THERMODYNAMICS Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett,
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THERMODYNAMICS Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr. Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman; Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
THERMODYNAMICS Temperature and Heat The First Law of Thermodynamics The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr. Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman; Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
Temperature and Heat
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
temperature • qualitative measure of “hotness” or “coldness” • quantity of what we measure with a thermometer • To use temperature as a measure of hotness or coldness, we need to construct a temperature scale.
Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr. Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman; Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
Temperature and Heat There are three temperature scales in use today
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin
Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr. Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman; Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Temperature and Heat
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Fahrenheit - is a scale based on 32 for the freezing point of water and 212 for the boiling point of water - the interval between the two being divided into 180 parts. - The 18th-century German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit originally took as the zero of his scale the temperature of an equal ice-salt mixture and selected the values of 30 and 90 for the freezing point of water and normal body temperature
abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html
Temperature and Heat
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Celsius - also called centigrade temperature scale - the scale is based on 0 for the freezing point of water and 100 for the boiling point of water. - Invented in 1742 by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, it is sometimes called the centigrade scale because of the 100-degree interval between the defined points.
abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html
Temperature and Heat Fahrenheit
Celsius
abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Temperature and Heat
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Kelvin - Kelvin temperature scale is the base unit of thermodynamic temperature measurement in the International System (SI) of measurement. - named for the British physicist Lord Kelvin (1824–1907) - The units are the same size as those on the Celsius scale, but the zero is shifted so that 0 𝐾 = −273.15°𝐶 and 273.15 𝐾 = 0°𝐶
abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html
Temperature and Heat Kelvin
abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Temperature and Heat
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium - the interaction between two body causes no further change in the system The Zeroth law of Thermodynamics
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Thermal expansion Most materials expand when their temperatures increase.
linear expansion Volume expansion
Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr. Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman; Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
linear expansion What are the basic properties of linear expansion?
temperature change material
Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr. Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman; Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
linear expansion
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
𝐿𝑜 – original length of rod 𝑇𝑜 – initial temperature ∆𝐿 − change in length ∆𝑇 − change in temperature
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
linear expansion
The change in length ∆𝐿 is proportional to length L . The dependence of thermal expansion on temperature, material, and length is summarized in the equation
∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼∆𝑇 𝐿 − 𝐿𝑜 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 + 𝐿𝑜 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
𝐿𝑜 – original length of rod 𝑇𝑜 – initial temperature ∆𝐿 − change in length ∆𝑇 − change in temperature
∆𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝐿𝑜 ∆𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 𝛼 – coefficient of linear expansion
linear expansion
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
𝐿𝑜 – original length of rod 𝑇𝑜 – initial temperature
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 + 𝐿𝑜 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 (1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ))
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
∆𝐿 − change in length ∆𝑇 − change in temperature 𝛼 – coefficient of linear expansion
Volume expansion • Increasing temperature usually causes increases in volume for both solids and liquids. • Just as with linear expansion, experiments show that if the temperature change ∆𝑇 is less than 100 𝐶𝑂 or so, the increase in volume V is approximately proportional to both the temperature change ∆𝑇 and the initial volume 𝑉𝑜 :
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Volume expansion
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Volume expansion For solid materials we can find a simple relationship between the volume expansion coefficient 𝛽 and the linear expansion coefficient 𝛼
Consider a cube of material with side length L and volume 𝑉 = 𝐿3
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼∆𝑇 ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝛽∆𝑇
Volume expansion
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
For solid materials we can find a simple relationship between the volume expansion coefficient 𝛽 and the linear expansion coefficient 𝛼
Consider a cube of material with side length L and volume 𝑉 = 𝐿𝑜 3
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝑉 =
𝑑(𝐿𝑜3 ) 𝑑𝐿= 𝑑𝐿
3𝐿𝑜2 𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝑉 = 3𝐿𝑜2 (𝐿𝑜 𝛼 𝑑𝑇)
∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼∆𝑇 ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝛽∆𝑇
Volume expansion
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
For solid materials we can find a simple relationship between the volume expansion coefficient 𝛽 and the linear expansion coefficient 𝛼 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑉 =
Consider a cube of material with side length L and volume 𝑉 = 𝐿3
𝑑𝑉 =
𝑑𝑉 = 3𝛼𝐿𝑜3 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝐿 𝑑(𝐿𝑜3 ) 2 𝑑𝐿= 3𝐿 𝑜 𝑑𝐿 3𝐿𝑜 2 (𝐿𝑜 𝛼 𝑑𝑇)
𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝑉 = 3𝛼𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑇 𝛽 = 3𝛼
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼∆𝑇 ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝛽∆𝑇 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐿𝑜 3
Thermal expansion
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
A surveyor uses a steel measuring tape that is exactly 50.000 m long at a temperature of 20°C. The markings on the tape are calibrated for this temperature. What is the length of the tape when the temperature is 35°C?
