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Networks and Networking Group-10

Networks and Networking (NWN) Contents Sr. no. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Topic Acknowledgement Certificate Abstract Introduction Network Transmission media Topology Client-server Architecture Proposed Network Solution Feasibility Study Proposed Network Diagram Distribution of computer and IP table Cost Analysis Network Devices used Network Security Conclusion Reference

Page no. 3 4 5 6 7 9 12 13 15 16 18 21 22 23 26 28 29

Introduction The CEO of an organization that has just been upgraded to a medium-sized establishment designed to increase the productivity of their employees, which amounts to 80, personal computers in 75 of 'its employees in a network. It is help file sharing and quick Page 1 of 26

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correspondence both inside the organization and even outside. Being in the supply of engine parts for several cars, the CEO has also identified the need to monitor and protect the orders made by the manufacturers and the information given so sensitive in their correspondence through e-mail in particular by the sales staff. In addition, the security and confidentiality of information relating to the organization's products, accounting and even human resources are essential because there are plans to increase the number of products sold and employees. This is a report for the installment of the network, where the division of 75 computers in the network is occupying the 6th and the 9th floor of the ten storey building. Departments allocated: 6th floor: Sales, Accounts and Human resources 9th floor: CEO’s room, research and Development and product design Here in this report detailed analysis of the feasibility, devices specifications, cost estimation and the topology used in the network are reported. Also the security issues are also been discuss with all recommendations for the security and the maintenance of the network, without being failures are attacks of the intruders.

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Network Network refers to the collection of two or more nodes i.e. computer systems, printers, scanner, hardware, software etc connected together communication channel. Networking refers to connection of nodes through common communication channel for sharing and transfer of data, resources and information among interconnected devices.

http://www.home-network-help.com/images/xp-router-network.jpg

Types of Network:1) LAN  LAN stands for Local area network. It is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory. Mainly LAN network uses wired network based on Ethernet technology. 2) WAN  WAN stands for Wide area network. It is a computer network that covers a large geographic area such as a city, country. Mainly WAN uses a communications Page 3 of 26

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channel that combines many types of media such as telephone lines, cables, and air waves. 3) MAN  MAN stands for Metropolitan area network. It is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus.

Advantages of Network:1) Speed  Sharing and transferring files within Networks are very rapid. 2)

Cost  Individually licensed copies of many popular software programs and installing of hardware on individual system can be much more costly.

3)

Security  Sensitive files and programs on a network are passwords protected or designated as copy inhibit so that illegal authority can’t use, copy or tamper file.

4)

Centralized Software Management  Software can be loaded on one computer and can be used by other computers eliminating the need to spend time and energy installing on independent computers.

5)

Resource Sharing  Resources such as, printers, fax machines and modems can be shared.

6)

Electronic Mail  E-mail serves as personal and professional communication. Electronic mail on a LAN can enable staff to communicate within the building eliminating the need to leave their desk.

7)

Flexible Access  Access their files from computers throughout the firm.

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Transmission medium Transmission medium describes the type of physical system used to carry a communication signal from one system to another. It is most important part in establishing the network. There are mainly two types of medium used in transferring data from system to another which are:1) Wired Technology  Wired Network is usually accomplished by using cables and other hardware to physically connect one computer to another. Different cables used to establish Wired network are:a)

Twisted pair cable: - A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around one another. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. It is the least expensive and most widely used medium for telecommunication. The transmission speed ranges from 2 million bits per second to 100 million bits per second. Two types of Twisted pair wire used are:

Unshielded twisted pair cable,



Shielded twisted pair cable.

https://users.cs.jmu.edu/bernstdh/web/common/lectures/images/twisted-pair-cable.gif b)

Coaxial cable: - A type of wire that consists of a center copper or aluminum wire surrounded by insulation of a flexible material with a high dielectric constant and then a grounded shield of braided wire which is a conductive layer. The shield

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minimizes electrical and radio frequency interference. It is widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other worksites for local area networks. Transmission speed range from 200 million to more than 500 million bits per second.

http://www.intelligenceunited.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/coaxial-cable.png c)

Optical fiber cable: - A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass (or plastic) threads (fibers), each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves, which are wrapped in protective layers. It is not affected by electromagnetic radiation. Transmission speed may reach trillions of bits per second. The transmission speed of fiber optics is hundreds of times faster than for coaxial cables and thousands of times faster than a twisted-pair wire.

http://www.yourdictionary.com/images/computer/FIBER288.GIF 2) Wireless Technology Wireless network is used to describe interconnection of nodes without using any physical connection or wired, but rather the network is connected by radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain communications. This type Page 6 of 26

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of connection is generally used in some type of remote information transmission system. Different technology used to establish Wireless network are:a) Terrestrial microwave: - Terrestrial microwaves use Earth-based transmitter and receiver. Terrestrial microwaves use low-gigahertz range, which restrictions all communications to line-of-sight. Path between dispatch stations spaced approx, 30 miles apart. b) Communications satellites: - The satellites use microwave radio as their telecommunications medium which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically 22,000 miles above the equator. c) Cellular and PCS systems: - Use several radio communications technologies. The systems are divided to different geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area. d) Wireless LANs: - Wireless local area network use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. e) Infrared communication: - It transmits signals between devices within small distances not more than 10 meters peer to peer without any interruption in the line of transmitting.

http://www.mobilecommstechnology.com/projects/irda/images/img1.jpg

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Topology Network topology is the design model of interconnections of the different elements (i.e. links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network. Network topologies may be physical or logical. There are five main type of topology which is as follows:a)

Mesh topology: - In Mesh topology, each node is connected to other nodes in the network which is also called fully connected network. It is a type of networking wherein each node in the network may act as an independent router and allows for continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths.

b)

Star topology: - In Star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub. All traffic that passes through the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a signal booster or repeater. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage.

c)

Tree topology: - In Tree topology, a central node (top level) is connected to one or more other nodes (second level) with a point-topoint link between two levels. Nodes at second level are also connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (third level) connected also with a point-to-point link.

d)

Bus topology: - In Bus topology, each computer or server is connected through some kind of connecter to a single cable called Bus or backbone. A terminator is required at each end of the bus cable to prevent the signal from bouncing back and forth on the bus cable.

e)

Ring topology: - In Ring topology, every node in a network is connected in a closed loop or ring and every node acts as a signal boosters or repeaters. The signal passes through each node connected to the ring in one direction. It utilizes a token passing scheme to control access. By utilizing this scheme, only one node can transmit signal on the network at a time.

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Client-Server Architecture Server: A server is software or a series of computers that links other computers or electronic device. They store the web pages or databases etc. in it so that user can gain access to them in the form of user requests from the Client end. There are almost the entire structures of internet based upon Client- Server model for example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

World Wide Web. Domain Name System. E-mail. FTP Chat. Online gaming. Database Servers.

Client: A Client is an application or system that access to remote computers or the servers. A client sends requests to the server to get results. Three types of clients: 1. FAT CLIENT. It is a type of client that performs the data processing operation itself and does not rely on the server. 2. THIN CLIENT. It is a type of client that uses the resources of the host (server). A thin client’s job is to just display graphically anything provided by the application server, which performs all the data processing in the server’s end. 3. HYBRID CLIENT. It is a mixture of FAT and THIN client. Just like FAT client it does the local processing where as relies on server for storage.

Thus, the Client server model is a

distributed

application structure that partitions tasks

or

between the provider of the resource or

service

servers and service requesters called

Clients.

For example: Users accessing the data

from their client

computers application or browser to send

a request or store

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workloads called

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data in the database of the server. On request the server retrieves the data from the database and displays it on the screen of the clients. Further many business applications use the protocols such as HTTP, SMTP, Telnet and DNS. Advantages of Client server architecture 1. Centralization – access, resources, and data security are controlled through the server. 2. It gives greater ease of maintenance. It can be replace, repair, upgrade or even relocate a server while its clients remain unaware and unaffected by the change 3. Scalability – any element can be upgraded when needed 4. The data are stored in the database of the server, which gives greater security controls even if the clients are not maintained. Also servers can control access and resources of the clients with appropriate permissions may access and change data. 5. Flexibility – new technology can be easily integrated into the system 6. Accessibility – Server can be accessed remotely and across multiple platforms. 7. New technologies are available to enhance the security, friendliness of the user interface and ease of use. Disadvantages of Client server architecture: 1. Dependability – The whole system depends upon the server if the server goes down then all the network based operation will come to a halt. 2. It causes network congestion. It may occur when the link is carrying much data that its quality of the service decreases. Its effects may be queuing delay, packet loss or blocking of new connections 3. Typically, the central server computer must be powerful enough to maintain and share resources with the other computers on the network. This entails a substantial cost.

