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LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Philippines is located near the equator and this also means that it is a tropical country. According to Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the gradual warming of the tropical Pacific might cause a possible weak El Niño (Dry Season) which is characterized by the unusually warm and nutrient-poor water off. Philippines being known to be one of the largest suppliers of rice especially the Central Luzon ought to avoid experiencing drought for the continuous production of rice. Global climate change is a topic that had been hotly debated across the country for years. Though not many people believe it, scientists have proved the global warming is in fact partly caused by man (Bogan, 2015). The effects of this phenomenon are experienced in different parts of the world, where one of these is drought which is being encountered in the Philippines. Drought is mainly caused by low soil water retention rate, which is the measure of how much water a particular type of soil or grow medium can retain. In watering the plants, the water goes down the soil due to gravity that pulls the water downwards. In a rice field there is the supply of water throughout the whole rice field and the amount of water should be large so that the rice field will not dry easily.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL In connection with this, farmers are using expensive chemicals to avoid water loss in their plants. These chemicals contain superabsorbent polymer that is responsible to hold water. Superabsorbent polymer also called slush powder can absorb and retain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to their own mass. Meanwhile, pectin is said to have the ability to hold water which can be found in the plants mainly from citrus fruits. Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) fruit contains high amount of pectin that can also be used for water retention. The properties of pectin are viscosity, solubility, and gelation. In connection with this the province of Batangas is known for its lomi, which uses calamansi to spice-up the dish. As for the management of lomi houses in Batangas, Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) peels can be a contributing factor to garbage, so instead of it being a trash, we can use it for the conduction of this research. Hence, the researchers conducted this study to determine the effects of Calamansi (Citrofunella microcarpa) as superabsorbent polymer to the germination of Rice (Oryza Sativa) Plant.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Statement of the Problem Generally, this study aimed to determine the effects of Calamansi (Citrofunella microcarpa) as superabsorbent polymer to the germination of Rice (Oryza Sativa) Plant. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the attributes of soil before adding the superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) in terms of: 1.1 pH level; and 1.2 water retention? 2. How do the superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) affects the attributes of soil after treatment? 3. Is there a significant difference in the attributes of soil before and after adding the superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)? 4. What are the effects of superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) to the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) plant with reference to: 4.1 length of plant; 4.2 germination period; 4.3 number of leaves; and

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

4.4 color of plant 5. Is there a significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza Sativa) plant in the controlled and experimental set-up? 6. Is there a significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza Sativa) plant when the amount of superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is varied? Definition of Terms Calamansi. It is citrus hybrid predominantly cultivated in the Philippines Germination. It is a process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure into few plants. In this study, germination is the process by which a Rice Plant seeds grew after three weeks. Pectin. Structural heteropolysachharide contained in the primary cell wall of terrestrial plant. Rice. A grass with genome consisting of 430Mb across 12 chromosomes. It is renowned for being easy to genetically modified and is a model of the organism for cereal biology. Significance of the Study The study will be a meaningful attempt in promoting a good work outcome in developing valuable purposes among rural and urban areas. Regulating the study gives an intent to fulfill the knowledge needed based on the application of

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL extracted pectin from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) peel in Agricultural requisite. Moreover, this study will be significant to the; Rice Farmers. Once the research hypotheses have been proven, there will be a high probability that peel of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) fruit can be used as an alternative super absorbent polymer and the farmers will be assured for it will help them in the germination of rice plants. Locals of Lemery. The findings of the study will redound to the benefit of the local people who lived in Lemery considering that Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) peel have played significant role in the germination of plant. This study will be a significant endeavor in promoting the Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) peel as a Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP). Department of Agriculture. When the outcome of this study prove that the components present in the peel of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) fruit has water retention property, it will be beneficial to the agriculturists because it will give them an alternative super absorbent polymer that would help in the drought problem in different parts of the country. Future Researchers. This study can benefit the next researchers that would be having a study that is related to this topic in terms of providing some information

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL that they needed and taking this as an opportunity to help them for further discussion. Scope, Limitation and Delimitation This study was concerned in knowing the effectivity of the extracted pectin from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) peel as a Superabsorbent Polymer and if there was a possible effect to the germination of Rice (Oryza Sativa) plant. This study focused on the water holding capacity of the roots of Rice (Oryza Sativa) Plant and observed the growth of Rice (Oryza Sativa) Plant. This study used only one part of the Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) which is the peel and the different set-ups of Rice (Oryza Sativa) Plant. This study started through the collection of calamansi peels from the different lomi houses in Lemery, Batangas and then performed the microwave drying and powderizing process on it. This also involved the collection of seeds of Rice (Oryza Sativa) Plant at Brgy. Nonong Casto, Lemery, Batangas. This study also created 15 set-ups of Rice (Oryza Sativa) Plant with different amount of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) pectin in each. The set-ups were observed every 24 hours. The observation on the roots of rice plant was not included in this study. Research Hypotheses This study will be conducted to test the following hypothesis:

H0: There is no significant difference in the attributes of soil before and after adding the superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa).

