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FaultKin Manual

FaultKin 7.5 For Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux

Richard W. Allmendinger © 2016

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FaultKin 6 Manual

© R. W. Allmendinger 2016

Table of Contents

Disclaimer........................................................................................................................5 Referencing this Program ..............................................................................................6 Credits .............................................................................................................................6 Introduction .....................................................................................................................6 Differences with Previous Versions of FaultKin (and FaultKinWin) ..........................6 Data Input and Output ....................................................................................................8 Entering data .............................................................................................................8 Editing Already Entered data ...................................................................................9 Saving Data to a disk file ........................................................................................10 Opening files on disk ..............................................................................................10 Choosing which data to plot or analyze .....................................................................11 Toggle on and Off and Sort by Column .................................................................12 Using the Select Tab ...............................................................................................13 Max Compatible Faults ...........................................................................................13 Calculations and Data Analysis ...................................................................................13 Plotting your results .....................................................................................................15 The Plot Menu ..........................................................................................................15 Customizing your Plot with the Inspector ............................................................17 Analyzing Earthquake Data .........................................................................................18 The Map View ................................................................................................................19 Copying, saving and printing your plot ................................................................19 Interactive Features ......................................................................................................20 Version History .............................................................................................................20

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Version 7.5.0 — 2016.12.05 .....................................................................................20 Version 7.4.3 — 2016.05.02 .....................................................................................21 Version 7.4.2 — 2016.02.21 .....................................................................................21 Version 7.4.1 — 2015.01.31 .....................................................................................21 Version 7.4.0 — 2015.01.07 .....................................................................................21 Version 7.3.0 — 2014.09.24 .....................................................................................22 Version 7.2.9 — 2014.05.11 .....................................................................................22 Version 7.2.7 — 2014.04.15 .....................................................................................22 Version 7.2.5 — 2014.04.06 .....................................................................................22 Version 7.0.0 — 2014.01.24 .....................................................................................23 Version 6.8.0 — 2013.11.25 .....................................................................................24 Version 6.7.0 — 2013.11.13 .....................................................................................24 Version 6.6.4 2013.10.25 .........................................................................................25 Version 6.6.3 2013.09.16 .........................................................................................25 Version 6.6.2  2013.09.06 ........................................................................................ 25 Version 6.6.0 2013.09.02 .........................................................................................26 Version 6.5.2, 6.5.3 — 2013.08.28 ...........................................................................26 Version 6.5.0 — 2013.06.01 .....................................................................................26 Version 6.1.0 — 2013.03.12 .....................................................................................27 Version 6.0.1 — 2013.02.07 .....................................................................................27 Version 6.0.0 — 2012.12.01 .....................................................................................28 Version 5.6.3 — 2012.09.18 .....................................................................................28 Version 5.6.1 — 2012.08.06 .....................................................................................28 Version 5.5.0 — 2012.05.03 .....................................................................................29 Version 5.2.7 ............................................................................................................29 -3 -

Version 5.2.6 — 2011.10.25 .....................................................................................29 Version 5.2.4 — 2011.09.06 .....................................................................................29 Version 5.2.3 — 2011.07.03 .....................................................................................30 Version 5.1.1 ............................................................................................................30 Version 5.1 ...............................................................................................................31 Version 5.0 ...............................................................................................................31 References ....................................................................................................................31

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Main Window

Data pane/list

(shows the plot or data details depending on the tabs at the top)

Disclosure triangle

Inspector

Analysis pane

Data pane

Plot/Data details pane

Inspector Analysis pane

Figure 1. The FaultKin 7 interface in the Mac OS X (top) and Windows (bottom).

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Disclaimer FaultKin is distributed on an "as is" basis without any warranty, explicit or implicit. The author will not be liable for direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages resulting from any defect in this software or this user's manual, even if he has been previously been made aware of the defect. Furthermore, I make no systematic effort to inform all users of either bug fixes or upgrades. This program may not be sold or offered as an inducement to buy any other product.

Referencing this Program The science behind the algorithms in FaultKin can be found in the following references: Marrett, R. A., and Allmendinger, R. W., 1990, Kinematic analysis of fault-slip data: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 12, p. 973-986. Allmendinger, R. W., Cardozo, N., and Fisher, D., 2012, Structural geology algorithms: Vectors and tensors in structural geology: Cambridge University Press (book to be published in early 2012). Please refer to these publications in any study or presentation that result from the use of this program.

Credits FaultKin 7 was written by Richard W. Allmendinger. The algorithm for calculating P and T axes has been completely rewritten from one originally written by Randy Marrett. The PDF classes included in this program are from pdfFile by Toby W. Rush Copyright © 2004. I am particularly grateful to comments and advice from Néstor Cardozo during the development of this program and for sharing many other programming adventures.

Introduction FaultKin 7 is a complete rewrite of my venerable, but aging, fault slip analysis programs for Mac and Windows. The program has a revamped, and vastly improved, user interface, includes most of the scientific functionality of the older versions, and will work just fine on modern operating systems. The functionality of the program on the two platforms is identical (Fig. 1). Note that the Data Pane/List can be hidden using the disclosure triangle or the appropriate command in the Windows Menu.

