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50e14b840c138 106.207.118.241 India

/*"

LONGMANS'

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

"**-

EDITED

GEOKGE

AND

J^SMITH,

MEMBER

07

OF

BOARD

THE

EDUCATION,

THE

CITY

OP

DEPARTMENT

NEW

AND

GKEEN,

AVENUE

YORK

IMPRESSION

LONGMANS, AVENUE

Ph.D.

EDITION

NEW

PRAIRIE

M.A.,

EXAMINERS,

OF

REVISED

FOURTH

BY

REVISED

"

30th "

.

25th

\

N

STREET,

NEW

STREET,

CHICAGO

^

CO. YORK

TOE

AND

LENOX

FOUNDATIONS

ITU-DEN

'

1918

Copyright, LONGMANS,

LONGMANS,

" "

"

"

-

"

*

1916,

GREEN,

All

"

by

GREEN,

COPYBIGHT,

"

1901,

Rights

Reserved

"

CO.

"

CO.

BY

EDITOR'S

Op

the

merits

PREFACE

"Longmans'

of

is based, book the present ich r it has from its first appearance a

most

difficult best

the

t

in

requisite

is

rk

by

ammar, its

a

may

has

for.

led

ds

general John

properly

be

"the

and

been

and

reasonableness

i

recognized

as

the

same

at

says

presented,

to

has

preserve

excluded difficult for an

time

there

noted of

addition

new

have

be

to

appeared

be

al

been

too

as

may

in arrangement, of the

now

there

improvements

distinctions

essentials,

made

improvements

such

Mill

simplicity "complete"

a

have

regarded

and

revision

Stuart

directness

course

of

mentioned,

These

of changes

bare

Grammar,"

just

introduced

be

methods

His

book.

Grammar,

mentary

such

even

inductive

and by

and

the

beyond

well

is

text-book.

clear

to

with

theory,

which

good

pretending

one

"

only

educational

illustration,

English

effort

a

teaching

not

sense

said

position

Salmon

David

notably

of

teaching

excellences

tever

a

intelligent

"Longmans' every

of

making

with

using

eminently

n

goes

subject

teachers

ile

practical

wealth

it yet

In

the

be

assured

effective

of

upon

now

England,

of

mastery

by

an

by

and

Without

statement.

treats

the

characterized

velopment,

at

to

respect

held

written

teachers

scholarship

with

e

was

equipped

to

spect

It

subject.

little need

for the

text-book

acceptable

Grammar,"

School

under

the

material,

text.

the

that

between

the "

"

1U

"

things

we

various

study parts

in Grammar, of speech,

EDITOR'S

v

etween

the

cases

functions

e

an

as

harking

ntinually thus

d

y

aining

So

r loose

of the

The

an

the

ammar;

into

to

coming

be,

must

for

as

way

to

should

be

set

ccessfully.

a

to

believed,

to

the

the

effective

essentials

teachers

elementary

of

girls who

do

to

them

The

this

of Grammar

to

the

contin

thi

readily

The

possible.

puzzles,

point

grammatical

aid

of

as

of technical

make

not

teacher's

subject as

technical

mentioned,

already

and

examples, an

the

attractive,

approach

of concrete

from

the

make

pretty

able all, indispensschool

reasons

asid

short lived

a

High

usefulness

particularity

been

is that

for question.

matter

even

and

impart

the

has

rudiments

and

is, for the

less

constant

the

bdys

the

school,

of needless

confidently

sires

accurate

is, after

receive least

at

therefore,

mpreheusible,

oidance

they

taught,

less and

by

of

doctrine

education.

know

high

the

properly

ew

powers

and

lessons"

Grammar

in

pupils

while,

the

written

own

pupil's

Grammar

sounder

and

elementary

ought

d

preeminent

the

reasoning,

"language

course

that

hools

teacher

meanings,

a

of

in the

clear

that

notion

newer

orough-going

udy,

of

untechnical

and

to

but

ti di

study

the

becomes

study

"

"distinctious

of

understanding

of others,

the

underlying

study

tha

to

applied

thought,

to

no

expression.

reign

sist

the

classification,

correct

The

m

in

utterances

ean-cut

a

this

taught,

only

not

oken

d

Grammar

thought,

dogmatically,

or

rather,

of

forms

from

back

making

ought.'

be,

of verbs

therefore,

memory

It should words." living the expression

in

nguage

the

of

in

plain,

formally

taught

exercise

enforced

be

to

ought

be

not

should

as

It

tenses

moods and distinctions

are

participles,

of

words.'

ammar

the

nouns,

of

'

in

rely

PREFACE

o

text-book, teacher

intelligently

G.

who

and J. S.

PREFACE

In this edition,

ore

some

line

any

been

officially

adopted

As

has

of

method

cational In

e

New

these the

view

mittee

this

been

topics,

and

for

the

book

agree

necessary) with

that

which

the

the

American

of the

be

to

seems

large,

at

as

on

Association

numbered,

I

nomenclature of

recommendations

Grammatical

edition,

of

changes

son rea-

heretofo

a

well

the

Nomenclature

have

Report of

the

August,

als of

th

National

(July, 1913).

the

sentences

for the

in

convenience

the

exercises

several of teachers.

G. York,

plan

no as

satisfactorily,

schools

o

terminology

revised

meet

City

the

of

alteration

there

acceptation, not

in

schools no

as

tion addi-

along

involved and

the

been

used

was

adjective

have

changes

principal

should

of

of

York.

making

in

d

needs

'of New

In

book,

book

this

the

se

the

in general

and

why

this

reclassification

of several

modification

York.

a

terminology

the

making

herever

ple

the

exercises,

of

from

aside

EDITION

REVISED

treatment

complete

of

THE

TO

1915.

J* S.

Vll

CONTENTS

ii

CLASSIFICATION

AND PAGE

INFLECTION"

continued PAGE

\ CONTENTS

OF

ANALYSIS

IX

SENTENCES"

continued

PAGE

Analysis

Simple

of

Noun

tences Sen-

tences Sen-

Interrogative .

Simple

Sentences

253

256

.

280

.

COMPOUND

SENTENCES

by

TO

Diagrams

I. Miscellaneous

289

PART

III.

for

282 285

.

Syntax

of

Exercises

on

Syntax

and

295

.

Rules

299

of

rectness Cor-

on in

.

-

III

Analysis

Diagramming

N

Analysis

of

Rules

tences Sen-

E

...

Review

258

....

I. Analysis

S

TENCES

SUPPLEMENT

and

Complex

iscellaneous

Simple

Sentences

Clauses

ments Ele-

of

278 M

.

MPLEX

269

.

253

tences Sen-

Miscellaneous

265

.

Clauses

Classification

252

.

259

.

Clauses

Adverbial

Sentences

Imperative

Clauses

Adjective

251

.

Long

PAGE

tions Inflec-

302

....

APPENDIX

les

for

Spelling,

NOTES

ITOR'S I. On

Points

some

Capitalization

Punctuation

and

311

.

TEACHERS

FOR

Grammar

of

317

"

II. On

DEX

the

Teaching

of

Grammar

.

.

.

.

.

.

323

.327

EXPLANATORY

The

ss

attention

are

ortance

ide

those

te

21,

a

by

an

The

a

It

essentials

continuous

that to

omit

smaller may,

at

of the type,

exposition

the

relativ

therefore

of the

book,

in orde

here

is explained

to

point

and

are

these

of English

tha

out

especially

teacher's

subject and

the

empl

will

plan

type,

type

f

type

The

suffice

basis

a

of

extent,

portions

will

as

sizes

The

course.

in large

the

some

treated.

in the

asterisk,

printed

ragraphs

to

shorter

323.

printed

itted.

ovide

matters

page

eceded

indicate,

of the

wish

fact

book

this

use

who

the

to

who

ragraphs

to

intended

only

pursue

those

of

is called

work

NOTE

thos

discretion,

contained will

be

grammar.

in

found

th

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

GRAMMAR

PART PARTS

I

OF

SPEECH

NOUNS 1*

Exercise

s

of

is

2

Edith

are

3.

is

pick

l

out

lives?

rrington

9.

We

a

the

1.

Ten

boys.

2.

Ten

girls.

3.

Ten

persons

whom

you

4.

Ten

persons

about

whom

Exercise

2.

6.

Green

Captain

me

where

Knox

King

Mayor

yesterday.

of

a.

"

tell

you

Give

names

7.

coming Brown.

just called.

Governor

met

Miss

to

Elizabeth. Can

are

Mary

Napoleon.

defeated

Wellington

Kate

and

have

2.

Alfred.

talking

Griffiths

Mrs.

Queen after reigned Owen. 8. for Major

ted

sentences

and

Howard

Jones

Mr.

and

Tom

with

writing.

Percy

es

6.

following

the

playing

4.

morrow.

Miss

In

persons.

Jack

1.

a.

"

In

the

know. you

following

have

sentences

read.

pick

out

s

1.

Of

2.

Of places.

persons.

1

See

"Notes

for

Teachers,"

p. 323,

Note

19.

*

See

"Notes

for

Teachers,"

p. 323,

Note

20.

1

a

LONGMANS'

1.

Victor

killed

tch

live

in

6. Give

names

Ten

countries.

2.

Ten

places

in

3.

Ten

places

in

4.

Ten

is the

Scott

s

3.

1.

The

his

rt

The

was

ntsman

with

The

general

6. Give 1.

the Ten

kinds

her

9.

ordered names

my

his

cular parti

I may

same

way,

means

any

Captain

names

Kidd

of particular ff

out

pick

sentences

for

his

aunt,

his

a

6.

love

their

child's to

soldiers

5.

The

cousins

The is

girl

cess prin

nursing

8.

teacher.

is

father

a

charge.

of of

shopkeepers;

as,

2.

Ten

kinds

of

relatives;

as,

3.

Ten

kinds

of

workmen;

as,

grocer

butcher. ,

father. carpenter.

bo

The

three

and men.

wise

maids.

That

2.

servants.

uncle,

scholars

by.

passed

the

as

of persons,

to

sent

The

7.

baby.

kind

I met

king

walking

one

sailor

lady

names

following

the

is 3.

sister.

In

but

of being

of kinds

In

sailor.

truly

of

I say

when

lady,

as

name

persons.

master

4.

day.

of

but

instead

names

the

use

some

are

but

a.

I

other

of

lady

"

kinds

of

been.

have

you

Kidd

any

name

are,

are

Exercise

The

10.

country.

sailor;

or

and

they

which

Captain

Kidd

Sailor

sons

own

your

of every

Captain

Miss

Latham.

Miss

met

streets.

I say

Scott

they

Stree

Oxford

and

Mrs

8.

of

1.

sailor, not

dy.

There

English.

the

Holland.

the

When

1.

ss

d

9.

Park.

to

Wolfe

Canaan.

to

Street

Regent

along

belongs

Egypt

Germany.

General

5.

India

from

Jews

Minnie

took

6.

reigned

for

sailed

Delaware.

the

Quebec.

the

Solomon

King

has

Bosworth

crossed

led

Moses

Hyde

Mr.

outside

2.

Richmond.

at

3.

Washington

nes

.

lives

Jerusalem.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

\"

+

The

grocer.

NOUNS

The

1.

The

2.

his

In

"

6.

sea.

at

The

A

of

kinds

se,

and

The

the

8.

the

street.

The

waiting

over

was

home.

the

gir at

th

out

a

cliff.

sentences

3.

pick

of

2.

Ten

kinds

of birds.

3.

Ten

kinds

of

The

book

a.

In

is

on

3.

window.

picture

caught

An

singing. elephant

10.

Ducks,

cannot.

with stood hangs

live

that

animals

land.

on

fishes.

the

following

the

Put

5.

in

a on

is

some

7.

snow.

pan.

the

sentences

2.

table.

bottle

The

of iron.

milk

Puss

wit

of

kinds

things.

hens

but

Ten

of

5.

talk.

can

parrots

swim,

playing

were

8.

The

2.

is

blackbirds worms.

up

1.

"

cat

grazing.

and

Some

9.

lambs.

and

The

are

picking

can

6.

sheep

thrushes

names

is covered The

fell

th

fisherman

up

was

following

cows

lion.

the

is made

The

garden.

man

old

chickens. The

swans

Sxercise

his

in

in

his

to

5.

names

king

the

walking

child

the

is

gone

country.

The

after

was

a

b. Give

has

was

sister

parlor;

lad

the

The

In

the

The

digging

10.

The

bird than

into

his

field;

in

3.

9.

a.

4. 6.

ger

of

in

three

mouse.

the

is

ran

kittens.

1.

places.

was

all

of animals.

killed

s

of

policeman

"

dog

The

The

kinds

son.

5.

Exercise

k

Of

school.

his

for

1.

2.

was

to

sent

s

persons.

queen

workman

tion

of

the

out

pick

Of kinds

fled

citizens

sentences

1.

house.

counting

The

ow

"

following

the

shepherd

tage.

.

4.

Exercise

9. wall.

of on

tree

Acorns

the has

water.

fire.

shed grow

a

thrown

was

stone

full

coal

The

A

out

pick

4.

The

6.

The

its leaves. on

oaks

6. Give

the

names

of

1.

Ten

things

which

are

used

in

school.

2.

Ten

things

which

are

used

at

home.

3.

Ten

flowers.

4.

Ten

vegetables.

5.

Ten

articles

6.

Ten

things

In

2.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

dress.

of

are

which

all

grammar

by

sold

grocer.

as

used

words

a

names

are

calle

ns.1

s

is white

Snow

3.

the

7.

Exercise

man

In

a.

"

of whiteness;

quality

just

a

man

the

stone

quality

quality

are

a

the

shows

the

shows

therefore

are

and

the

justice,honesty

hardness,

alities,

s

honest

an

iteness,

has

of hardness;

quality

stice, and

or

honesty.

of

names

of certain

nouns.

following

the

sentences

pick

out

a

of qualities.

e

brightness

The

1.

gives

out

child

slip.

Solomon

to

trust

6. Give

just

4.

zure,

their

honor.

was

Will

friendship The

10.

its

for

for

punished

7.

His

of

admired

you

tiger

ice

the

beauty his

have

be

must

2.

eyes.

cruelty.

ness good9.

is noted

for

named

in

made

and

the

kept.

The

You

courage,

ferocity.

and

ength,

ces

8.

the

smoothness

is

rose

wisdom.

me?

dazzles

sun

The

driver

chose

help

to

The

The

5.

etness.

3.

warmth. 4.

the

of

the

names

of

ten

qualities

not

the

sen-

given.

Walking,

riding,

capture,

and

nod,

wink,

comes

from

shooting

are

burglary,

the

and

names

of actions

motion

are

als

of actions.

s

1

The

old

word French

noun

noun

or

non

the

(modern

Latin French

nomen,

now).

a

name,

through

NOUNS

8.

Exercise

of

3.

is fond Next

ther 6.

We

9.

took

out

pick

al

5.

found

was

great

am

is

easier

different. for

sorry

His

13.

writing. My

always

los

the

You

12.

of murder.

guilty

service.

not

Forgetting are

I

10.

is

Sailing

obeying

walk.

4.

swimming.

7.

and

teaches

man

caused

accusation

uneasiness.

much

6. Give 6.

He

a

That

interesting.

brisk

a

me

shall

Hearing

11.

done

e

sentences

learn

rowing.

is

8.

knife.

the

me

Reading

learning.

n

we

teach

2/

walking.

of

summer

will

e.

following

the

actions.

Tom

1.

In

a.

"

We

ten

have

now

The

names

(1)

names

other

actions.

of that

seen

may

nouns

of

particular

be or

persons

(2)

The

names

of

kinds

(3)

The

names

of

qualities.

(4) The

names

of

actions.

of

persons,

places.

things.

or

places,

Learn1

6.

A

Note.

"

ction) and the

is

noun

word

a

word

It is the the

not

desk

name

of

is

a

name

(or

thing

the

itselfthat

thing

the

as

used

of something.

person,

Thus

noun.

quality,

place, a

desk

is not

a

noun,

is.

i

Exercise

9.

Pick

"

the

all

out

nouns

in

followin

the

tences.

1.

Little

Sings What

The

lion

See

"Notes

supper.

he

have

bread

and

shall

Were 1

his

for

White 2.