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Proposed Network Solution After a detailed analysis on the situation given in the project we have came to such a conclusion. As we have to configure whole network in a building so the type of network used in the installation of the network is LAN (Local Area Network) using wired connection to connect among the computers in the network of the company. Advantages of using wired network:1. It cost very nominal charges in the installation and the devices used such as switches, Ethernet cables etc. are less in cost. 2. It has more reliability. 3. Wired LANs have superior performance. 4. The security system is installed in every system. Wire: For the connection of the clients and peripherals in the network with the central node we are using UTP (Unshielded twisted pair cables) of CAT-5(category 5). It gives transmission up to 100 Maps as required and segments up to 100 meters. And it is cost effective technique to the proposed type of connection. Using the wired LAN we have to choose a topology. After deep analysis we come to the point to choose upon the Extended Star Topology. Extended Star Topology: It is a type of network same as the star topology which has one or more repeater in the extension of the network from the central node to the peripherals or the clients. For physical extended star topology repeaters are replaced by with hubs or switches.

http://www.ccnastudyguide.net/wpcontent/uploads/2009/07/Extendedstar-topology-300x300.jpg

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Feasibility Study We have done Feasibility Study to judge the feasibility of a new project . It is actually a preliminary analysis of a project that lets the people whether proceeding with a project is worthful or not. Feasibility study is very important for a project which makes an analysis of all the aspects of a project, external and internal factors influencing it, all the costs associated with it. It also makes an estimate of how much sales are to be expected and what profits would the project make. The result of the feasibility study tells weather it is logical to proceed with it or not. We have done Feasibility study on four basis:1. Technical Feasibility: - This analysis tells us about the technology we are using to configure the network of the organization is practically possible, suited to the organization and weather the technology is up to date or not. As we have use nested star (tree) topology, wired media for network and Twisted pair cable for wiring which is practically a good configuration as we have to configure the whole network in a building, topology suits the design of departments as given and transfer rate and security within a department. Wired media helps in maintaining a good strength of signal and transfer rate. By using two servers we ensure back up of data in second server in case of failure of first server. 2. Schedule feasibility: - This analysis tells us about the time period given to complete to complete the project is sufficient or not. Typically this means estimating how long the system will take to develop, and if it can be completed in a given time period. Schedule feasibility is a measure of how reasonable the project timetable is. As we have been given six week to design the network of the organization which is sufficient for our group. 3. Operational Feasibility: - This analysis tells us about the degree to which a proposed network diagram solves organization problems or takes advantage of organization opportunities. It also refers to a system that users will accept and use effectively to support organization objectives. As we have use nested star (tree) topology and using different switch for every department, we ensure security and high transfer rate of data within a department. 4. Economic feasibility: - This analysis tells us about the weather estimated cost of the project is suitable to organization and under its budget and also anticipated value of the Page 12 of 26

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benefits greater than projected costs of development of network. As we have calculated the estimated cost in configuring the network this is Rs 2, 39,300 which is under organization budget and profit would be greater than it after implementing.

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Proposed Network Diagram Sixth floor Diagram

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Ninth floor Diagram-

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Overall Diagram

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Distribution of Computer and IP Table Total number of computer : 75 computers Total number of departments : 7 departments Router IP – 192.172.20.1 Server IP – 192.172.20.2 and 192.172.20.3

Department Sales department Accounts Department Human Resource Department CEO’s Room Research and Development Product design Department Network client/server Room

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No. of computer 10 5 6 3 23 23 5

IP 192.172.20.4 to 192.172.20.13 192.172.20.14 to 192.172.20.18 192.172.20.19 to 192.172.20.24 192.172.20.25 to 192.172.20.27 192.172.20.28 to 192.172.20.50 192.172.20.51 to 192.172.20.73 192.172.20.74 to 192.172.20.78

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Cost Analysis of network Configuration The following cost estimation has been done for the required proposed network system in the organization. Since there are Sales, Accounts and Human Resource Department on sixth floor and CEO’s room, Research and development, Product design department and Network server/client room on the ninth floor. The sixth and ninth floor has to be connected together and on doing the required research work following equipment will be required to complete the networking of all the departments above mentioned in a particular topology is given.

