• Author / Uploaded
• Tania Menéndez García

Citation preview

15

EL ESTILO INDIRECTO:

A

LAS ORACIONES

ENUNCIATIVAS

Podemos contar lo que alguien dijo de dos maneras: 1 Repitiendo

sus palabras exactas, es decir, empleando

el estilo directo.

"I h a v e to go n o w , " s h e s a i d . " W e l i v e d i n P a r i s for t h r e e y e a r s , " Peter s a i d . 2 Contando la idea, pero no las palabras exactas, que es el "estilo

indirecto".

S h e s a i d (that) s h e h a d to go t h e n . Peter t o l d u s (that) t h e y h a d l i v e d i n P a r i s for t h r e e y e a r s . B

REPORTING

STATEMENTS

2 La frase se suele introducir con los verbos say y tell, o con accept, advise, agree, announce, apologise, ask, beg, claim, complain, declare, explain, insist, invite, offer, point out, protest, remind, remark, state, think, etc., que llamamos reporting verbs.

ENUNCIATIVAS

C H A N G E S IN T E N S E 1 LOS CAMBIOS

Nota: Después de los verbos say, suggest, tell y think podemos omitir that, pero nunca se puede omitir con verbos como explain, complain, point out, etc.

EN LOS TIEMPOS 1

1 CHANGES

I N T E N S E II

LOS CAMBIOS

indirecto:

1 No hay comillas.

-

EL ESTILO INDIRECTO: LAS ORACIONES

'1

En el estilo directo se utilizan comillas y mayúsculas al empezar la cita, pero en

el estilo

3 El tiempo de la narración da una especie de "salto atrás" si el verbo que lo

-

EN LOS TIEMPOS

introduce va en pasado.

II

4 Las palabras que indican lugar o tiempo, los pronombres personales y posesivos, los demostrativos, etc., cambian lógicamente. REPORTING COMMANDS (IMPERATIVE) LAS ÓRDENES INDIRECTAS

C H E C K

(EL

5 Las preguntas dejan de serlo. Mira la unidad 16.

-

IMPERATIVO)

EXERCISE

Y O U R S E L F page 247

1

Punctuate the following sentences according to the rules of direct speech. 1 . "\l paint my room next w e e k , D i a n e said2.

Beth said I w o n ' t c o m e to the play b e c a u s e l'm ¡II

3.

She said I have to p h o n e my cousin n o w

4.

W h y d o n ' t y o u visit M a r y n o w he asked

5.

I have lost m y w a l l e t A n d r e w d e c l a r e d

6.

Y o u c a n ' t go out tonight I insisted

C H A N G E S IN T E N S E

3

I -

LOS CAMBIOS EN LOS TIEMPOS I

Present Simple

teníamos en el estilo directo da un salto atrás. " I have read t h e n o t e , " s h e s a i d .

Present Continuous

" H e i s w o r k i n g i n t h e office n o w , " t h e y t o l d m e .

Present Perfect Simple

Nota: Fíjate en que tell debe llevar siempre un complemento indirecto de personé

Present Perfect Continuous

S h e s a i d t h a t h e r h o u s e w a s b e i n g redecorated.

Past Perfect Simple

^

... s h e h a d s t u d i e d E n g l i s h . Past Perfect Continuous

^

Past Simple

1 Cuando el verbo que introduce la cita está en presente o en futuro.

,.. s h e h a d b e e n s t u d y i n g E n g l i s h .

Past Continuous

M a r y says she loves s oup . permanente.

Past Perfect Simple

S h e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t L o n d o n i s t h e c a p i t a l of G r e a t B r i t a i n .

Past Perfect Continuous

I t o l d t h e m t h a t P e t e r lives i n M a r k e t Street.