Tucker

Tom

and

fighting for

the for

Teachers,"

td'eat? butter.

unicorn the

crown.

p.

323,

Note

21.

'i

LONGMANS*

GRAMMAR o

dew

The

falling

was

I heard

a

fast;

it said,

voice;

4.

Then

Until

5.

bullets

were

he

6-

shot

it right

The

singing

of

Painting long,

ease

A

17. 18.

fficult.

His

The

truth.

12.

quality is at

speech

thickness

of

fellow

long goeth

The

this

a

the

ink

his

supposed

The

grief

bounds.

without

Pride

beauty

of

16. The

the

13.

thing

is golden.

cess.

told

was

by

head.

head,

7.

sweet.

only

10.

heart.

14.

is

children

mastered

always my

rained.

their

of

is short.

life

He

11.

loss be

can

but

uld

the

at

parents

head,

the

through

bird

duck,

little

a

lead;

lead,

brook,

the

saw

the

gun,

of lead,

to

went

man,

little

a

made

And he

had

Wash

gay.

little

a

was

play,

the

so

drink/*

Islington

did

unto

he

He

And

he

blink;

to

creature,

pretty

merry

Edmonton

And

his

"Drink,

came

There

began

stars

gambols he

Of

And

the

all through

These

e

r

ENGLISH

joy

9.

study. before

tion. destruc-

A

little

weeping

of

mercy

is

no

15.

l S

forever.

dinner

was

makes

theft

a

writing was

too

detection.

19.

There

And Her

20.

John

Of

a

was

Belgium's

beauty

credit

capital

and

Gilpin and

of

sound

was

her

a

renown.

by night, revelry had then gathered

chivalry.

citizen

Ar

grea

very

cleve

VERBS

VERBS Exercise

10. then

and x

fly.

8.

15.

ns.

18.

that

firstt

thin

or

person

i5. The

The

The

The

The

29.

r.

Exercise

12.

The

"

place

a

27. The

place

William.

9.

The

2

The

14.

sun.

The

17.

The

The

master.

21.

dog. 24.

Rivers.

The

tailor

28.

mower.

The

The

parrot.

be used

may

words

noun

nouns

Bees.

baker.

3

do;

8.

20.

carpenter.

following

Day

17.

4.

ship.

The

30..

Mary

14.

does.

13.

bell.

plowman.

things

or

The

26.

thief.

works.

hoot.

named

Percy.

23.

mouse.

Lions

Tom

Flowers.

The

The

19.

7.

shine.

following

the

Singers. 16.

eagle.

bleat

chatter.

3.

7.

10.

Owls

thing

or

12.

Clerks.

22.

of

Lightning.

scholars.

.

each

Sheep

bark.

Stars

13.

Monkeys

Soldiers.

6.

3.

cry.

16.

the person

2.

11.

Babies

19.

After

tells what

Gas.

nd.

to say

what

before each.

"

Blows.

ieked.

w.

s.

Howls.

Walks.

Sings.

Sing.

7.

Sang.

Soar.

Some

Rang.

Cried.

Bloom.

Shines.

Swim. Flashed.

tell what

that

words

Whistled.

Slept.

Barks. x

Gallops.

Boils.

Low.

Sleeps.

Bark.

Laughed.

Mews.

Fell.

Plays.

Grows.

Sail.

Fight.

Scratch.

.

ke

the

Dogs

6.

mew.

falls.

"

Baby.

sons

out

pick

neigh.

watches.

Rain

11.

9.

Cats

12.

Swallows.

.

tells what

swim.

play.

Mother

Exercise

.

sentences

Horses

Fishes

5.

learns.

ds.

2.

Children

Fred

1.

that

word

burns.

Fire

Birds

d

the

following

the

does.

ed 1.

In

"

Cackle.

or

persons

Dawns.

Came.

do

things "

sense

complete 1

See

2

The

8

The

"

Notes

joined

when

for Teachers,"

word

the is

no

noun

may

have

part

to

nouns;

p. 317,

of the

the before

Noun.

it.

Note

as,

1.

The

may

fi

"The

rns;99

that

rds

ined

to

wind tell of doing

roars."

Thus,

if

nouns.

alter

threw,"

tell

that

rds

we

13.

Exercise

loves

broke

Tom

a

paint

eat

unds

caught

loves,

sentences

what?

t

out

pick

servant

The

ist Art

poems.

9.

The

draw

carts

the

groom.

15.

The

parrot.

17.

The

the

bird

The

forsook

flowers.

the

watered

7.

13.

heard The

18.

room.

mice.

kicked

baby

the

Horses

catch

stone.

cow.

the

writes

10.

a

sweeps

milks

poet

horse

threw

20.

sexton

the

Miss

nest

Wilson

ballad.

b. Fill a

th

when

Threw

Walter

girl

Cats

fox.

the

2.

iron.

The

16.

gardener

a

g

The

A

12.

14.

sells sugar.

in

blank

each

that tells

word

1.

K

Horses

in

.

.

boy

Tailors

The

servant

.

lady

The

The

10.

hunter

12.

14.

tiger.

a

Cats

15.

9.

song; a

girl The cook

bal

scholars.

.

.

thief

the

.

...

dish.

a

ground.

a

....

wall.

.

.

Masters

6.

....

the

Edgar .

....

The

13.

t.

4.

lesson.

8.

a

....

the

....

purse.

coats.

....

icklayer

a

.

the

....

sentences

dog

The

.

.*"*.

The

2.

hay.

,

incomplete

following

the

doing.

of

banker

The

.

8.

grass.

cer

The

"

"

following

6.

the

bell.

the

lled

sense

"Arthur

says,

whom?

sister. 4. The

walls.

pictures.

Cows

.

,

his

hammered

ith

one

Other

10.)

complete

make

some

the

window.

build

Masons

Exercise

of doing.

Arthur

1.

not

"Loves

In

a.

(See

do

ask,

"

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

The

rose.

th

....

farmer

The

mice.

....

Learn 8.

ng

verb or

son 1

1

A

is

a

word

to say

used

to

something

or

about

thing.

Verb

from

the

most

the

Latin

important

a

verbum,

word

"

The

word.

the word

"

in

verb a

gets

sentence.

its

name

from

VERBS

verbs

"Be

quiet,"

doing;

but

ces

to

ething

or

The

10.

e

In

11.

the

be

if I

Note.

ish

the

me

was

Exercise

ts

of 1.

the verb

The

Those a

The

14.

In

6. are

stars a

a

the

are

are,

ready;"

are,"

strangers

The

what?"

parts

joined

so

when

is complet

sense

"Jennie

di

that

The

nouns.

"The

be is used

verb

Thus

noun.

do

we

was

afraid;"

we

way

hear

we

when expect

not

the

with

any

say,

the

"God

words

to be

word

"Can

exist

meaning

added 6e?"

things

such

be."

In

a.

following

the

sentences

out

pick

t

be.

are

The

horse

4.

9. The

The

is

horses

a

sun

city. too

were

race.

There

was

And

he

1

See

a.

was

Note

man

in

our

wondrous 2, p.

317.

a

5.

is sweet.

7.

Paris

was

man

Sugar

is dead.

beautiful. 11.

The

2.

guilty.

starlings.

general.

12.

is,

of verbs

sense

happy;"

is

same

shall

prisoners birds were

poet.

was

"

to

was,"

are,

the

exists"),

is and

and

boy

after

sentence.

be:

verb

it

called

are

verb

given

complete

was,

however,

"God

(meaning

say

sailors."

sense

complete

expr

to

used

soldiers

joined

"Jennie

"Is,

are

When,

"

"The

were

when

make

"The

strangers

a

the

of

say,

examples

is,"

ask,

say,

to

parts

sense

boy

naturally

es

13

rarely

"The

I say,

belonging

we

are

sen-

absent."

complete

verb

they

l

Thus

In the acting. be and is do not

thing.

or

person

some

were

for

verbs,

forms

Exercise

make

a

are

been.

children

are

about

or

is green,"

"Grass

different

were,

tell of doing

not

they

These

rts."

e

do

Some

9.

town

wise.

was

soldier Homer

bright.

10. old

ington Washto

enter

in

6. Fill

each

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

blanks

following

the

of

a

with

part

th

of

be.

b

1.

flower

The

3.

dener.

2.

pretty.

....

The

at

school

5.

Shakspere

....

last

Ethel

week.

....

at

6.

poet.

yesterday. ....

in

Stratford-on-Avon.

Manitoba

in

our

....

boys here

Jackson

Canada.

8.

England.

Capsar

Julius

....

Roman

The

Old

9.

general.

10.

l.

....

Cole

King

a

....

Alps

merry

ol

high. ....

Some

12. to

d

of the

part

tell

doing.

of

verb

be is often

The

two

to

used

help

form

together

words

another one

b. Verb

consisting

1.

The

bird

2.

The

dew

3.

The

stars

4.

Flowers

of

one

sings.

fell fast. shone. in

grow

Verb

"

word

dog

The The

two

bird

is singing.

The

dew

was

The

stars

falling fast.

were

Flowers

the

words

are

shining.

in

growing

th

garden.

15."

Pick

thinks

in

the verbs

out

basket.

a

carried

soldier

The

his

of

dog

The

following

the

was

sentences.

a

carrying

basket.

is thinking

soldier

of

h

home.

home. The

of

The

garden.

Exercise

consisting

build

masons

a

The

wall.

masons

are

building

wall. Tom

The

studied fishermen

his

lesson. ate

their

Tom

was

The

fishermen

dinner. The

their

lecturer

spoke

of

his

his

adventures. The

girls

expect

their

aunt.

The

were

lesson

eating

dinner.

lecturer

The

his

studying

was

speaking

adventures. girls

aunt.

are

expecting

thei

VERBS

These

13.

,

are

1

of the

some

of the

parts

have:

verb

have

had.

16.

Exercise

In

a.

"

following

the

sentences

t

out

pick

bs. The

1.

The

girls

have

n

9.

pony.

6.

Fill

1.

Each

Each

The

4.

large men

Little

Johnny

scholar

has

had

nine

farmer

6.

windows. have

Many

many

had

parts

with five

hand

Each

the

of

fingers.

had Frank

pig.

have*

verb

2.

pen.

horses.

8.

little

a

a

wife

minds.

Pringle

blanks

following

the

2.

rattle.

have

7.

sacks.

a

necklaces.

houses

Those

a

has

baby

The

farmers

....

too

much 4.

days.

rty

g

a

....

9.

a

....

14.

The

another Verb

is often

have

verb

The

consisting

farmer

The

masters

books

The

bushy

pretty

tail.

like the

used

of

one

his

sold

Verb

word

their

to

spoke

The

pigs.

be in help ing

verb

consisting

farmer

The

traveler

15.

The

Verb

consisting

verb

merchant

his

lost

have

of

one

was

way.

The

is used

with

in

London.

The

two

words

his

sold have

pigs.

spoken

men.

traveler

the Verb

word

of

has

masters

their

men.

The

food

poor

....

The

verb.

The

The

men

5.

gun.

....

dog

The

little

a

8.

September ....

....

6.

frock.

new

3.

year.

man

army.

a

....

rs.

little

The

great

Mary

last

rain

lost his

had

verb consisting

way.

be.

of

two

words

has

merchant

been

London. The

servants

field.

were

in

the

The

servants

field.

have

been

in

th

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

17.

Exercise

1.

)

The

Pick

"

in

the verbs

out

did

soldier

GRAMMAR

his

following

the

has

The

soldier

The

tailor

The

dogs

have

The

lady

had

sentences.

done

his

duty.

duty. The

2.

tailor

the

altered

has

the

altered

coat

coat.

3.

dogs

The

a

chased

fox.

a

chased

fox.

4.

lady

The

her

saw

her

seen

uncle.

uncle.

5.

The

stranger

The

lost

sailors

their

The

7.

My

walked

lost

have

sailors

thei

ship.

ship.

)

had

stranger

Boston.

Boston.

to

6*

The

walked

father

in

was

My

father

Our

cousins

The

horse

been

has

in

Paris.

Paris.

8.

Our

cousins

9.

The

horse

10.

The

girls

11.

The

river

12.

The

baby

here.

were

in

was

the

The

girls

full. The

river

The

baby

ill.

were

is very

in

was

the

helping

"The

1.

king

The at

buying

18.

Pick

horse

The

y

ut

has you.

"

has

wind his

corn.

had

been

been

in

th

has

been

ill.

been

very

full

been

had

in

th

been

3. been

The

are

sometimes

"Mary

as,

has

been

read ing; "The

hay;"

the

cutting

use

sheep."

the verbs

out

screaming.

7.

had

be

verb

verb;

have

been

Exercise

the

and

another

mowers

had

cher

have

verb

in

ether

been

cradle.

cradle.

The

had

here.

stable.

stable.

16.

been

have

in

blowing. The

boys

2.

have

standing 6.

mole-catchers

the

Your

following

The

been

under father

have

sentences.

farmer

has

playing

marbles.

hedge.

a

has

been

been setting

been

5.

The

talking

traps.

The

had

men

has

lor

been

been

been

the

on working his friends.

visiting

10.

The

The

9.

railway.

men

young

swimming.

The

17.

ked

by

e

poor

be is often

verb

is done

l what

to

some

"The

fellow's by

praised

in helping

used

thing;

or

person

horse;"

a

was

glass

cracked

broken;"

is

arm

"The

as,

was

groom a

with

"The

t

verb

another

stone;"

scholars

good

teacher."

their

*

In

these,

h

the

e

houses

The

in

as

have

been

have

be

may

been

had

officer

used

caught;"

been

blamed;"

day."

for the

closed

has

thief

"The

sold;"

have

verb

"The

thus,

been

the

cases,

other

be;

verb

schools

"

19.

Exercise

a.

1.

ter

was

The

girl was baby. the

by

spilled

7.

The

brought

6.

lion a

was

the

5.

were

The

by

th

The

in

yester

carpenter.

9.

pictures

2.

caught

the

master.

Those

shot

wasp.

by

sawed

sentences.

gardener.

foxes

Two

10.

following

the

by

by

William.

the

The

were

blamed

are

by

3.

stung

boards

brothers

by

watered Tom.

by

in

the verbs

out

is

written

4.

My

Pick

"

lawn

The

ters.

The

were

books painted

Turner.

6.

11.

The

been

by the gardener. watered bear letter The has been by 13. Tom. written killed. been 14. Five have boys the stung of 15.

has

been

William.

ses

had

been

lawn

The

bees.

ef

e

1

VERBS

The

has

trees

forgiven.

18. been pitched

The

been

been

had

The

17. fire

had day

shod

the

by

Tompkins.

down.

blown

books been

before.

have put

20.

been out.

Three

16.

The

brought

19.

The

games

LONGMANS'

The

18.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

same

thought

20."

Change

may

be

often

in two

stated

ways;

us,

Exercise

in

statement

of

the

ing follow

sentences.

3.

hay.

has

The

have

rdeners their

en

6.

the

the

America

19.

rbs.

boat

14. was

prepared

by

the

Verbs

13.

Silk

th tossed

cow

brother.

10.

The

worried

The

his

to

trees.

used

are

by 18.

9.

The

The

horses

have

and

waves-

12.

Light

Honey

From

the

Latin

16.

17.

is made

verbs

auxiliaries one

by

sold

Columbus.

other

been

have

doctor.

the

as

the

are

cloth

by

that

by pavements

in helping

regarded 1

The

discovered

tiger.

Remember

verb

ball

broken

was

sun.

rain.

was

the

7.

4.

wall.

dog

malt.

are

corn.

by

given

a

given

pruned

The

11.

has

Edgar

the

mowers

a

The

5.

girl.

eaten

The

built

have

little

has

2.

window.

masons

the

rat

8.

dog.

the

The

scratched

6.

t.

lled

broke

John

1.

a.

tting

.

form

the

Four

bees.

are

called with

verb.

auxilium,

aid

or

merchants. The

sheep

by

together

washed

help.

cine mediwere

auxiliary1 the

prin cipa

VERBS

Shall, should,

20.