Thermal expansion
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Humber Bridge in England has the world’s longest single span, 1410 m. Calculate the change in length of the steel deck of the span when the temperature increases from -6.0oC to 17.5OC.
Thermal expansion
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
A copper cylinder is initially at 20.0°𝐶. At what temperature will its volume be 0.150% larger than it is at 20.0 °𝐶?
Thermal expansion A glass flask whose volume is 1000.00 cm3 at 0.0°C is completely filled with mercury at this temperature. When flask and mercury are warmed to 55.0 °C, 8.95 cm3 of mercury overflow. If the coefficient of volume expansion of mercury is 18.0 × 10−5 𝐾 −1 , compute the coefficient of volume expansion of the glass
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
HEAT, Q Heat, Q, is the energy transferred between a system and its environment (or between two systems) because of a temperature difference between them.
Heat can change the temperature of an object https://kids.britannica.com/kids/assembly/view/217648 Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Internal Energy and Heat
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
• A thermal system has internal energy which is the sum of the mechanical energies of its molecules (proportional to its temperature).
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Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
Internal Energy and Heat •
A thermal system has internal energy which is the sum of the mechanical energies of its molecules (proportional to its temperature).
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
• if two objects at different temperatures are brought into contact with each other, energy is
transferred from the hotter to the colder object until the bodies reach thermal equilibrium https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II__Therm odynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/1%3A_Temperature_and_Heat/1.4%3A__Heat_Transfer%2C_Specific_Heat%2C_a nd_Calorimetry
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Internal Energy and Heat
• the temperature of a substance can be raised either by heating it, by doing work on it, or a combination of the two.
https://kids.britannica.com/kids/assembly/view/217648
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II__Therm odynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/1%3A_Temperature_and_Heat/1.4%3A__Heat_Transfer%2C_Specific_Heat%2C_a nd_Calorimetry
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Internal Energy and Heat
Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). https://kids.britannica.com/kids/assembly/view/217648
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II__Therm odynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/1%3A_Temperature_and_Heat/1.4%3A__Heat_Transfer%2C_Specific_Heat%2C_a nd_Calorimetry
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
HEAT, Q
The quantity of heat Q required to increase the temperature of a mass m of a certain material from T to T is found to be approximately • proportional to the temperature change ∆T = T - T . • proportional to the mass m of material • depends on the nature of the material 1
2
2
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
1
HEAT, Q The quantity of heat Q required to increase the temperature of a mass m of a certain material from T1 to T2 is found to be approximately • proportional to the temperature change ∆T = T2 - T1 . • proportional to the mass m of material • depends on the nature of the material
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
HEAT, Q
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
HEAT, Q Heat, Q, is the energy transferred between a system and its environment (or between two systems) because of a temperature difference between them.
• When energy flows into the system, Q > 0; • when energy flows out of the system, Q < 0.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
http://www.hk-phy.org/energy/domestic/print/heat_phy_print_e.html
HEAT, Q
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
In an effort to stay awake for an all-night study session, a student makes a cup of coffee by first placing a 200-W electric immersion heater in 0.400 kg of water. (a) How much heat must be added to the water to raise its temperature from 21.0C to 90.5C? (b) How much time is required? Assume that all of the heater’s power goes into heating the water.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
HEAT, Q
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
You are given a sample of metal and asked to determine its specific heat. You weigh the sample and find that its weight is 29.7 N. You carefully add 4 1.50 × 10 𝐽 of heat energy to the sample and find that its temperature rises 15.0 OC. What is the sample’s specific heat?
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
calorimetry and phase changes
Calorimetry means “measuring heat.”
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements (typically of heat or specific heat capacity) is called calorimetry. Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
https://www.ddscalorimeters.com/the-difference-between-acoffee-cup-calorimeter-and-a-bomb-calorimeter/
calorimetry and phase changes
Calorimetry means “measuring heat.”