1 Los pronombres personales y los adjetivos o pronombres posesivos de 1 y 2 a

now

then

today / tonight

that day / that night

yesterday

the day before, the previous day

tomorrow

the next / following day, the day after

iK-xt w e e k / m o n t h

the following w e e k / m o n t h

last week / m o n t h

the previous week / m o n t h

a week / m o n t h ago

the week / m o n t h before

hcrc

there

the week / m o n t h before

... s h e h a d b e e n s t u d y i n g E n g l i s h . No cambia

^

No cambia

^

"She h a d been studying English."

Otros cambios necesarios al pasar una frase a estilo indirecto son estos:

de tiempo y de lugar.

Past Perfect Continuous

^

"She had studied E n g l i s h . "

" P e t e r lives i n M a r k e t S t r e e t , " I t o l d t h e m .

a

... s h e h a d s t u d i e d E n g l i s h .

"She was studying English."

" L o n d o n i s t h e c a p i t a l of G r e a t B r i t a i n , " s h e p o i n t e d out .

persona cambian según quien habla, pero los de 3 persona no cambian.

Past Perfect Simple

^

"She studied E n g l i s h . "

" I iove s o u p , " says M a r y .

these — * - those

... s h e w a s s t u d y i n g E n g l i s h .

" S h e has been studying E n g l i s h . "

Estos cambios no ocurren:

2 Cuando se narra una verdad objetiva o una situación

Past Continuous

^

"She has studied English."

de más de un auxiliar, sólo cambia el primero.

" M y house is being redecorated," she said.

this — t h a t

... s h e s t u d i e d E n g l i s h .

"She is studying English."

T h e y told m e t h a t h e w a s w o r k i n g i n t h e office t h e n .

3 Los demostrativos.

Past Simple

^

"She studies E n g l i s h . "

S h e s a i d t h a t s h e h a d read the note.

2 Las expresiones

Estilo indirecto: He said that

Estilo directo: He said,

Si el verbo que introduce el estilo indirecto está en pasado, el tiempo que

Si el verbo está compuesto

L O S C A M B I O S E N L O S T I E M P O S II

a

Future Simple

Conditional

^

... s h e w o u l d s t u d y E n g l i s h .

"She w i l l study English." Future Continuous

Future Past Continuous

^

... s h e w o u l d be s t u d y i n g E n g l i s h .

" S h e w i l l be s t u d y i n g E n g l i s h . "

could ... s h e c o u l d s t u d y E n g l i s h .

"She c a n study English." may

^

"She m a y study English." must / have to

^

" S h e m u s t / h a s to s t u d y E n g l i s h . " Nota: Should, could, would, might, ought to

might ... s h e m i g h t s t u d y E n g l i s h . must / had to ... s h e m u s t / h a d to s t u d y E n g l i s h . y used to no cambian.

•).

EXERCISE 2 •

"My

T h e m a n told us that

C h o o s e the correct answer. 1.

I said that I (don't, d i d n ' l , w a s n ' t ) think their plan w a s good.

2.

H e said that he ( w o u l d , c a n , was) go to see that play soon.

3.

H e said that he ( h a d , is, w a s ) w o r k e d in B a r c e l o n a before h e m o v e d there

4.

M y teacher said that I (had to, c a n , may) d o better than that.

).

I said that I ( c a n , might, w i l l ) be early for the meeting.

r

(>.

She said that she ( w o u l d , might, was) sorry.

7.

S a n d r a said that she ( d e c i d e d , w e r e d e c i d e d , h a d d e c i d e d ) to c h a n g e her

f!.

I l e said that his d o c k (had rung, is ringing, rings).

5.

•

lived in T o l e d o for years.

"I w i l l be 17 years oíd next T u e s d a y . " be 17 years oíd

Tuesday. 6.

" I c a n ' t find my n e w w h i t e shirt." John c o m p l a i n e d that he

find

n e w w h i t e shirt.

EXERCISE 5 •

Write the following sentences in reported speech. R e m e m b e r : Pronouns also change. Be careful!