REQUIREMENTS Servers Switches Router Twisted pair unshielded cable Copper cross over wire RJ connecter Kaspersky Antivirus 2011 Total

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AMOUNT 2 10 1 500 meters 500metres 180 pieces

PRICE Rs 25,000 Rs 4,500 Rs 75,000 Rs 20/meter Rs75/meter Rs 10/piece

NET AMOUNT Rs 50,000 Rs 45,000 Rs 75,000 Rs 10,000 Rs 37,500 Rs 1,800 Rs 20,000 Rs 2,39,300

Networks and Networking Group-10

Network Devices used 1) Server: It is system or computer that provides services to other computer in the network to access information or application or data. It needs a very high configuration in comparison to normal computers. For a reliable and secure server with features like redundant power, HDDs and predictive failure analysis can help run a business confidently For example: Server configuration of IBM System x3400 M3 Express 2 Way Tower Server, Intel® Xeon® Quad Core

Processor

E5506,

2.13GHz,

4MB Cache, 800MHz, 2GB Memory DDR3, 250GB SATA 3.5” Simple Swap HDD, up to 4bays,Raid 01 in built 2) CAT 5e cable: As for the LAN connection we are using cable line. For best option on regards to the feasibility we are using CAT 5e cable. It is a class from unshielded twisted pair cables designed for high signal integrity. It gives the required frequencies up to 100 MHz It has 4 twisted pair in the single cable jacket. The connector used is the RJ-45 connector. Some characteristics Wire size

0.205 mm2

Temperature operating

-55 to +60

Pair colors

Green, blue, orange, brown

3) Router: It is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks and selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address information that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one network to another. A router is a networking device whose software and hardware are customized to the tasks of routing and forwarding information. Works on Network layer. 4) Switch: Page 19 of 26

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A network switch is a device used to connect network segments. It is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together in a LAN. It functions on the basis of the IP of each computer. It stores the IP of each computer and forwards the data or information to the exact destination. It helps in reducing traffic congestion in the network. It works on OSI layer 2(Data link layer)

IKS-6324 Series by MOXA Rackmount Ethernet switch. 

Meets UL 60950-1, NEMA TS2, EN50155/EN50121-4, and DNV/ GL certifications



Universal power supply range, 12/24/48 VDC or 110/220 VDC/VAC



redundant dual 12/24/48 VDC power inputs



-40 to 75˚C operating temperature range

Interfaces: a. RJ- 45 ports 10/100BASET(X) b. Full/half duplex mode. Connection10-pin terminal block 5) RJ connecter: - A registered jack (RJ) is a standardized physical network interface — both jack construction and wiring pattern — for connecting telecommunications or data equipment to a service provided by a local exchange carrier or long distance carrier. The standard designs for these connectors and their wiring are named RJ11, RJ14, RJ21, RJ48, etc. 6) Crossover cable: - A crossover cable connects two devices of the same type, for example - switches DTEDTE or DCE-DCE, usually connected asymmetrically. 7) Gateway: It is a device in the network node which works as an interface with the other network that uses different protocols. It works on the OSI layer Transport layer, Session layer, Presentation layer, Application layer. 8) Network Interface Card: It is a hardware device that works as an interface between the network and the computer i.e. allows network capable device to access the network. The NIC exists in the data link layer (OSI layer 2).

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9) Repeater: It is a device that receives the signal and regenerates an amplified signal to retransmit the signal.

10) Line Driver: a device to increase transmission distance by amplifying the signal. Base-band networks only.

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Network Security This section focuses the on the security of the network. The first security step starts from the authenticating the user (i.e. username and password). After being authenticated the second step is to install a firewall in the server that enforces access policies like the services are only allowed to the people of the organization or the company. This prevents unauthorized access to the network. Although it may fail computer worms or Trojans being transmitted over the network, for that an antivirus software or an IS (internet security software) can be used. Controlling end user access: By Creating an account and assigning a password are only small parts of giving someone access to the network. A network administrator also has to determine other account parameters such as when an end user can access the network, what groups the user is associated with, what files he or she can access, and limitations on network and server resources. User should not be given concurrent login privileges (i.e. single sign-on). Firewall: A firewall is program or software or network that is designed to block unauthorized access while permitting authorized communication. It is set of device that is configured to permit or deny network access based upon a set of rules (protocol) and other criteria. Types of firewall to be installed are 

Network layer firewall: for the low level TCP/IP protocol stack. It does not allow passing through the firewall unless they match the established protocols



set in the firewall. Application layer firewall: It works at the application level of the TCP/IP stack. It also intercepts all packets travelling to or forms an application. It inspects all the packets for improper contents, and restricts or prevents spreading of the impostor from spreading over the network.