"I1

rbs;

as,

turn

next

ould

stay

the

as

"The

"We come

will

other x

shal

"

soon;"

flowers

would

wither

auxiliary

verbs

2

With

be

these,

as

horse

Be

have

and

I shall

We

the

at

sold

as

thus,

used;

verbs

to-morrow.

be

will

(either

be

also

auxiliary

be working

I shall

have

and

may

verbs)

have

and

The

postman

if it rained;"

home

principal

Be

"The

week;"

sun."

21.

in helping

will, and would are used father to-morrow;" see my

shall

at

1

as

in

be

York.

New late.

be

should

verbs

principal

fair. We

shall

have

left London

girl

will

have

The

doll

by

Exercise

3.

ok.

5.

ve.

I

ve

17.

pes.

ould

be

ppy

then.

1

ey

/ and are

*

See

been

with

her

daughter.

glad

we

16.

prize.

This

We

14.

The

20.

We

be

shall

of the

same

verbs. p. 317,

6.

would

break.

The

19.

Note

3.

mother

would

late.

wiU

She

b

Fred

15.

skipping-

18.

cherries.

days

kind

9.

some

some

there.

lord land-

children

have

will

rise

The

The

been

have

tha

finish

parcel.

12.

prize

sentences.

will

the

Paris.

fine

have

a

should

have

will

other and words like nouns with used "Notes for Teachers,"

"

then.

read

sun

week.

13.

girls

have

shall

The

bring

to

would

We

mowers

should

gardener if you

2.

glass

have

early. a.

Th.e

treat

a

following

the

4.

The

will 10.

would

next

shall

been

have

all

book..

this

been

7.

messenger

boy

in

apple.

French

farms.

The

We

begin

have

letter.

a

the

eat

shall

The

the verbs

out

write

should

two

11..

have

will

sell

like

ll

Pick

shall

8.

nset.

6.

21.

We

will

uld

time.

Betty

1.

a.

her

found

that

"

tonight.We

would

b

now.

be

dealt

with

late

It often

22.

us,

that

do not

words

when

a

follow

one

verb

of two

consists

immediately.

another

'

Sentence

The

bird

is not

The

dew

was

The

soldier

Verb

singing.

falling.

already is

is

falling,

was

thinking

sadly

singing,

of

his

is thinking.

his

has

home. fisherman

The

lately

has

broken

broken.

leg.

The

boys

The

have

The

horses

22.1

We

6.

The

by The

ightly

ying

ncing.

Her

were

will

just

21.

heard

lessons.

their 25.

1

15.

See

wind

raging.

17.

The

"Notes

The

not

The. the 24.

servant

prisoner

be

late

been

captain

was

news.

The

would

for Teachers,"

23. sailors

not

The

is greatly

treated.

certainly Note

sun

lose

22.

was

22.

stolen.

been

work

sighing.

The

pupils

have

p. 323,

The

cruelly 20.

was

from

much

softly

The

were

back.

story

14.

was

punished. boots

The

11.

The

quickly

coming

singing.

The

18.

shining.' only

merrily

7.

very

be

soon

of

written

often

has

The

4.

indoors.

here.

has

friend

has

more

no

firing.

rider

will

sentences.

is

name

John

The

from

seen

Our

playing

8.

jolly Jack

men.

truant

5.

sought.

following

sullenly

then

injured.

is fiercely

his

2.

again.

finished.

storm

again. was

been

had

sought.

in the

were

birds

The

nearly

ve

come

12.

13.

ved

returned, been playing.

have

the verbs

foe

clearly

believed.

The

The

Every

is

sea

out

girls

9.

been

meet

seriously

turned.

.

3.

The

was

me.

Pick

certainly

us.

have been

morning

vain

soon

there.

ter

in

"

shall

will

this

had

Exercise

1.

just returned.

foot-ball.

playing

.

have

merchants

ard

.

happens

the

words

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

are

now

joyousl her

place

INFINITIVES

We

shall

dly

ever

the

with

ased The

often

29. lately

has

When

28.

news/

weather

23.

here.

called

a

Wednesday.

on

sail

probably

1

The

been

the

Have

1.

Is

23.

the

ging

3.

the

rned

have

the

ship

Will

those

7.

hat?

be

wrecked?

the

servant

the

Was

the

thie

the

gir

broken?

been

Has

hear?

to-day?

cut

window 12.

been

men

Have

9.

the

14.

baker

the

the

be

roses

his

Has

friends

the

milked.

Has

Have

4.

boiling?

10.

2.

trees?

sold?

pigs

water

Should

15.

the

lost

the

been

the verbs.

Shall

poetry?

13.

k?

milked?

the 5.

Is

their

Would

is doing.

gentleman

8.

ght?

lessons?

out

Were

found.

has

pruning

potatoes?

Had

ed?

Pick

"

gardener

here?

n

been

cows

Exercise

knife?

his

doing

the

verb

Verb

his

found

William

Is

a

Thus,

separated.

John

home.

go

forming

words

Question

Has

much

very

long

ere

will

ha

wet.

is asked,

question

was

mother

lad

The

Brown

27.

been

crew

Did

do

the

to-day?

call

Infinitives 24.

In

the

paid

at

once,"

not

show

bal 1 2

action

doing are

expressions again

From

the

infinitive.

in,

is not in

or

or

assert

They

They

express

asserting

infinitives.2

called

are

paid

anything.

paid. or

wished

to be

and

skate

stating

without

"They

skate"

was

anyone

not,

meaning

limited, a

to

tell

not

to

In

it.

each

Such

of

th

8.

paragraph Latin

action

do

skated or

like

expressions

they

anyone

say

Head

esses

the

for

verbs,1

"I

sentences,

general

as

verbs

way.

and

finitum,

are,

to

bounded

definite

or

assertion,

limited

but

llowing

by

expressed

is only

there

sentences

the

by

not

verb,

one

infinitive.

the

Verb

The

is going

to

play

teacher

intends

to

give

hoped

to

meet

seemed

to

be

The

All the

25.

by

boy

her

child

infinitives But

to.

in the

Edward

he

will

The

lady

Exercise

24.

ollowing

is

The

The

8.

Robert

ped

to

receive

to

14.

speak? the

eard

dog

ill at

Thus,

to.

once.

door.

the

open

the

out

Tom

bark. the

The

verbs

infinitives in

the

and

to

thunder

The

a

prize.

The

horse

13.

try.

Professor

15.

18.

his The roar.

horse.

3.

is

going

t

walk

10.

The

to

wanted Did the

people

20.

the

see

felt

The

the

sick

th

studied(to

please

12.

out.

ask

nest.

house

to

17.

Mr.

see

Jack

shake.

bade

Several

Jones

Evans

Mr.

pleased

man

cut

had

invited girls

sower

Mary

chairman

Johnson

cousin

get

A

to

9.

home.

letter

a

6.

begun

hi

told

write

way.

knight

man hunts-

The

father

to

have

to

the

The

that

mowers

Were

2.

return.

return

intends

let

to

clerk

7.

museum.

16.

the

catch

sow.

to

wished

is

some

and

home.

go

boy

meant

11.

king.

b.

by

preced

tree.

the

come

promised

4.

traveler

y.

isit

dog

the

Pick

listen.

forth

oys

bade

to

nt

e

are

given

let, dare,

preceded

climb

soldier

mother

trying

to

s

just

sentences.

1.

a..

me

the

let the

"

sister.

Infinitive

made

colonel

his

hear,

is rarely

helped

teacher

lesson.

a

sentences

Verb

The

tune.

a

lost.

see,

make,

after

infinitive

the

verbs,

Infinitive

Annie

The

that

and

assertion,

them

t

them?

made 19.

send

INFINITIVES

doctor.

a

His

father

his

being,

doing

may

a

is

be

l

(2) Say

to

the

thing.

or

person

assertion

Exercises

(See

1

a

Exercise

(Se

thing.

or

person

19.)

(See

that

a

25.

In

"

12,

II,

paragraphs

things

or

person

a

about

something

person

17.) (See

exists.

paragraph

note.)

the

following

sentences

pick

the verb

out

infinitives.

the

4.

rps.

The

The

tailor

lion

tree

bloom

fellow

Annie

10.

21. to

her 1

The

8.

writes.

The

The 6.

cuts.

The

11.

moans.

sea

13.

waves.

See

in spring. James.

struck

arrived

land.

5.

3.

gallops. knife

The

pigs

feed.

The

rive

butterfly

The

bir

rests.

roars.

Violets

That

teacher

sews.

The

12.

The

The

horse

The

ticks.

clock

7.

mews.

2.

barks.

dog

The

ran

doin*

of

makes-

does.

thing

and

say

11,

15.

a

about

walk?

tells

that

word

to

%done 17

thing.

1.

to

against

may

(1) Help

Exercise

it

stand

13.)

What

verb

or

or

person

paragraph The

try

knight

the

us

No

say

and

(2)

the

to

baby

river

23.

promise.

helped

the

wild

watched

whether

is always

What

(1)

let

that,

something

the

horse

you

the

across

king

The

The

seen

verb

says

of

b

Will

have the

or

25.

enemy.

We

keep

24.

dog.

26.

leap

dared

Richard

this

current.

26.

Nobody

made

fear

need

ack

l

21.

The father. "Notes

Rome.

from miller

23.

ground Horses

for Teachers,"

16.

The

Mary

18. 20. the

burns

brightly.

rang

the

William corn.

draw

p.

gas

317,

the Note

bell

conquered 22.

plow. 4.

The

littl

LONGMANS'

is

Ash

24.

althful.

untains

30.

ad-makers. was

33.

sh

the

There

.

37.

d

are

is

43.

The

.

mower

50.

hook.

54.

That

arly

has

.

just

lls

were

merrily

Have

65.

ople

arning return

61.

the

Fred

told

were

going

to

play at

his to

the

once.

.

This

lesson

t

meet

his

has

father.

The

corn

was

That

fish by

to

be The

51.

has

quickly

Bob

th

The

caught

with

Ellen.

was

60.

to a

The

by

The

lady

fallen.

reading.

was

57.

almost Nelly

The

setting. had

often

62.

gone.

heard

was

the

The news?

home?

sent

69.

is

55.

Has

morning.

England

home.

called

The

scattered

ground

newly

63.

44.

this

48.

snake.

moon

week

brother

72.

a

had

violin.

forty

had

being

admired.

much

hear

hoofs.

tree.

a

gathered

Snow

been

ha

woman

farmer

beaten

52.

ringing.

goods

present.

cloven

were

been

were

The

The

under

The

always

nearly

horse.

the

by

58.

risen.

is

Amelia

iven

.

56.

stunned.

was

people

The

was

mice.

is

carving

old.

There

have

roses

have

flowers

The

53.

The

*

49.

by

good

31.

sons.

The

bitten

eaten

41.

carpet

cows

very

38.

Cows

sitting

45.

The

were

eeses

three

William.

by

nquered

ller.

had

was

was

34.

net.

39.

dinner.

The

a

twenty

new

a

was

46.

wind.

were

hill.

his

burning.

Cambrian

boat.

garden. were

son.

man

old

in

church

the

the

her

king

The

was

the

There

has

having

The

use

35. on

from

The

in

fisherman

42.

gs.

32.

The

Romans

are

sailors

Walking

26.

28.

The

29.

cat

sheep

letter

Jack

a

table.

The

a

.

is

There

on

The

fresh.

quite

hard.

refreshing.

Wales.

in

are

tter

is

Sleep

is

Oak

25.

tough.

27.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

keep

lecture. 68.

The

Ethel

67.

66.

wants

learned.

71.

The

let the

tol

was

to

girl

find boy go

The

been

has

messenger

hunter

mother

knife.

the

fox

a

dared home.

VERBS

73.

the unicorn and fighting for the

Were

lion

The

All

74.

Jack

75.

Words

Three

wise

Went

to

If the

bowl

a

story

of

may

Gotham

been

stronger

have

would

Both

water.

bowl;

a

had

As

Nouns

be

both

been

longer.

and

As

nouns

Verbs

and

is in any

words

hill

the

up

of

in

town.

the

pail

men

crown;

unicorn

about

sea

of these

one

the

Jill went

fetch

words

what

round

To

Used

Some

27.

beat

and

My

ide

a

lion

The

2

given

To

verbs. case

consider

it is used.

(1) If it is the (2) If it

says

name

it is

of anything or

about

something

to

a

any

noun. or

person

thing

verb.

Exercise

lics is

a

26. noun

There

1.

talk

ple

is

s a

Say

"

or

worse

pleasant

verb,

and talk

some

was

too

a

whether

3.

much.

than ride.

their

7.

each the

give

bite. The

the

bite.

5.

girls

words

i

printed

reason.

businesse

the

about Dogs

of

Dogs ride

4.

The bark. well.

2.

bark

6.

8.

of

Some some

The

gir

The

walk

very

.

irons

A

14.

Good

.

the

Wills

Mr.

y.

boys

a

ucked

a

search

of

27.

Put

each a

as

in

noun

like

Harry

Tom

24.

exercises.

The

high

scale

the

The

22.

early.

cli

scale.

into

words

firstsentence

the

work.

20.

horses.

in

Bird

18.

following

the

of

We

They

butter

the

15,

The

irons

13.

nouns.

the

25.

exercises.

fire.

rose

set

in

put

the

whip

Tom

teacher

was

are

drivers 21.

The

Put

it

Names

17. Cruel

26.

"

using

ntences,

window.

of

eggs.

Exercise

the

whip.

set

in

10.

slowly.

sailor

on

23.

worked

pil

The irons

new

rose.

walk

many

19.

a

11.

hard.

work

men

too

is

nouns.

has

iver

Old

shirt.

has

fly

the

es

9.

enjoyable.

undress

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

as

and

tw

a

ve

the second. Harm.

Right. Run.

nch.

Salt.

Blind.

Milk.

Crowd.

.Love. Call. Guide.

eep.

Report.

d.

Part.

Act.

rk.

Place.

nce.

Fire.

A

Dream.

Stroke.

Hate.

Guard.

Change.

Sail.

29.

The

(1)

The

Mary,

name

Welcome.

Pain.

Blame.

Praise

Predicate

of

statement

the

Prey.

Spy

thought

of

whom

in words.

of two

consists

writes" person

a

we

are

parts:

speaking

and What

(2) 30.

Every

The

part

lled

of

Murder. Hope.

Butter.

Paper.

"Mary

Sup. Fear.

Wish.

and

is the

sentence

Look.

Lean.

Watch.

sentence

Drink.

Doubt.

Subject 28.

Cover.

Hit

Beat.

Hurt.

Ruin.

Cheat.

rdon.

Shoe.

Retreat.

Plant.

Steep.

Judge.

Tread.

one.

Steel.

the

What

ubject

we

say

Mary

about

sentence,

denoting

however the

person

writes.

"

long,

has

or

thing

two

such

spoken

parts.

about

subject. we

say

is called

about the

the

predicate.

person

or

thing

denoted

by

th

AND

SUBJECT

As

31. can

the

must

of

ore

the

the John

the

is the

verb? is

predicate

Who

runs?

the

Fire

burns.

Which

ask,

the

Exercise

28.

of

"

verb. a

sentence,

the

whole

of

be

wa al or

"What?

or

Thus,

subject.

Runs.

runs.

is John.

subject "

a.

is

Pick

the sentences

fire. thus

out

given

William

the

in Exercise

Sentence

fly.

bleat. is reading.

th

subjects and 10. Predicate

Svbject

simgs.

Henry

there

Fire.

"

Therefore

Sheep

usually

"Who?" the

many

"

burns?

Birds

will

will be

In

Burns. verb? is burns.

predicate

dicates

Then

subject

is the

What

the

subject

that

it follows

but

besides

verb;

thing,

predicate.

alone;

the

of which

John,

"

Therefore

The

in the

verb

answer

or

means

runs.

Which The

the

by

person

verb

find

to

predicate.

verb;

a

a*

2

of speech

predicate

wish

you

first for

look

t

in the

When

32.

a

is

predicate

words

other

be

always

the

tences

part

about

something

say

there

t

is the

verb

PREDICATE

William

sings.

Birds

fly.

Sheep

bleat.

Henry

reading. _is

6.

Treat

1.

Rain

ning.

ching.

similarly is 4.

killed.

The

letters

Cattle

School

following 2.

falling.

6. 8.

the

Rain

have are

is closed.

sentences. has

been

fallen. posted.

grazing.

9.

Traps

7. were

3.

Stars

5.

The

Soldiers set.

ar

lion were

.

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

29.

Exercise

1.

2.

Mew.

7.

Fly.

8.

Crow.

Additional

Exercise

subjects before the following

Was Is

11.

predicates: 30.

Pick

"

given

sentences

3.

Chatter.

bleating.

Are

the

Place

"

loves broke

John

the

A

Exercise

thus

out

window.

watered

The

Notice

that

coming.

a

14,

13,

19,

1

From

20.

and

Predicate

loves

John

broke

lawn

The

is

his

sister,

the

window,

by

watered

th

makes

a

or

statement

The

assertion "John

sentence

statement.

"Is

John

a

difference

following

the 'predicate

subjects and

sentence.

therefore,

the

digging.

gardener.

sentence

called,

Hum.

5.

been

Arthur

by

declarative makes

34.

the

Is

pred icat

12.

the

in Exercises

sister.

sentence

a

ming,"

is

12.

Ran.

Has

gardener.

33.

lled

his

is

9.

falling.

"

4.

Subject

the

lawn

The

Grunt.

writing.

Sentence

Arthur

GRAMMAR

coming?" or

questioning

between

the

two

asks

Latin

inter,

and

rogare,

question.

interrogative1

sentences

pairs.

the

a

to

ask.

senten

in

eac

SUBJECT

Exercise

31.

larative

I.

un.

Monkeys

7.

ght.

b.

Turn

6.

crow.

Fishes

8.

ing. follow

the

has

School

3.

come.

Cocks

5.

th

sentences

6, and

28,

has

Uncle

grows.

Richard

interrogative

"

Exercise

in

climb.

Charlie

10.

ng.

2.

woke.

4:

into

given

2

PREDICATE

Turn

a.

"

sentences

Baby

AND

The

9.

swim.

cats

Adders

came.

the

following

Harry

sliding?

interrogative

tive declara-

into

sentences

sentences.

II.

Is

Brown

.

16.

Did

.

In

errogative

find

sentence,

called?

father

Should

19.

to

order

aunt

fall?

snow

hear?

Jane

35.

Did

Has

Will

14.

send?

aking?

12.

turn

it into

the

and

day

neigh?

an

of

predicate

declarative

a

Is

learn?

scholars

subject

Did

horses

Do

17.

the

15.

wait?

13.

sentence;

us,

e

Question Statement Verb

Subject

32.

sentences

in

4.

Has

Shall

6,

31,

2.

be

I

9.

Did

Is

Had

5.

Robinson

h

Was begun?

night

8.

returning?

mother

Mr.

Will

3.

hear?

you

pleased?

7.

come?

knitting?

ank

Fred.

"

the predicates subjects and the following. and

the

out

attending?

spring

san

Was

10.

sing?

Has

started?

In

36.

telling

ten

mention

o

come."

t

Pick

"

Exercise

you

eeping?

is expected?

Who

Fred.

"

Are

is expected.

expected.

Exercise

1.

expected?

Fred

"

is

"

Fred

Is

"

the

you

his

We

or

a

asking we

name;

is left out,

say,

"You

mean, or

to

person

for come,"

understood.

do

a

thing,

instance, "Do

do

we

"Come," you

come,"

no

o

in

Sometimes is thou

rd

A

or

the

imperative

an

a

command

or

We

the

a

sentence.

of

English

old

understood

ye.

*

imperative

edicate

in

and

poetry

expressing

sentence

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

state

request

is calle

subject

and

sentence

thus,

to

show

that

it is understood.

subjects

and

the

th

Sentence

Come.

You

33.

Exercise

1.

Go.

Halt'

at

an

is

us,

th

in

the

really

e sentences From

tall

a

"

found the

thou

likewise.

we or

an

"How

up!"

quickly.

really an

make

tion. exclama-

or

emphasis

senten

exclamatory or

imperative.

this

red

is imperative;

Exclamatory

is!

rose

and

"Are

sentences

mark.

Write

out

in Exercises

Latin

imperare

the

the

subjects and 23,

25,

and

(p.p. imperatus),

predicates

26.

to

D

blessing.

feeling

But

sentence

is interrogative.

34.

8.

interrogative

or

Hurry

ready.

is!"

he

strong

sentence.

"

Be

statement,

with

exclamatory

Run

every

of

man

emphatic

declarative

exclamation

Exercise

1

exclamatory fact

t

of

4.

Do

10.

Fount

thou

an

7.

waters.

uttered

declarative;

crazy!" an

it is

sentence

me.

this.

the

What

say,

Obey

Remember

Come

12.

but

A

3.

to

ye

"

statement,

called

once.

we

predicates

sentences.

6.

all.

If

the

Listen.

Come

Come

37.

State

"

2.

9.

lp.

brackets

imperative

llowing

.

in

is put

command.

en

PERSONAL

PRONOUNS

PERSONAL It would

38.

n

for instance,

e

the

book

his

better

to

say

whten

he

again

sound

Edward

Edward

the

gave

I

Edward."

"Edward

bought her,

it to

gave

again

not

book;.

a

thanked

sister

and

It would

when

sister; the

sister;

noun

bought

Edward

say

sister,

much

sound it to gave

a

thing.

or

Edward's

to

uld

"

to

Edward's

to

to repeat

person

of any

l,

k

PRONOUNS

be tiresome

speaking

27

book;

a

thanked

she

.'9

f

Similarly, Instead

has

Maggie

We

of saying has

Maggie

Maggie's

learned

say

learned

son les

her

lesson. John horse

horse;

the

saw

in

was

John

the

in

horse's

the

horse;

the

saw

it

was

its stable.

stable. Mrs.

Evans

The

in

the

the

saw

the

garden;

had

father the

They

were

children

Evans

Mrs.

dren. chil-

children.

the

garden;

had

father

them

promised

in

were

their

children's

the

saw

promised

fireworks.

some

some

children

fireworks.

Exercise nouns,

s

Pick

"

for

say

and

the

out

words

noun

what

are

which

instead

used

is used.

each

*

1.

Jack

4.

them.

may

a

new

their that

said was

Smith

his, play

the

while

when

Jenny they

was

said

their

have

theirs, that done

2.

"it

but was

their

Ethel

dogs

Those he

when,

boys

with

playground

3.

park.

the

it.

at

master

to

spoke

pony

the

their

obey

looks

often

in

him

met

they

Mr.

from

he

watch;

she

trained;

well

ildren it at

has Tom;

seen

turning

ds

35.

as

speaks

they

bats.

were

5.

Edward hers.* work.

The

sai

6.

The

7.

The

LONGMANS'.

has

vant

The

did

reapers

it

t

badly

was

found

1.

36.

lost

that three

ther

in

stories

because

where

possible

let

has

the

the

broken.

9.

6.

is

th

th

ready fell

jug

the

Freeman's

Mr.

in

play

bed

When

James

James's.

are

children

8.

children.

home

watchmaker

pencils

children's

doll

Francis.

spring.

mother's

the

when

the

new

boys

gone

wanted

watch; a

The Jane's

has

father

hand;

2.

dressed

Francis

the

James's

was

nouns

th

brother

Freeman.

Wells

If Mr.

39,

that

Mr.

and

Mr.

lls's

for

hope

for

is looking

Brown

Wells Brown's

and

overcoat,

my

that

we

soon

shall

will

He

things."

he

would

overcoat

an

Mr.

umbrella;

Brown

Mr.

and

Wells's

Brown's

Mr.

Brown

Mr.

to speaking is looking for Mr. were

Wells

"Mr.

say,

pes

soon.

complained

slate.

Francis's

needed

the

call

handle Mr.

.

watch

time;

a

Jane 4.

that

will

will

g's

t

the

for

3.

mended

mother

rden

the

for the

now.

heard

pencils

The

it

with

they

read

William's

ball.

watchmaker

und

Fred

words

broken

pretty

Francis

The

back

dinner;

their

9.

other

boy's

looks

cause

ke

Put has

the

doll

like

not

be

will

she

cooked.

"

William

ve

bread;

interesting.

them

Exercise

s

for

gone

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

would

you

are

looking

find

our

things."

for

find

soon

say

Wells

"I

am

Mr.

ing look

your

umbrella;

would

say

Similarly, Instead

of

is

There

to

now

Mr.

l

Wells

is mine;

There

it

hand

Brown

it to

will

you

hand

me?

Wells?

Mr.

is

here

And

Wells's;

Mr.

wilLMr.

Mr.

saying

let

Brown 1

See

Brown's;

Mr.

Wells

Mr.

here

And

and

us

is

yours;

go.

go. "Notes

for Teachers,"

p.

323,

Note

23.

now

l

PERSONAL

The

40.

person

I, my,

s

we,

says

Instead

of the

says

you,

merly,

the

1.

I

3.

day?

ask

We

m

to

Tom

lives

Ours

begin

ou

ewise

17.

In

41. "

t

Why is thine.

of James,

We

Similarly,

instead

use

we

self, thyself,ourselves, Exercise

.

38.

Pick

"

dog of

shall

a

will

y

before

th

there.

dog,

do

we

"The

hurt

no

dog

himself;

itself." or

names

the words

ye

Mary;"

yourself, yourselves, out

pony.

David,

die

"James

hurt

a

ones,

the

hurt

a

unto

thee

or

mine.

lette

begin?

repent,

saw

Mary,

instead

"The

herself;

I

is

holidays

simple

18.

my me

us

send

thou

"Mary

say "

hurt

ye

shouldst

James;"

dog."

the

ry

hurt

long,

like

I

had

said

ye

brother

apple

your

Nathan

Except

How

book

do

names

gave

We

to

going

13.

4.

The

8.

the

your

mother

6.

When

14.

speaking

James

is

aunt

week.

16.

The

the

to.

seen

My

soon.

11.

15.

simplicity?

sa

thine,

of

town.

the

ball.

parents

man."

instead

you

5. a

you

us.

perish.

e?

yours?

next

the

art

like

Our

near

in

sister

9.

uncle.

used to

thy,

spoken

Have

2.

my

our

used

the persons

of

give

see

shall

also

sometimes

thou,

now)

the words

school.

you

yours

our

e

to

do

say

out or

I. met

book;

;

Pick

going

used

is speaking,

to.

speaking

am

others,

and

was

ye

speaking

sometimes

37.^

the persons

Formerly

person

spoken

Exercise

bu

name,

he

to whom

person

yours.

the

person

own

of himself

speaking

of the

name

people

his

use

not

us.

your,

too,

s certain

When

ours,

our,

does

speaking me.

mine,

2

PRONOUNS

the

nouns

themselves.1 instead

used

words

of

names

.

1.

ght

The

boy

herself 1

See

got a

new

"Notes

himself dress. for

ready

3.

Teachers,"

for The p.

2.

school.

children 317,

Note

made 5.

The

gi them-

LONGMANS'

late.

lves

6.

treat.

did

ate

in

The

best

yourself.

are

words

called

onouns,

10.

A

we

have

we

8.

the

You

been

7.

glass. dressed

loves

The

selves them-

have

more

himself.

in these

out

There

myself

gave

should

picking

pronouns.

learn

I

ladies

person

selfish

shall

in

The

9.

clothes.

personal

which

itself

saw

itself.

break

5.

ourselves.

enjoyed monkey

their

The

42.

We

not

in

ith

are

other

exercise

kinds

later.

about

Learn A

43.

l

is

pronoun

Exercise

39.

a

Pick

"

word

instead

used

a

of

noun.2

the pronouns.

out i

1.

Mr.

ur

Trask

him

d

set

The

ve

a

us

some

lp

We

9.

urself?

himself.

wing. My

13.

The

Mary

son,

15.

Could

I

a

We

are

Latin

2

See

pro,

"Notes

thou

it whole

eyes

and

called lamb,

meaning

her

break

make

for

in

dinner

consent

should

your

child,

Little 1

doll you

Till

thee,

has

she

their

he

that

nose

and

thou

by

a

his

God

for,

Teachers,"

by

crying

red?

lamb, name;

bless instead p.

thee.

of. 317,

Note

6.

Philip

could

no

finished

he

the not.

head,

are

warmed

10.

little lady,

my

Your

16.

had

entice

Suppose;

that

parents

you

bleed?

not

apron.

Our

6.

said

says

children

if sinners

we

Henry

11.

12.

late.

do

us,

prick

spelling

her

Have

8.

ourselves.

so

our

mended

knee.

its

from

birthday,

heard

has

Ellen

grazed

deceive

has

teacher

4.

and

If you

about being

The

letter

a

you

Griffith's

was

algebra. fell

7.

us.

3.

brought

he

and

Yesterday

present.

horse

lked

called 2.

cousin.

nt

.

4.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

garden.

PRONOUNS

PERSONAL

17.

i

"I

"That

In

so

And

got

Tom

Though

If you

You

all do

The

first

'Twas

tears,

a

day

Kind

souls,

Our

Caesar's

this

Exercise

to

weep

what, vesture

40-

harm.

them

in

.

now.

his

tent,

you

but

Nervii. when

Look

wounded?

Put

"

fear

not

warm;

and

it on;

put

you,

as

marr'd,

work;

happy

I remember

the

overcame

to

was

shed

evening

is himself,

Here

Tom

mantle;

summer's

dark

the

brushes

need

Caesar

ever

he

That

they

prepare

know

in

our

cold,

duty

hay."

the

rose

and

was

their

time

on

bags

morning

have

we

summer

sit all

upon

nest

and

our

the

if all do

So

your

day,

one

wouldn't

awoke

with

her

to

you

Dorking,"

Aunt

old

began

He

And

my

wish,

3

see,

you

here,

ye

traitors.

with

instead

pronouns

behold

nouns

of

where

sible. 1.

a.

The

lady's

might

thief

the

behind

hill the

the

the

at

general

but

ranks,

after

hed 6.

t

10. now.

1

Alfred

7.

the

hill, the

the

enemies.

Alfred 11.

x

met

Alfred

is speaking

When

of

8.

Harold's the men

men

forgot

Alfred's and

to Edward

the

in all the

will sentences

hi

th to

not

placed Harold

see

the

enemies

command

with

th

quit

men's

Harold's

Edward

thief

9.

men.

mother

The

general

should saw

4.

got

The

general's men

that

mounted

Normans

the

the

The

gentleman

halted.

head

when

The

o

watch

dinner. 5.

lady

The

men

poor

a

called.

6.

the

the

men

poor

Normans

that

commanded

down

the

left

had

invited

Jones

tree.

a

lady

coachman

horse.

tleman's

ing

Mr.

give

heard

chman

of

3.

2.

finger.

man's

the

watch;

table.

Jones

the

cut

lady's

the

sed

man

and

Edward's Alfred's

of this group.

and

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

d

long

Edward's

ter

hit

Alfred

rt

Edward

llowing

The

"

"be":

following

are

am,

be, art,

wilt "

the

of

ts

"

I

in

Edward

Did

17.

more

the

and

be

in

verbs

t

I

town

the

Jiadst, wilt

have

(see

in

poetry

parts

given in

and

in

I shall

time

be

should

there

are

rarely

the

man.

If

4.

ready.

Whence

5.

also.

use

in prayers.

wast

be

These

"

God

Thou

more

13).

par.

addressing

2.

ghost.

some

are

be

of

10) of t

par.

following

The

wert.

four

here

(see

parts

"

father's

thy

book?

foolish

6.

but

thou

I

11.

Thou

olding,

and

thou

am

from

thou

hadst

wast

for

10.

I

have

wilt

had

a

letter

a

12.

I

Thou I

9.

thee.

then.

young

7.

London.

sorry

late.

be

wilt

it

had

I

8.

fellow.

-day.

a

shall

from

home

have

shall

prize.

ADJECTIVES In

44.

nd

or

sort

1.

42. or

The

the

old

eeze.

good

man

Tom

is

out

the

words

his

head

Edwin

4. loves

7.

garden. The

struck has

walk.

8.

John

a

boy,"

good

shows

which

show

the

good

th

kind

thing.

2.

Little

Pick

a.

"

tall

long

a

sentence

of boy.

Exercise person

"

the

rriage.

e

some

last

except

wilt

the

rly,

r

grammar?

"

ou

f

pronouns

hast,

:

the

and

am

If thou

rt

"

English,

modern

1.

the

toast,

"

have

verb

have

of

ts

very

sentences.

Note.

rb

is

knife

fell?

out

"

tire

very

Edward's bat.

Alfred's

Edward

Pick

41.

be

new

Alfred

Edward

that

must

Alfred's

lend with

heard

Edward

14.

walk.

Alfred when

Exercise

13.

Edward

Will

15.

arp.

Alfred

12.

park.

finger.

Edward's

cut

.

in the

fathers

ward's

GRAMMAR

kind

children.

a

large

The

black

sweet

The

The

cow

flowers. green

father

9.

slate.

corn

bought hot

in

3.

The

in

was

6.

Ripe

went

large

fiel

a

apples

new

will

lo

friends

in

is waving some

sun

the

entering

ripen

the

grew

gentle

clothes the

f

sour

3

ADJECTIVES

it.

10.

en

bucket

Fred

b. Put

into

fell follow

not

would

before

Boy.

Man.

dier.

foolish

word

showing

color,

size,

shape,

A

1.

The

There

9.

any

ps

in

ds

lead

Most

Several

Exercise The

Egypt. money

legs.

many

balls

44.

the

3.

Give

than

4.

The

September. for

dollar

one

forty-five

years.

Some Few

12.

apples.

15.

men

There

Both

20.

can

water.

several

17.

are

play

Al

There

19.

doors

boys

some

are

out.

ventured

soldier

the

digging.

were

men

The

like

dogs

Have

10.

tree.

the

Most

13.

baseball;

closed. it

well

lost.

Pick had

man

hath

sugar

on

no

stable.

were

"

of

house

each

apples.

days

mansions.

16.

like

boys

many

thirty-two

and

reigned

have

18.

in

horses

no

both

Rome.

to

Thirty

cherries

I

harbor.

the

Tree.

how

and

nine

pounds

few

are

city

Cliff.

furlong.

11.

in

the

5.

Elizabeth

were

wounded

bought

James

one

apples?

eyes,

houses,

six

fourteen

make

rods

two

mouth, owns

7.

cents.,

Merchant.

show

which

Girl

of.

mice.

sells

words

Cat.

Point.

Sea.

Lake.

the

one

3.

grocer

Forty

Father.

spoken

seven

ten

Butter.

landlord

rooms.

caught

Ink.

out

has

The

ten

In

are

man

2.

th.

Fire.

Scene.

Pick

"

things

or

sons

Hands.

Walk.

43.

Exercise

Slate.

Rose.

Pen.

Bull.

Pig.

Knife.

Toy.

Clouds.

Writer.

lling.

1.

a

nouns

is, showing

that

Road.

Grass.

d.

6.

The

quality.

other

a.

The

12.

well.

following

thing,

or

person

of

11.

page.

clean

advice.

the

of

the

on

deep

the

wise

teach

kind

blots

big

made

out

little me

Mr.

the words sense.

some

Brown,

2.

which

show

There

was

bread. but

4. less

Mr.

learning.

how

much. corn

much

Jones 5.

ha

The

LONGMANS'

ief

no

made 7.

rtar.

st

some

1.

"

in

place

More

Pick

out

a

in

girl

month

the

be

to

Some

45.

hese

books,"

8.

well.

an

have

I

rank

of what

show

are

4.

The

to

the

words

Epistle

tenth

ask

you.

out

point

t

was

every

"That

man,"

what

woman,"

house."

"Yonder

slates,"

is

first

I shall

time

"This

returned

text

the

of

nouns

sist

December

ordered

last

with

father

preacher's

general

as

out

3.

his

class;

Our

2.

chapter

used

Pick

fifth

January.

is the

This

"Those

"

find

not

speed.

the

class.

The

is meant,

46.

Exercise

the

which

in

eighth 5.

6.

thing

or

less

year.

the

words

rson

haste,

of

the

of

shot.

in

second

Corinthians.

the

water

boy

day

of

verse

ninth

could

the words

sixth

twenty-fifth

elfth

mason

series.

is the

first

the

e

45.

Edward

the

9.

GRAMMAR

The

little

was

paper.

or

6.

noise.

There

Exercise

der,

ENGLISH

say

which

what

person

thing. Will

1.

ts

you

hanging

were

is

7.

man.

A

46.

A

47.

is called

ant

48.

eaking 1

word

From

A

an

gets

its

comes name

how

shows

which

Latin

live

horse

These

5.

belongs be

sold.

or

of person

thing

many

things

ar

anything

we

ar

[adjectus is

the

p.

or

persons

adjective.

of is called the

little girl.

will

Those

man

old

ducks

kind

what

2.

adjective.1

which

word

adjicere, which

jective

an

The

Yonder

those

and

shows

which

3.

6.

knife?

this

bit this

dog

trees.

hens

These

for

pegs.

That

those

word

is called

ant

4.

on

grew

ples

these

on

cottage.

yonder

hoop

that

me

give

shows an

much

of

adjective.

adjectus, from from

how

put

adf

being

near near,

put

or

and near

added

to

jacere, or

to

added

throw, to

the

put]. noun.

Th

ADJECTIVES

ng

h

A

49.

word are

we

which

47.

what

of is called

Pick

"

out

points

speaking

Exercise

3

the

out

an

o

person

particular

adjective. say

adjectivesand

to what

noun

belongs.

1.

legs

Two

With

2.

her

get

Little

Sat

Polly

the her

mother

And

spanked

For

spoiling

She

gave

There

Who

6.

All

in

Down A

8.

Jack

"I

to

"You 10.

boy.

and

No

mate,

Mark

no

that

comrade on

old

a

bed

wide

mansion

night,

stormy

then

mouse/'

have

dwelt

yon

and

that

shady

grew. one

quarrel

won't

She 11.

dull

violet

have

will

day.

sunshiny

play

little kittens

Two

Bombay

of one

green

modest

Began

9.

broth

man

no

a

a

clothes.

bread.

fat

and

work

daughter

new

some

smoking,

Makes

7.

little

nice

her

caught

and

her

any

was

little toes.

came

a

bone.

a

pretty

them

was

cupboard

cinders,

her

Without

the

Flinders

among

Her

to

went

dog

poor

Warming

5.

lap.

his

Hubbard

Mother

To

4.

in

legs

three

upon

leg

one

Old

3.

sat

to

said

mouse,"

Lucy

fight. the

said

elder

son;

the

little

one.

knew;

moor.

frowning

through

the

trees.

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

The

50.

or

an

adjectives

GRAMMAR

a

the,

and

are

often

calle

ticles.1

An

or

is used

the

e;

ve

box

the

An

51.

the

a

of

particular

one.

particular

"I

apple); Tom

which

apple

of any

speak

speaking

(some

apple"

have gave

box"

a

"

me;"

I bought."

which

does

adjective

(a) The by

not

is

adjective

a

the

of

part

before

come

always

"The

fine;"

sometimes be;

verb

"The

blue;11

are

the

noun

is

happy;"

was

child

th

lets "Vio-

green;"

"The

been

has

weather

"Grass

as,

from

separated

day

will

(Read

wet"

again

11.)

r.

(6) The in the

of

t

My

be;

father,

tall

Gave

with as

1.

a.

ight. dark

e'er

rare

Pick

floating

woolly,

could

structure

out

by.

bright.

understand of a hand fingers

the

asleep.

of delight,

its branching

With

each

noun,

contains

fell fast

came

steeple

clothing

that

The

"

sentence

watching,

clothing,

Who

48.

a

thee

Softest

Exercise

the

when

the

after

as,

weary

iceberg

An

even

poetry,

verb

comes

sometimes

adjective

pecially

d

not

it belongs.

which

n

are

we

have

"I

box);

some

an

do

we

when

when

have

"I

us,

is used

o

fine

adjectives

and

....

say

to

The

sun

which

belongs. The

Roses

3.

and 1

See

broad

was

river

are

dreary. "Notes

red 5. for

or

deep.

and white.

The

Teachers,"

4.

317,

day

The

were

oranges

p.

2.

Note

dear. 7.

was

is

col

6.

The

l

been

has

were

6.

7.

pretty.

be

will

her

ds

'3

ADJECTIVES

9.

glad.

11.

We

sat

Gave

within

12.

the

Shining

farmhouse

8.

rough. loud.

was

10.

Your

The

ears

Merry Hair

Very

Fond

Beside

the

The

wfcy

The

minstrel

His

The

days

The

north

And

have

sings

with

bosom

to

green

was

bright

my

the were

the

old; gray

better

a

nights

day. long,

are

doleful

a

song.

red,

humble corn

cold,

tresses

the

wind

was

and

known

cold,

bold,

and

wind

and

a

fun,

of

Polly.

infirm

cheek

are

Welcome

full

the

short,

Dolly;

to

Dolly's

was

bird

Little

rather

and

long,

to

song;

miller, hale River Dee.

was

withered

Seemed

0,

a

lips a

games,

That's

long;

and

ways

of

dwelt

round;

forth

Grand

There

Dolly.

very

plump

pink,

thumbs,

only

cherry

Sending

side;

holly;

crimped

little

Two

by very

as

eyes,

day.

and

stiff,

Polly's

That's

13.

very

and

cold,

wide;

side

red

and

bay

blue,

cheeks,

Lips

No

damp

very

curls,

the

o'er

night

very

Chubby

old,

looking

eyes,

Hanging

18.

the

entrance,

easy

Yellow

17.

noise

sea-breeze,

Opened

16*

The

windows to

An

15.

is

sea

young.

Whose

14.

The

shed. as

dews

I rode on

on

the

my

way,

blossoms

of

May*

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

An

adjective

is used

instead

52.

"They

te;"

49.

He

1.

was

4.

eedy.

d

She

10.

ng.

ipping

and

e

12.

8.

He

and

say

to

late.

3.

You

once

what

find

me

Firm

16.

was me

a

They

13.

think 15.

he

calm,

and

I

very

left

honest.

be

to

them

I

It

ill.

6.

blooming

died

11.

are

rich.

was

mother

quiet.

You

be

will

She

my

believe

We

be

5.

was

strong.

word

is generally

which

The

watched

50.

Pick

"

noun

may

"A

sun;"

morning

b

sometimes

silv

spire."

church

Exercise

a

"The

as,

adjective;

"The

p;"

are

me!"

shall

When

he

chill.

an

as

ed

"Thou

spread.

A

53.

9.

so

her

We

pretty.

fair.

14.

made flames

pro-

"You

glad;"

adjectives

unkind.

was

And

strange.

s

are

Unhappy

the

2.

wast

and

young

"

a

since

happy;97

am

"We

out

clever.

Thou

7.

wild.

pronoun,

"I

as,

noun;

kind;"

Pick

"

a

belongs.

each

noun

a

to

is unwise;"

will be

Exercise

belong

may

of

"He

young;"

GRAMMAR

the

out

say

adjectivesand

to what

noun

belongs.

ch

"

1. a

The

rmouth.

4.

ergyman

preached lighthouse

in

the

Is

Exercise

1. The

vage

He

guest

that a

a.

silver

Say

once

Close

was

the

Three

street

round

and

on

5. The

his.breast.

6.

sermon.

7.

tower.

beat

slee

is carried

fishery he

We

wives

sa

door. full

boat.

whether

the

words

printed

in

itali

adjectives. a

was

melted

cook was

herring

2.

Jones.

named

funeral

a

now

"

The

wedding

moon

61. or

nouns

3.

The

The

8.

was

grocer

village feather bed.

a

base the

cannibal.

2.

Show

fat.

4.

The

6.

The

man.

thp

me

was

cook

tiger

is

a

base

second

fat. savage

5.

The

beast.

ADJECTIVES

The

will be is common.

mistress 9.

ve.

Iron

11.

common.

boy

last

the

was

ll

16.

n.

Put

b. a

as

A

in

from

a

That

is

each

in

noun

There

by

a

o grazing 12. Tom

14.

is

Steel

th

on

pen.

quill

15.

The

made

from

sentences,

usin

chain.

following

into

words

first sentence

the

was

I like

13.

cross

.sheep shoemaker.

a

wing.

steel

a

was

The

is used

goose's

the

of

10.

class.

a

8.

cross.

last

the

3

two

as

and

adjective in

an

t

ond.

c.

d.

Deep.

ht.

Plane.

adjectivesor

n

Laundresses

The

idle;

a

were

a

smooth

shirts

with

his

turnips.

is

for

6. Put as

top

not

to

each in

of

idle

10.

drink.

the

the

The

following

The

in

itali

to

time

likely

into

arid

is

two

as

an

farmer

thin

not

it.

9.

8.

The

long. to

smooth.

The

clean

seemed

men

is

5.

away.

was

Lazy

table

farmer

Jane

words

2.

iron.

way

first sentence

the

an

your

lecturer

the

weary;

verb

Sound.

printed

kine.

of

6. tell

clean;

it is wrong

long

rers

3.

The

thin

silver

Hollow.

Cloth.

words

lean

seven

of

posts.

to

Bread.

Blind.

Linen.

the

whether

dreamt

against

Straw.

Dinner. Silk.

Silver

verbs.

Pharaoh

going

Say

a.

"

Mahogany.

Salt.

Sage.

Copper.

Brass.

Slate.

Plain.

62.

Exercise

1.

Oak.

Stone.

Tin.

Fat.

Cotton.

Spring.

Fast.

You

traveler

11.

The

them.

weary

sentences,

using

adjective

in

t

ond. Warm.

ght.

mble.

en.

er.

Dry.

Blind. Better.

Left.

Shut. Sound.

Wet.

Secure.

Steel.

Lame.

Smart.

Steep.

Clear.

Level.

Lower.

Light.

Loose.

Roast.

Sour.

Second.

Steady.

Separate. Free.

Sham.

Salt Hollow,

Mimic-.

Slow.

LONGMANS'

we

"

when

we

ese

and

two

n

men;

t

and

brick"

jective

the

at

as

the

of

us

are

things

or

words

limit

of the

th men,

of. the

or

things they

else

are

o

they

kind,

or or

thinking the

spoken

persons

th

quality

the

seen,

represent;

persons

but

any

men

have

we

pronouns)

particular

tell

not

houses"

men,"

describe,

or

particular

quantity

(or

do

"two

or

picture

are

we

"tall"

word

of "brick

houses

the

the

tall,"

speak

men,"

is, they

tell,

Adjectives

ns

not

tell what

simply

or

"these

do

is

we

when

describes

say

that

Henry

say

Henry;

scribes

t

"

When

54.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

number,

which

t

point

ou

meant.

Learn An

55.

describe

to

Naming The

rts

of four

ich

presses

Parts

these a

class

which

we

it does

work

what

order

to

divided

pronouns, to

in

a

are

and

notice

our

what Thus,

sentence.

calle

adjectiv

up

make

must

denotes.

Sentences

in

are

(or a pro no

noun noun

Found

words

In

belongs

the

which

verbs,

classes.

word

and

that

a

with

Speech

Nouns,

speech.

used

word

of

into

classes

of

a

limit

to

or

the

56.

is

adjective

minds idea

in th

ntence

John

is

oke

asserts

ate

his

new

slate.1

Therefore

hn

s

broke

a

word

stands

did).

instead

of

1

the

word

See

used

"Notes

name.

about

John

describes a

a

something

what

is

as

used

John

(or

tells

John's.

slate. as

a

noun,

a

verb.

a

pronoun,

an

the

for Teachers,"

name

of

p.

323,

something.

Note

a

24.

it

adjective noun.

NAMING

That

has

window

4

blind.

a

Therefore

at

ndow

s

says

which

is

word

a

an

window,

something

is used

with

name

of

something,

of

the

about

the

name

the

as

used

asserts

is the

ind

window,

blind.

noun

the

what

Is this poor

a

noun.

a

verb.

an

has.

window

helps

to

adjective noun.

a

blind?

man

says

is

ind

what

a

says

a

verb.

an

adjective

kind

an

adjective

what

sort

Some

savages

man.

a

of

used

word

man.

as

a

of

man.

a

name.

blind

noun.

an

adjective

their 'prisoners.

Therefore

me

how

says

ages

is

nd

asserts

a

ir

stands

soners

is

a

llowing 1.

fat

Job

had

thin

his

ging Frank

Say

cook

the a

what

great

4.

noun

savages.

name.

part

of

speech

2.

Our

hit

its mother.

fat. My

7. me

song.-

his

Mary a

10.

finger;

new

6.

patience.

turnips.

sweet

the

sold

walks.

bought a

as

adjective

a

noun,

a

verb.

a

pronoun,

a

noun.

is in

word

each

t

sentences.

baby

Father

of

savages.

it

do),

they

what

used

"

the

about

instead

53.

The

The

name.

a

something

word

Exercise

as

used

(or tells

an

savages.

many

word

it

man.

which

says

r

the

about

something

ask

it

adjective

Therefore

s

t

SPEECH

OF

PARTS

fine

Our he

has

pen

The

has

doll. aunt

hurt

been

9.

been

pleasant. broken. is

farmer

thin

The

12.

a

That

uncle.

bird

pretty us

going

her

visiting

gave

it.

were

walks

black lamb

pony.

has

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

GRAMMAR

Participles In

57.

or

assert

t

from

derived

ough

of

they

In

the

(p"ge 17)

us

which

from

derived

verbs,

Let

kind,

that

infinitives

because

they

learned

we

not

anything.

another

are

are

verbs,

state

pressions

ough

24

paragraph

d

now

consider

verbal

also

are

verbs,

not

verbs.

sentence The

man

was

hat,

black

a

wearing

"

is,

wearing

as

know,

we

a

But

verb.

in

the

A

e

man

it

but

cause

us

The

is the

a

like

man

the

work

of

the

hat.

to

an a

ad je

verb

sentence

hat

by

worn

the

and

verb, does

also

black,

was

man

the

was

subject and an adjective

like

hut

to

is doing

man

by,

passed

of

something the

what

in the

Similarly,

t

does

hat

belongs

Wearing

also

it shows

black

a

wearing

is passed.

verb

sentence

"

"

belongs

worn

while

of the

something

work

verb. In

and

sertion,

n

the

an

om

words

Infinitives

verbs,

are

Exercise

tences, 1

and

From from

and 4he

verbs,

of and

a

statement

wearing

an

of the

partake called

since

nature

participles.1

they

are

derived

verbals.

what

the

belong

each

to to

in

participles

verb

particip-are,

they

are

participles,

tell from

but

they

verb,

out

Latin

as

words

thus

worn

and

Pick

"

one

verbs.

called

64.

Such

verb.

wearing

adjective

58.

as

is only

there

sentences one

only serve

cannot

As

two

of the

each

nouns

participle

share or

or

the

is derived.

Participles

partake.

pronouns,

followi

like

adjective

1.

I

saw

ing

back

The

years,

th

One

.

kind

the

so

are

ly

fact

the

66.

tellfrom

4.

nd. The

What the

to

to

nd

Exercise the

ting

are

derived.

The sun

was

was

now

9.

the

This

boat

lamb.

13. are

chairs

and

the

is

behind

had the

a

girl

testimony

winning

Jews

God

were

tempers

use

the over

crying wood. out

pick

used

is very

reading

The

sentences

participles

cheers.

the

of bent

That

freezing

silk

sworn

no

of

made

each

pronoun

the

11. 12.

following

spun

passed

next.

It

the

ringing

is the

images.

graven

the

of

2.

face

The

picture

first

The

butterfly

poor

meanings

adjectiv

snow.

with

6.

eyes.

likeness!

or

adjectives

as

used

not

could

received

the

seen

participles, noun

We

3.

sunken

In

nouns,

have

and

driven

the

as

white

before

"

their

other

verbs

they

These

66.

from

verbs

10.

14.

from

participles

shorn

tell to what 1.

friend,"

loving

before

the

make

the

milk.

ilt

fishing

us

ing adjectives, show"A

out

seconds

rbidden

bent

man,

old

of verbs.

speaker

striking

differ

"ome

story.

witness. two

house

A

8.

still alive.

as,

Pick

is

paper

The

a

was

Tom.

7. Built

off.

found

He

early

friend

The

directly

They

they

has sick child 7. Have you

ne.

t

"

forgotten

a

torn

simple

thing;

stand

those

what

This

now

they

that

from

Exercise

1.

as

used

or

person

was

before,

often

describe.

to

derived

d

are

used

used

in

hour

your

10.

away.

an

am

9.

left

ill, he

centuries.

stand.

3.

book."

printed When

of

for

stood

cannot

caught

Participles

broken,

The

roar.

ceaseless

I

2.

garden.

Feeling

summer,

hobbled

slowly

4.

being

his

a

make

rest.

has

sands

fish,

59.

d

book,

house

the

upon

to

pleasant

of the the

stone,

ilt

a

you

in

working shore

down

sat

Wishing

the

on

weary,

man

old

an

dashing

es

d

4

PARTICIPLES

as

the

adje

adjective

belongs. broken

distant

hill.

wing.

3.

The

2.

The

water,

ubbling

from

soon

a

he

7.

bat

us

to

rose

flapping

ashamed

knew it

as

o

him.

does,

on

a

dog,

I

6.

8. My

9.

go.

balloon

air, the

and

who

to

sight

occurrence.

followed

came

all of

those

annoying

I

the

Discouraged

standing,

most

movement,

The

aking

a

disgusted,

every

0.

house,

welcome

into

rapidly

from

hide

to

a

was

rock,

5.

sight.

tried

horoughly

y

Rising

situated is This

well

ill.

4. of

out

imself,

s

the

travelers.

tired

s

beneath

small

At

last,

watching

his limping trot. with into the sleeping-room,

me

right

up.

ADVERBS In

60.

the

is arrived,

erb

and

57.

Exercise

"William

sentence

yesterday Pick

"

arrived when

shows the

out

words

the yesterday," William arrived.

used

with

to

verbs

"

show

hen. The

1.

hen.

3.

ister

will

Mr.

Brown

come

.

Day

.

The

break

In

61.

erb,

us;

visits

ometimes

and

the

here

shows "

out

the

That

4.

afterwards.

has

come

friend

already. was

12.

I

13.

now.

My

to'school

went

returned. comes

country

neighbor.

carriage

always saw

often

Mr.

Watts

to-morrow.

boy

the

the

extinguished

never

where

in

children

10.

"The

Pick

The

The

seldom he is coming

sentence

68.

Exercise

he

our

was

8.

soldier

but

formerly,

im

fire

yesterday.

The

11.

aithful.

5.

soon.

sailed

ship

was

The

6.

will

formerly

presently.

mmediately.

lived

We

2.

again.

called

agent

boy words

stood

here,"

is the

stood

stood. used

with

to show

verbs

here. 1.

for

orse

egiment

.

My

The

lodged cousin little the girl 4.

is yonder.

marched sailor

went

there.

but

found

The

policeman forth. 6. We beiow.

8.

There

2.

looked

They her

nowhere.

looked

behind.

look

he

everywhere

before was

safe.

3.

The

5.

The

and 9.

after. Dun-

ADVERBS

here

comes

brother

In

62.

10.

to-night.

youngest

r

the

is the

Ye

not

shall

hence

go

except

hither.

come

"The

sentence

running

4

and

verb,

was

river

swiftly

running

swiftly,"

how

shows

the

river

running.

Exercise

59.

Pick

"

the words

out

with

used

to

verbs

show

. 1. The

barks

dog

The

5.

ghtly. write

badly

was

soldier

boy

The

7.

well.

veler

slept

ated

"

He

Some

few

called

there

uncle

distinctly. 16.

home.

17.

My

Tom

brother

In

the

es

I presented.

Exercise

60. or

much This

2.

used "

with "

be

shall

to

verbs

Wherefore

king

the

therefor;"

rewarded

why;

show

ordered

"I

ask

you

"Your

verb,

teacher

and

was

greatly

greatly how

shows

pleased,

the

much

pleased.

presented

h.

Our

noise

lessons.

his

tired

gallantly.

13.

of

was

The

fought

the

thinking

are

sentence

,"

1.

heard

child

storm

10.

carefully.

purposely;

is the

was

65.

The

The

it."

the

pleased

cher

We

sadly

words

"He

said In

64.

8.

rapidly.

is burning

unjustly.

death;" you

6.

soldiers

hurt

studying

thus.

beautifully.

The

the

was

industriously

63.

11.

The

heavily.

sings

14.

wanderer

blamed

fell

dressed

hand

flying

are

fire

4.

his

Mary

kindly.

us

The

held

soundly.

doctor

The

birds

The

wounded.

Rain

9.

furiously.

ing

2.

loudly.

is the

"

how child

The

"I

sentence

Pick

verb,

out

and

the words

him

presented thrice

used

kingly

how

shows

with

a

verbs

many

to

show

times.

many

little

was

sick

thrice

man

has

hurt, almost

that

child recovered.

hurt

was

3.

We

LONGMANS'

6

n

xceedingly

6.

than

8.

inished.

indness

was

ully

met

the

a

.

John

will

certainly

.

John

will

not

.

John

will

perhaps

Exercise

She

1.

ndeed

I

.

be

tell

A

can

9.

me.

word

how,

where,

th

is nearly 9. Our

hat

the

Street.

thus,

"

speaker

disbelieves.

The

speaker

is doubtful.

used

statement.

The

boy

2.

truth.

Thou you.

firmly.

the verbs to sho

with

Her

4.

Truly

shalt

surely

He

8.

I

tha

say

knows.

he

ably Prob-

7*

die.

no

will

certainly

is undeniably

was

story

3.

true.

undoubtedly

tell

how

show

The

the

6.

to

verb

10.

clever.

it, assuredly.

correct

67.

with

believes

correct.

not.

uncle

to

able

th

speaker

the

know

it is

but

knows

your

will

n

he

with

The

believes

unquestionably

Truly

pleased

verl? tells;

the words

out

surely

strange,

am

come.

speaker

must

themselves

pleased

a

with

the

what

come.

Pick

"

less

was

merchant

enjoyed

was

come.

61.

fully the

ow

boys

is used

word

believes

speaker

The

fourfold.

repaid

Sometimes

66.

4.

least was silk;, she is quite finished and him in High twice

dress

I

The

customer

the

The

GRAMMAR

twilight.

5.

The

with

7.

alico.

this

annoyed.

horoughly.

loth

in

see

scarcely

ENGLISH

is used

which

how

why,

or

much,

a

with

how

to

verb

is calle

times,

many

when,

show

adverb.1 A

68. to

is called 69.

used 1

an

Latin

between

the

a

with

verb

or

believes

speaker

a

with the

ment state

statement

adverb.

Adverbs

with

fully

how

show

is used

which

word

adjectives ad,

the

ad-jective and

show

which

with

Ad-verb

to.

ad-verb the

and

noun.

and

how

other

therefore the

verb

or

much

much

as

twerb.

like

times,

many

adverbs equals

is

how

that

well The

as

a

wit

relati

between

t

4

ADVERBS

indeed,

bs;

or

ectives

of them,

some

"very,"

as

are

thus,

adverbs;

boy.

Tom

is

a

brave

Tom

is

a

very

Tom

is

a

thoroughly

The

story

is quite

The

story

is hardly

brave

boy. brave

boy.

true. true.

Adverb

Mary

speaks

loudly.

Mary

speaks

too

Mary,

speaks

very

Mary

speaks

loudly

70.

Adverbs

also

sometimes

2.

After

3.

Her

4.

I

(a)

with

Tom

has

g

walk.

s

like Too

many

The

e.

erly

is

13.

bad.

enough

loudly

how

or

certainly,

thus,

weak.

everywhere.

calm. men.

used

a

adverbs. very

his

clever

The

sun

8.

water.

had

spoil

beautiful

How

15.

You

was

are

dog.

is

the

broth.

not

I

felt

4.

He

10.

12.

is!

14.

sufficiently

The

weary.

fully

seemed for

7.

heavier

much

sense.

sadly

went

hot.

terribly

Lead

it

2.

friends

The

little

very

girl.

large

5.

work.

cooks

man

sore

the adverbs

exceedingly

6. the

am

six

out

loudly

decidedly

now

is sweetly

Pick

"

am

I

perhaps

very

adjectives;

I

fall

face

an

to

entive

with

loudly

how,

where,

when,

my

other

Jane

1.

enough.

too

adjectives.

(6) with a.

loudly.

strong,

saw

62.

Exercise

loudly.

used

Once

Adverb

loudly

showing

1.

with

only

used

Are

The

rather

Nearly than

you corn

fellow careful.

a

al

cork.

so

is must

glad?

quite

be

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

18.

6.

te.

20. too

know

I

The

ite

too

just

zy

to

be

felt

very

not

heard

the

too

much

work,

and

have

waked

23.

boy

The

to

28.

soon.

We

is take

How

You

slowly.

25.

conceited

too

me

pleasure

more

loudly.

26.

news.

21.

my

much

so

rather

now.

obliged.

write

sing

left

express

much

should

should

now

to

able

James

happy

more

much

you

19.

slightly.

to

We

quickly;

You

.

22.

class

ly

is

pleased

clearly.

The

very

child

much

ite

.

him

GRAMMAR

have far

to

advice.

loudly

you

used

with

lk!

Yes,

71.

verbs,

pressed

no,

ay,

yea,

or

adjectives

though

nay,

and

never are

adverbs,

generally

calle

verbs.1 Some

72.

lled

are

adverbs

interrogative

Since or

ords

llowing

ask

These

questions.

ar

adverbs.

Examples

73.

to

used

of

Interrogative

1.

When

2.

Where

3.

How

did

4.

How

sick

5.

Why

did

6.

Wherein

7.

Wherewith

will

you

return?

did

you

go?

they

statements

travel?

you

is the he

child?

stay

have*

or

are

home?

at

I done

wrong?

it be

shall

change

adverbs

Adverbs

the

modify

used

salted?

we

with,

of th

meanings may

make

th

definition. Learn

74.

rbal

An

adverb

2), an

*

See

"Notes

2

We

have

finitives.

is

a

word

already

(See

par.

Teachers," learned

58.)

p.

318,

to include

Note

under

a

modify or

adverb,

adjective, another for

to

used

a

verb

(or

statement.

8.

this

term

participles

an

ADVERBS

Exercise

63.

they

ds 1.

rose

us

root

12.

weekly. imprisoned by

First

ly

it

21.

ribly

29.

You

rain,

Come

again

But

And

31.

I

do

And

6.

we

moon

too

soon.

remember

Soon.

.

Truly.

That

better; was

fine.

how

26.

kind

very

h

often.

day.

thought

the

on

the

of

where

containing Hither.

Seldom.

Softly.

advice

I

face

that

dead,

was

morrow.

be,

should

am.

sentences

There.

consent.

mother

extremely

too

yet.

22.

The

father;

once

gazed

well I

there

.

vely.

the

bitterly

was

never

here

That

much

24.

I

are

away.

steadfastly

we

not

soon.

your

that

another

down

Make

Here.

go

in

man

Came

30.

do

may

Rain,

The

to

obliged

16.

would

now

They

lanes

the

he

am

day

The

13.

be

I

very

25.

much

27.

28.

strong

quite

workmen

cold.

20.

have

ye

disappointed.

23.

and

again.

The

yonder.

cold.

gladly.

poor

cannot

then

chase

come

sister

probably

foolish.

unhappy.

very

Your

unusually is

The

11.

fell

ball

and

He

most

be

to

and

upward,

Everywhere

14.

17.

was

9.

is piercingly

air

The

consented

wise.

e

15.

weather

is

The

before.

he

r

Slowly

and

certainly

will

despair.

unjustly.

trees.

of

The

what

child;

springs,

more.

Never

10.

paid

He

know

shall

always.

dered

7.

my

willingly

blade

The

2.

not,

obey

will

downward. you

you

I

6.

hence.

go

strikes

ught

state

and

then.

Grieve

3.

4.

away.

Hereafter

h

adverbs,

Frietchie

down.

him

fears

Let

Barbara

old

laid

we

thy

the

out

modify.

Up

ly

Pick

a.

"

49

Certainly.

the

Lately.

Little.

following adverbs. Often.

Scarcely. Thrice.

Before.

Once.

Much.

Very.

Surely.

Quickly.

Exercise

llowing

64.

Day

break

will break

This

come

faithful.