EXERCISE 3 Choose the correct answer.

sister

B r e n d a r e m i n d e d us that she

1.

•

s i s l c i has l i v e d m l o l c d o loi years.

" M y c o u s i n s h a v e often visited F r a n c e , " J o a n n a pointed out. ¡9ñ . $. f!9.i'?.\?f¡. P. ?. í/??.í .(l . . .9M .Í . ..b$f!. $ñ?. . .¥!?/?£?! .ÍTSÍ .?/?: n n

u

e

r c

s

n s

n

7

2.

" I can't see y o u y e t , " the nurse apologised.

3.

" A lot of gold is m i n e d in South A f r i c a , " the d i p l o m a t pointed out.

4.

" T h e c h i l d r e n have been studying geography," he said.

5.

" T h e minister is preparing his s p e e c h , " the journalist said.

1.

M y friend (said, told) m e that I w a s lucky.

2.

T h e m a n ( e x p l a i n e d , told) that the c o m p u t e r w a s easy to use.

3.

O u r teacher (advised, said) us to study for the test.

4.

T h e secretary (told, c o m p l a i n e d ) her boss that her w o r k w a s too h a r d .

5.

T h e m a n o n T V ( a n n o u n c e d , told) that the n e w s w o u l d be late.

6.

M y brother (told, m e n t i o n e d ) that he w o u l d j o i n m e for l u n c h .

7.

Simón (told, said) T i n a that the lesson w o u l d begin at 9 . 0 0 .

8.

M y f r i e n d (told, e x p l a i n e d ) m e that she w o u l d return the D V D to the shop

6.

" I might go to A m s t e r d a m , " Paul said.

EXERCISE 4

7.

" T h e train w i l l be leaving in 15 m i n u t e s , " she told Harry.

8.

" W e w i l l also w o r k d u r i n g the s u m m e r , " the teenagers a g r e e d .

9.

" A l l pólice officers have to report for duty at n o o n , " the c h i e f insisted.

lili in the blanks. 1.

" I like English." M i c h a e l said that he

2.

(*ed

English.

" Y o u must stop eating fried f o o d . " T h e doctor e x p l a i n e d that I

i.

stop eating fried f o o d . 10.

"I d o n ' t w a n t to go to s c h o o l t o d a y . " M y brother ¡nsisted that h e

w a n t to go to school ...

" T h e boys w e r e saving up for a c a n o e , " the man e x p l a i n e d .

EXERCISE

/ v o u i : tijue

6

A

Write the following sentences in reported speech.

¡un evnus

i II.II

El primer condicional

ii in j ( K m

ii ii»-. i n

i luí.» i M U f i i •

al pasarlo al estilo indirecto,

• • " ... ti.

..

tiene los mismos tiempos que si

se tratase del segundo condicional, es decir, el presente pasaría a ser pasado y el futuro a condicional. " I f y o u p h o n e after 7.00, w e w o n ' t be at h o m e , " w e told h i m . W e told h i m t h a t if he p h o n e d after 7 . 0 0 , w e w o u l d n ' t be at h o m e . B

El segundo y el tercer condicional

no cambian en estilo

indirecto.

" I f I w e r e y o u , I'd t e l l h e r t h e w h o l e s t o r y , " T o m s a i d . T o m s a i d t h a t if h e w e r e m e , he'd tell h e r t h e w h o l e story. " I f I h a d b e e n m o r e c a r e f u l , I w o u l d n ' t have h a d t h e a c c i d e n t , " S a l l y said to h e r f r i e n d . S a l l y told h e r f r i e n d t h a t if she h a d b e e n m o r e c a r e f u l , s h e w o u l d n ' t have had the accident. 1.

" T h e electricity bilí must be paid this w e e k , " he advised us. ti?..^yjsefj

us that the electricity

bilí must / hadto

be paid that

2.

" I had a bad cold last w e e k , " the w o r k e r said.