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL H0: There is no significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant before and after being planted in the setup.

H0: There is no significant difference in the germination of Rice Plant (Oryza sativa) on controlled and experimental set-up.

H0: There is no significant difference in the germination of Rice Plant (Oryza sativa) when the amount of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) pectin is varied.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies which the researchers have perused to shed light on the topic under their study. Concept Literature Properties of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) According to Lee Seong Wei, et al., (2008), Citrus microcarpa is widely cultivated in the Philippines. This kind of species is native to the Philippines. The leaves of calamansi yield volatile oil ranging from 0.9 percent to 1.06 percent study on the volatile constituents of calamansi peel or whole fruit essential oil yielded 54 compounds,

including 13

monoterpenes,

7 monoterpene aldehydes, 2

monoterpene ketones, 4 monoterpene estere, 12 sesquiterpenes, 3 alipathic alcohols, 6 alipathic aldehydes, and 2 alipathic esters, with limonene and myrcene as major compounds. Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) yields a large quantity of 3’, 5’-di-Cglucopyranosylphloretin (DGPP) in the peel, juice sac, and leaves. In a study of essential oil by hydro distillation, the major component identified in the peels was limonene (94 percent). It is also stated that the production of potential haemostatic agents from extracted pectin of calamansi peels blended with polyethylene oxide. Results

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

suggest the pectin and polyethylene oxide blends exhibits haemostatic properties. On the other hand, as radiation dose and pectin concentration increased, the blood clotting ability also increased (Vista, J et al., (2015)). Water Holding Capacity of Extracted Pectin from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Peel According to Anzaldo, F.E et al., (2009), the peel of the calamansi fruit contains most of the pectin.Anzaldo, F.E et al., found that pectin is soluble in water. This means that pectin has the ability to hold water for a long time. Pectin is a widely used polysaccharide due to its gelling and emulsion stabilizing properties (Sedano, S. (2013)). Pectin is a complex mixture of polysaccharides that makes up about one third of the cell wall dry substance of citrus plants. Related Studies According to Nirghin, K. 2016, it was observed that the application to the water absorption formula, the orange peel mixture displayed the strongest water absorbing abilities of 76.1 percent the acrylic superabsorbent polymer displayed a water absorbing ability of 74.7 percent, whilst the Pectin, starch, orange peel powder and orange peel solution superabsorbent polymers fell under 70 percent of absorbing and storing water in the sol. It is also observed that the plant grew

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL healthier, taller and produces more flowers when pectin of orange peel is added. This orange peel pectin significantly increased moisture levels compared to regular topsoil. Based on the study of Saidatul, S et al., (2015), the assurance of feasibility of the biodegradable composite that indicated the soil fertility depends on the application of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) filled carbon filler in agriculture. It shows that there were positive effects to the soil environment when superabsorbent polymers (SAP) were used with carbon filler. Superabsorbent polymers were normally used as soil additive; either as reservoir of nutrients or water retain in the soil. Water infiltration rate in soil, bulk density, soil structure and rate of evaporation from the soil surface were significant to encounter to reduced impacts of drought stress in crops, it could also be influenced by superabsorbent polymers. As Rao and Revanasiddapa (2005) stated, the amount, size and distribution of pores, soil texture and mineralogy of soil particles and the properties of the porewater solution were the features that affects the water retention. The soil water retention curve (SWRC) was characterized by two parameters: the air entry value and the residual water content. Soil water retention curve were prepared considering the relation between gravimetric water content and matric suction. Liu, S. Y et al.,( 2017), concluded that incorporation of arsenic sandstone and sand significantly enhances the soil water retention effect and water holding

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL capacity, and the compound soil has a positive effect on crops growth. This improved the soil water retention capacity and prolonged the storage time of soil water. Alvarez and Steinbach, (2009) compared the effects of plow tillage, reduced tillage, and no till. Soil water content during the critical periods of sowing and flowering was generally greater under limited tillage. The adoption of limited tillage system in Pampas leads to soil improvement but also generates the necessity of increase nitrogen fertilizers utilization to sustain yields of graminaceous crops. Olness and Arcger, (2005), said that the affect soil organic carbon has on soil available water capacity depends on the soil texture and the initial organic carbon content. Water content is mainly affected by soil organic matter and soil structure. This increases the water available in the soil that helps the plant to grow healthier and hydrated. Organic carbon is essential for its characteristics such as minerals that help the plants to grow healthier and antimicrobial property. Synthesis Through these following researchers and and their aid, they contributed to build up the researcher’s study. Lee Seong Wei, et al., (2008) shared the features and properties of Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa). Additionally, Santos, M.L (2015),Vista, J et al., (2015) and Soonwera, M, (2015), shared the properties and components of Calamansi such as the antimicrobial property , insecticidal property and pectin.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL As to give information about pectin and its water holding capability, Anzaldo, F.E et al., (2009) and Sedano, S. (2013) contributed to that. For additional information as well, Nirghin, K. (2016) and Saidatul, S et al., (2015) shared about its impact to the soil environment in the water infiltration rate in soil, bulk density, soil structure and rate of evaporation from the soil surface. Similarly, Rao and Revanasiddapa (2005), Liu, S. Y et al.,( 2017), Alvarez and Steinbach, (2009) and Olness and Arcger, (2005) discussed the factors that affects the water retention property for the plants germination.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CHAPTER III Research Methodology This chapter discusses the research design, as well as the graphical experimental design, for this study. It also shows the research environment where the experiment is done, the data gathering procedures that will satisfy the statements of the problem, the procedure itself that will determine how the experiment is going to be done, the data gathering instruments, and the statistical treatment of data. Research Design This study utilizes the experimental method of research in order to determine the extent in which the different variables are related to each other in a definite population. Experimental Design

