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Recipe Book Table of Contents Soils-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Teas & Sprays------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Fermentations-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 Disease and Pest Control ---------------------------------------------------------------------------12 Composting--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 Watering Schedules-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

Soils Clackamas Coots’ Soil Mix - Soil mix: - 1 part premium worm castings - 1 part sphagnum peat moss - 1 part aeration - pumice - Per cubic foot of soil mix: - 1⁄2 to 1 cup neem and karanja cake - 1 cup kelp meal - 1 cup malted barley flour - 1⁄2 cup gypsum - Apply Red Wigglers at beginning. Apply mulch layer to top of barley straw and cover crop blend

Build-A-Soil Soil Mix - Soil Mix: - 1 part compost - Can be 1⁄2 compost & 1⁄2 castings - 1 part sphagnum peat moss - 1 part aeration (any of pumice, rice hulls, perlite, etc.) - Per cubic foot of soil mix: - 1⁄2 cup kelp meal - 1⁄2 cup crustacean meal - 1⁄2 cup neem and karanja cake - 2 cups basalt - 1 cup gypsum - 1 cup oyster shell flour - 1⁄2 cup fish bone meal - 1⁄2 cup malted barley flour

Basic Soil Mix - Soil Mix: - 1 part compost - Fish, leaf, horse compost and worm castings - 1 part sphagnum peat moss - 1 part aeration - Rice hulls and pumice - Per cubic foot of soil mix: - 1 cup kelp meal - 1 cup oyster shell meal - 1⁄2 cup crab meal - 1⁄2 cup rock dust - ½ cup alfalfa meal

KIS Organics Soil Mix - Soil Mix: - 17% high quality compost or castings - 50% sphagnum peat moss

- 33% aeration - Per cubic foot of soil mix: - 1⁄2 cup kelp meal - 1⁄2 cup neem and karanja cake - 1⁄2 cup crustacean meal - 4 cups mineral mix - 1 part glacial rock dust - 1 part gypsum - 1 part basalt - 1 part oyster shell flour

Kyle’s Soil Mix: - Soil MIx: - 1 part compost - Leaf, horse compost and castings - 1 part sphagnum peat moss - 1 part aeration - Pumice, rice hulls, buckwheat - Per cubic foot of soil mix: - 1 cup neem and karanja cake - 1 cup kelp meal - 1 cup crustacean meal - 1 cup glacial rock dust - 1 cup gypsum - 1 cup oyster shell flour - 1 cup basalt

Brownguy420 Soil Mix - Soil Mix: - 20% castings - 20% forest humus - 30% sphagnum peat moss - 30% aeration (any of pumice, rice hulls, perlite, etc.) - Per cubic foot of soil: - 1 cup neem and karanja cake - 1 cup kelp meal - 1 cup crab meal - 4.5 cups glacial rock dust - 1⁄2 cup gypsum

Teas and Foliar Sprays Kelp/Alfalfa Tea Recipe #1 - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 1⁄2 cup alfalfa meal - 1⁄4 cup kelp meal - Aerate 24-36 hours

Recipe #2 - 1 gallon dechlorinated water - 2 tbsp alfalfa meal - 1 tbsp kelp meal - 3 tbs castings - 1 tsp unsulphured molasses - Aerate 24-36 hours Recipe #3 - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 1 cup alfalfa meal - 1⁄2 cup kelp meal - 2 cups castings - 2 tbsp unsulphured molasses - Aerate 24-36 hours Recipe #4 - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 1 cup alfalfa meal - 1⁄2 kelp meal - Aerate for 24-36 hours Recipe #5 - 4 gallons dechlorinated water - 1 cup alfalfa meal - 1⁄2 cup kelp meal - Aerate 24-36 hours - Add 1⁄2 cup aloe juice, a 1⁄2 cup coconut water, and 5oz of fulvic acid at end of brewing

Foliar Alfalfa Tea - Dry Mix: - 1⁄3 cup alfalfa meal - 1⁄3 cup castings - 1⁄3 cup kelp meal - 1 tsp rock dust - Add 1 tsp dry mix into 1⁄2 gallon (2L) dechlorinated water and add: - 1⁄2 tsp fulvic - 1⁄2 tsp unsulphured molasses - Aerate for 24 hours then strain.

