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A volume in the series MYTH AND POETICS ,d;ud by Gregory Nagy

A complete list oftit1es appears 2.t the end of the book.

MOTHERS IN MOURNING with the essay

Of Amnesty and Its Opposite NICOLE LORAUX Translated from the French by Corinne Pache

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS IIHA1 The funeral ttgub.tion of the Labyacbi mentions pltOOrJn litltlalnan (Sokolowski,

l.DiJltlCdts. 77c6).

"' Rues must be completed m three months; the 4ndru then end their mourning, and women come out of mourning (v;anlJt4fllroi rlr 1IJ lrldrl,u). We will recall that in

Mc35ures against

Feminine Exce'-5

2,3

Then the magistrate assigned to women intervene!i, the RUntJiJumcSmos elected by the people. During the sacrifices that precede the Thesmophoria, he prays to the gods for the happiness and prmperity of compliant men and obedient women (tois emmhlousin kai 1ais ptithom~nais t8ide t8i n6m0i) and curses men who disobey and women who do not comply. Here again, we find in the words' variation the same concern to distinguish between the sexes, but there is also something new: the magistrate assigned to women ensures the link with the gods for men as well as for women, and his intervention takes places at the time of the Thesmophoria, this "political" festival of lawful wives. In addition, two steles inscribed with the law are erected, one in front of the Thesmophorion, the other in front of the temple of Artemis goddess of childbirth (Lokhia). Our initial impression is thus confirmed: overseeing mourning means looking after women. Hence the gunaikon6mos-even if, at Gambreion, as in the "Solonian" legislation, this official is also in charge of punishing offenders of the opposite sex. Let us reread Plutarch regarding Solon: Most of these practices still survive in our laws. It has been added (proslte(ldi) 40 chat lawbreakers will be punished by the gunailtonOmos, because they arc overcome by unmanly and effeminate passions and sins in their mourning (hOs analldrois Ital guru,iltbdesi tots peri tO ptnthi ptlthesi kal hamartimasin enelthomlnous). (Plutarch Solon 21.5) (Is being a mourner in the masculine synonymous with being "effeminate"? Let us beware. For a long time, men will eschew all passion in mourning. Thus Laertes in Hamlet will not shed one tear other contexts, txanisrosrhai can be translated as "resuscitate." Women must recover from mourning as they recover fiom childbirth, but men are content to break ic off

(ll4tin ,a ptnthi). Throughout the text, great care is taken to distinguish women's &om men's lot, and even if we cake into account the desire for "variation," the choice of wording is meaningful. ,l(J For Jacoby, this word is formal proof of the late introduction ofgunailtonOmoi m the context oflcgislarion aimed at moral restorarion.

24

Mothers in Mourning

on Ophelia's grave, he who, upon hearing of his sister's death, for an instant let himself be overcome by women's cries: Too much of water hast thou, poor Ophelia, And therefore I forbid my tears; but yet It is our trick; nature her custom holds, Let shame say what it will: when these are gone, The woman will be out.

Or witness Archilochus, less anachronistically, who, to incite his friends to "drive effeminate mourning away," mimics in his poem the rejection of the feminine by replacing odUne, the inner suffering so well known by women, with a manly wound that keeps on bleeding

but cm be healed.)" If mourning is feminine as such, it is also an opponunity to repress femininity among males: thus the gunaikonOmos docs not really step outside his function,4 2 which is, according to the 112rrowcst definition, to regulate women's behavior, to punish those who do not submit to authority, and, "along with the Areopagites, to watch over gatherings (sUnodoi) that take place in homes (oildai) during weddings and sacrifices." 43 Gatherings inside the oik{a arc dangerous because a wife could face temptation there. What, then, can we say ab~ut the ixodoi, those "outings" -codified or not-of women, outside their houses, which cities attempt to control very strictly?"'.. ti Archilochus frag. 13 West, lines 4-5 and 8, with conunrmary by A. Pippin Burnett, Tiiru .Archaic Paers (Cambric!F, 1983), 47-48; on feminine otlMni and 1he manly wound, see Loraux, Exptritnm ef 1irrsidS, J 1-37 and 88-100. 42 A vrry Greek function, and one that Rome does not rccognizt-: ~ the atdiltJ have no such duty in their jurisdiction. We should distinguish carefully between the ashmOffloi, who can impose a tax on prostitutes, and the gunailtonrlwwi, who ve concemed only with female "citizens," although they punish women karit roUS ltodoMs alrosmoMsas (S.,Ja s.v.). • 1 Sec Pollux 8.1 12 for rhc lros,nos of women, Philochorus &ag. tis for the quotation. and Menander the Rhetor Ptrl tpiltidtlOtt ].J6.p (Spengel) on this function. which is wigned to one tlccrcd by show of hands and is wicksprcad in citin. " On btodoi, see the law ofG.ambrcion, lincs H-16. where Sokolowski under-

Measures against Feminine Excess

25

For even when it is a matter of accompanying one's "own" dead, it is better for a woman not to go out into the streets (lratd toils hodoUs). This is, doubtless, an opportunity also to understand in retrospect the shared reluctance to admit women to the eltphora, the funeral procession rhat passes through the city and is at the heart of the funeral ceremony, as opposed to the pr'Othesis, enclosed within the house, where women hold their natural place. 45 Ideally, feminine sorrow should be hermetically sealed inside the house, especially when the mourning woman is a bereaved mother who weeps over her son. This is how the messenger interpretc; Eurydice's silent flight after she learns of Haemon's death in the Antigone: I am sustained with hope that after she hears the sorrow of her son, she will not ask for a lament throughout the cicy but wiU order (prothisein) 46 her se~nts to moan her own mourning (plnthos oilttton stinein) inside the house (hupd sttgis eso). For she is not so inexperienced in judgment that she would commit a mistake (hamarlanein).

(Sophocles Antigone 1246-50) The mistake-the audience soon learns-is a tragic one: just as the chorus feared, Eurydice commi~ suicide. But for the moment, the messenger's answer can be understood in its more obvious sense, as an observation on legal transgressions (hamdrtima, said Plutarch with reference to Solonian legislation) or on the unseemliness, for the queen's feminine honor, inherent in lamenting throughout the city. As for the penthos oikelon, for Eurydice it is Haemon's death, which she already stands th~ "outings" as prescribed for the period of mourning. Also see Pbto Laws 6.784d on restrictions on "outings" for women who do not obey marit;,1.l nnperarives; see also Plutarch Solon 21.5. 45 It is interesting to note that it is while she IS foUowing the proce5sion (rkphoni) of her mother-in-l;,1.w th;,1.t the wife of the Athenian Euphiletos is seen by Erat~thencs, who then seeks her out and becomes her Jover (Lysias On rite Murde, oJ Eratosthmcs 8) . ..,, How can we not be reminded of the p,Othrsis sugges1:ed in,.,.,,,..?

26

Mothers in Mourninv;

has anticipated when she comes on stage to inquire about "the rumor of a calamity concerning her kin" (1187: oil«lou kakod). P. Mazon translates pbuhos oike(on as "intimate mourning" ("deuil intime"), and before I settled on "her own mourning" ("son deuil"), I hesitated between "'familial mourning" ("deuil familial") and "mourning (so) close or nearby" ("'deuil (si] proche"). Applied to the relationship between a mother and her son, oikeion has all the connotations that make it a marker for what is familial, close, and thus by virtue of the tragic dialectic of the .'!enos and of the self, for what is "one's own. " 47 What loss is more "one's own" for a mother than the loss of one who is closest to her? But in oiketon we should also understand, in line with its etymology, what takes place inside the house. This is the masculine solutioo., or at any rate, the civic way of assigning limits to the loss of self, limits that for women are the familiar walls of the oikos. The reasoning is that the oikeion ptnthos must not contaminate the city, just as, more generally, funeral rites should not intrude on the political institutions' operations. When this happens in spite of everything, it is a sure sign of problems in the city. We are reminded ofTheramenes, who took the opportunity when parents (suggenels) gathered for the festival of the Apaturia, to organize a procession of mourning men, who walked toward the assembly as if they were the parents (suggenels) of those dead in the battle of Arginusae. 48 The spectacle of mourning men should be seen only in funeral processions; because this gloomy procession was going in the direction of the assembly, the expected outcome is the condemnation to death of the stratigo{, and this is what actually happens. · The city thus protects itself against funeral ceremonies, in which some cities even forbid their officials to participate, 49 and against women, their emotionalism, and their excesses. By using this word, I do not mean to evoke, as some may think, the existence-even •; On the ~pectrum of connotations of oiknon, see N. Loraux, "La guerra uella famiK11a," Studi ston·c; .28 (1987): s-H, and "La main d'Anti1eone," Melis 1 (1986): 165-96. •~ Xenophon Hrllrmfd 1.7.H . .., See the lawofTegea (fourth century B.l

Compa,ariw Studits, 258.

Se~ the meaningful remarks oflsocrates in Apitur CaUim«hNS 3 and .23-25.

Of Amnnty and Its Oppmite

109

way of good tit1dmt1isis, and the poet is the pure instrument of thi~ transubstantiation. Restored to its integrity by virtue of the agreement, the community is reestablished and decides. It prohibits any recalling of a litigious past. displaced because contentious, as if Memory appeared in place of Lethe among the dreaded children of Night, as daughter of Strife (Eris). Each Athenian must forget what the st.isis was if he can, and, whether he can or cannot, each must obey the city by devising for himself a mechanism against the lucid vertigo of OltJSton. And politics reasserts itself, the civic and reassuring version of the oblivion of misfortunes. Oblivion disappears, erased in amnest) 's favor, yet the misfortunes remain. But who would still recall that among the .. misfortunes" banned from memory is hidden the very thing that, in the poetical tradition, refused oblivion?

Index Locorum

Aeschines

.,. ,,, "'' ......

tt,.i,ins1C1nip/,Oft

.,,,.,

17n.23

107n.s9

A.fdilUtTimatdtws

,,. ,.,...........

71n.16

Akaeus

10'1II-S9

Andocide,

frag. 70 CampbeU

Aeschylus

.

1140-49

••••

son.26 s2n.29 s2n.29 J9Jl.14 610.9

21n.JS 71n.1s 210.Jj

10,tn.49

658-61

16n.17,71n.19

69o-91

1020.45

700-706

10211.45

.,,

,,, "•

ssm.6 5911.6 j91\.6

. 7l

n

...

79

...

9C)n.11

107n.59 I0711.59 89t1.IO, 10,R.j9

91n.14 Bin.I

Archilochu,

E11mtniths

Pr,sMffll 284-85

,.

s9n.6

On1hrMyslntts

Choq,ho,oi

430 491-93

,,.

111-16

.UJ-24 28:1-83

On1hcEmNls)'

,'" '"' 1417-18

Su,,,,Na111Womtn 57-66

fng.13Wesr

,-,

•

240.41

Arisrophanes BirdJ

"'

1o6n.s6

Ettlni.uwsat 229-u Lysistro1a

86n.J 86n.J

Plou1t1s

.,. ....

589-90

861'1.J

11n.7 .1,411.41

j6n.J6

,,

l)D.10, 1070.j~

un.8 IC)7n.jH

I II

Index Locorum

112

Arinophanes (nmt.) TJtts,rtopl111rioztUM

810-11

,,

8JO-]S Aristotle Alhrnian Cl111SlilNtion 38.4 88n.9, 98n.30 39.1 98n.30 39.6 91n.14, U)?n.59 40.1 98n.JO 40.2 8Bn.8,90n.1J, 91n.1s 40.J 90n.11,91n.1s

,...

History of Animab Potlin 1453b19-20

842-4J 883-87 117]

son.24

1265-1)

son.2.s

Hrlrn

"'

1)00-l]S.2

1325-26

•

1•

lpllig,tlio.tANlu

s•n.J

lphift,ua in Ta11tu

72n.18

M,da

917-18

......

Oneirocritica 750.26

Demosthenes On thr Faist Embdssy

...

Euripides EJmM .1.3-30, sin.Jo

Er«htlrtws fDK,10 Cartan. SO )911,IJ

.

,

61•• 7lt,1-90

..

5111.27

370.8 380.11

815-16

Suppliant Wo,en 700.Ir

5111 •.27

s1n.27 510.27

3911.13 3911.13 36n.5

l4l]-]S

Against lHmo11ltnvs

279-81 487

38n.11

us-s6

1451-52 1455-56 1514-18

Diodorus II.JS 1911.10,210.Js Dionysius ofH:alicarnassus RolndnAn1iquilits 11.jS 3on.s ]Oft,] 11.56 1.6.2.2 32n.u,32n.13

H"""'

..,

700.10

Dinarchus

••

792-96 lo3-4 816-17 1056-58 Pl.otnitMnWomm 304-16

690.8

Prooimia S4

211-J

59,63n.1s

3911.14

Artnn.idorus 2.45

6Jn.15 48n.21

H-ln ll

L,..,... ,,

.....

Moralill

]On.I

31n.7 IOln.,p

.....

14n.12

2411

140.12

241b

140.12

.......,.

241c

489b-c 741b

1411.12

140.12 1010.41 920.16 920.16

N•"'

310.8 Oluolnanct of Ortldn 418b-c ,03 Onl!n,d,nfyl.w< U.]

••

920.16

814b-c

87R.6

-

Pm,p,,ofS,,-,fr

lJ.4

]~.IJ

21.s TtibkT.tlt

...

92n.17 1J,2sn.44 92n.16

Pollux

8.112

2.fll.4]

Jln.7

A,ail.tu J0.7

)9,10

43.4-s firbi11SMaxim1n

Solon

7411.lJ 7411.lJ 74n.23 76n.18

u,....

J.16 Plutarch

JS,4 36.J 36.s 37.3-4

1Bn.26 31n.6 JIR.6 18n.17 18n.17 18n.17 18n. .27

14ft.l2

Semonidet, of Amorp in1.7WC1t

,on.is

Index Locorum

"""',_,

.. ,-, ..

Co,u.oldOlltoHrlM•

16.1

Jln.6 31n.7 31n.B,32n.9

COIUOl.itionioMrrrii, JID,7 31n.7

Dt,rutrimoni11

hg.7] Soloo

,-,

6..J.7-J.I

Antp,N' 423-:11 IJ.5-33

,,. "'

....

1:146-50 u54

E"""'

103-10

"''

131-3.:1 140-4..J. 147-49

JJJ-:14 J.30--JI 1:146-41

gln.30.105 !Jin.JO, 104

..,

Ouip,u•1Coh,nus

,.,,

IOln.4()

Otdip,,JRa 75n.:;i,7

3:an.10

&ag. 36Wes1

Sophodn Aj•

m

61n.10 gtn.29 9An.:19

150-5:1 177-78

11n.15

...., 62n.u 6..J.n.11 6411.17 104n.50

,, ...,_,

44n.J

..,

...

Taciws AnlM'ls 6.10

]Oil.I

Thucydides :1.34.4 2.40.J J..44.1 :1.44.3 2.44.4 J..46.1 4.74 6.54.7

1sn.16 16n.18 16n.1B 16nn.1B, 19 16n.18 17n.:13 107n.s9 7411.:13

Xenophon

61n.10

HtllmiCII

gin.JO 61n.10

1.7.B :1.4.43 6.4.16

J6n.48 107R-S9 14n.u

IIS

General Index

Achilles (character), 40, 1o6 as Hector's killer, J6, 37, 47 as mourner, 44-47, 97,98n.31, 1oon.J9 wrath of, 97, 98, IOI Adrascus (character), 17, S4 Acdon (character), sB, 6o Acschincs, 17, 69, ?I Aeschylus, 39, so-s1, S9, 6o, 64, 73 Agamnnnon (Aeschylus), 6o, 61 Agamemnon (chan.ctcr), 39, so, SS, 61, 1oon.39 Agora, 10, 65, 67-79 Ajax (chanctcr), 6o Alcaeus, 9,4., 97 Alcibiades, 76-77

amnesty (and memory), 20, 83-109 Stt 0'111 forgetting dndrrs. Stt men Andronuche (character), 37, 40 Anti,o,u' (Sophocles), z.s-18, "4, 6o, 6163, IQ.40.jO

Antinoos (character), 94 Apacuria fesnva.l, J6 Apollo (ch.anctcr), 16n.17, 58,69, ?S, 77 An:hilochus, 11, 14 An:hinc», c,io, 91

Artemidorus, 7 S

Ascyanax (character) J6. 37, 40-,p Athena (character), 91, 94, 101 Athenian Council, 68--70, 90 Athen, bans on memory in, 8.4-90, 1o6-9 censonhip by, 9 citizenship in, 12-1-4, 40, S-4, 6S funeral pr.acticcs in, 11, u, 15-28, 31n,8, H, 34, 37, 6.i,-6s and Pnxithea, pn.29 Stt o&o Athenian Council; city-statt'; democn.cy; politics; Thirty; sp«ifa

""'

autochthonousideal, 13, 14, 16n.20, 39--40 bod;o,

fathen as inscriben on mothen', 73-77 intimacy associated with, JS, 37--41, SI, 6.1,, 78,96 mothen dinging to sons' dead, 36-37,

••

women's moumina over dead, 6, 49, so SttfWOwounds

:rirch1vcs. S« rne-mory

Bouleuterion, 68--69 broc:hen, 18, JI, )2 Brutus, 32, 33

Argmusac bacdc, l6 ArlKOphancl, u-14 Aristotle• .21, 71-71, 81, 90-9.z

Cae,ar, Gaiu1. JJ Cannae banie, JO, Jl

116

General Index C:wandra, 60--61

Ceos,.u-u. C1"rvn1cus «"nu:tery. 10, 1s chilclbinh, 39, SJ., 71-78 Clwpho,oi (Aeschylus), 103 citiunship (Athtnian), 1.2-14, 40, 54, 65. Stt •lsc, polinc~ city-statt(G~ek) and am=ty. 83, 16-9 emphasis on positivity of, 10, 86, 17, 90-93 tmphasis on stability and continuity of, .21, 26, 44, 6,t.-65, 88, 96, 1o8-9 mourning mothen ;is challenge to, 7, 9-H,6,t.,98 Stt Mio At:heiu; politics civil war, .,t., 3on.1, 86""9], 9Bn.30 Clytemnnm (character), 39, so-52, SS, 62,98 Coriolanus, 17-18, JO, ]2, 47 c~on (chanctrr), 27-28 crying. Stt mourning; tean curses, 5,6, 23, 108

Danaids, SS, 58-62, 73 daughten rankof,22 relations of, with mothen, 6n.6, 14, 39, 40, 44-48, so-ss, 61--62, 65 De Martino, E., 29, 35n.1,4411.J Demettt (character) asbirthgiver,39 cult of, .,t.8, 67 and Dcmophon, 53-s,4, mother-daughter bond of. 2, 69 mourning and wrath in srory of. 2, 4,4,4,8, 50-51,98 not the G~at Mother, 70 plowing imagery associated with, 76, 77 democracy, 19-20, 70, 85-9.2, 97-99 Dcmophon (character), SJ-H Derrida.Jacques, 74 Dionysius o(Halicamassus, 17, 30, 32 Dreyfus affair, 92-93 Earth, 71, 76 Elecm (character). 5:1, SS, 6o-62, 71n.1s, 97-gll, 104-8 Elmnl (Sophocles), 97-98, 103-6 epic. 10, JS-J6, 98

117

eruurt', 76-77, !IJ, lll,1-90. 92, 108, 109. Stt .1$0 forgetting; neption Erechtheion, 9.2 Enritlmu (Euripides), 1J Erlll)'l:s(Furies). 48, so. SI, 77, 100, IOJ. I0), 106

Eumaim (character), 100 Ewmtni,lrs (Aeschylus), 64, 75, 77 Eupeithes (character), 94, 100 Euripides, IJ, 14n.15, 59 on Demeter, 48, 49n.2.1. tndings of Athenian plays by, 86 mourning woml'n in works by, .27-.28, J6-J9, 48, 50, 6.2-6J Eurydice (character), 25-26, 44 Fabius Maxi.mus, 29-30, 12 facht'n, 15-18, 36, 45n.9, 47 crimesof,sB-59 as imcribcn of women's bodies, 73-n length of time Roman daughten could

mourn,31-u mothers' vengeance on, so- 52, S4 and sons, 5911.3, 71-72 Stt .Jso husbands; mtn; sons

fo,gming of dead children, 1s-16 desirt' for, 4l, 94-95 drugs for, 95-97 impossibility of, 44, 48, S4, 94-109 llM demanding. 86-91, 94, 102 Stt dlso amnesty; ensure; memory Frmce,92-93 Fmld,Sigmund,6, 51, 72-73, 75, 78, BJ, Ioli

funeral practices in Athens, 11, 12, 15-28, Jln.8, H, 34, 37, 5,4,,6.4--65 as domestication of mourning, J7, 78 of Roman women, 30-n Furies. Stt Erinycs furrow imagery, 75-77 Gallus,68 Gambreion (in Asia Minor), 21, 22-23, Jin.8 Ganymede (character), 100 Gcrnct, L., 99n.]l, 103 Hodo, (chanaer), 44, 47 Hacmon (character), 25-26

118

General Index

Ht1ndtt (Shakespeare), 13-14, 78 hate, 3-6, 64, 78, 91 Stt t1lso curses; revenge; wrath Hector (character), 36, 37-38, 47, 79, 101, ,01

Hecuba (character), 36-41, 4S, so, 79 Hm,"4 (Euripides), 40, so Helen of Troy (char.acter), 95--97 Heracles (character), 58-59 Hermes (character), 47 Herodotus, 9, 10, 84-85, 97, 99n.JJ, 10411.51 Hesiod,71 Hisro,y of 1he Prloponnait1n War (Thucydides), 15-17 Homer, 36, 49, 95-96 Homeric Hymn 10 Aphrodite, 100 Homeric Hymn 10 Ihme1er, 46, 48, Sl husbands nnk of, 18 relations of, with wives, 6, 11, 39, so51, 54-55, 6o, 65 Roman wives' mourning of, 31

Di,2d (Homer), SJ, 96 grieving mothers in, 37, 38, 45 mlnisin,98,99, 101, 108 lonians, 84-85 Iphigenia (character), 39, so-51, s1n.19, SS,61 lsocratcs, 86, 91, 91 ltys fltylos) (character), 57-61 jason(charactcr), SS Jocasta (charactcr), 36-37, 63n.14, 7S Julian (emperor), 67-68 "juscice" (of mothers), 70-72, 76, 77 Laccdaemonia, 13 1 14 b.ws (on funerals and mourning). 11, 1 s-18 Lcmman women, H Lethe, 91, 109 Livy, 30, ]l, ll 101.\, 10, 48, H, 100 &r ,il.10 mourning Lycurgu~. 1411.14, 68 madna-., S8-6o matrix, 73-75

malmna, 30-JJ Mazon, P.,16 Medea, 51,55 Meletos, 70 memory and body, 37-39 censoring of, by city, 10, 83-109 daughters of, 9S female model of, 98 mothers as keepers of, 16, so-51, 7077 Stt ,2lso forgetting; revenge men (Jndws), 12, 16 ambivalence of. toWard women, 18, 39, Sl, SS, 64, 77-79 mourning by, 34, .u-47, 560.35 mourning mothers' vengeance on, so-

s, Su also fathers; husbands; patrilineage; ,om Menelaus (chuacter), 9S, 100 M~xenw (Plaro), 16-17 minis, 44, 49, so, S4, 68, 78, 98-99, IOI, 1o8. Stt also mourning Metaneira (character), S]-54 Metroon, 67-70, 76-77 Miletus, 9, 84-85, 97 moderation, 18 mothers Athenian, 11-14 fathers' imprint on, 71-77 "justice" of, 70-71, 76, 77 as keepers of memory, 16 1 SO-SI, 7077 killing of sons by, SI, 52, SS, S7-S9, 65 political power of, 47-,tB, 68 rank of, "· 38 relations of, with daughters, 6n.6, 14, 39, 40, 44-411, so-ss. 61-61, 6s l'C'lations of, with sons, 5-6, 12-15, 1718, 2s-16, 31-32,6o, 7R Roman, 30-JJ Spanan, 14 Sa abo childbirth; """'°"4; mothen (in mourning); wiw-s mo1:hers (in mourning) asallies,4-s and Athenian funmal practices, 11- u, 15-28, 54,6,t.

General Index mothen {in mourninB) (to11r.) as challenge co Greek city-state, 7, 9H, 6.t., 98 as panutigm of rnouming, 61-6.t,, 98 mRichardlll, 1-7 Roman, 30-34 Stt dis" childbinh; mourning: tan mourning asbudt-inparcofwomcn'sli,r'ft, 13-14, 19, 38,63 contests of, 4 domestication of. J7, 78, 101 as feminine form ofbchavior, 10-11, 19, l0-l4, 31-3.1, 61-64, 98 generic: aspects of, 3, JS-38, 4411.3. SJ, SS,6o and hate, J-6, 64 and isolation, 45-46, 54 pracriccstolimitwomen's, 10-1.1, 1534 as repetitive and endless, 44-45. 61, 64, 98 . thal cannot forget. S4, 94, 9S, 99-IOJ, 108-9 and wrath, 4]-59. 97-101, 1o6 Stt,Jlso bodies; loss; minis; mothers (in mourning); JMthos; tears; thrlnos; wounds Muses, S9, 9S, 96, 1ol-9 negation, 102-8 nightingale imagery, 55-65, 79, IOS Niobe (character), 11n.6, 45, sB, 61-6], 6.4n.17, 79 oblivion. Stt forgetting Odysseus (char.mer), 40, 6o, 94, 95-91, 100

Odyssty{Homer), 58, 71, 94, 9S Oedipus (character), 27, SI, 6Jn.14, 7S, 100

~difJIIS Rn (Euripides), 1S "Of Amnesty and Jes Opposite" (Loraux),

111

patrilmuge, 1.1, 71-7) Pau'l.lm,u, s6 Peitho (character), 69 Pelasgus (chancm), 73-74 Penelope- (cluncter), 6o, 100 Pericles, 15-17, 64 Penc-phone (character), 44-45, 47. 48 Penians, 84 Ptniaru (Aeschylm), 86 Philomela. Stt Procne and Philomda Phornicia11 Wointn (Euripides), J7. 63 Phrynichus, 9, 85, 87, 91n.rs, 100, 104n.s.1 Pisodcetce,JJ Plato, 10-11, 17, 74, 18 plowing iniagery, ,s-77 Plutarch, JO, 9.2: on amnesty, 87 on anger of criminals, 101-3 on Coriolanus, 17-18, J2 on Solon's laws on women's mourning .11,21,.1s.J6 politics and amnesty, 8J, 90-91, 95-'J(i, 108-9 Greek women absent from, 20, 27, 56n.JS and power of mothers, 47-48, 68, 7778 and women's mourning, 26-28, 9899 Stt alw citizenship; ciry-sute Polydorus (character), so Polymestor (character), so Polynices (chara.cter), .17-28, ]S-36, 61 Polyxena (chara.cter), 40, 4S, so Poseidon (chancter), 9.2: Praxithea (chara.cter), 11-14, 19, s2n.29,

ll Priam (chara.cter), l7, 4sn.9, 47 Procne and Philomcla (characters), 56, s1-s9,61,6.1,19 Stt also nightingale imagery Publicola,Jl,H

8J-J09

Omtti11 (Aeschylus), l9, 102 Orestes (character), 62, 97 pdthos, 9-10, J?, 100 S« also mourning

ra.pe, 57, ssn.2 reconciliation Demeter's, 47-48, SI democratic, in Athens, 86-91, ~17-99 nr Rlp11bli, (Plato), 10-11

General Index

120

rc"w-ngc and crinunahry, 101-3 and memory, 87-88, 9.2, 101-3 by mourning mothers, 43, 49-.51, .54-

s, obhgations for, 95 prevention of, 96, 10.2 Stt also amnesry; curses; hue; wn.th Rhea (character), 47, 67 Rh1non (magistrate), 88 Richard III(Shakcspcarc), 1-7, 51n.18, 64, 78 Rome, 12, 17-18, .29-34 Seven of Thebes, 27 Shakespeare, William Hamltt, 13-24, 78 RApt of Lucrtct, .59n.2, 79 Richa,dlll, 1-7,.51n ..28,64,78 sisters,.22 Slatkm, Uura, 49, 96n ..26 Socrates, 70 soldiers (Athenian), 1.2-14, .54, 65 Solon, 21, .23. 25, 36, 70, 76 killing of, by mothers, 51, 51, SS, 5759, 65 mournmg rime for, by Roman mothers, 31, 32 relations of, with mothers, 5-6, 11-15, 17-18, 25-26, 31-31, 6o, 78 Sophocles, 57, 61, 6.2, 97-98, 103-6 Sparta, 11-14, 15n.16, 31n.8, 34n.18 suicide, .25 Supplianr Womrn (Euripides), 27, 36-37, 59, 73 sw.illow imagery, 56, 57 tears of Coriolanus' mother, 17-18, 30 of the Dana1ds, 59 guilty, 64-65 of mother., 15, 30-33, 36, 55-56,65-66 of Niobe, 45, 79 over play about Miletus, 85-86 Tch:auchus (ch:tral·ter), 95 Tereu~ (thuactcr), 57-59 thelter,9, 11 Stt alsa epic; tragedy The~w (character), 27, 2K, ]7

Thesmophoria, Jn,3, 12-13, 23, 46n.13,

69-70 Thetis (character), 47, 49. 9Kn.31 Thirty (oligarchy of), 86, 88, 89, 91, 97 Thrasybulus, 92 thrhios, 20-21, 29, 36, 54. 56, 58-59 Thucydides, I 5-17, 59n ..5, 74 Timatus (Plato), 74 tragedy, 55 civil wu as, 8.5-86 mother-child relations in, 39, 51 mourmngin, 10-11, 27-28, 43, 54-.56, 98 nightingales in, .57-65 revenge in, 43 Trojan Womm (Euripides), 37, 40 Tros(chlracter), 100 Valeria,30 vengeance. Stt revenge virgins, 46, 59-6o, 61-63 wives festivals of, 23 rank of, .2.2 relations of, with husbands, 6, 1 2, 39, 50-52, .54-55, 6o, 65 Stt abo women women contra! of, outs1de their houses, 24-25 andfuneralpracriccs, 11-12, 15-28, 30-34, 54, 64 Greek virtues ascribed to, 18 home as natural place for, .25-26, JO, 32 men's ambiv:alence tow.ard, 28, 39, 52, .S.S, 64, 77-79 moumingassociatedwith, 10-11, 19, .20-24, 31-32, 61-64, 98 as polluted, 22, .26, 58n.2 "race of," 38-39, 50, 55, 65, 7.2 Stt also daughtcn; matrorw; mothen; virgins; wives wounds, 24, 31, 49, 8J-84, 88-89 wrath, 43-56, 77-79. Suabo hate; revenge wrinng. Stt erasure; fathen: as mscriben of women's bocbes Zeus (character), 46-47, 49, 94