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL The researchers utilize four set-ups to observe the effects of Superabsorbent Polymer to the attributes of the soil and the germination of Rice plant wherein three set-ups were experimental, and one was controlled. The pH levels and water retention before and after adding the Extracted Calamansi pectin along with the germination rate, germination period, number of leaves, length of stem and the color of plant were tested for three weeks. To determine the effects of Superabsorbent polymers, the researchers employ the experimental research. The study used experimental design where certain variables are carefully controlled and manipulated, to test hypothesis and gather genuine outcomes. Data Gathering Instruments To gather an accurate data, important details were needed to establish to create the best outcome available. Through that, the researchers interviewed first the persons with enough knowledge with regards to agriculture and their nature. Also, significant ideas about Pectin were researched through internet and pamphlets. While doing the study, they ardently observed the whole activity from the start up to the last procedure to extract the valuable data and make the best result. Furthermore, in obtaining the parameters needed, they used different tools such as measuring tape and Munsell chart.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Statistical Treatment of Data In determining the effectiveness of Extracted Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Pectin as Superabsorbent Polymers for water retention capacity and germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant, the data was tested and analyzed through the use of the following statistical tools: 1. Mean- was used to determine the effects of Extracted Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Pectin as Superabsorbent Polymers. 2. Percentage Rate- was used to determine the average growing rate of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant. 3. T-test- was used to determine the significant difference in the attributes of soil before and after adding the superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) and in the germination of Rice Plant (Oryza sativa) before and after being planted in the setup. Also, it was used to know the significant difference in the germination of Rice Plant (Oryza sativa) between controlled and experimental set-up. 4. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)- was used to determine the significant difference significant difference in the germination of Rice Plant (Oryza sativa) when the amount of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) pectin is varied.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Data Gathering Procedures The researchers followed the subsequent steps in gathering the data to prove that Extracted Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Pectin is useful as Superabsorbent Polymers for soil water retention capacity of Rice (Oryza sativa). The researchers were informed by their research adviser about creating an efficient study. After having the discussion with their adviser, they researched and eventually found out that Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Pectin can hold huge amount of water. With the adviser’s suggestions and corrections, the researchers conducted the experiment to determine the effectiveness of Extracted Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Pectin as Superabsorbent Polymer and its effects to the Germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant. Procedures Preparing the experimental and controlled set-ups (See APPENDIX B). A. Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Peels were collected from different lomi houses in Lemery, Batangas and underwent drying process through sundrying. Dried Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Peels were powderized through the use of sterilized blender. B. Rice (Oryza Sativa) Plant seedlings were collected at Nonong Casto, Lemery, Batangas, gathered enough seedlings that are needed in the experiment.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

C. Different

amount

of

powderized

Calamansi

(Citrofortunella

microcarpa) extracted pectin were prepared such as 25 g, 35 g, 45 g. Each pot was filled with two kilograms of soils and the varied amount of powderized Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) extracted pectin were put for the experimental set-ups. Also, there is a controlled set up with two kilograms of soil only. Every set-up has three replicates. D. Twenty Rice (Oryza sativa) plant seedlings were planted in each pot with varied amount of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) pectin such as 0 g for the controlled set-up and 25 g, 35 g, and 45 g for the experimental set-ups. E. The set-ups were observed weekly in a span of 3 weeks F. The researchers documented the data gotten from the experiment, observing the length of the rice plant, pH level and water retention of each set-up. Research Environment The study is conducted at Payapa Ilaya Lemery, Batangas, wherein the Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant is suitable for growing, as well as the area needed is readily available.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Chapter IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data gathered for the purpose of answering the specific questions postulated in Chapter 1. This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered in the study. 1. Attributes of Soil Before Adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Table 1.1 pH Level of Soil Before Adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

Controlled Setup (0 g) Experimental Setup (25 g)

Experimental Setup (35 g)

Experimental Setup (45 g)

Setup

pH level (Week 0)

Setup 1

7

Setup 2

7

Setup 3

7

Setup 1

7

Setup 2

7

Setup 3

7

Setup 1

8

Setup 2

8

Setup 3

8

Setup 1

8

Setup 2

8

Setup 3

8

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Table 1.1 shows the pH level of soil before adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

The data revealed the pH level of soil in the controlled and experimental set-ups. As shown in the table, the soil in the controlled set-up have recorded a pH level of 7,7 and in the experimental set-up with 25 grams of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) also revealed a result of 7, 7 and 7 pH level. This means that the set-ups are neutral in their pH-level. Meanwhile, the pH level of experimental set-up with 35 grams of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) showed the results as follows 8,8 and 8. Lastly, the pH level of soil in experimental set-up with 45 grams Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) revealed the pH level results of 8, 8 and 8 which means they are in the base level. Table 1.2 Water Retention of Soil Before Adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

Controlled Setup (0 g) Experimental Setup (25 g)

Setup

Water Retention (Week 0)

Setup 1

75.5%

Setup 2

75.25%

Setup 3

75.375%

Setup 1

75.375%

Setup 2

75.5%

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Experimental Setup (35 g)

Experimental Setup (45 g)

Setup 3

75.25%

Setup 1

75.5%

Setup 2

75.25%

Setup 3

75.375%

Setup 1

75.25%

Setup 2

75.375%

Setup 3

75.5%

Table 1.2 shows the water retention of soil before adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

The data revealed the water retention of soil before adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa). As shown in the table, the controlled set-up has recorded 75.5 percent, 75.25 percent and 75.375 percent of its water retention. While in the experimental set-up with 25 grams of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) revealed a result of the water retention at 75.375 percent, 75. 5 percent and 75. 25 percent. Meanwhile, the water retention of experimental set-up which going to have 35 grams of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) showed the results as follows 75.5 percent, 75.25 percent and 75.375 percent. Lastly, the water retention of soil in experimental set-up having 45 grams Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) revealed the water retention results of 75.25 percent, 75.275 percent and 75.5 percent.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 2. Attributes of Soil After Adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Table 2.1 pH Level of Soil After Adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

Controlled Setup (0 g) Experimental Setup (25 g)

Experimental Setup (35 g)

Experimental Setup (45 g)

Setup

pH Level (Week 3)

Setup 1

8

Setup 2

8

Setup 3

8

Setup 1

9

Setup 2

9

Setup 3

9

Setup 1

10

Setup 2

10

Setup 3

10

Setup 1

10

Setup 2

10

Setup 3

10

Table 2.1 shows the pH level of soil after adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

The table above presents the pH level of soil in the controlled and experimental set-ups after adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa). The measuring was done consecutively every week.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL As shown in the table, the soil in the controlled set-up have recorded a pH level of 8,8 and 8 while in the experimental set-up with 25 grams of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) revealed a result of 9, 9 and 9 pH level. Meanwhile, the pH level of experimental set-up with 35 grams of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) showed the results as follows 10,10 and 10. Lastly, the pH level of soil in experimental set-up with 45 grams Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) revealed the pH level results of 10, 10 and 10. The data revealed that the controlled and experimental set-ups are base in their pH level. Table 2.2

Controlled Setup (0 g) Experimental Setup (25 g)

Experimental Setup (35 g)

Experimental Setup (45 g)

Setup

Water Retention (Week 3)

Setup 1

75.5%

Setup 2

75.25%

Setup 3

75.375%

Setup 1

92.5%

Setup 2

92.625%

Setup 3

92.75%

Setup 1

96.375%

Setup 2

96.25%

Setup 3

96.5%

Setup 1

97.5%

Setup 2

97.75%

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Setup 3

97.625%

Water Retention of Soil After Adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

Table 2.2 shows the water retention of soil after adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

Table 4 displays the water retention of soil after adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) in four different set-ups. The measuring was done consecutively every week. As shown in the table, the controlled set-up has recorded 75.5 percent, 75.25 percent and 75.375 percent of its water retention. While in the experimental set-up with 25 grams of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) revealed a result of the water retention at 92.5 percent, 92. 625 percent and 92. 75 percent. Meanwhile, the water retention of experimental set-up with 35 grams of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) showed the results as follows 96.375 percent, 96.25 percent and 96.5 percent. Lastly, the water retention of soil in experimental set-up with 45 grams Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) revealed the water retention results of 97.5 percent, 97. 75 percent and 97.625 percent.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 3. Difference in the Attributes of Soil Before and After adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Table 3.1 Difference in the pH level of Soil Before and After adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

Paired Samples

Compute d t-value

tpcritica valu l e value

Α

D f

Decisio n on HO

Interpretatio n

Controlled Setup

0

0

0

0.0 5

2

Accept

Not Significant

Experiment 0 al Setup (25 g)

0

0

0.0 5

2

Accept

Not Significant

Experiment 0 al Setup (35 g)

0

0

0.0 5

2

Accept

Not Significant

Experiment 0 al Setup (45 g)

0

0

0.0 5

2

Accept

Not Significant

(0 g)

