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Project Title

:

Institute Name

Course Name

Operating System :

:

COMSTATS Sahiwal

Computer

Project Title

: Operating system

Submitted To

: Sir Tariq Rafiq

Submitted By

: Group No

Students Name

Roll No

Rana Umair

092

Mumtaz Gujjar

010

Ijaz-ul-Rahman

032

Sunit Gill

068

Fiaza

020

A

Khosbo MBA Batch 5

Tables of Contents Project Title : Operating System ..................................................................1 Institute Name : COMSTATS Sahiwal..............................................................1 What is Operating system?..................................................................................................4 Operating system types........................................................................................................4 Examples of Operating Systems..........................................................................................6 Microsoft Windows.........................................................................................................7 Mac OS............................................................................................................................9 Operating system listing....................................................................................................11 Reference:..........................................................................................................................11

What is Operating system? An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be useless. An operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware and user which is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of a computer, that acts as a host for computing applications run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the resource allocation and access protection of the hardware. This relieves application programmers from having to manage these details. Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs and users. Applications access these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these interfaces, the application can request a service from the operating system, pass parameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may also interact with the operating system with some kind of software user interface like typing commands by using command line interface (CLI) or using a graphical user interface. For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is generally considered part of the operating system. On large multi-user systems like UNIX and Unix-like systems, the user interface is generally implemented as an application program that runs outside the operating system

Operating system types

As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the below categories.

⇒ GUI ⇒ Multi-user ⇒ Multi-processing ⇒ Multi-threading ⇒ Multi-tasking

GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems. Mac OS Windows 98 Windows XP Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. See our multi-user dictionary definition for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of multiuser operating systems. Linux Unix Windows 2000 Multi-processing - An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing operating systems.

Linux Unix Windows 2000 Multi-tasking - An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating systems. UNIX Windows 2000 Multi-threading - Operating systems that allow different parts of software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are: Linux Unix Windows 2000

.

Examples of Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2 Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems that originated as an add-on to the older MS-DOS operating system for the IBM PC. Modern versions are based on the newer Windows NT kernel that was originally intended for OS/2. Windows runs on x86, x86-64 and Itanium processors. Earlier versions also ran on the Alpha, MIPS, Fairchild (later Intergraph) Clipper and PowerPC architectures (some work was done to port it to the SPARC architecture).

As of 2009, Microsoft Windows holds a large amount of the worldwide desktop market share. Windows is also used on servers, supporting applications such as web servers and database servers. In recent years, Microsoft has

spent significant marketing and research & development money to demonstrate that Windows is capable of running any enterprise application, which has resulted in consistent price/performance records (see the TPC) and significant acceptance in the enterprise market. Currently, the most widely used version of the Microsoft Windows family is Windows XP, released on October 25, 2001. In November 2006, after more than five years of development work, Microsoft released Windows Vista, a major new operating system version of Microsoft Windows family which contains a large number of new features and architectural changes. Chief amongst these are a new user interface and visual style called Windows Aero, a number of new security features such as User Account Control, and a few new multimedia applications such as Windows DVD Maker. A server variant based on the same kernel, Windows Server 2008, was released in early 2008. On October 22, 2009, Microsoft released Windows 7, the successor to Windows Vista, coming three years after its release. While Vista was about introducing new features, Windows 7 aims to streamline these and provide for a faster overall working environment. Windows Server 2008 R2, the server variant, was released at the same time.

Mac OS Mac OS is the trademarked name for a series of graphical user interfacebased operating systems developed by Apple Inc. (formerly Apple Computer, Inc.) for their Macintosh line of computer systems. The Macintosh user experience is credited with popularizing the graphical user interface. The original form of what Apple would later name the "Mac OS" was the integral and unnamed system software first introduced in 1984 with the original Macintosh, usually referred to simply as the System software.

Mac OS X is a line of partially proprietary, graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh computers. Mac OS X is the successor to the original Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Unlike its predecessor, Mac OS X is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997. The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a desktop-oriented version (Mac OS X v10.0) following in March 2001. Since then, six more distinct "client" and "server" editions of Mac OS X have been released, the most recent being Mac OS X v10.6, which was first made available on August 28, 2009. Releases of Mac OS X are named after big cats; the current version of Mac OS X is nicknamed "Snow Leopard".

The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart but usually runs on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware. Mac OS X Server includes work group management and administration software tools that provide simplified access to key network services, including a mail transfer agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and others

There are also many operating system like “Plan 9”and “GNU/Linux and Unix-like” operating systems

Operating system listing Below is a listing of many of the different types of operating systems available today, the dates they were released, the platforms they have been developed for and who developed them.

Operating system

Platform

Developer

MAC OS 8

Apple Macintosh

Apple

MAC OS 9

Apple Macintosh

Apple

MAC OS 10

Apple Macintosh

Apple

MAC OS X

Apple Macintosh

Apple

MS-DOS 6.x

IBM / PC

Microsoft

NEXTSTEP

Various

Apple

System 7

Apple Macintosh

Apple

Windows 2000

IBM / PC

Microsoft

Windows 2003

IBM / PC

Microsoft

Windows 98

IBM / PC

Microsoft

Windows NT

IBM / PC

Microsoft

Windows Vista

IBM / PC

Microsoft

Windows XP

IBM / PC

Microsoft

XENIX

Various

Microsoft

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system http://alternatives.rzero.com/os.html http://computerhope.com.html http://google.com