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Past Perfect FORM [had + past participle] USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs) With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Examples: •I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. •I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. •Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. •Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? •She only understood the movie because she had read the book. •Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. •We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. •A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006? B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.

Exercise on Simple Past and Past Perfect default

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Exercise 1 1. The wind blew away the leaves that we had collected. 2. She threw away the letter that she had writte. 3. They showed me the pictures; they had taken during their holidays. 4. In the evening, the children told their daddy what they had seen at the zoo. 5. The boy was very sorry for what he had done.

Exercise 2 1. My friend ate

up all the biscuit we had baked

2. The teacher corrected 3. I gave

.

the tests we had written

.

them some of the candies I had bought

4. My sister did not see

.

the note that I had laid

5. We wanted

on the kitchen table for her.

to watch a film that we had not seen

before.

Exercise 3 1. When Simon went out to play, he had already done his homework. 2. Jenny came home, sat down and switched on the telly. 3. Before that day in winter, the African boy had never seen snow in his life. 4. She gave me the book that she had read . 5. We visited the museum that our friend had told us about a month before.

Exercise 4 1. When he woke up

w oke up

, his mother had already prepared

2. We went

to London because the Queen had invited

3. He heard

the news, went

4. When she started

to the telephone and called

at the pub, they had run

7. Before that day we had never thought

10. It had been

us for tea. a friend. French.

ten pages when her computer crashed

6. By the time he arrived

9. They did not know

breakfast.

to learn English, she had already learned

5. Jane had already typed

8. I had known

had already prep

. out of beer.

of going to Japan.

him for a long time before I met

his family.

where to meet because nobody had told cloudy for days before it finally began

them. to rain.

Form Write down the correct form (pronoun + verb).

Simple Past I / go

I went

Past Perfect Simple I had gone

he / drive he drove

he had driven

they / put they put

they had put

you / feel you felt

you had felt

she / stop she stopped

she had stopped

Use When do we use which tense? 1.

'Already' is a signal word for ... Past Perfect

2.

'before that day' is a signal word for ... Past Perfect

3.

'first' is a signal word for ... Simple Past

4.

'up to then' is a signal word for ... Past Perfect

5.

'then' is a signal word for ... Simple Past

Choosing the correct form Choose the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple). 1.

We gave away the flowers that we had picked .

2.

Wendy sent the letter that she had written .

3.

The gardener watered the trees that he had planted .

4.

I got into the taxi that my friend had called for me.

5.

She wanted to wear the jumper that her mum had just washed .

Filling in the correct form

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple). 1.

Yesterday a boy destroyed

the snowman that we had built

2.

Jimmy told

3.

We found

4.

He sang

5.

Cathrine opened the window that I had just closed

us about the film that he had seen

. .

the mobile phone that Mar win had lost a song that I had never heard

. before.

Simple Past

Past Perfect

. they / work they worked

they had worked

I / see

I saw

I had seen

he / tidy

she tidied

she had tidied

When do we use which tense?

he / run

he ran

he had run

If we give past events in the order in which they occured, we use ... Simple Past

you / buy

you bought

you had bought

Form Write down the correct form (pronoun + verb).

Use 1.

2.

If from a certain time in the past we look back to what had happened before, we use ... Past Perfect

Choosing the correct form Choose the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple). 1.

When I arrived at school, the lesson had already started .

2.

I went to New York last month. I had never been to the USA before.

3.

Bob did not let us into his room because he had not cleaned it for weeks.

4.

I felt very hungry because I had not eaten anything yet.

5.

As Vanessa had seen the film before, she did not want to go to the cinema with us.

Filling in the correct form Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple). 1.

Williamhad lived

in Boston for six years before hemoved

2.

The blue carcrossed

3.

When Jamestried

4.

After Joannahad finished

5.

On her first day at the driving school, wewere a car before.

the street after the lightshad turned to ring us, wehad already left her presentation, weasked

to New York. red. the house. our questions.

very nervous because wehad not driven

Text Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or pas perfect simple). 1.

Itwas

a cold and rainy Sunday, so Idecided

to finish the essay that Ihad started

writing a few days before. 2.

Iswitched

on the computer andopened

3.

Then Ibegan

4.

But the noteswere

the document.

looking for my notes that Ihad handwritten

on a sheet of paper.

not on my desk and Icould not

remember where Ihad put

them. 5.

Iturned

the whole house upside down.

6.

And wheredid I find

7.

Ihad left

8.

Now that Ihad found

9.

First Idid not know

my notes? them in the sitting room, under a huge staple of papers and magazines. my notes, Iwanted what to write but then Ihad

10. Ihad almost completed

were 12. So Ihad

lots of ideas.

my essay when my computer suddenlycrashed

that Ihad forgotten 11. After Ihad rebooted

to continue writing my essay.

and Inoticed

to save the document. my computer, I saw missing.

to start all over again.

that at least 5 of the pages Ihad typed