Table 3.1 shows the Difference in the pH level of Soil Before and After adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

Since the t-computed value of 0 is equal to the critical value of 0 and the pvalue of 0 is below the alpha level of 0.05 at degrees of freedom of 2, then the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no significant difference in the pH level of controlled set-up before and after the treatment.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Also, the t-computed value of 0 is equal to the critical value of 0 and the pvalue of 0 is below the alpha level of 0.05 at degrees of freedom of 2, then the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no significant difference in the pH level of experimental set- with 25 grams of Super Absorbent Polymer from Calamansi before and after the treatment. Moreover, since the the t-computed value of 0 is equal to the critical value of 0 and the p-value of 0 is below the alpha level of 0.05 at degrees of freedom of 2, then the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no significant difference in the pH level of experimental set- with 35 grams of Super Absorbent Polymer from Calamansi before and after the treatment. At last, the the t-computed value of 0 is equal to the critical value of 0 and the p-value of 0 is below the alpha level of 0.05 at degrees of freedom of 2, then the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no significant difference in the pH level of experimental set- with 45 grams of Super Absorbent Polymer from Calamansi before and after the treatment. Table 3.2 Difference in the Water Retention of Soil Before and After adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Paired Samples

Computed t- t-critical value value

pval ue

Α

Controlle d Setup

0

0

0.0 2 5

0

d Decisi Interpreta f on on tion HO Accep t

Not Significant

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (0 g) Experime 138 ntal Setup (25 g)

4.302652729 74946

0

0.0 2 5

Reject

Significant

Experime 290.9845356 ntal 71571 Setup (35 g)

4.302652729 74946

0

0.0 2 5

Reject

Significant

Experime 308.3050437 ntal 4726 Setup (45 g)

4.302652729 74946

0

0.0 2 5

Reject

Significant

Table 3.2 shows the Difference in the water retention of Soil Before and After adding the Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

Since the t-computed value of 0 is equal to the critical value of 0 and the pvalue of 0 is below the alpha level of 0.05 at degrees of freedom of 2, then the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no significant difference in the water retention of controlled set-up before and after the treatment. Also, the the t-computed value of 138 exceeds the critical value of 4.30265272974946 and the p-value of 0 is less than the alpha level of 0.05 at degrees of freedom of 2, then the null hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is significant difference in the water retention of experimental set- with 25 grams of Super Absorbent Polymer from Calamansi before and after the treatment. Moreover, since the the t-computed value of 290.984535671571 is more than the critical value of 4.30265272974946 and the p-value of 0 is lower than the

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL alpha level of 0.05 at degrees of freedom of 2, then the null hypothesis is rejected which means that there is significant difference in the pH level of experimental setwith 35 grams of Super Absorbent Polymer from Calamansi before and after the treatment. At last, the the t-computed value of 308.30504374726 is beyond the critical value of 4.30265272974946 and the p-value of 0 is below the alpha level of 0.05 with degrees of freedom of 2, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is significant difference in the pH level of experimental set- with 45 grams of Super Absorbent Polymer from Calamansi before and after the treatment.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 4. Effects of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) to the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant Table 4.1

Controlled Set-Up Week 1 Week 2 Week 3

with 25 grams of SAP

with 35 grams of SAP

with 45 grams of SAP

7.766666667

8.533333333

9.2

9.933333333

11.13333333

15.93333333

17.6

19.2

16.8

24.5

27.73333333

30

The Length of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant (in centimetres) Table 4.1 shows the Effects of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) to the Length of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant (in centimetres)

The data revealed the length growth of the Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in four set-ups. The measuring was done every week. As shown in the table, the Rice Plant without SAP’s height has recorded an average length growth of 16.8 cm. Meanwhile, the length growth of Rice Plant with 25 grams of SAP have recorded an average length growth of 24.5 cm, the length growth of Rice Plant with 35 grams of SAP have recorded an average of 27.733 cm. Lastly, the Rice Plant planted with 45 grams of SAP revealed an average length growth of 30 cm.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Table 4.2 Germination Rate of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant

Controlled Set-Up Week 1 Week 2 Week 3

with 25 grams of SAP

with 35 grams of SAP

with 45 grams of SAP

16.667

31.111

40

60

43.33333333

58.889

66.66666667

85.55566667

50

73.33333333

83.33233333

97.77766667

Table 4.2 shows the Effects of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) to the Germination Rate of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant

The data revealed the germination rate of the Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in four set-ups. The measuring was done every week. As shown in the table, the Rice Plant without SAP germinated an average of 50 percent. Meanwhile, the germination rate of Rice Plant with 25 grams of SAP have recorded an average of 73.333 percent, the germination rate of Rice Plant with 35 grams of SAP have recorded an average of 83.332 percent. Lastly, the Rice Plant planted with 45 grams of SAP revealed an average of germination rate of 97.777 percent.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Table 4.3 Color of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant

Color

Set-ups

Shades of Green

Controlled

8/6

with 25 grams of SAP

7/8

with 35 grams of SAP

6/8

with 45 grams of SAP

6/10

Table 4.3 shows the Effects of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) to the Color of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant

With this result, the data reveals that set-up with 45 grams of Calamansi Pectin shows the finest and accurate color of a healthy rice plant according to the Leaf Color Chart and using Munsell Table.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Table 4.4 Number of Leaves of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant

Number of Leaves with 25 grams with 35 grams with 45 grams of SAP of SAP of SAP

Controlled Set-Up Week 1

2

2

2

2

Week 2

2

2

2.666666667

3.333333333

Week 3 3.333333333 4 5.333333333 6.666666667 Table 4.4 shows the Effects of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) to the Number of Leaves of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant

The data revealed the number of leaves of the Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in four set-ups. The measuring was done every week. As shown in the table, the Rice Plant without SAP has a number of approximately 3 leaves. Meanwhile, the number of leaves of Rice Plant with 25 grams of SAP have recorded 4 number of leaves, the number of leaves of Rice Plant with 35 grams of SAP have recorded approximately 5 number of leaves. Lastly, the Rice Plant planted with 45 grams of SAP revealed 7 number of leaves approximately on its third week.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 5. Difference in the Germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in the Controlled and Experimental Set-up Table 5.1 Germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in the Controlled and Experimental Set-up Paired Samples

Compute d t-value

tcritica l value

pvalue

Α

d f

Controlled vs. 25 g. pectin

1.317411

4.30265 3

0.31837 9

0.0 5

2

Accept

Not Significant

Controlled vs.35 g. pectin

8.000533

4.30265 3

0.01526 6

0.0 5

2

Reject

Significant

Controlled vs. 45 g. pectin

26.18646

4.30265 3

0.00145 5

0.0 5

2

Reject

Significant

Controlled vs. Experiment al set up

4.55396

2.30600 4

0.00186 5

0.0 5

8

Reject

Significant

Decisio Interpretatio n on HO n

Table 5.1 shows the Difference in the Germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in the Controlled and Experimental Set-up

The t-computed value of 1.317411 is less than the t-critical value of 4.302653 and the p-value of 0.318379 is greater than the alpha level of 0.05 with

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL degrees of freedom of 2, therefore the null hypothesis is accepted which means that there is no significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in the controlled and experimental set-ups when 25 g. of pectin were used. Conversely, since the t-computed value of 8.000533 is greater than the tcritical value of 4.302653 and the p-value of 0.015266 is lower than the alpha level of 0.05 at degrees of freedom of 2, then the null hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is a significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in the controlled and experimental set-ups when 35 g. of pectin were used. Moreover, with the t-computed value of 26.18646 which is greater than the t-critical value of 4.302653 and the p-value of 0.001455 which is lower than the alpha level of 0.05 at degrees of freedom of 2, then the null hypothesis is rejected which means that there is a significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in the controlled and experimental set-ups when 45 g. of pectin were used. Generally, since the t-computed value of 4.55396 is greater than the tcritical value of 2.306004 and the p-value of 0.001865 is less than the alpha level of 0.05 at degrees of freedom of 8, then the null hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is a significant difference in the the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in the controlled and experimental set-up.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

6. Difference in the Germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant when the Amount of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is Varied Table 6.1 Germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant when the Amount of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is Varied

Paired Sample s 25 g. vs 35 g. vs 45 g. pectin

Compute d f- value

fcritical value

pvalue

14.78681

2.51015 8

0.008 4

Α

d f

Decisio n on HO

Interpretatio n

0.0

8

Reject

Significant

5

Table 6.1 shows the Difference in the Germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant when the Amount of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is Varied

Since the f- computed value 14.78681 is greater than the f- critical value of 2.510158 and the p- value 0.0084 is lower than the alpha level of 0.05 with degrees of freedom of 8, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is a significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant when the

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL amount of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is varied.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary Statement of the Problem Generally, this study aims to determine the effects of Calamansi (Citrofunella microcarpa) as superabsorbent polymer to the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the attributes of soil before adding the superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) in terms of: 1.1 pH level; and 1.2 water retention? 2. How do the superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) affects the attributes of soil after treatment? 3. Is there a significant difference in the attributes of soil before and after adding the superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)? 4. What are the effects of superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) to the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) plant with reference to:

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 4.1 germination rate; 4.2 germination period; 4.3 number of leaves; 4.4 length of plant; and 4.5 color of plant? 5. Is there a significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) plant in the controlled and experimental set-up? 6. Is there a significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) plant when the amount of superabsorbent polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is varied? The experimental method was employed utilizing the data obtained from the result test of water holding capacity testing. Five different set-ups of rice plant were planted in different plastic pots to determine its germination and water holding capacity for each plant. Mean, t-test and ANOVA were employed in the study. Findings 1. Based on the pH and water retention testing before adding the super absorbent polymer (SAP) from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), the soil of controlled set-up revealed a 7,7 and 7 pH level with 75.5 percent, 75.25 percent and 75.375 percent of its water retention. While on the soil with 25 grams of SAP, it recorded a pH level of 7,7 and 7 and a water retention of 75.375 percent, 75.5 percent and

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 75.25 percent. Meanwhile the pH level of soil with 35 grams of SAP showed a result of 8,8 and 8, and the water retention displayed are 75. 5 percent, 75. 25 percent and 75.375 percent. Lastly the soil with 45 grams of SAP presented a pH level of 8, 8 and 8 and a water retention result of 75. 25 percent, 75. 375 percent and 75.5 percent. 2. After adding the super absorbent polymer (SAP) from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), the pH level and the water retention attributes increased. In the controlled set-up, it presented a pH level of 8,8 and 8, and a 75.5 percent, 75. 25 percent and 75. 375 percent of its water retention. On the other hand the soil with 25 grams of SAP revealed a 9, 9 and 9 of pH level and a water retention of 92.5 percent, 92. 625 percent and 92. 75 percent. Meanwhile the soil with 35 grams of SAP displayed the pH level of 10, 10 and 10, and a 96.375 percent, 96.25 percent and 96. 5 percent of water retention. At last the soil with 45 grams of SAP showed a pH level of 10, 10 and 10 and a result of water retention of 97. 5 percent, 97.75 percent and 97.625 percent. 3. In terms of pH level of soil, there is no significant difference in the attributes before and after adding the Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa). On the other hand the water retention of soil before and after the treatment have significant difference. 4. The result revealed that Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant planted in a pot with 45 grams of pectin performed the fastest germination rate with its average 100 percent of

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL seeds germinated, average level of 30 cm plant length and fine color. There is a significant difference between the controlled and experimental group. The result shows that from 0 cm plant length of controlled set-up, it germinated in length of 16.8 cm. In 25 grams of SAP from a plant length of 0 cm, it germinated up to 24.5 cm, while in 35 grams of SAP, from the plant length of 0cm, it germinated up to 27.733 cm and in set-up with 45 grams of SAP, it germinated up to 30 cm. 5. Germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in the controlled and experimental set-up showed a significant difference. 6. There is a significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant when the amount of Superabsorbent Polymer from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is varied. Conclusions Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Before adding the Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), selected soil shows nearly the same pH level and water retention attributes. 2. The pH level of the soil somehow increased after adding the Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) while the water retention attribute of the soil exceedingly increased except on the controlled set-up which did not show any difference from before.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 3. There is no significant difference on the pH level of soil before and after adding the Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa). Meanwhile, there is significant difference on the water retention attribute of the soil before and after adding the Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) from Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) aside from the controlled set-up that did not display any difference. This indicates that super absorbent polymer (SAP) from calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) has the ability to increase the water retention property of soil. 4. The length of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant with 45 grams of SAP is the longest among the four set-ups. The set-up with 45 grams of SAP germinated fastest and the number of leaves in set-up with 45 grams of SAP is way more many among the four set-ups and the color of the plant with 45 grams of SAP is the finest and it shows the good quality color of a healthy plant. With this result, the growth of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant with the use of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) is way better and improved than the controlled set-up. 5. There is a significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant in the controlled and experimental set-up. It means that the germination of rice plant is more effective in the experimental set-up. 6. There is a significant difference in the germination of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant when the amount of SAP was varied. The set-up with 45 grams of SAP germinated the fastest among the three set-ups with SAP.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Recommendations 1. Planting of more different species of plants will give more comparisons of their germination rate in different set ups. 2. Having more different types of soil will give more opportunities for other set up to know if calamansi pectin can support the growth of rice plant. 3. Observation of rice plant survival rate in the natural environment due to climate change should be apprehended. 4. Parallel studies should be conducted to generate findings pertaining to the germination rate of rice plant in selected type of soil in Batangas.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Bibliography