Antivirus: Page 22 of 26

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Antivirus is a software used to prevent, detect and remove malware, viruses, worms and Trojan horses. It also prevents and removes adware and spyware. For a network it is recommended to install an antivirus program in every system including server to prevent spreading and entering of impostors.

http://www.kaspersky.com/au/images/boxes/r2_workspace_uk.jpg Back-ups: To secure the information and databases of the company or the organization keeping backups is also an important. Calamities, natural disaster, server breakdown or the building can get fire or explosions. So, there is need of recent backup at the alternate locate for the survival of the company.

Encryption technology: Further specified to cryptography, it can be used as a tool to provide privacy, to authenticate the identities of communication parties and to ensure message integrity. Encryption is the process of scrambling the contents of a file or message to make it unintelligible to anyone not in possession of the “key” required to unscramble it.

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Conclusion The report on the installation of a network in the company has given us an opportunity to learn a great deal of new concepts of networking. The network is to be installed keeping in concern of all the feasibilities and estimation of the cost and variable reliability, so the network designed proposed is a very suitable network for the company. After much analysis of the network installation specification the use of wired LAN connection, extended star topology and the specified device will give much enhancement to the network. We have implemented the various technologies in the installment of the network. Like the client-server architecture of the network. The type of connection for the network which we are using wired LAN as it is easy to install and reliable by cost too. As there are different departments in different storey of the building we have use a feasible topology for the network and that in the extended star topology. And each computer will be connected with a specific IP address for the transmission of the data or information. Also with concern of the security, we are installing an antivirus program in the server side as well as the client side so that the impostors may not get spread over the network Lastly the network installation cost estimation is being tried to keep minimal.

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Reference Website reference:1. Network and Communication Protocol available: http://eta305.wordpress.com/2007/08/ last access: 25th September 2010 at 10:30 p.m. 2. NETWORKS, Types of Networks,Advantages of Network,Disadvantages of Networks, OSI model, Internetworking, Bits, frames, packets and segments, Broadcasts, Protocol, Wireless LANs. available: http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/u0306091/Network.htm last access: 27th September 2010 at 4:43 p.m. 3. Cat5e Cables - Imported & Locally Assembled Category 5e Patch leads, StraightThrough, Crossover, UTP, STP available:http://www.connectworld.net/au_cabling/category_5e-cables.html last access: 26th September 2010 at 09:15 p.m. 4. Generic 24 Port 10/100 Switch (5 Year Warranty) (WTEH2400M) | Techbuy Australia available: http://www.techbuy.com.au/product.asp?at=51&prodid=65867 last access: 24th September 2010 at 11:54 p.m. 5. What is coaxial cable? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary available: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/coaxial_cable.html last access: 27th September 2010 at 10:30 p.m. 6. What is fiber optics? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary available: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/fiber_optics.html last access: 26th September 2010 at 11:57 p.m. 7. What is network? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary available: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network.html last access: 25th September 2010 at 06:30 p.m. 8. What is twisted-pair cable? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary available: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/twisted_pair_cable.html last access: 27th September 2010 at 10:45 p.m. 9. Computer network - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia available: http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci546288,00.html last access: 27th September 2010 at 07:13 p.m. 10. Network topology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia available: http://www.atis.org/atismembers.shtml last access: 24th September 2010 at 08:30 p.m. 11. Moxa Rackmount Ethernet Swtich - IKS-6324 Series 22+2G-port Gigabit unmanaged Ethernet switches available: http://www.moxa.com/product/IKS-6324.htm last access: 25th September 2010 at 10:30 p.m.

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BOOK REFERENCE:1) Stalling ,William (1998). Data and Computer Communication . 7th ed. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited. 169-174. 2) Breyer, R., Riley, S (2000). Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet. 3rd ed. NEW DELHI: Macmillan Technical Publishing. 289-291.

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