Differences with Previous Versions of FaultKin (and FaultKinWin) There are several significant changes in how FaultKin 6 works relative to how older versions worked. -6 -

• When FaultKin was first written more than 20 years ago, personal computers were so slow that you could literally watch them drawing individual great circles! So older versions of FaultKin drew the layers of graphical elements in the order that the user specified and went to great pains to avoid redrawing previous elements. With modern systems, the graphics can be delivered all at once. So, FaultKin now always layers different elements in the same order, regardless of what order the user specified. It is now possible to turn on or off different graphical elements without redrawing everything else. So, you won’t see the dreaded new plot or old plot dialog box any more. Want to turn off the faults and striae that you plotted six steps ago? Just uncheck them in the Plot menu and they will disappear while everything else that you drew afterwards remain intact. • All plots that you save from FaultKin are now either PDF or SVG formatted files. Some programs that claim to be able to read pdfs might claim that the file is damaged or otherwise be unable to read the file. If that happens, just open the file in Preview (Mac OS X) or in Acrobat Reader (either platform) and then save it. SVG (scalable vector graphics) is actually the best format in which to save plots and they can be opened by any modern vector graphics program. • Interaction with your data has been much improved in this version of FaultKin. You can click on a fault and have the corresponding row in the data table highlighted or vice versa. By using the tab at the top of the main window, you can either have it show the plot or show more detail about an individual fault slip datum which you can edit directly. • Sorting of your data into subsets is now accomplished by clicking on the heading of the column in the data table that corresponds to the parameter you want to sort by. The data table supports multiple selections, and you can then toggle on or off the faults (i.e., check or uncheck them) based on whether or not they are selected in the data table. • You now set all plot elements in the Inspector Window. In general, you have much greater control over the appearance of your plot than previously (see Fig. 2) • FaultKin can read in FaultKin 4 “database” files, but it writes to disk new or modified data sets as tab-delimited “spreadsheet style” text files that can be opened in Excel or other spreadsheets. Of course, FaultKin can also read in files in the new FaultKin “spreadsheet” format. However, it cannot read in files in FaultKin 4 “spreadsheet” format.

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• In FaultKin, numerical analyses are written to the Analyses drawer/pane. This is an editable text field. Not only can you copy and paste to that field, but you can write your own notes and annotations there. Just click where you want to start writing. This field is not saved with the plot so, to capture its contents when you close the program, be sure to copy them to the system clipboard and then paste them wherever you want.

Figure 2. Example of plotting capabilities of FaultKin.

Data Input and Output Entering data You begin to enter a new data set into the program by selecting “New” from the file menu This will open the Data tab of the main window (Fig. 3) and set N=1 at the bottom of the menu. Only the entires in the “Orientations” group box are necessary to calculate P & T axes. Everything else is there for your record keeping or for assessing magnitude of strain from faulting. I highly recommend that you record your striae as rakes on the fault plane; it is actually remarkably difficult to record a trend and plunge that is guaranteed to fall on the fault plane as it should. If you do record trend and plunge instead of rake, FaultKin will check to see whether the line is on the plane with four possible outcomes: (1) the measurement is correct(!) and no change is necessary, (2) the measurement is impossible in which case FaultKin will not allow you to record the datum, (3) if the dip of the plane is 45° or less, FaultIn will assume that the striae plunge is in error and will correct it, or (4) if the plane dips more than 45*, the program will assume that the trend is in error and correct it. You probably don’t want to leave these decisions in the hands of a computer program which is why I recommend that you use the rake instead. Speaking of rake, in addition to specifying the sense of slip using N (normal), T (thrust), R (right-lateral), or L (left lateral), you can also use the Aki Richards format popular in seismology. In this format, the rake is measured counterclockwise from the right-hand rule strike so that faults with a thrust component have a positive rake (slip

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Figure 3. The data entry tab in FaultKin where you can both enter and edit your data.

vector pointing up into the air) and those with a normal component have a negative rake (slip vector pointing downward). The fault slip datum is not calculated until you click the button “Calculate & Save;” only then will the datum appear in the Data Table drawer/pane to the right. You can only see the P&T axes after clicking Calculate & Save because they are calculated values. There will be no change in the Data tab after clicking the button — you can continue to edit the datum, correcting errors or adding additional information. To record more info permanently, you must click “Calculate & Save” again. To enter the next fault, you must click the “Add New” button or press ⌘⇧N. That new fault is not recorded until Calculate and Save is pressed. At any time during the process, you can go to the plot view and plot features of interest; just select them in the Plot menu. You can run analyses on the faults already entered and plot and save the results. At any time, you can return to the Data tab and click “Add New” to continue adding info to the data set. Editing Already Entered data To edit data that have already been entered, either from a disk file or that you have entered within the program, select the row of data in the Data pane and then click on the Data Tab in the main window. The complete information will be displayed for you to examine (Fig. 3) and, if you want, edit. Make whatever changes you want and

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then click “Calculate & Save”. Your changes will be reflected immediately in any plots that you have constructed. Saving Data to a disk file FaultKin reads and writes plain text files that can be opened and modified outside of the program. The current native output is as a tab-delimited text file that can be most easily viewed in any modern spreadsheet program. The first line of the text file is a series of headers which FaultKin uses on input to make sure the file is in the correct format. To save your data, choose “Save Data” (⌘S) from the File Menu. You can even construct your data file in a spreadsheet program and then read it in to FaultKin. If you choose to do this, the first line headers much match exactly those that FaultKin writes. When you save the file, chose “Tab-delimited text.” Opening files on disk FaultKin can read plain text files in two different formats. It can, of course, read the tab-delimited text files that have been saved from within FaultKin, but it can also read in FaultKin 4 data files that were saved in the so-called “database” format. The first few lines of the FaultKin 4 format look something like: FaultKin_4.0 Cladouhos 6 7 90 447 Cerrillos (th) 0 0.000000 0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 Oa 335 46 W Tm 167 64 E TL X 7 57 137 50 227 68 114 9 999 99 You can see the first line of the file contains the characters: “FaultKin_4.0” followed by the Geologist’s name, etc. A complete fault slip datum in this format consists of 10 lines with individual numbers or words separated by spaces. The first line (“FaultKin_4.0”) occurs only in the first line of the file. The easiest way of getting your older data ready for use in FaultKin is to open a database format file in FaultKin 4 and then save the file as a database format Currently, data files of either format are opened with “Open” under the File Menu, or “Import Text File” also under File. If you already have a data set entered and try to open a second data set, you will be asked whether or not you want to append the second data set to the first or replace the first. Note that this does not happen until after