3.

was

large

do,

will

break.

will

2.

presently. he

was

broth.

8.

Thou

Little

That

a

verb,

safe.

Tom

lily smells

white

noun,

was

4.

very

Too

di

surely has

it

adverb.

friend

shalt

7.

hurt.

a

an

quite

5.

little

very

dog.

name,

day

There

the

spoil

a

the

when

will

child

t

soon.

day

the

what

sister

cooks

as

used

word

tells

My

any

nd

a

shows 1.

is in

word

Therefore is

lways

ar

each

of speech

I

on

.

part

what

thus.

sentences;

ay

ll

Say

"

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

an

e c

sweet.

PREPOSITIONS 75.

1.

I

see

the

book

in

2.

I

see

the

book

on

3.

I

see

the

book

under

the

desk.

4.

I

see

the

book

beside

the

desk.

5.

I

see

the

book

behind

6.

I

see

the

book

near

Here

the

shows 76.

Here

of the

each

desk.

the

desk.

the

desk.

the

in,

words

relation

desk.

the

on,

between

beside, behind,

under,

book

some

1.

Mr.

Brown

has

traveled

in

2.

Mr.

Brown

has

traveled

through

3.

Mr.

Brown

has

traveled

across

4.

Mr.

Brown

has

traveled

over

the

in, through,

words

between

the

across,

and

the

an

desk.

Spain. Germany. Europe.

India.

and

Spain,

traveling

and

is famous

for cutlery.

over

show

Germany,

the

r l

Europe,

India. 77.

Here

1.

Sheffield

2.

Oxford

3.

The

the

is proud fruit

word

of

is pleasant

for

shows

its university. to

the

the

eye.

relation

between

famou

51

PREPOSITIONS

cutlery;

versity; In

78.

to shows

the

the

first set

of examples

between between

between

nds

following

d

a

noun

;

a

a

the the

or

verb,

an

se

second third

Thus,

noun.

tion rela

i

set

whether

adjective,

the

noun.

showing

1.

The

2.

His

3.

I

be

also

may

relation

or

behind

man

father

was

Here

80.

by

followed

or

further

1

the

showing

by

a

Whittington

noun,

a

became

else or

verb,

The

3.

I shall

4.

The

dog

ran

after the

5.

The

boy

fell

off the

6.

The

sword

7.

John

8.

He

Exercise

be

with

at

at

you

is good

66.

at

Pick

"

adjective).

noon.

beggar.

bridge. by

was

his

side.

football.

the

out

in

as

relation

(this something

door.

the

of the soldier is tall for his age.

to show

nouns

Is

postman

th

of London.

.

2.

between

an

Mayor

Lord

before

standing

relation

something

and

named

expressed

of words

examples

and

persons

him.

with

for them.

sorry

are

is asleep.

me

arrived

pronouns,

being

words

before

placed

just

the examples

nouns

o

given.

"

Mother

1.

ghton

is in

during

htning.

nd

showing

in

in

noun;

and

noun,

a

word

eye.

and

pleasant

each

and

proud

as,

ouns;

ngs

it is

Words

79.

a

and

adjective

it be

a

and

verb

an

before

word

e

a

between

relation

noun

a

between

relation

and

stands

stands

the

shows

of

4.

the

The

jumped

over

spoon.

7.

the

field.

house.

the

holidays. was

pupil the

Look

9.

2.

3.

6.

behind

band

children

The

absent

moon.

The

The

tree

without The

you. was

dish

8.

The

playing

was

struck

b

5.

The

leave. ran

a

stayed

away

horse

opposite

with walked

th

ndow.

10.

the

mountain my

ainst

.

He

e

mill

s

hand.

ll to

Germany is

is beyond

standing Are

16.

the

door

near

the

you

fond

in

And

18.

business.

in

she

poorhouse

Dwell

11.

ocean.

12. clouds. brought these

I

13.

unsuccessful

is

the

He

the

above

wishes.

was

GRAMMAE

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

you.

owner

empty

sack

Over

17.

oranges?

of

ac

for

The

an

top

not

will

flowers

15.

with

The

th

went.

the

them

near

I

cottage

churchyard

my

with

mother.

Learn 1

A

81.

a

word

show

the

and

what

is

denoted

The

noun

or

pronoun

to

ronoun)

med

is

preposition

before

placed

between

relation

by

the

some

a

thing

or

person

other

(or

noun

in

word

th

ntence.2

82.

is called

66.

Exercise

ercise

67.

Exercise Pick are

on

t

the

out

2

See

3

To

There

a

at

preposition.

the

objects of

4.

Jack

means

Does

oak?"

which

placed

for

prepositions

objects of

an

oak.

is

(p.p. of p.

before a

Answer,

3.

the

objec

prepositions

the

a

lived.

to

Note

good

and In

cock-sparrow

5.

Here

Latin

prae

question,

suc

hill. the

place). 9.

way

preposition

preposition

the

up

ponere,

318,

little

A

Mother

Old

2.

before, from

placed

it is often

what? in

their

and

the

Jill went

and

Teachers,"

words

in

cupboard.

something

posit-us,

these

the prepositions

lived

owl

tree.

find

lived.

an

the

"Notes

an

words

to

to

and

or

out

went

first sentence, in

prepositi

the prepositions.3

was

word

What?

e

by

related

xThe

fore,

the

out

Pick

a.

"

.6.

1.

Pick

"

the

objectof

a

after

65.

bbard

d

the

(usually)

placed

oak

shows

to

ask its

and is its

the

a

object;

object.

relation

thus,

Ask

between

"Did

o

5

PREPOSITIONS

the

round

go

Scotland

of

We

into

8.

street.

What the

hington

Christmas,

since

Adown

the

13.

legs

Two With

14.

The

On

They

Up

others the

We

Sitting Among

Some

The

colors,

sir,

spot.

the

purple

tide

turf.

old

may

men.

hair,

white care,

the

under

glen,

little

away

oak,

folk.

be

used

as

either

As

adverbs

fell down.

walked servant

behind.

Come

our

or

adverbs

thus, As

Mary

wreck

a-hunting

with

the

words

positions;

Jack

of

laugh

Does

Easter.

dead.

beneath

rushy go

John,

till

mountain,

airy

daren't

Old

The

been

have stay

battled the

a

under

fear

10.

legs

had

we

well

the

For

83.

as

village.

wave.

o'er

without

sleep

Down

19.

him

keep

leather?

fathers

lit the

land,

down

lap.

every

that

on

sea,

his

from

crying

without

We

shall

three

your

round

As

18.

of

flame

The

To

17.

in

start

Shone 16.

leg

dance

men.

armdd upon

spirit

11.

and

sat

one

Shall 15.

rode

glen

the

trees.

the

ran

made

toward

them

made

Tom

are

path

among

stands

7.

shoes

He

6.

France.

along

walked

rch

bush.

mulberry

on.

Jack Mary

in. was

fej

standing

The

prepositions

down

walked servant

behind

Come

me. on

deck.

the

in was

the

hill.

garden.

standing

LONGMANS'

(1) That

when

some

difies

in behind on

a

just

given

on

That

one

be

modifies

the

verb

walked;

modifies

the

verb

was

modifies

the

verb

come.

or

behind

(3)

fell;

an

part

a

is used

word

a

as

preposition it. In the

following

pronoun

by

the

noun

hill;

is followed

by

the

noun

garden;

is followed

by

the

pronoun

is followed

by

the

noun

can

adverb

only

to

its

with

me;

be

by

moved

but

another,

a

following

object

ex a

deck.

generally

sentence

.

standing;

is followed

of the

moved

a

it always

adverb

just given

examples verb

noun

in

an

the

such

down

the

as

modifies

when

has

is used

word

In

verb.2

(2) That

a

such

down

ways

itse

preposition

it.

Thus

w

say, He

1

often

.

if

He

comes

often

3.

He

comes

to

68.

Exercise

ether 1.

it is The

3.

ld. 1

See

2

The as

an

we

He

to

2.

To

London

3.

He

often

"

a.

or

adverbs prepositions.

which

go

thus,

comes.

London.

to

word

each

it;

with

often.

often

comes

in

printed

itali

preposition.

p.

with

often. London.

London

he

behind.

for Teachers,"

London.

comes

in.

peeped

to

move

of a

London.

to

London

Say

to

London

comes

must

lagged

Tom

he

1.

adverb

child

"Notes

Often

to

move

we

comes

2.

4.

t

d

GRAMMAB

Note:1

84.

om

ENGLISH

324,

2.

The

4.

The

Note

adjectives

in

was

child garden

is

th

behind

25. or

other

adverbs

are

no

CONJUNCTIONS

house.

nts

5.

The

above. to

not

We

went

The

along.

Three

mice

Puss

16.

a

I

b.

verb

Use and

each

of

then

as

a

Off.

Behind.

out.

Through.

ross.

Under.

ran

ice

away.

come

ships

in

day

by

sailing the

following words

the

spin;

all fell in;

they

Christmas

morning.

in

a

sentence

firstas

Along.

By.

On.

Up.

Before.

Round.

Since.

Beyond.

Above.

Beneath.

Certain

Near.

and

The

man

(3)

Groups

the

the

On

sea

house or

Statements;

woman.

honest.

of words;

In

join

William. or

but

Poor

to

used

bs,

words;

John

(2)

are

words

(1) Other

a

preposition.

CONJUNCTIONS 85.

road.

in.

the

on

the

harbor.

day,

they

three

to

down.

boatman the

looked

puss

summer's

rest

saw

On

and

tol

and

along

hole

spir

He

The

across

went a

sliding

it fell out

The

17.

by

up

walked 11. street.

They

The

8.

We

into

went

6. on.

walk

rowed

14..

children

Upon As

the

passed

Three

9.

boatman

The

glides

15.

me

down

house.

the to

grass.

and

12.

ship

told

the

up

across.

ed

He

on

walk

is above

spire

7.

5

as,

in

and

on

the

garden.

shore. as,

Pierre

is French

Annie

is clever

and but

Karl her

is German.

brother

is

a

dunce.

Beside.

After.

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

Such

as

words

but,

or,

and,

GRAMMAR

being

to

used

are

join,

calle

onjunctions.1 Learn A

86.

to

words

We

87.

a

of

a

e

of words

he

Examples

Con-junction, "to

2

but

the in

"because"

"he

th

joi

"left."

word

the

go,"

words

words

O

tion conjunc

would

go"

from

joining together;

a

"joining"

a

Statements

the

to

Latin

together,

con,

(from junct-us,

Words

p.p.

otjung

join").

We

shall

pronouns

do

speech 322,

the

would

Joining

of Conjunctions

junctio (Gen. junctionals),

d

group

Thus,

word.

to

he of

group

a

tired,"

was

that

said

the

to

join

may

of words;

group

tired",

was

or

word

"said."2

word

1

joins

a

words

of

"he

"John

sentence

"that"

e

to

a

of words.

conjunctions

left because

"He

the

group

words

group

ntence,

group

or

join

to

used

word

that

seen

group

join

also

y

a

word

another

have

or

rds,

is

conjunction

Note

in

find

(see other

16).

Part

par.

work

II

230) at

that are

the

some

likewise same

time

adverbs used

to

(see

join,

(see "Notes

par.

but

417) those

an

part

for Teachers,"

CONJUNCTIONS

Exercise 1.

69.

The

child

sister

boy

rd the

in

.

You

he

Exercise

70.

Here

You

7.

it.

8.

was

Jones

12.

is

wil

though .true

because

did

man

saw

11.

try.

you

h I

for

callqd,

The

The

You

6.

disliked

unless

wrong.

5.

coffee?

story

o

contented

careless.

Mr.

a

piece

urith

cake

of

I

not

hear,

of

wine.

haste

make

4.

I

you

....

*.

it.

think

licked

dog

Close

the

.

be

must

she

....

The

6.

.

.

bottle

a

Percy

5.

pale.

conjunctions.

....

....

ten

or

was

succeed

Edward

m.

tea

The

Tom

Fill the blanks

"

are

would

Tell

man

but

clever

I know

are

The

have

never

you

3.

brother

The

deaf.

was

1.

9. will

that

certain

is

2.

sleepy.

visit.

it.

tempered. 10.

and

deserve

believe

conjunctions.

you

class

if you

not

bad

a

Will

the

prize

may

tired you

4.

poor.

the

out

was

pay

will

gh

Pick

"

5

wanted their

father

ill

wants

looks

he

master

had

...

carefully

window

early.

she

.

...

its

be

to

you

.... i

_

7.

it.

ak Do

it is

Conjunctions 1.

We

2.

The

3.

He

4.

I shall

Neither

1.

2.

t

The

both

has

"

neither go

man

nor

can

his

neither

either

deaf

both

rider

and

horse.

do

in

and not

did

care

his

mind. whether

duty,

whether

beef

or

aunt.

mutton.

veal. or

come

not.

conjunctions. was

sister

nor

read or

6.

harder.

as,

our

and

nor

you

the

be

body

uncle

pork

out

in pairs;

either

whether

Pick

James

our

work

o'clock?

go

has

butcher

surely

led

seven

sometimes

expect

71.

you

punished

....

Exercise

ldier

be

will

known

you

88.

I

You

at

4.

it

was

it

The was

either

must

like

you

king

The

You

3.

write.

stupid.

5.

school

or

morning.

The

fellow

same

shot

or

both

weak obey

dislike

pleasant

this

it.

or

go

8.

The

unpleasant.

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

58

Wfcen

89.

a

statement

in another

word

conjunction

is

GRAMMAR

joined by

the

statement,

is, strictly speaking, first; thus,

First Statement

Second

Exercise

1.

As

the

2.

Because

3.

Although

the

boy

taken you

72.

"

is

away

do

not

the

wind

sorry

we

this

old

sow

you

was

wet

First

following

beforewhich

weather horse the the

the

th which second, but

First

Statement

Rearrange

those statements

second

before

statement

comes

is often placed

conjunction to

a

the

the

sentences,

conjunction comes.

children

did

not

master old its unkind fair the ship did not sail. was him. 5. That will forgive was

man's

cannot

daughter expect

placing

is to

go

out

i shot 4. Sinc

most

true.

reap.

7.

I

have

6.

Though

CONJUNCTIONS

has

been

often

As

trying

are

you

73.

Exercise

he

deserve

you

Pick

"

faults

his

of

fire it will

the

on

coal

put

told

5

go

the

out

to

does

not

reform. 9.

succeed.

Unless

out.

tell what

and

conjunctions,

the

in. One

1.

wers

man

are

cut

not

ld

if

come

l

6. this

l

he

be

there.

or

on

n

18.

19.

20.

Love

12.

taken

was

instruction

Bo-Peep

And

dreamt

But For

She

still they

found For

I do

awoke

left

they

know

not

Or

whether

But

you

may

And

play

For

I have

Action

stir

their how

at

nor

men's

utterance,

blood.

15.

Blessed It

ha

counsel

wise.

a

joke,

it made

you

her

heart

bleed,

them.

are

speak,

long

all night

and

neither

it

tails behind

twinkle

hide

poverty.

14.

Hear

wise like

bleating,

found

but

old

can

you

to

all

a-fleeting,

indeed,

them

come

be

mayst

them

she

were

shall

16.

Tuesday

asleep,

heard

she

ye

th

siste

on

it.

to-day.

thou

his

or

ther Nei-

to

ran

mercy.

obtain

cold

fell fast

she

when

shall

that

He

defended

Hector

too

nor

thou

unwi

7.

happened

repent

lest

are

you

William it

ye

sleep

they

hot

Little

To

not

for

too

neither

Except

though

merciful

receive

17.

11.

9.

whether

brother

is coming?

8.

The

horse

The

Your

that

parents.

train.

forget

I

Friday.

Troy

the

the

4.

see

Jack

his

nor

missed 10.

perish.

We

2.

3.

tired.

tell whether

sinned

dead.

yet

was

5.

him.

ask can

man

but

tion

you

Who

it

listened.

men

not

because

farther

go

three

and spoke but they are

wit

seek.

nor nor

words the

power

nor

worth, of speech v

0

LONGMANS'

Exercise

74.

ENGLISH

Say

"

part

what

Jane

GRAMMAR

of speech

because

cried

each

is;

word

thus

fell down.

she

Therefore

ne

is the

ied

tells

cause

joins the

name

a

of

did.

she

what

person.