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
In calorimetry, the heat gained by the colder object must equal the heat lost by the hotter object, due to conservation of energy:
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0 Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
calorimetry and phase changes
Suppose you pour 0.250 kg of 20.0oC water (about a cup) into a 0.500-kg aluminum pan off the stove with a temperature of 150oC. Assume no heat transfer takes place to anything else. What is the temperature when the water and pan reach thermal equilibrium?
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0
calorimetry and phase changes
A camper pours 0.300 kg of coffee, initially in a pot at 70.0OC, into a 0.120-kg aluminum cup initially at 20.0OC. What is the equilibrium temperature? Assume that coffee has the same specific heat as water and that no heat is exchanged with the surroundings.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0
calorimetry and phase changes
You have 750 g of water at 10.0OC in a large insulated beaker. How much boiling water at 100.0OC must you add to this beaker so that the final temperature of the mixture will be 75OC?
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0
calorimetry and phase changes
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0
A copper calorimeter can with mass 0.100 kg contains 0.160 kg of water and 0.0180 kg of ice in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. If 0.750 kg of lead at 255OC is dropped into the calorimeter can, what is the final temperature? Assume that no heat is lost to the surroundings. Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
calorimetry and phase changes
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0
A copper pot with a mass of 0.500 kg contains 0.170 kg of water, and both are at 20.0°C. A 0.250-kg block of iron at 85.0°C is dropped into the pot. Find the final temperature of the system, assuming no heat loss to the surroundings.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
calorimetry and phase changes
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
phase change or phase transition - a transition from one phase to another
For any given pressure a phase change takes place at a definite temperature, usually accompanied by heat flowing in or out and a change of volume and density.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
Melting of ice • When we add heat to ice at 0OC and normal atmospheric pressure, the temperature of the ice does not increase. • Instead, some of it melts to form liquid water.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Melting of ice • If we add the heat slowly, to maintain the system very close to thermal equilibrium, the temperature remains at 0OC until all the ice is melted. • The effect of adding heat to this system is not to raise its temperature but to change its phase from solid to liquid.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Melting of ice • To change 1 kg of ice at 0OC to 1 kg of liquid water at 0OC and normal atmospheric pressure requires heat of 3.34 × 105 𝐽 • The heat required per unit mass is called the heat of fusion (or sometimes latent heat of fusion), denoted by 𝐿𝑓 • For water at normal atmospheric pressure the heat of fusion is
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Melting of ice
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Evaporation of water
for boiling or evaporation, the corresponding heat (per unit mass) is called the heat of vaporization Lv At normal atmospheric pressure the heat of vaporization L for water is v
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
calorimetry and phase changes
How much heat is required to convert 12.0 g of ice at −10℃ to steam at 100℃. Express your answer in joules, calories, and Btu.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
calorimetry and phase changes
A glass contains 0.25 kg of Omni-Cola (mostly water) initially at 25°C. How much ice, initially at -20C, must you add to obtain a final temperature of 0 °C with all the ice melted? Ignore the heat capacity of the glass.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
calorimetry and phase changes
In a container of negligible mass, 0.370 kg of ice at an initial temperature of -34.0OC is mixed with a mass 𝑚 of water that has an initial temperature of 80.0OC. No heat is lost to the surroundings. If the final temperature of the system is 26.0OC, what is the mass m of the water that was initially at 80.0OC?
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
calorimetry and phase changes
An ice-cube tray of negligible mass contains 0.205 𝑘𝑔 of water at 18.0OC. How much heat must be removed to cool the water to 0.00OC and freeze it?
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
calorimetry and phase changes
An insulated beaker with negligible mass contains 0.250 kg of water at a temperature of 75℃. How many kilograms of ice at a temperature of − 20℃ must be dropped into the water to make the final temperature of the system 40℃
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
calorimetry and phase changes
A copper calorimeter can with mass 0.100 kg contains 0.160 kg of water and 0.0180 kg of ice in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. If 0.750 kg of lead at a temperature of 255℃ is dropped into the calorimeter can, what is the final temperature? Assume that no heat is lost to the surroundings. Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
THERMODYNAMICS • Temperature and Heat • Thermal Properties of Matter • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics