessons are “ Essentials of Starting Right” and “Understanding the Gamefowl and the elements of a good gamefowl. Not only that, starting January, 2019 there will be one additional unit each month on More Advanced Science of the Gamefowl (Master Level). All of these for a one-time membership fee of only P900 if paid on or before Oct. 18, 2018. After Oct. 18, 2018, you may enrol anytime but membership for new enrolees might be raised to P1,200. Lessons are currently in docs and downloadable PDF. Discussions on More Advanced Science of the Gamefowl (Master Level) will be in non-downloadable and non-sharable audio-visual presentation.

Interested in Advanced Manok Academy? Congrats! Your interest will surely lead to gains. It is about time, that you make use of scientific knowledge applied to gamefowl breeding. It was not usually done in the past. You can do it now. It is not late. Many might be ahead of you in game fowl breeding, but only in experience, not in true knowledge. You can easily catch up with them.

Believe us, we had been practicing what we preached RB Sugbo Gamefowl Technology is not only on theory. Founder Rey Bajenting had been a professional roosterman for half a century. As a true breeder he has originated his own bloodlines. Over the years he had fought and bred thousands of gamefowl.

Then be informed: This course is ideal for farm owners, managers and others who would like to become true breeders of the gamefowl and be ahead of the others who continue to stick to old methods. This is also recommended for those who are running their farms in absentia or while away. If you know the why, you may just pay for the how. If you feel you are up to it then you may enrol.

How to enrol? Early birds. Enrolment opens September 1, 2018. Classes begin October 18, 2018. From Sept. 1 to Oct 18 is considered early bird period. Membership during this period is only P900. This course is flexi-time. After Oct. 18, 2018 you may enrol anytime. You may read the posted lessons and participate in the discussion existing at the time of your enrolment. Then wait for more lessons to be posted. Membership after Oct. 18, 2018 might be raised to P1,800. Membership fee remittance. You may remit the corresponding amount through LBC, Palawan, Western Union, M. Lhuillier, Cebuana to Elizabeth M. Bajenting, City of Talisay, Cebu; 09177169860. Or through BDO Account: Reynaldo K. Bajenting # 0029 4022 0987. Then send the details to RBS Premium on FB. You will receive a link to the site of Advanced Manok Academy at rbs.wix.com. shortly before opening of classes. Start at will. Upon acceptance to the academy you may immediately start reading the existing lessons, lectures, E-books, articles and blogs. More advanced (Master level) lessons will be

added from time to time. You may also participate in the discussions with classmates and the mentors. Initially, lessons are mainly on PDF form. But in the future some audio-visuals will be added.

Privileges of members/students Immediate access to existing lessons, dozens of free-ebooks, articles, blog. Access to new information and knowledge. Discounts on RB Sugbo gamefowl breeding materials (20%) and other promos exclusive to members/students. And, others, from time to time.

Wag magpahuli. Parami ng parami na ang may mga panibagong pananaw sa pagmamanok.

Enrol now! P900 for early birds from Sept 1 to Oct. 18. P1,800 regular membership after Oct. 18, 2018. You may remit the corresponding amount through LBC, Palawan, Western Union, M. Lhuillier, Cebuana to Elizabeth M. Bajenting, City of Talisay, Cebu; 09177169860. Or through BDO Account: Reynaldo K. Bajenting # 0029 4022 0987. Then send the details to RBS Premium on FB. You will receive a link to the site of Advanced Manok Academy at rbs.wix.com. shortly before opening of classes.

See you at Advanced Manok Academy @rbs.wix.com