3.

" W e are painting our house t o d a y , " m y friend said.

week. REPORTING

" T h e palace w i l l be o p e n to the public t o m o r r o w , " the official d e c l a r e d .

5.

" T h e boss is e x a m i n i n g our w o r k n o w , " the w o r k e r said.

6.

" S h e didn't leave w o r k early o n c e last w e e k , " T o m said.

indirecto:

la forma afirmativa o negativa.

told u s to stay t h e r e .

S h e s h o u t e d , " D o n ' t move!" — » - S h e ordered u s n o t to move. El verbo que introduce

el estilo indirecto

debe indicar "mandar", por eso nunca

se usa say (decir), sino tell, order, instruct, que deben llevar un

complemento

de persona, a quien se da la orden. H e s a i d , " B e q u i e t . " —*> H e told us to be quiet. H e said, "Please don't s h o u t . " 3

"I forgot to take m y b r i e f c a s e , " Jim said.

-

IMPERATIVO)

El imperativo pasa a infinitivo manteniendo H e s a i d , "Stay h e r e . " — H e

2

7.

(EL

Las órdenes se suelen expresar en imperativo pero al ponerlas en estilo 1

4.

COMMANDS (IMPERATIVE)

LAS ÓRDENES INDIRECTAS

H e ordered m e n o t to s h o u t .

Además de los verbos que ya hemos visto antes, hay otros que se usan para hacer peticiones

como ask, beg; invitaciones

como invite o advertencias

como

warn, etc. " S a y t h a t a g a i n , p l e a s e , " h e s a i d . —»• H e a s k e d m e to s a y t h a t a g a i n .

8.

" T h e shops w e r e n ' t o p e n yesterday a f t e r n o o n , " the w o m a n said.

Nota: Fíjate en que al traducir las órdenes en estilo indirecto subjuntivo.

9.

10.

" E r i c w a s studying all d a y T h u r s d a y , " John said.

" I w a n t you to take the car to the garage next F r i d a y , " he told his w i f e .

H e said, "Be quiet." H e t o l d m e to be quiet. (Me dijo que me

callara.)

usamos el

VVrite the following senlcix e s in reported speec h. 1.

" I w o u l d like to visit m y p a r e n t s , " L i n d a said to D a v i d . _Linda to/d David that she yvoy/d Mee_to,yisit herjparents

;

2.

O u r teacher said, " T r y a n d read this t e x t . "

3.

" Y o u shouldn't e a t in t h e living-room," the mother told her son.

4.

" T h e i r c a r might have broken d o w n , " m y husband told m e .

5.

" I have to d o m y h o m e w o r k n o w , " P e n n y said to her f r i e n d .

6.

" T h e G o v e r n m e n t w i l l have to m a k e n e w l a w s , " the politician d e c l a r e d .

7.

" W e c a n save a lot of trees by recycling p a p e r , " the ecologist e x p l a i n e d .

8.

" B e sure that e v e r y t h i n g is ready o n t i m e , " I advised t h e c h i l d r e n .

1 • " P l e a s e don't l e a v e , " h e begged her.

2.

3-

4-

5-

" D o n ' t s m o k e ¡n m y office, p l e a s e , " the boss said.

" K e e p q u i e t ! " the nurse said to the visitors.

" C i v e m e your p a p e r s ! " the p o l i c e m a n instructed m e .

" D o n ' t forget to p h o n e m e ! " the father said to his son. EXERCISE

6-

7-

8-

" S t a n d up straight!" the teacher said to the p u p i l .

" P l e a s e c o m e over for supper next F r i d a y , "

m

y

neighbour a s k e d

" D o n ' t m a k e a n o i s e ! " the librarían said to the readers.

9

Complete the following sentences using your own words and ¡deas. 1.

M y parents a l w a y s tell m e to M?S¥.?^\.^PJJ.V^

2.

O u r English teacher told us that

3.