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you have selected the second data set. However, if you choose “Cancel” the second data set will not be read in and the first will remain unscathed. FaultKin can also open directly text files in the .ndk or quakeML XML files. These formats are common for the CMT and USGS earthquake seismology data. FaultKin can also attempt to parse any column oriented text file. If you open a file that it doesn’t recognize, FaultKin will display the file in the above “Parse Text File” dialog box where it has separated columns identified by tabs, commas, or spaces and allows you to use pull down menus to identify the type of information in each column. As shown in the example, it can recognize four different formats of data, including Aki Richards format and P & T axes format data that are particularly convenient for seismology data. Note that if you enter P & T data, FaultKin will simply pick one of the two possible nodal planes as the fault plane. In the tabbed group box, you can specify any of about 26 different parameters that your data file might contain. Only the information in the Orientation tab is required. This same Parse Text dialog appears if you have unrecognized text on the Clipboard.

Figure 4. The parse text dialog box. FaultKin will try to recognize columns of data in your text file.

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Figure 5 (top). Selection halo and selected row in the Table of the Data drawer/pane. Note that contextual popup menu that allows you to make selections from the Data menu. (bottom) Single fault isolated by toggling off all faults that were not selected in the table.

Choosing which data to plot or analyze FaultKin will only plot or analyze faults that are checked in the Data pane to the right of the plot. The program makes it easy to link faults in the plot to the table in the data drawer by highlighting selected points and planes in yellow, an effect I call the “selection halo” (Fig. 5 top). If you click on a point in the plot, the row will be selected in the table, and clicking on a row provides a selection halo in the Plot Window. You can multiple, non-contiguous selections in the table of the Data Panel by command clicking the rows of interest. From the Data Menu, or equivalent popup menu in the Data Panel, you can toggle on or off faults. By making the choice shown in Figure 5 top, you will get the plot showing in Figure 5 bottom.

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Toggle on and Off and Sort by Column The Toggle On and Off commands in the Data Menu can be very powerful when combined the ability to sort rows by clicking on a column in the table of the data drawer. The first time you click a column heading all the rows will sort ascending, the next click will sort descending. To return to the original sorting, click the “No.” heading of the column farthest to the left. Once sorted by whatever criteria you want, you can then select the range of rows that fits your criteria and Toggle Off the rest of the data set. Using the Select Tab The Select Tab allows you to make more complicated selections (Fig. 6). Check the box next to the parameters by which you wish to sort your data set and enter an upper and lower bounds (for numeric sorts) and/ or strings that you wish to search for. Text searches are not case sensitive. Once you have defined your search, click the Select or the Select Opposite button. All of the data that match your criteria will be checked in the data list and the remaining nonmatching measurements will be unchecked (Fig. 6).

Figure 6. Defining a search in the Select Tab of the main window.

Max Compatible Faults By selecting Data>max Compatible Faults, you can have the program select the maximum number of faults in a data set that are kinematically compatible. The program uses P&T dihedra to calculate that maximum number of faults that are kinematically compatible and turns off those that aren't. There may be more than one equally good solution to this problem and FaultKin will just give you the first one that it finds. This routine only works on the subset of faults that are checked in the data list. Note that the program only uses P-dihedra in this calculation. It is possible that the best T-dihedra would give a different solution. This routine works best on simple data sets! -13 -

Calculations and Data Analysis You can carry out a suite of operations on your data from the Calculations Menu. With “Rotate Data” you can rotate all of the data (including unchecked data) about a single rotation axis, specified in the Rotate Data dialog box (Fig. 7). If you have entered bedding at the site of the observation in the Data Entry tab, then you can also “Unfold data” by rotating your observations back to horiFigure 7. The Rotate Data dialog box. zontal. This last operation is a counterclockwise rotation about a right-hand rule strike by a magnitude equivalent to the dip. Fault observations lacking bedding data are unaffected by Unfold Data. After choosing Unfold data, the menu item name automatically changes to “Refold Data” allowing you to return your data to their entered values. Unfold/Refold data allows you to carry out a fold test on your fault slip data. The “Kinematic Tensors” submenu will allow you to perform either a linked Bingham or a Moment tensor analysis and have the results automatically recorded in the Analysis Pane. This option does not plot the axes to the Plot Window. The parameters for the Moment Tensor calculation are entered in the Moment Tensor Parameters window (Fig. 8) which will appear automatically the first time you perform or plot a moment tensor. Subsequently, if you need to change the moment tensor parameters, you can select Calculations>Set Moment Tensor Params. In general, if you are analyzing earthquake data, you will probably weight by seismic moment which accompanies many earthquake catalogs, including the CMT and the USGS QuakeML catalogs. For faults, you will probably want to choose one of the weighting parameters on the right hand side, or ”Any”. If you have not weighting information, choose “Uniform weight”.