Vegetation Tea Recipe #1 - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 1 cup castings - 1⁄4 cup kelp meal - 1⁄4 cup fish hydrolysate - 2 tbsp unsulphured molasses

- 1 tbsp soft rock phosphate - 1⁄2 tsp humic acid - Aerate 24-36 hours Recipe #2 - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - Dry Mix: - 1⁄3 cup castings - 1⁄3 cup seabird guano - 1⁄3 cup bat guano - 5 tbsp liquid seaweed - 5 tbsp unsulphured molasses - Mix at 1 cup to 5 gallons dechlorinated water - Aerate 24-36 hours

ULTIMATE Compost Tea - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 1⁄4 cup castings - 1⁄4 cup fungally dominant compost - 1⁄4 cup garden soil - 1⁄4 cup forest soil - 3 tbsp rock dust - 1.5 oz unsulphured molasses - 1 oz kelp meal - 1 oz humic acid - 1 oz fish hydrolysate - Aerate 24-36 hours

Malted Barley Teas Recipe #1 - 1 gallon dechlorinated water - 3 tbsp malted barley flour - 1 tbsp fulvic acid - 1 tbsp humic acid - Aerate 8-12 hours Recipe #2 - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 2 cups malted barley flour - 2 tbsp fulvic acid - 2 tbsp humic acid - Aerate 8-12 hours Recipe #3 - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - Soak 1-2 cups barley seeds in water for 8 hours. Drain and rinse seeds. Germinate via sprouting tray or “jar method”. Rinse in Am and PM until tap roots are as long as seeds (~23 days) - Puree in blender and add to 5 gallons dechlorinated water

Recipe #4 - 3 gallons dechlorinated water - 2 cups malted barley flour - 1 cup kelp meal - Aerate 24 hours - Strain and add: - 1 tsp aloe flakes - 1 tsp coconut water - 1⁄2 tsp fulvic acid

Elaine Ingham’s Teas Recipe #1 - 25 gallons dechlorinated water - 5 lbs compost - 1⁄2 cup kelp meal - 1 cup steel cut oats - 2 tbsp humic acid - 2 tbsp fish hydrolysate - Aerate 24-36 hours Recipe #2 - 5 gallons water - 1 lb compost - 25ml kelp meal - 50ml steel cut oats - 6ml humic acid - 6ml fish hydrolysate - Aerate 24-36 hours

Flower Tea - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - Dry mix: - 2⁄3 cup seabird guano - 2⁄3 cup bat guano - 2⁄3 cup castings - 5 tbsp liquid seaweed - 5 tbsp unsulphured molasses - Mix at 2 cups to 5 gallons dechlorinated water - Aerate 24-36 hours

Aloe Flakes Spray - 1 gallon dechlorinated water - 1⁄8 tsp aloe flakes - Blend with fork and glass of dechlorinated water before adding to mixture. Upon adding to mixture, let sit for ~10 minutes to fully integrate into reservoir.

Epsom Salt Solution - Foliar Spray: - 1 tbsp per gallon dechlorinated water - Spray every 2 weeks - Root Soak - 2 tbsp per gallon of dechlorinated water - Use once per month - Good source of magnesium and/or sulphur

Grass Clippings Tea - Fill container 2⁄3 up with fresh grass clippings and cover with dechlorinated water - Let sit for 72 hours - Stir at least once per day, more often will produce better results - Strain into new container - Root Soak - Dilute at 1:4 ratio with dechlorinated water - Foliar Spray - Dilute at 1:6 ratio with dechlorinated water High nitrogen values associated with this tea.

Harvard Fungal Compost Tea - 15 gallons dechlorinated water - 4 lbs fungally dominated compost - 4 oz kelp flour - 4 oz humic acid - 1⁄2 cap vegetable oil - 1⁄2 cup ground oatmeal - Aerate 24-36 hours

Compost Junkie Fungal Compost Tea - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 2 lbs fungally dominant compost - 1 oz kelp flour - 2 oz humic acid - 2 tsp yucca extract - 2 tbsp ground oatmeal - Aerate 24-36 hours

Balanced Tea Recipe #1 - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 1 lb compost - 1 lb fungally dominant compost - 1.6 oz humic acid - 1 oz kelp flour - 1 oz unsulphured molasses - Aerate 24-36 hours

Recipe #2 - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 1 lb castings - 1 lb fungally dominant compost - 1 tbsp steel cut oats - 1 tbsp insect frass - 1 oz unsulphured molasses - 1 tbsp kelp flour - 1 tbsp alfalfa meal - 2 tsp yucca extract - 2 oz malted barley flour - Aerate 24-36 hours

Bokashi Pro-Gro Tea - 1 gallon dechlorinated water - 1⁄4 cup Bokashi Pro-Gro - 2 tbsp unsulphured molasses - Mix well and leave partly covered for 36-72 hours (until mild brewing aroma can be detected) - Soil Soak: - Water every 2 weeks - Foliar Feed: - Dilute at 1:1 with dechlorinated water and spray every 2 weeks in veg

Microbe Organics Nutrient Cycling Tea - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 2 cups castings or compost (2.38% max volume) - 3 oz unsulphured molasses (0.75% max volume) - 1⁄4 cup kelp meal (0.25% max volume) - 1 tbsp fish hydrolysate (0.063% max volume) - 1 tbsp soft rock phosphate (0.063% max volume) - Aerate 24-36 hours - Extra additives: - 1 tbsp pyrophyllite clay powder (0.063% max volume) - 1⁄4 cup alfalfa meal (0.25% max volume) - 1 tsp sphagnum peat moss

Microbe Organics Fungal Tea - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 2 cups fungally dominant compost or castings (2.38% max volume) - 3 tbsp unsulphured molasses (0.25% max volume) - 1⁄4 cup kelp meal (0.25% max volume) - 2.5 tbsp fish hydrolysate (0.19% max volume) - 1 tbsp soft rock phosphate (0.063% max volume) - Aerate 18-24 hours - Extra additives: - 1 tbsp partially decomposed forest litter (0.063% max volume) - 1 tbsp local unmanipulated soil (0.063% max volume)

Insect Frass Tea - 1 gallon dechlorinated water - 2 tbsp insect frass - 0.5 oz soluble kelp - 1 oz humic acids - Aerate 24-36 hours

The All-Fish Tea - 5 gallons dechlorinated water - 2 cups fish compost (cultured) - 1⁄4 cup fish hydrolysate - 1⁄4 cup fish bone meal - Aerate 24-36 hours

Disease and Pest Control Neem/Karanja Oil Spray - 1 oz oil per gallon of water - 1.5g per 1 oz oil to emulsify - 1⁄4 cup 200x aloe flakes per gallon to emulsify - 5-10 drops essential oils(cinnamon, rosemary, eucalyptus, lemon balm, etc.) per gallon - Spray on all surfaces of plant - Targets and repels harmful insects such as mites, aphids, whiteflies, nematodes, mealybugs, cabbage worms, gnats, moths, cockroaches, flies, termites, mosquitoes, and scale.

Neem/Karanja Soil Drench - 1 cup karanja cake - 1 cup neem cake - Soak in water for 24 hours - Add 1⁄8 tbsp 200x aloe flakes per gallon - Strain and top dress, then soil drench - Helps combat and prevent harmful insects such as mites, aphids, whiteflies, nematodes, mealybugs, cabbage worms, gnats, moths, cockroaches, flies, termites, mosquitoes, and scale.

Mint Spray - 1 cup tightly packed mint leaves - Blend with water - Enough to have smooth consistency - Add paste to 1 gallon water and soak for no more than 24 hours - Strain mixture - Add 2 gallons water and 1⁄4 tsp 200x aloe flakes - Helps combat and repels harmful insects such as aphids, spiders and most common garden pests

Immuboost - 1 part oregano - 1 part turmeric - 1 part guava

- Ferment these independently - Put in container and fill with beer or wine until covered - Leave for 12-24 hours - Add 1⁄3 part sugar - 1L oregano, turmeric and guava = 1/3kg sugar - Ferment for 7-10 days - Longer = better - Add alcohol to arrest fermentation process - Use at least 40% alcohol (80 proof) - Use equal parts (1 part mix to 1 part alcohol) - Leave for 10 days - Allows extraction process to take place - Strain fluid and combine all 3 together - Mix at rate of 1 tbsp per gallon - Soil drench or foliar spray - Promotes plant health

Ginger-Garlic Extract - 1 part ginger - 1 part garlic - Ferment these independently - Put in container and fill with beer or wine till covered - Leave for 12-24 hours - Add 1⁄3 parts sugar - 1L ginger/garlic = 1⁄3 kg sugar - Ferment for 7-10 days - Longer = better - Add alcohol to arrest process - Use at least 40% (80 proof) - Use equal parts (1 part mix to 1 part alcohol) - Leave for 10 days - Strain and combine both - Mix at rate of 1 tbsp per gallon - Treats fungal problems - Insecticide - Antibiotic/preventative

Composting Vermicomposting - 1 yard organic barley straw - 12lbs rock dust - 2 cuft roughly chopped comfrey - 5 cuft pumice (1⁄4” size) - Mix and allow the compost to become thermophilic, when entering back into mesophilic stage add: - 3 lbs kelp meal - 3 lbs neem cake - 1lb alfalfa meal

- 1 cuft chopped comfrey leaves - 1 cuft chopped mint leaves - 3 lbs organic fish meal - 3 lbs crustacean meal - 10-12 lbs red wigglers - Mix and cover with barley straw, 1 year later there will be ~25-28 lbs of worms and lots of castings

Fungal Dominant Compost - Take a portion of compost and moisten - Not dripping wet - Put in light resistant container - Grind up some simple proteins (oatmeal, steel cut oats, bran flour, soybean meal, etc.) - Mix in with moist compost - Cover partially with lid - Store in warm and dark area - After approximately 3 days you will begin seeing fungal mycelia - Once mycelia appear, compost is ready to be used. - Mycelia will die off if compost dries out, process must be started again

Watering Schedules Brownguy420 Watering Schedule All stages of life: - 2 applications with water (once each week) - Pureed sprout water - 1-2 cups seeds sprouted, pureed and diluted to 15-20 gallons water - 10ml fulvic acid - 5ml Agsil - Coconut water - 1⁄4 cup coconut water per gallon - 1⁄4 tsp 200x aloe flakes - 5ml Agsil - Water every 2 days and alternate plain water in between the separate applications - Every 4-6 weeks make a neem/kelp tea - Can be either foliar feed or soil drench

Build-a-Soil Watering Schedule Day 1. 1⁄4 tsp 200x aloe flakes per gallon Day 2. No watering Day 3. Malted Barley top dress and compost tea Day 4. No watering Day 5. Dechlorinated water Day 6. No watering Day 7. Kelp/Alfalfa tea or enzyme tea Day 8. No watering Day 9. Dechlorinated water Day 10. No watering

Day 11. 1⁄4 tsp 200x aloe flakes per gallon Day 12. No watering Day 13. Compost tea or enzyme tea Day 14. No watering - Apply every week during weeks 1-6 of flower cycle (depending on length of flowering, switch to dechlorinated water for final 2 weeks). Combine or add in different waterings: - 1⁄4 cup coconut water per gallon - 1 tsp yucca extract per gallon - 1⁄2 tsp azomite & zeolite each per gallon - 1⁄2 tbsp fish hydrolysate per gallon - 10 ml fulvic acid per gallon - Fermentations/KNF - follow recipes recommended mixture rate - Can top dress with malted barley and bokashi every 2 weeks

Korean Natural Farming Cal-Phos - Collect egg shells or bones/other sources of calcium and wash to remove any filaments - Pan fry egg shells - Until some are burnt (burnt=calcium, white=phosphorus) - Grind up roasted shells - Add to jar with vinegar - 5 parts vinegar to 1 part egg shell - Wait till bubbles stop, then seal and ferment for ~20 days - Strain into another jar - Foliar Spray: - 1 tbsp per gallon - Spray when transitioning to flower

Fish Hydrolysate - Cut fish into chunks and blend (till no bone cracks are sounding) - Finer = better - Add water - 3 parts dechlorinated water to 1 part fish - Add sugar/molasses - 3 parts fish to 1 part sugar/molasses - Add lactobacillus - 2 tbsp per 1L - Pour into container and ferment - Cover with mesh or cloth to keep insects out - 3 weeks to a month - Finished when smell is pungent with a little more than a faint smell of vinegar - Strain into smaller container - Leave cap loose till bubbles no longer appear - Soil Drench: - 0.5 tbsp per 1L - 2 tbsp per gallon

Bloom Fertilizer / Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) - Collect fruit - 1:1:1 mix of banana, squash, and papaya or banana, squash, and pumpkin - Avoid citrus fruits - Can add tomatoes as well if desired - Mix well with equal parts sugar or unsulphured molasses - Mash up mixture - Do not use hands - Add mixture to plastic jug - Ferment for 7-10 days - Longer in colder temps - Drain juice into another jug - 1kg fruit + 1kg sugar = ~1.5L juice - Leave cap off for first 2 weeks to allow bubbling to finish, then cap it - Mix at 1 tbsp per gallon - Soil drench or foliar feed - Flower food and terpene production - Mix with IMO-1/IMO-2 (beneficial indigenous microorganisms)at rate of 0.5 tbsp each per gallon.

Grow Fertilizer / Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) - Find a fast growing plant in your area and harvest the growing tips - Add an equal amount of sugar to collected tips - Put in clay or plastic jar - Add water - Just enough to cover material - Add rock to centre of batch to push into bottom of container for 5 hours - Cover with cloth or mesh - Keep out of direct sunlight for 7-15 days - Drain liquid into container - Only fill 2⁄3 full so organics can breathe - Don’t tighten lid for 2 weeks to allow bubbling to finish - Mix at rate of 4 tbsp per gallon - Foliar spray or soil drench - Mix at rate of 1:1 with fish hydrolysate and add 1 tbsp per gallon - Foliar spray or soil drench

Lactobacillus - Fill container up halfway with rice-wash - Water left over when you rinse fresh rice - Can use wheat, barley, or quinoa - Cover loosely and leave for a week - Done when a light film on top (mold) forms and smells a little sour and forms 3 layers - Top layer: floating carbs left over from fermentation and possibly molds - MIddle layer: lactic acid and other bacteria (we use this layer) - Bottom layer: starch - Extract middle layer with turkey baster/syringe/siphon - Mix extracted serum with 10 parts milk - Unpasteurized is best

- Keep this stage as anaerobic as possible - Bubbling in this stage can cause overflowing - After 1 week you’ll see curds on top of milk and water, below that is yellow coloured - We want the water - Extract water - Skim curds off top and pour through strainer - To preserve at room temp add equal parts sugar - Mix at rate of 1:20 with water and use as: - Plant Growth Aid: aids with nutrient uptake, efficiency and growth - Compost Aid: mix at 2 tbsp per L and spray on compost pile to improve decomposition - Organic Fertilizer Aid: add 1-2 tbsp per gallon water/nutrient solution - Lacto consumes organic nutrients making them bioavailable

Indigenous Microorganisms - IMO-1/IMO-2 Wooden Box Method - Materials needed: 1. Wooden box (made of Natural wood / bamboo / cedar, etc) 2. Hard-cooked rice (Less moisture to collect aerobic microbes) 3. Porous Paper (paper Towel) 4. Rubber band / Thread 5. Container Box / Basket made out of Bamboo 6. Jaggery / Brown sugar (Unrefined sugar) 7. Glass jar / Clay pot - How to collect IMOs - Obtain a wooden box of 12 inches(L) x 8 inches (W) x 4 inches (H) is made with ½ an inch thickness wood. - Fill the wooden box with steamed rice. Its moisture content will attract the indigenous microorganisms living in the local soil. - Allow adequate air supply by not stuffing the rice higher than 3 inches(do not hard the rice in the box). Without sufficient supply of air, the anaerobic IMOs will get collected. Aerobic IMOs are more commonly recommended. - Cover the wooden box with white plain paper (avoid newspaper) and use a rubber band or thread to hold the paper to the box. Paper allows air to pass through. - Mark an area 12 inches x 8 inches in the soil and excavate 2 inches of soil. Place the rice-filled wooden box in this pit, where IMOs abound, such as in a forest / field or at the site where many decomposed leaf molds are found. Cover the box with leaves. - The container box or basket is placed on this set-up to protect the wooden box from stray animals. - Prevent rain from getting through by covering with leaves (use plastic sheet only if necessary during excess rains). At 20°C, it will take about 5 to 6 days to grow the microbes in the box filled with IMOs. Collection will be faster if the temperature is higher than 30°C to 35°C it will take 2 to 3 days - After 3 days the rice will be covered with microorganisms. Move the IMO formed rice to a clay pot / glass jar. The IMOs thus collected is called as IMO-1. - Mix jaggery with the IMO-1 in 1:1 ratio. For Eg 1 Kg of jaggery should be mixed with 1 Kg of IMO-1. This mixture of brown sugar and IMO-1 is called as IMO-2. The closer the state of sugar is to nature, the better. The less process the sugar has undergone, the more effective it is. Therefore, white refined sugar is not recommended. Brown sugar is advisable, but crude and unrefined sugar (jaggery) is better. - Cover the container using paper and hold in position using a rubber band or thread.

- Note:It will take 3 days in summer and 5 days in winter. You can experiment based on the climate of the place where you live. Black molds on the steamed rice indicate that you have exceeded the number of days Wooden Box Method - Materials needed: 1. Wooden box (made of Natural wood / bamboo / cedar etc) 2. Hard-cooked rice (Less moisture to collect aerobic microbes) 3. Steel wire net 4. Plastic sheet 5. Jaggery /Brown Sugar 6. Paper Porous Paper ( paper towel) 7. Rubber band / Thread 8. Glass Jar / Clay pot - How to collect IMO-1 - Fill the wooden box ¾ with steamed rice. - After the harvest of paddy (immediately after cutting the rice crops) cover the rice stumps with rice-filled wooden boxes facing downward in such a way that the rice is in touch with the paddy stumps. - Cover with steel wire net to prevent from mice and rats for causing damage. - Cover with plastic sheet to prevent rain from getting through. IMOs will be gathered approximately in a week. Mostly anaerobic microorganisms will be collected such as Bacillus licheniformis that actively breaks down protein, fat and carbohydrates and Bacillus subtilis that breaks up strong fibers such as straw and reeds. After 4 days the rice is covered with fungal growth. This is called as IMO-1. - Transfer the fungi-farmed rice in the clay pot or jar. - Mix Jaggery with the IMO-1 in 1:1 ratio. For eg, 1 Kg of Jaggery should be mixed with 1 Kg of IMO-1. This mixture of brown sugar and IMO-1 is called IMO-2. The closer the state of sugar is to nature, the better. The less process the sugar has undergone, the more effective it is. Therefore, white refined sugar is not recommended. Brown sugar is advisable, but crude and unrefined sugar (jaggery) is better. - Cover the clay pot with paper and fasten it by using rubber band.

Indigenous Microorganisms - IMO-3 - Materials needed: 1. Water 2. Rice bran/flour 3. Paddy straw 4. IMO-2 5. All the NF (natural farming) inputs diluted in water in the ratio of 1:1000 - How to make IMO-3 - Dilute IMO-2 with water (1:1000) and mix with rice bran or flour. The moisture level of this mixture should be 65% - 70%. (The consistency should be such that it should lump when pressed and loosen when shaken) - For better results, use diluted NF inputs such as FPJ, FAA, OHN, etc, while adding water. - After mixing, stack (pile/heap) the rice bran mixture IMO-2 on soil floor and not on concrete floor - The height of the rice bran mixture bed should be not more than 30 to 40cm in height.

- Cover this small heap with Paddy straw to ensure that the temperature would not rise over 50°C. To do so, flip the straw once in 2 days. - It usually takes 5 to 7 days for the surface to be covered with whitish spores of IMOs, but the speed of cultivation depends on the outside temperature. When the temperature stops increasing, the fermentation is completed. This is called as IMO-3. - The moisture level can be measured by forming a rice bran boll and twisting it. If the moisture level is around 65 -70 % the boll can be easily divided into two halves. However, it is better to use the moisture meter (hygrometer) to get accurate data. After evenly mixing with diluted IMO2 make a heap 13-15 inches (30 to 40 cm) hight, and cover it with straw, straw mat or leaf litter to prevent moisture evaporation and to provide shade from direct sunlight. 70% shade and 30% light ism recommended, since it creates favorable conditions for useful microbes in paddy straw, Eg. Aspergillus’s oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, etc. Be sure to press several spots with weights or soils over the straw, because straw is too light to be fixed on the top of the rice bran mixture. It is best to use straw mats or straw bags (gunny bags) for covering. This process is very important for massive cultivation of IMOs. This must be done on soil floor and not on a concrete floor and in a place with good ventilation. As time passes, the temperature rises within the pile of the rice bran mixture, because it undergoes fermentation. When the temperature reaches 4050 °C turnover the rice bran mixture evenly so that the temperature does not rise further and also in order to prevent moist clusters. If the temperature is below 40 °C, the mixture may be in an anaerobic condition due to the excessive moisture. If the temperature rises up above 70 °C, proteins may be broken down by thermophilic microbes and nutrients released into the air resulting in loss of fertilizer effect. Therefore, it is necessary to turn over the rice bran mixture in order to control temperature. It takes about 7 days for this process.When IMO-3 is completely cultured, they become a lump of white colonies of IMOs and are visible over the top when the straws are uncovered. In the beginning of the fermentation, the IMOs emit a pleasant smell (similar to those of Absida, Aspergillus, Mucor or Rhizopus) during their fermentation, and give out a fragrance when the fermentation process is completed. The moisture level drops to around 40% from 65- 70% of the initial stage. It is called pure stock or IMO-3. - How to store IMO-3 - Keep the IMO3 bags in shaded and cool place. Make sure that the air is well circulated by keeping IMO-3 in a ventilated container such as jute / gunny / cloth bags. First, spread rice straw or leaf litter at the bottom of the container, and put in IMO-3. During storage, the IMO-3 may become dry (moisture level 20-30%) as the moisture gets evaporated. It means that the IMOs have entered a sleeping phase. At this point, there is no need to turn over, because of the convection currents that are created through the gaps of containers.

Indigenous Microorganisms - IMO-4 - Materials needed: 1. IMO-3 - 10 Kg 2. Field / crop soil - 5 Kg 3. Red fine Soil - 5 Kg - How to make IMO-4 - Combine 1 part of IMO-3 with 1 part of soil. 50% of the soil used for the mixture should be from the field for crops and the other half is from fresh new soil (mountain soil, red fine soil, etc.) This will harmonize wild IMOs with field IMOs. - Mixing should be done on the soil floor and not on concrete. - Create a heap of this mixture not more than 20 cm in height. - Keep the mixture covered for two days. - When needed, control moisture with Natural Farming inputs such as FPJ, FFJ, FAA,

Lab etc (All natural farming inputs at a ratio of 1:1000 dilution with water) Mix IMO-3 with field soil 30%, ant hill / termite mound 20% and field soil 50%. Use all the NF inputs in water and add in order to adjust the moisture content to 65- 75%. It is necessary to add sea water for the IMOs to work best, when they are inoculated to the soil. The end product is called IMO- 4 in Natural Farming. - How to store IMO-4 - Moisture may be evaporated during storage. So adjust the moisture content to 65-70% by adding nutrient liquids of natural farming inputs just before using IMO-4. - How to utilize IMO-4 - Use IMOs continuously. Since IMOs are used to make soil fertile and healthy, these should be collected and prepared every year. In order to bring about continued results. IMOs must be maintained in the soil. - Maintain IMO diversity. Avoid being choosy in collecting microorganisms. Instead, microorganisms from different environments should be collected and mixed. It is recommended to collect IMOs from all four directions of the field. We can also collect microbes from mountain, summit, valley and trench. - Use the tough guy. The types of microorganisms present in an area will vary from another, since each area has distinct environmental conditions. For example, the sunny side of the field will have different IMOs from the shaded side. Altitude will also affect the variety of microorganisms at every level. To include “tough guys” into the IMO mixture, samples from the high mountains or uncontaminated regions can also be collected.

Oriental Herbal Nutrient (OHN) - OHN with Cinnamon - Materials needed: 1. Cinnamon 2. Rice wine/Bear 3. Jars / Bottle 4. Porous paper 5. Rubber band - How to make: - Take cinnamon bark 250 gms / Bear 750 ml, - Put the cinnamon bark in a jar and fill up with bear so that the bark is completely soaked. - Fill the jar with 2/3 of the jar. (The amount of bear should be such that it fully wets the ingredients but not too much. Let it absorb the moisture for 1 or 2 days). - Add jaggary to the jar equivalent to the weight of the ingredients. - Cover the jar using porous paper and tie with rubber band. Leave for 3 to 5 days for fermentation. - Stir everyday with stick in the morning for two weeks. - After fermentation, pour distilled liquor into the remaining 1/3 space of the 3 jar. (For long storage) - If we use with in 45 days no need to add liquor, water will do. - OHN with Garlic/Ginger - Garlic: When using the whole bulb of garlic (1 kg), select freshly harvested garlic (Do not wash with water). Crush everything including the skins and the roots, which contain moisture. Crush 1kg of the garlic (Do not crush too finely) - Ginger: Collect ginger (Do not wash with water). Crush after shaking the soil off (Do not crush too finely).

- How to make: - Put 1kg of crushed garlic or ginger in the separate jar. - Add the same amount of jaggery 1kg (1:1 ratio) and cover it with porous paper. The amount of mixture should occupy 2/3 of the space of the jar. It is very important to fill only 2/3 of the jar in order for good fermentation. Leave it for 4-6 days. - The jar must cover it with tight lid / vinyl film. stir the mixture gently clockwise every day morning for a week. Leave it for 4-6 days. - Filter the content and keep the extraction in another jar for long-term storage. - The extracting process is difficult add water to extract juice this can be used with in 45 days. - To preserve longer period add liquor to extract the juice easily. - How to dilute OHN - The dilution ratio of OHN to water is 1:1000. The ratio can be changed depending on the weather or the condition of the plant. The three kinds of OHNs (ginger, garlic and cinnamon) are mixed just before using in the following ratio: 1:1:1:1000. - How to use OHN - OHN is used for making IMO - 3, IMO - 4, the soil treatment solution, and the seed treatment solution. OHN is also good for all of the growth periods of crops, Nutritional growth period, Change-over period and Reproductive growth period. OHN is always used in Natural Farming. - When and How to use OHN - Throughout the Nutritive Cycle. OHN is considered a very important input in Natural Farming and can be used throughout the early, vegetative, changeover and fruiting or reproductive stages at the basic dilution ratio of 1: 500 to 1000 times in water.

Water-Soluble Potassium (WS-K) - Materials needed: 1. Clay jar / mud pot 2. Porous paper (Paper towel) 3. Tobacco stems 4. Water 5. Rubber Band / Thread - How to Make: 1. Dry tobacco stems and cut them in to pieces. (Do not ground too fine to avoid making powder). 2. Put 1kg of tobacco stem in the hemp/cotton cloth bag and dip it in 5 Lt of water in order to dissolve potassium in water (crude liquid of natural potassium). It takes about 7 days. - How to use: - Use only with water. Dilute 0.7L of crude potassium liquid with 20L water