M y favourite T V star said in t h e last p r o g r a m m e

4.

T h e p r i m e minister recently stated that

5.

O n e of m y friends has just asked m e to

6.

Last w e e k I said to my best friend that

:

EXERCISE •

TRANSLAT I O N

1O

hanslate the sentences below Into your native language.

Write the following sentences in direct speech. 1.

2.

T h e teacher told us to read t h e w h o l e book in English.

1.

H e said that w e w e r e leaving s o o n .

T h e teacher said, "

2.

M y friend asked m e not to tell a n y o n e about the letter.

3.

T h e pólice e x p l a i n e d that the a c c i d e n t h a d been c a u s e d by a d r u n k driver.

4.

T h e meteorologist said it w o u l d rain that a f t e r n o o n .

5.

S h e said that if T o m h a d b e e n there, it w o u l d n ' t have h a p p e n e d .

6.

I c o m p l a i n e d to t h e secretary that I h a d b e e n w a i t i n g for over t w o hours.

7.

T h e y d e c l a r e d that they w o u l d be putting their house u p for sale t h e f o l l o w i n

Í??3SÍ.ÍÍ1P.feRRÍí/í?.fi9£fféíl-.

T h e y a s k e d us not to s m o k e in the patient's r o o m . T h e y said, " P l e a s e

3.

I a n n o u n c e d to m y parents that I w o u l d n ' t be late. "'

," I a n n o u n c e d to my

parents. 4.

S h e told us that she h a d been to t h e C a n a r y Islands m a n y t i m e s . She said, "

5.

month.

T h e pensioner said that h e h a d retired t w o years before.

8.

T h e pensioner said, " (>.

S h e told us that she w a s t h i n k i n g of changing jobs t h e f o l l o w i n g year. She said, "

7.

T h e y invited us to c o m e a n d see their n e w house. "Please

/ ' t h e y said.

EXERCISE )•

1 1

C h o o s e the correct answer. I lelen w e n t to t h e U S A last m o n t h . W h e n she r e t u r n e d , Steve carne to visit. H e

wanted to k n o w

w h e t h e r H e l e n (1 h a d , has, h a v e , did) e n j o y e d her visit to the U S A

the (2 next, before, previous, ago) m o n t h . H e a s k e d her w h e t h e r she (3 is, w a s , will, may) p l a n n i n g to go again t h e (4 following, future, previous, last) s u m m e r . H e l e n (oíd h i m that t h e U S A (5 is, w i l l b e , has, w e r e ) s u c h a big country that it w a s ¡mpossible to see it all in o n e trip. Steve (6 told, s a i d , r e p o r t e d , asked) if H e l e n had (7 being, b e e n , b e , go) to W a s h i n g t o n , D C , a n d she a n s w e r e d that s h e (8 w a s , is, has, had). W h i l e trying to tell Steve a b o u t her trip, H e l e n got a n n o y e d w i t h his questions. S h e (9 told, s a i d , let, e x p l a i n e d ) Steve ( 1 0 not, b e , w i l l , to) stop interrupting her w h i l e s h e w a s talking.

SPOT THE ERROR X Can you correct the mistakes?

M y parents advised m e t o tell t h e truth at all times. M y parents said, "

8.

T h e y told us that if their plan w o r k e d , they c o u l d b e c o m e rich overnight.

1.

S h e said m e to go a n d get t h e n e w s p a p e r .

2.

M y m u m told m e I c o u l d bought n e w shoes.

3.

T h e t e a c h e r told us that w e w i l l finish t h e unit t h e f o l l o w i n g lesson.

4.

S h e told us to not w o r r y .

5.

T h e pupil told he h a d d o n e his h o m e w o r k .

6.

S h e e x p l a i n e d that she m a y be late.

7.

T h e y told to us that t h e letter w a s being t y p e d .

8.

Eric insisted that h e w i l l have to think about it.