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Figure 8. The Moment Tensor Parameters dialog box.

“Stress on Plane” is a forward model calculation where you enter the principal stress orientations, as well as the orientation of the plane you are interested in, in a dialog box (Fig. 9) and FaultKin will calculate the traction, normal, and shear stresses on that plane. The calculate button just runs the analysis, which you can repeat as often as you like. When you click done, the dialog box disappears and the results of the last analysis are recorded in the Analysis Drawer/pane. If you have selected to plot the stress on plane analyses (in the Plot Menu), the analysis showing when you click Done will be plotted. Finally, “Angle between Lines” allows you to click with the mouse on any two lines in the plot window and determine the angle between them. The user is given the option of pasting the results into the Analysis drawer (Fig. 10).

Figure 9. The Stress on Plane dialog box.

Note that the Analysis pane is editable: you can record notes and annotaFigure 10. The Angle between Lines dialog box. tions there as well as erasing the information that you are not interested in. You edit it just like a normal text edit window. The contents of the Analysis Pane are not saved when you exit the program! If you want to capture this information for further use, you must copy it to the clipboard for pasting into another application.

Plotting your results The Plot Menu The features that appear in the Plot Tab of the main window are determined by what menu items are checked in the Plot Menu. Figure 11 is a plot of everything (except contours) for our sample data set of 58 faults, which is probably more than you want! Which of these options you choose to display at any one time will depend on the purpose of your analysis, quality of data, etc. The items under “Faults” allow you to plot the fault planes, striae, and arrows that show the movement of the hanging wall. “Movement Planes” are the planes that -15 -

contain the slip vector and the pole to the plane and are thus perpendicular to the fault plane; they are essentially the plane of plane strain for an individual fault. Tangent Lineations are arrows plotted in the movement plane, plotted at the pole to the fault, showing the movement of the hanging wall block (Twiss and Gefell, 1990; Twiss et al., 1991).

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13 21 23 25 28 35 43 48 44 44 38 34 27 22 14 9 7 The “Scatter” submenu is 12 20 21 26 28 32 39 44 42 39 32 28 25 20 12 9 7 where you will find commands 14 21 24 26 28 35 35 34 31 26 27 22 14 10 8 to plot P and T axes as points. 19 21 22 21 26 26 27 23 26 24 16 13 8 You can choose to contour the P21 21 25 26 24 21 23 19 13 2 axes, the T-axes or both from the 23 “Contour” submenu; the conFigure 11. Lots of different things to plot! touring parameters are set in the Inspector palette described below. “Kinematic axes” submenu allows you to plot either linked Bingham or Moment tensor axes for the entire population that is currently showing on the stereonet. These are “average” axes, either weighted or unweighted for the entire population. The “Fault plane solution” allows you to visualize easily your data set as a classic “beach ball” diagram commonly used to visualize earthquake focal mechanisms.

PT-dihedra allow you to carry out and plot the P or T dihedra following the method of Angelier and Mechler (1977). In the resulting diagram, the number at each point on a grid shows the number of P or T quadrants with which that point coincides. You can also get the number of P and T dihedra at any point simply by holding down the Shift Key while moving the mouse over the stereonet. The P and T dihedra show up just above where the trend and plunge at the mouse is displayed. P or T-dihedra results can be contoured by pressing the appropriate radio button in the Inspector Palette (see Figure 12. Dialog used to specify ad hoc P and T below). axes, from which a fault plane solution will be plotted. -16 -

There may be times when you want to plot a quick fault plane/focal mechanism solution. For example, you may want to plot up a quick focal mechanism for a recent earthquake, etc. For those times, you can use Plot:Fault Plane Solution:From ad hoc P & T axes. This choice will give you the dialog box to the right (Fig. 12), which allows you to specify an arbitrary P and T axis from which the nodal planes will be calculated. The easiest way to use this is to leave the plunge of either the P or the T axis blank. FaultKin will calculate the correct plunge, ensuring that the two axes are perpendicular to each other. When you click Okay, the fault plane solution will be plotted. To remove the ad hoc fault plane solution from your plot, simply select the same menu option and when the dialog box in Figure 10 appears, click Cancel.

Figure 13a

Finally, you can plot the results of any Stress on Plane analyses you have carried out. FaultKin keeps track of all stress on plane analyses and when you ask it to plot Stress on Plane, it will plot all of the analyses. To clear out the old analyses, choose “Reset Stress on Plane” from the Calculations Menu. Customizing your Plot with the Inspector You customize your plot via the Inspector Window (Fig. 13), which is accessed from the View menu or with ⌘⇧I (capital “i”). Changes in the Inspector are immediately reflected in the plot. The first (leftmost) tab of the Inspector controls the stereographic projection, grid spacing and selection aspects. The second and third tabs control the size and color of the different features that you can plot from the plot menu. The final (rightmost) tab is where you enter the parameters for contour plots (Fig. 13c). You can contour P-axes, T-Axes, or both. Alternatively, if you select the “P or T dihedra grid” radio button, and you have Plot>PT Dihedra>P Dihedra or Plot>PT Dihedra>T Dihedra selected, you will get a contour plot of the values in the selected grid. You

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Figure 13c

can select either Kamb contours or 1% area con tours as well as the density of the counting grid on the sphere. The “smoothed” checkbox applies the Robin and Jowett (1986) weighted smoothing to the contours, which is especially useful if you have selected a dense counting grid. You can choose the colors for the contouring separately for the P-axes and the T-axes. The fill opacity slider is useful when you have both P- and T-axis contours showing on the screen at the same time. Contour fill opacity is saved in .svg files but not in .pdf files. You can change the view direction from the View Menu. This allows you to rotate the stereonet so that the primitive circle does not represent the horizon but instead represents any other plane you might want as a reference point. The most common reason why you might want to do this is to display your results oriented correctly for the plane of a cross section.

Figure 13b

Finally, if you need to ensure that several plots are all the same size, you can do so by choosing “Set stereonet radius” from the view menu. The window will be resized to accommodate the new stereonet size.

A n a l y z i n g E a r t hquake Data FaultKin is equally adept at analyzing earthquake moment tensor data as it is with fault slip data. It understands P&T

Figure 14. Earthquake Moment tensor details and earthquake moment tensor summation results in FaultKin. -18 -

data and Aki Richards format entry and can plot fault plane solutions. Furthermore, the program can read and interpret .ndk files from the GCMT archive as well as USGS QuakeML .xml formatted files. With these data, the program can perform full seismic moment tensor summations and, if one enters the volume of the region, it can calculate strain. One can access the detailed moment tensor data for individual events, if such components existed in the original data set, by selecting View>EQ Moment Tensor Details (Fig. 14). The tensor can be displayed in either a North-East-Down or the original r-t-p (r-θ-φ) coordinate system and units can be shown in either dyne-cm or Newton-m. If errors on individual moment tensor parameters were included in the original data file, then they will be displayed in the Details dialog box and will be propagated through the moment tensor calculation. For background on the calculations done by FaultKin, see Jost and Herrmann (1989).

Figure 15. The map view tab showing the locations of aftershocks from a recent Chilean earthquake.

The Map View You can see the location of any selected datum that has latitude and longitude coordinates in the Map Tab of the main window. Simply click on the points that you want to see and a Google map will be plotted with a standard Google point marker at the location (Fig. 15). The type of map can be chosen from the popup menu on the top left and the scale of the map can be changed with the slider control at the top right of the map pane. This Google map view only supports display of 120 locations or less. -19 -

Copying, saving and printing your plot Once you have the plot just as you like it, you can save it as a PDF or SVG file for import into other programs. The PDF and SVG formats are both vector-based formats meant to provide publication quality graphics. They should appear identical to, but higher resolution than, the plot window itself. The size of the graphic is controlled by the size of the Plot tab in the Main window. Of the two, SVG is for a number of reasons a superior graphic format, especially if you anticipate subsequent editing. FaultKin also supports the clipboard. If any text is selected in either the Data or theAnalysis Pane, that editable text will be copied to the clipboard. Otherwise the Graphic in the Main Window will be copied as a screen resolution raster object to the clipboard for pasting into another application. FaultKin has a very basic printing routine which will print the graphics in the Main Windows/plot pane. At present, the graphic is printed at the size it appears on the screen unless it is larger than 7 inches, in which case it is shrunk to fit the screen. The default size of the graphics window produces a stereonet that just fits on one page. The text in the Analysis Window/Pane is automatically added beneath the stereonet. On the Mac OS X, you can print to PDF as you can in other programs, however, the pdf that is produced by the save plot as pdf command is a low resolution raster image.

Interactive Features • Whenever the mouse moves over the stereonet, the trend and plunge at the tip of the cursor is displayed in the lower left corner • Clicking and dragging the mouse inside the stereonet temporarily displays a great circle whose pole coincides with the tip of the cursor. • Holding down the shift key while moving the mouse will display the number of P and T dihedra at the cursor tip • Clicking on a data point in the stereonet selects the corresponding row in the data table and vice versa. Multiple, noncontiguous selections are possible using the shift key in the stereonet or the command key in the list box • Changes made in the Inspector are instantly reflected in the plot

Version History Version 7.5.0 — 2016.12.05 • FaultKin now comes in a 64-bit version for all three platforms, though Windows and Linux are still also available in 32-bit version (all recent versions of the Mac operating system are 64-bit). Note that I do not have 64-20 -

bit versions of either Windows or Linux to test these on! The 64-bit versions are considerably faster than the 32-bit versions, especially where a large number of calculations are involved • Contour plots can now use the Robin and Jowett (1986) smoothing routine. • A new menu choice, Data>Max Compatible Faults, uses P&T dihedra to calculate that maximum number of faults that are kinematically compatible and turns off those that aren't. There may be more than one equally good solution to this problem and FaultKin will just give you the first one that it finds. • This version of FaultKin returns to using a simple pdf file of the user's manual for its help system. If you select Help>FaultKin Help the pdf file will be launched automatically assuming it is in the same folder/directory as the program itself. • Fixed a bug reading in moment tensor details. • Fixed a display glitch with the scale slider in the map view Version 7.4.3 — 2016.05.02 • Fixed unexpected behavior when imported P&T axes were not exactly perpendicular • Fixed the spinning beach ball behavior when trying to click on two lines to get the angle between them • Cursor is now always a "+" when in the stereonet pane. No longer flashes back and forth between + and arrow cursors. Version 7.4.2 — 2016.02.21 • Fixed a few bugs and changed the copyright date. Version 7.4.1 — 2015.01.31 • Compiled a version of FaultKin for Linux Version 7.4.0 — 2015.01.07 • In the Earthquake Details window, you can now enter or view the components of the moment tensor in either north-east-down or r-t-p (i.e., Mrr, Mtt, Mpp, Mrt, Mrp, Mtp) coordinate systems and with units of either dyne*cm or Newton*m.

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• Fixed a bug in changing the units of the Moment tensor in the data tab of the main window. • Fixed a bug searching by depth/elevation • Cosmetic changes for Yosemite • Changed the copyright date to 2015 :-) Version 7.3.0 — 2014.09.24 • A new and more robust way of reading quakeml files from the USGS Version 7.2.9 — 2014.05.11 • FaultKin now correctly reads numbers entered in non-U.S. formats. It will use the number format specified in the user's system preferences. • Calculates and displays the equivalent scalar moment of the summed series of individual moment tensors. Version 7.2.7 — 2014.04.15 • Now calculates isotropic part (volume strain) part of the moment tensor, as well as the percent double couple. • The Import text parsing dialog can now accommodate fault orientations given in dip direction and dip rather than strike and dip • bug fixes... Version 7.2.5 — 2014.04.06 • Many additions, most to facilitate working with earthquake data (you can tell I've been working on the Iquique earthquake!): • Add/view data in the Data Tab using Aki-Richards strike-dip-rake format where the sign of the rake contains the slip information (choose from the sense of slip popup menu). • Add/view data in the Data Tab as P and T axes with the enter/show P&T axes checkbox. FaultKin will adjust the entered P axis if necessary to ensure that the axes are orthogonal • FaultKin now reads .ndk (Gobal CMT catalog format) directly using File>Import Text File without going through the Parse Text File dialog. • Open and parse QuakeML XML files with moment tensor solutions (or at least nodal planes and scalar moment). Note: FaultKin looks for "quakeml" in the first line of the xml file to identify it as a QuakeML for-

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mat. Saving these files from the USGS site occasionally results in an extra line at the beginning of the file, at least in some browsers (cough, Safari, cough). You will have to remove these extraneous first lines in a text editor before FaultKin can read them. • The program now reads and uses the moment tensor parameters (mrr, mtt, mpp, mrt, mrp, mtp) and errors from .ndk and QuakeML files. These parameters are converted and displayed in a North-East-Down coordinate system in FaultKin and are used in Moment tensor sums rather than full double couple solutions as previously. You can view, edit, or enter by hand these parameters by choosing View>EQ Moment Tensor Details. To record any changes, you must click the "Calculate & Save" button in the Data Tab. • FaultKin now assigns an event number internally to keep track of multiple measures of a single event or fault more efficiently when sorting (see next bullet). For example, if you enter three different moment tensor solutions for the same earthquake (checking "same as previous" checkbox for the second and third solutions of the triplet), they will all have the same event number. You can see but not manipulate the event number in the data tab next to the "same as previous" checkbox. • Sort your data list by date, moment, depth/elevation, latitude, longitude, or Event Order using Data>Sort By submenu. You can sort by fault or by P&T axes parameters by clicking the column headings in the listbox. Before you do a moment tensor sum, FaultKin will sort your data by event order to ensure that any multiples measures of the same fault/event are counted correctly. • Errors on latitude, longitude, and depth are now displayed in the main data tab if they have been entered. • Corrected a minor bug in the moment tensor sum code when summing multiple measures of the same event Version 7.0.0 — 2014.01.24 • You can now fill contours of P and T axes with one of four different color ramps. Different patterns can be assigned to P and T axes with the option to show or hide the contour lines and the ability to vary the opacity. • You can contour the P or T dihedra grid to rapidly identify the maximum/ ma and the distribution of relatively good solutions. Contouring of P&T axes and dihedra grids are mutually exclusive: you can do one or the other but not both. The dihedra grid contouring can likewise use one of four different color ramps, provides control over opacity/transparency, etc. -23 -

• Control of moment tensor parameters has been removed from the Inspector and is now accessible from the Calculations menu. The first time you do a moment tensor calculation, the dialog box is always displayed so you can select parameters. Those parameters remain in effect until you explicitly change them by choosing Calculations>Change Moment Tensor Params. • Contouring now has a dedicated tab in the Inspector with a broad range of options. This tab is where you choose whether to contour P&T axes or PTdihedra grids. • In the Select Tab, FaultKin will use a default upper or lower value if you do not enter one specifically. Version 6.8.0 — 2013.11.25 • Added an option to plot a polar grid beneath the points. The grid can be projected using either equal area or equal angle. The projection itself is still lower hemisphere with north at the top. • Added a “Clear All” to the Plot Menu which allows you to turn off all selected plotting options. • Moved Null axis to the Plot>Scatter submenu and added an additional menu item to that submenu to plot all three (P, T, and N/b) • Added ability to plot conjugate faults (Plot>Conjugate Faults) which is useful when working with earthquake data where you don’t know which nodal plane is the true fault. • Added “swap with conjugate” button to the Data Tab. This button will replace the fault plane with its conjugate plane. You might want to use this if you were working with earthquake data but subsequently learned that opposite of the two nodal planes is the real fault plane. The change is not made permanent until you click the “Calculate and Save” button at the bottom of the Data Tab. Version 6.7.0 — 2013.11.13 • The Mac version of FaultKin is now code-signed with my own developer certificate from Apple which means that the first time you run it, you no longer have to go through the process of right-clicking on it as described in the text in the upper left of this page. • Help/users manual is now built into the program; you can access it from the Help menu. A separate pdf of the manual is no longer distributed with

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the program. Windows users: The folder “FaultKin Help” must be in the same directory as the FaultKin program or the program will not find it. Mac users: the help is built in to the application package so there are no separate files. Version 6.6.4 2013.10.25 • Fixed a bug where entering new data manually in the data tab would result in numerous blank lines in the Data Listbox. Version 6.6.3 2013.09.16 • Fixed crashing bug when using hide unchecked faults with two or more windows open • Some publications use an em- or en-dash instead of a minus sign in data tables. Text parsing now tries to deal with this better • Fixed a bug where the menu choice for plotting moment tensor kinematic axes would become unchecked even though you were still plotting those axes. • when the moment tensor pane of the Inspector appears, it is now more intelligent about selecting weighting information • The Mac version now runs at high resolution on retina MacBook Pros and the like Version 6.6.2  2013.09.06 • FaultKin can now parse Global CMT "ndk" format files. Make sure that "ndk" is located somewhere in the name or as the suffix (e.g., ".ndk") • You now have to option to hide unchecked rows   in the data panel: View>Hide unchecked Faults. This is useful if you have large data sets and have turned off many of them • The Select tab now has a popupmenu for specifying sense of slip in your search • If you have entered seismic moment data, FaultKin calculates and displays the moment magnitude (Mw) automatically in the Data tab. • Earthquake data entered via the parse text file dialog can have seismic moment units specified in either dyne*cm or N*m • The volume of a region can now be specified in a variety of units

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• The image in   the Map tab can now be zoomed our to view the entire world. If you try to plot more than 120 points in the map tab you will get a warning that 120 is the maximum allowed (by Google, not me!) • fixed an error introduced in 6.6.0 in calculating faults and slip direction from P&T axis data. Version 6.6.0 2013.09.02 • Parse any column-oriented text file; no longer needs to be in FaultKin format • Aki and Richards format data (strike, dip, and rake where the sign of the rake defines the sense of slip; used by USGS for earthquake slip data and others can now be imported via parse text dialog • P&&T axes data sets can now be imported via the parse text dialog. FaultKin will arbitrarily define a fault plane and slip vector for the data set. • Import earthquake data with moment magnitude (Mw) and FaultKin will calculate and weight the data by the equivalent moments using the standard moment-magnitude relationships • Weighting data imported via parse text dialog can be in a variety of units (meters, centimeter, feet, inches, Newton*meters, dyne*centimeters) and FaultKin will convert them to the internal units used by the program • you can specify local coordinates in place of longitude and latitude during import via the parse text dialog • The Mac OS X version of FaultKin is now "Retina" resolution ready. Text and standard interface elements will now look incredibly crisp and clear on Retina MacBook Pros (for those of you lucky enough to have one!) Version 6.5.2, 6.5.3 — 2013.08.28 • Ability to plot the null or b-axes. This is the line in the fault plane which is 90° from the slip direction. • Revised the error checking routine on input to handle edge cases a bit more gracefully • Additional bug fixes Version 6.5.0 — 2013.06.01 • Text annotations — Select Edit>Annotate Plot, click on the plot where you want the text to begin, enter your text and specify color and size if you -26 -

want and your done. You can reposition existing text annotations simply by clicking and dragging then in the plot pane. Handles occur on either side of the annotation during the drag operation. Viewing annotations can be toggled on or off with Plot>Text Annotations, and annotations can be deleted with Edit>Delete All Annotations. Annotations can be up to 64 characters long. When you right- or control-click on an annotation, you will get a contextual menu which will allow you to edit or delete just that annotation. • Lasso data — specify whether you are selecting P- or T-axes or striae, then use the mouse to drag a "lasso" around the points you want to select • The horizontal divider between the listbox with the data and the text box below it with the summary of the analyses is now moveable. Position the mouse over it and drag up or down. • Copy Datum, Paste Datum (Edit Menu) now works within a single data set or between different data sets. Select a number of rows in the listbox, choose Copy Datum (which, unlike "Copy", will copy all of the information in the data tab), go to the window where you want to past the results and choose Paste Datum. The copied data will be pasted into the new data set, appended after the existing data if there are any. • Delete Datum will immediately delete all of the selected rows in the listbox. No warning will be given! • Menu options pertaining to particular types of data sets are only enabled if that type of data actually exists. For example, if there are no Lines data sets, Plot>Lines will be grayed out and you will not be able to select it. • Fixed an error in the calculation of the Moment Tensor for data sets containing thrust faults. If you have used this function previously, you should redo your analyses. Version 6.1.0 — 2013.03.12 • FaultKin 6 for Mac is now a "Cocoa" app which uses the full set of Mac OS X APIs and interface elements. • Corrected a bug in Stress on Plane when sigma 2 value was entered as a magnitude rather than entering the principal stress ratio, R • The windows behind the active window now refresh correctly when not in foreground • Fixed a bug in setting the Stereonet size from the dialog

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• Some optimizations to make contouring of large data sets slightly faster Version 6.0.1 — 2013.02.07 • Fixes a bug which would cause the program to crash if one attempted to save data entered in the data tab before plotting anything. • Changed copyright year to 2013 :-) Version 6.0.0 — 2012.12.01 • Redesigned main window for better performance on Windows laptops. FaultKin in earlier versions did not behave well on Windows laptops because the minimum necessary vertical height of the main Window was higher than the pixel count of many laptops. Version 6 corrects this by making the default height of the main window shorter • Map view courtesy of Google satellite. A new tab allows you to see the location of your datum on a zoomable Google satellite, terrain, or road map. Select a datum with latitude and longitude information entered and then click on the Map tab. A pointer will indicate the position of your datum in the center of the map. Multiple locations can be mapped. • Behind the scenes changes in preparation for a Cocoa flavored Mac version. Version 5.6.3 — 2012.09.18 • Corrected a bug entering rake when NOT using right-hand rule for strike • corrected a bug that prevented rake from being entered Version 5.6.1 — 2012.08.06 • FaultKin is now a document-based app. That is, you can open as many windows as you want (or the memory on your computer allows), each with a different data set. • You can now contour P- and/or T-axes within the program. The contour lines have the same color as you have defined for the P and T-axes themselves. A new panel in the Inspector controls contour characteristics such as Kamb versus 1% area, contour interval, significance level, etc. • The plot can now be saved in .SVG format, an open, high resolution vector format that can be read by many modern vector drawing programs as well as web browsers.