Balance, S., Borsheim, K.Y., Inngjerdingen, K.,Paulsen, B.S., and Christensen, B.E., Carbohydr.Polym., 2007, vol. 67, pp. 104–115. Baskin J. M., Baskin C. C. A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Sci. Res. 2004;146(1):1–16. Behall, K and Reiser, S, in Chemistry and Function ofPectins, Fishman, M.L. and Jan, J.J., Eds., Washington,DC: Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, pp. 248–265. Bewley J. D. Seed germination and dormancy. Plant Cell. 1997;96(1):1055–1066. Cozzolino, R., Malvagna, P., Spina, F., Giori, A., Fuzzati, N., Anelli, A., Garozzo, D., and Impallomeni, G.,Carbohydr. Res., 2006, vol. 65, pp. 263–272. Einhorn-Stoll, U., Kunzen, H., and Dongowski, G.,Food Hydrocoll., 2007, vol. 21, pp. 1101–1112. JODON, N. E. (1955): Recent status of rice genetics. Jour. Agr. Assoc. China, New Ser., No. 10 : 5-2l. Mimmo, T., Marzadori, C., Montecchio, D., andGessa, C., Carbohydr. Res., 2005, vol. 340, pp. 2510–2519. Neill, M.A and York, W.S, in The Plant Cell Wall,Rose, J.K.C., Ed., Oxford: Blackwell Publ. Ltd. Ann.Plant Rev, 2003, pp. 1–54.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Norris FW, Schryver SB. The Pectic Substances of Plants. Part III: The Nature of Pectinogen and its Relation to Pectic Acid. Biochem J. 1925;19(4):676–693. Oosterveld, A., Beldman, G., Schols, H.A., and Voragen, A.G.J., Carbohydr. Res., 1996, vol. 288, pp. 143–153 Ovodova, R.G., Popov, S.V., Bushneva, O.A.,Golovchenko, V.V., Chizhov, A.O., Klinov, D.V., andOvodov, Yu.S., Biochemistry (Moscow), 2006, vol. 71,pp. 538– 542. Rossi C and JR Nimmo. 1994. “Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness.” Water Resour. Res., 30:701-708. Round, A.N., MacDougal A.J., Ring S.G., Morris V.J,Carbohydr. Res., 1997, vol. 303, pp. 251–253. Schols, H.A and Voragen, A.G.J, in Pectins and theirManipulatio, Seymour, G.B. and Knox, J.P., Eds.,Oxford: Blackwell Publ., 2002, pp. 1–29. Voragen, A.G.J, Pilnik, W, Thibault, J.-F, Axelos, M.A.V,and Renard, C.M.C.G, in Food Polysaccharides and theiApplications, Stephen, A.M., Ed., New York: Marcell Dekker, 1995, pp. 287–339. Wang P, Zhou G, Yu H, Yu S. 2011. Fine mapping a major QTL for flag leaf size and yield–related traits in rice. Theoretical and Applied Genetics123, 1319–1330. Willats, W.G.T., Mc, CartneyL., Mackie, W., andKnox, J.P., Plant. Mol. Biol., 2001, vol. 47, pp. 9–27.

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Winning, H., Viereck, N., Norgaard, L., Larsen, J., andEngelsen, S.B., Food Hydrocoll., 2007, vol. 21,pp. 256–266. Zandleven, J., Beldman, G., Bosveld, M., Schols, H.A.,and Voragen, A.G.J., Carbohydr. Polym., 2006, vol. 65,pp. 495–503. Zhao K, Tung CW, Eizenga GC, Wright MH, Ali ML, Price AH, Norton GJ, Islam MR, Reynolds A, Mezey J, et al. 2011. Genome-wide association mapping reveals arich

genetic

architecture

Communications, 2, 467.

of

complex

traits

in

Oryza

sativa.

Nature

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

APPENDICES

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL APPENDIX A RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

A. Payapa Ilaya, Lemery Batangas

Photo Source: Laidee Angelica Malabanan

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL APPENDIX B RESEARCH PROCEDURES

A. Drying of Calamansi Peels and removal of fibers.

Photo Source: Laidee Angelica Malabanan

B. Powderized the dried calamansi peels for the extraction of calamansi

Photo Source: Laidee Angelica Malabanan

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL C. Putting the different amount of powderized Extracted Calamansi Peels.

Photo Source: Laidee Angelica Malabanan D. Observing the set-ups every 3 days and gathering data every week

Photo Source: Laidee Angelica Malabanan

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

CURRICULUM VITAE

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Atienza, Sheena Mae M. Payapa Ilaya Lemery, Batangas 0919-5438-432 [email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION Age: 17 Gender: Female Birthday: November 08, 2000 Religion: Roman Catholic Nationality: Filipino EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Payapa Elementary School Junior High: Payapa National High School Senior High: Rizal College of Taal Lemery Senior High School SKILLS  Writing articles

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Hernandez, Danisse T. Kalayaan Sta. Teresita, Batangas 0926-5275-841 [email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION Age: 17 Gender: Female Birthday: October 09, 2001 Religion: Roman Catholic Nationality: Filipino EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Irukan-Kalayaan Elementary School Junior High: Governor Feliciano Leviste Memorial National High School Senior High: Lemery Senior High School SKILLS  Computer Literate

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Hernandez, Kezia D. District 1 Lemery, Batangas 0915-4892-746 [email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION Age: 17 Gender: Female Birthday: January 20, 2001 Religion: Born Again Christian Nationality: Filipino EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Lemery Christian Academy Inc. Junior High: Governor Feliciano Leviste Memorial National High School Senior High: Lemery Senior High School SKILLS  Computer Literate

LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Malabanan, Laidee Angelica M. Dayapan, Lemery Batangas 0927-6349-011 [email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION Age: 17 Gender: Female Birthday: July 04,2001 Religion: Roman Catholic Nationality: Filipino EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Dayapan Elementary School Junior High: Governor Feliciano Leviste Memorial National High School Senior High: Lemery Senior High School SKILLS  Writing articles