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• The program will now attempt to open older versions of FaultKin database files. Those files did not have a one line header, meaning that you can try to open most any text file. • After dragging the mouse in the plot window, if you hold down the option/alt key when you release the mouse, the trend and plunge and strike and dip corresponding to the last position of the mouse will be written to the text area. • During data entry, if you hold down the Shift Key while clicking "Calculate and Save" (or pressing enter/return), the program will assume that you automatically want to enter another datum, thus avoiding having to explicitly press the Add new datum button every time • Fixed a bug with rake entry • Fixed bug with PDF and Pict/EMF output where partial data sets that were sorted by clicking in a column would display wrong data Version 5.5.0 — 2012.05.03 • Complete search and select — You can now display subsets of your data selected by any combination of parameters shown in the Data panel (tab). There is a new panel titled "Select" where you specify the criteria whose matching records you want to display. • Input data files are now checked to see if striae lie on their respective fault planes and a simple correction applied if possible. Impossible cases are skipped during input. • Cosmetic changes. Version 5.2.7 • Fixed graphical glitches associated with screen resizing • You can now export text files in Stereonet 7/OSXStereonet format for further visualization in those programs.  Four different files can be written: (1) strike and dip of fault plane (in AZ format), (2) Trend and plunge of striae, (3) trend and plunge of P-axes, and (4) trend and plunge of T-axes. Version 5.2.6 — 2011.10.25 • Mostly fixes of bugs that were introduced when the interface was changed to a single window, rather than two drawer windows.

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• You can now specify that T-axes be plotted as hollow circles rather than filled circles. This makes it easier to produce figures in black & white for publication Version 5.2.4 — 2011.09.06 • Removed the drawer windows from the Mac version as Mac interface guidelines now recommend avoiding drawer windows. Also, they behaved very erratically when the main window was moved quickly. • Added a disclosure triangle and “Show Data List” option in the Windows menu. Using either of these you can hide or show the Data List, making the window bigger or smaller depending on your needs/screen size, etc. • Fixed a bug in the moment tensor calculation. Please redo any moment tensor calculations you may have done with the program in the past. Version 5.2.3 — 2011.07.03 • Added ability to set the view direction as in earlier versions of the program. Now you can rotate your results in the plane of a cross section or whatever. • Added ability to specify the exact radius of the stereonet. The window is resized automatically to accommodate the new size. You can still change the size by resizing the window as well. • Added the ability to plot nodal planes for “ad hoc” P & T axes. You enter whatever P- and T-axis you want in a dialog box and the program will plot a beach ball fault plane solution for you. This is useful if you are using FaultKin to plot, say, a focal mechanism for a recent earthquake. • Added a basic printing ability. Printing automatically includes the text from the Analysis Window/Pane. In Mac OS X, you can save pdfs from the print window though pdfs saved directly from the file menu are higher resolution. • Copying to the clipboard now works in all windows/panes. You can now copy the graphics as vectors to the clipboard. • Stress on plane analyses are now saved when saving PICT/EMF files • If you have a data set open and try to open another data set, you are asked where you want the new data set to append to, or replace, the old data set • Minor bug fixes, including one where fault plane solutions were drawn incorrectly

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Version 5.1.1 • Corrected errors in the stress on plane calculation • Added ability to plot the stress on plane calculation • Added ability to click and drag mouse inside the stereonet to plot interactively a great circle. Note that the great circle only shows while you are clicking and dragging the mouse. It does not get added to the permanent plot. Version 5.1 • Added ability to save the plot in older vector format as a .pict file (Mac) or a .emf (enhanced metafile, Windows). • Various bug fixes Version 5.0 • Initial public release of completely rewritten program.

References Allmendinger, R. W., Cardozo, N., and Fisher, D., 2012, Structural geology algorithms: Vectors and tensors in structural geology: Cambridge University Press. Angelier, J., and Mechler, P., 1977, Sur une methode graphique de recherche des contraintes principales egalment utilisable en tectonique et en seismologie: La methode des diedres droits: Bulletin de Societie Geologique de France Bulletin de Societie Geologique de France, v. 19, p. 1309–1318. Jost, M.L., and Herrmann, R.B., 1989, A students guide to and review of moment tensors: Seismological Research Letters, v. 60, p. 37–57. Marrett, R. A., and Allmendinger, R. W., 1990, Kinematic analysis of fault-slip data: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 12, p. 973-986. Twiss, R.J., and Gefell, M.J., 1990, Curved slickenfibers: a new brittle shear sense indicator with application to a sheared serpentine: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 12, p. 471–482. Twiss, R.J., Protzman, G.M., and Hurst, S.D., 1991, Theory of slickenline patterns based on the velocity gradient tensor and microrotation: Tectonophysics, v. 186, p. 215– 239.

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