"she

statement,

fell/'

to

the

a

noun,

a

verb,

a

it

tion conj unc-

"

cried."

verb

e

stands

ll

tells

wn .

for

what

shows

how

Now

there

And

it grew

1.

2.

The

trees

But

soon

3.

The

boy

4.

The

boat

But

I

5.

Two

noun

she

did.

Jane.

fell.

she

Indian

princes,

came

[

=

turn

to

for

closer

neither]

hollow

Then And

we

his to

father the

adverb.

him.

wanted

ship, nor

spoke

little

the in

spoke

verb,

stirred.

their

nest

tree.

kissed

we

a

ghosts.

built

robin-redbreasts a

pronoun,

snow

and,

cold.

returned,

nor

mist

wondrous are

a

an

both

came

they'll

Within

6.

the

better

maiden

cheer.

INTERJECTIONS Certain

90. to

ed

"

h!"

,

different

show

say

words

Hurrah

!"

kinds

have

no

"Ho!"

"Huzza!";

ally

form

no

ich

they

occur.

part

"Hello!"

of

the

clear

very

of feelings. to

"Well-a-day!";

"Alas!" "Hey!"

which

These

to

j

we

say

call

attention

and

similar

of

the

ar

show

sorrow

show to

structure

Thus

meaning

sentences

w

words

REVIEW

Exercise 1.

Alas!

3.

t.

is

t

is

he

tired

am

Oh!

14.

of

Hey!

a

Alack!

thee

ho!

hurrah!

a

hurrah!

for

6.

0! 8.

won.

for

Bravo!

10.

afraid! 12.

Ah!

Heigh-

Yorick!

poor

keep

fair!

the

for

thy

mare.

so?

the

single

here.

tutL

by.

close

you

makes

Tut,

me

mee-ow!

money

say

Money

Alas!

I must

and

4.

flowers.

mee-ow! rat

true.

and

beautiful

tell

never

has

side

soldier,

13.

a

smell

Oh,"

come

feeling

some

show

Tush!

too

our

hush!

Hush!

2.

but

what

I'll give

Hurrah,

5.

waiting.

We

15.

is

Fie!

9.

11.

cowards.

it

Hurrah!

done.

well

which

dead.

already

7.

voice.

the words

out

nonsense.

all

was

I

Pick

"

Well-a-day!

coner's

t

76.

61

to

mare

field

has

and

Henry

go.

the

turned

chance

o

war!

Hurrah,

Ivry

of

Navarre!

Learn

An

91.

interjection

is

a

thrown

word

into

a

sentence

feeling.

some

express

1

REVIEW

Learn

92.

A

93.

A

ut 1

a

From

is

noun

is

verb

person the

jaceref

to

a

or

Latin throw.

word a

word

again

used

as

used

the to

name

say

of something.

something

to

thing. from inter-jectus(p.p. of inter-jicere),

inter, between,

or

94.

A

95.

Every

96.

The

The

or

thing

98.

The

the

is the

spoken

about. is

subject

A

declarative

100.

a

subject

predicate.

or

is

a

a

subject and

verb,

in words.

thought

a

of

or

a

or

words

predicate.

other

and

verb

words,

statement.

the

99.

statement

has

sentence

predicate

97.

fore

is the

sentence

in making

ed

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

word

by

found

that

one

the

Who?

asking

is

sentence

denoting

What?

or

a

makes

son per

ment state

assertion.

An

interrogative

An

imperative

is

sentence

that

one

asks

estion.

101.

or

mmand Any

an

of these feeling

rong

102.

A

103.

An to

104.

cause

105. an

106.

onoun,

kinds

three

or

is

pronoun

to

become

a

word

adjective is

are

is

the

with the

which

are

participles from

word

another

preposition show

a

that

exclamatory

instead

used

word

and

derived

adverb

a

an

used

limit

to

or

adjective, A

expresses

is

used

word

relation

a

of

a

wit

sentence.

noun.

(or a pro no

noun

denotes.

noun

called

verbals,

verbs.

adverb,

a

if uttered

may,

of sentences

emphasis,

Infinitives

An

that

one

entreaty.

describe

they

is

sentence

to modify or

placed between

a

a

verb

(ora verba

statement.

before the

a

person

noun, or

or

thin

REVIEW

ed

denoted

is

what

and

63

by

some

other

in

the

word

or

word

ence.

A

107.

to

of words

p

An

108.

another

a

word

a

group

a

of words.

into

thrown

word

join

to

used

or

word

interjection is

a

to

sentence

feeling.

some

ress

is

conjunction

Exercise

76.

Say

"

what

of speech

part

word

each

in

printed

lics is. Farmers

1.

3. in

es

ground. 4. till Sunday.

Stay

beautiful

a

The

people

The

laborer's

The

17.

y.

The

father

little hurt.

er

the

are

The

33.

him

d

All

praise.

37.

better.

ged me

not

grass.

William come.

the

people

35.

John

to

43.

The on.

walk

garden 42.

William

came

after 46.

38.

My

me.

brother

45.

told

me

first;

James

My

brother

cannot

stay

snow

to

the

their

people

36.

John

39.

Tom

41.

house. not

still.

herds Shep-

31.

is shut.

the

a

is

himself.

door

is behind

came

in

All

26.

still.

water

34.

better

The

He

24.

air is keen.

to

tried

calm.

There

give

boy 22.

is made

him.

three

sea?

are

waves

Shepherds

fast

a

The

was

29.

the

on

gave

20.

day

The

fine.

bell.

is

Bob

stormy

man.

praise

door.

40.

the

mountain

32.

fly

soldiers

Whiskey

snow

The

flocks.

Shut-the

behind.

l you

30.

their

water

27. a

16.

The

25.

is the

a

little boy.

23.

people.

Ring

is

There

calm

waves.

made

mountain.

cks.

calm.

still raging.

children

the

a

still the

can

waves

can

the

weather

12.

The

his

Who

The

far.

18.

cheers

comes

storm

man

e

21.

14.

very

fast.

runs

taxes

table.

the

on

candle

storm.

ring.

fly

the

king

10.

the

pretty

in

The

the ground 5. Mary till.

miller

the

small.

weather

Swallows

Bob

19.

ers.

pay

a

15.

dow.

is

The

Look

Place

8.

taxes.

can

has

6.

place.

pay

ship

Mary

2.

the

till

to

walk

came

cannot

till Sunday.

He on

after stay

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

Exercise

llowing

77.

"

Say

The

wedding-guest

For

he heard

each

is in

word

bassoon.

the loud

out

points

an

wedding-guest.

article

see a

adverb.

a

verb.

a

pronoun.

a

noun.

a

conjunction.

a

pronoun.

a

verb.

an

ssoon

is the

e

lost

I

little

8.

eless

him

coffin

down.

Up

of

as

kitten

I

now

old

enclosed

his

11.

Three

on

2.

moon.

Barbara breast.

blind

days

The

to*

7.

We

6. were

Frietchie

10. mice,

hearth.

5.

The

Oh

clouds

crowded 9.

then.

Slowly see

cold

out.

go

way.

are

the

upon

sleeps

my

adjective,

strument. innoun. a

wants

rode

adjectiv (article),

an

musical

The

the rose

a

doll.

kitten

corn

bassoon,

of

little 3.

across

scudding

cabin.

poor

white

the

was

een

name

long.

are

nights My

my

kind

the

50)

par.

noun.

an

shows

it is

adjectiv

(an

1.

t

Here beat his breast,

Therefore

ud

id

of speech

part

what

thus,

sentences;

e

e

GRAMMAR

and how

sadly they

N

w

run*

EEVIEW

The

dew

Now

see

I pray For

thee

The

warm

The

bare

he

her. you

row

use

sent

"I

the

"You no

them to

never

gentleman

there,"

"I

other

lend

my

chooses

to

sent

lend

21.

student bellows

A

few

chair

"where-

days

to

was

my

out," to

come

the rooms

pair

the of

book-

bellows. "but

answer,

he

sai rooms

my

after" a

t

student

books

my

borrow

to

out," come

another

to

chooses

to

doctor,

a

She

got.'

gentleman

the

find

readily the

said

never

there."

17.

"t

student

20.

actresses,

and

politeness.

not

could

is wailing, flowers dying. are

actors

great

with

be

pale

despise

Madam,"

can

wind

the

to

servant

see,

seats

if the

"but may

his

and

bleak

sighing,

Siddons

Mrs.

book.

a

port,

the

pretended

Cambridge

A

19.

are

Johnson

go

blink.

to

again.

yonder

is failing,

boughs

18.

began

stars

hurricane,

a

him,

on

the

once

into

put

treated

fast,

mounted

sun

Dr.

led

m

him

I fear

16.

falling

was

6

may

use

n

part

INFLECTION

AND

CLASSIFICATION NOUNS Proper

Work

again

109.

A

imal,

word

ve

a

1.

78.

King

the

largest

e

is

Pick

"

6. was

ship

mestown,

oper

From noun

The

farmer

named

the

Melbourne

gold

get

Spot, has

forn Cali

from

and

a

horse

landed

near

Mary's

calle

Thunderer.

the

bar,

Baltic

Normandy,

Senlac, 10.

3.

marched

Captain

John

Sea.

to

ings Hast

London,

an

landed

Smith

Virginia. the

French

is the

own

propre, name

from of

a

J p

Star the

over

to

at

England.

nquered

1

battle

We

2.

Excalibur.

is called

dog

from

sailed

nouns.

4.

Northern

The

Bound

William

the

My

5.

Sailed

a

always

should

printed

called Romans.

Australia.

Snowy. The

won

noun.

proper or

was

of

god

in

8.

9.

a

person,

particular 1

the proper

out

Victoria.

7.

a

of

written

sword

chief

called

iler.

when

town

and

t

is called

Arthur's

was

name

letter.

capital

Exercise

is the

thing,

noun

proper

2.

1 and

which

or

place,

A

Exercises

Nouns

the

Latin

proprius,

one's

own.

thing. 66

NOUNS

COMMON

Nouns1

Common Work

again

110.

A to

class

79.

Once,

1.

beautiful

a

saw

he

is

he

him

2.

3.

a

too

much

and

fell dead

Our

To

We

4.

hands,

our

the

necks

solid

We

to

groups

be

a

be

a

an

be

dozen,

collections, Exercise

these

80.

"

was

y 1

See

*

Common

"Notes

belonging

Pick had

defeated

are

(from to

the

many

more

Latin than

a

took

a

few

low,

flock.

and

communis, one.

Note

of

group

A

names

men

group

o

of things

group

collective

called

318,

A

the

of groups nouns.

nouns.

herds.

2.

When

suffered

regiments p.

a

things

or

persons

congress.

Being

flocks

great

such

'

Thus

the collective

out

for Teachers,"

to

only

a

lot.

nouns

he

through.

jury,

troop, a

from

words

me

from'snow,

things. a

a

score,

a

Abraham

1.

herd,

a

"let

drawn

caps

ears

not

army,

abbot.

Nouns

or

persons

of

the

drew;

whiteness

names

give

crowd,

may

mals

may

masterpiece?"

feet.

s

we

and

that

man;

and

Collective 111.

Such

poor

chapel

Rubens;

said

feet

the

answered

Rubens'

at

in

altar

him

took

monks

painted

7.

the

our

mittened

cut

"Who

so."

for

on

guard

the

brother,"

tell him

buskins

With

Above

The

traveling

was

artist

painter,"

great

were

8.

i

kind

same

nouns.

convent.

I may

forward

s

a

common

famous

that

judge

the

of

belon

thing

or

person

things

the

picture. "A lay

asked.

"Then

the

out

visited buildings.

the

over

"

of each

or

Rubens

when he

Spain,

*

6.

noun.

Pick

"

name

persons

of

2

Exercise

is the

that

common

a

led

a

3, 4, 5, and

Exercises

word

67

th

severely,

10.

shared

by

several,

common)

LONGMANS'

some

d

a

wish

up

the

The

great

12.

class.

The

Exercises

again

112.

This

the

qualities

s

own

our

from

om

the

is

slavery

the

a

as

can

think

an

action,

Tom his

flock

council.

in other

but

as

the

words

The

from

of them

the

ness smooth-

apart.

something

our

b

cannot

running

in

bu

paper,

own

tha

minds

apart.

that

condition

that

11.

whiteness.

It is only

or

state

deserted.

crew

white;

separated

something

but

slave,

and

runner.

of it

think

So

is

running

parated can

we

winds

8.

and

be

cannot

minds

Again,

7 and

of smoothness

whiteness

and

herd

The

Nouns

is smooth

paper

the

per dis

7.

war.

streets.

of

trib

police

is watching

member

Abstract

Work

the

shepherd

a

was

postmaster

the

of

in

crowd

The at

The

each

lowing

The

Several

and

5. often

8.

guilty.

9.

tribes

were

4.

matter.

families.

clans

Congress

3.

the

twelve

of of

The

lea. a

was

fifth

up

prisoner

the

destroyed.

consider

number

6.

the

There

the

a

of

o'er

owly

to

made

mob.

found

.

was

GRAMMAR

almost

committee

nation

made

.

were

companies

pointed

ry

ENGLISH

be

can

be separated

cannot

thought

of

as

something

art.

drawing

This

ing

has

which

the

away

it, the

from

condition

our

with

from

action the

the

minds

thing

the

from

quality

thing

th

does

which

is in it, is called

which

s a

x

113.

A

is called

ate

114.

stract

y

other 1

Latin

raw).

greatly as

nouns,

part dbs,

the

as

name

of

a

quality,

action,

noun.

abstract

an

Thinking

formed

e

used

word

the

about helps

us

peace,

in

way

know

to

color,

joy,

abstract

which

(But

them. are

not

derived

nouns some

from

of speech.) away

from,

and

tract-us,

drawn

(p.p. of

trah-ere,

NOUNS

ABSTRACT

(1) An

lity,

adjective therefore

jectives;

(2) A

refore

is

the

part

abstract

many

of

6

which

speech

formed

are

nouns

shows from

as,

verb many

(3) Abstract

is the abstract

nouns

of

part nouns

are

also

speech are

which

formed

formed

from

tells from

common

of

verbs;

action, as,

nouns;

81"

Exercise

The

1. Long.

Regular.

Prudent.

The

2. Occupy.

following

The

3. Knave.

From

b.

Exercise Exercise 1.

82.

The

4.

liberty.

auty

e

is

There

11.

licy.

13.

ward.

is better

15.

thing

stract,

say

and

little

A

10.

The

litt

A

strained. is

sins.

s

would

not

Virtue of

multitude

was

weeping

Honesty

12.

warmth.

serious

5.

6.

is

mercy

of

a

cruelty.

pleasure.

7.

a

into

"

of each

Pick

the

bes

is its

own

14.

dom Wis

reason

a

increases;

joy for

ever;

it will

never

nothingness. out

whether

give the

is

beauty

of

loveliness

Pass

83.

covers

he

guilt,

with

all.

of

people

strength.

Its

Exercise

give

Lazy

accused his

of

quality

gives

Charity

was

much

over

2.

length.

proof

us

The

sun

than

in

thing.

darkness

A

nouns

nouns.

behaved

gave

8.

The

Child.

Primate.

the abstract

are

prisoner no

dangerous

a

was

The

driver

scene

heart.

my

feet

was

The

the

of

arning

there

as

Infant,

the abstract

out

3.

trouble.

but

ime,

Friend.

t

is twenty

room

most

speech

of

Pick

"

Prove.

Erase.

Man.

Master.

parts

7 derived

Sing.

Boy.

Duke.

what

Elect.

nouns.

Slave.

Regent.

Rapid.

Blue.

Deceive.

Conceal.

following

Rogue.

ent.

Pure.

Believe.

Invert.

Please.

Curious.

verbs.

Relieve.

vise.

Dear.

Simple.

Just.

Foolish.

Righteous.

Bright.

Strong.

Wide.

True.

upid.

from

nouns

abstract

following adjectives.

Round.

ld.

ke

Form

a.

"

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

the

in

nouns

it is proper,

for

your

the

common,

opinion.

following

sen ten

collective,

NUMBER

1.

prise a

4.

a

I

President,

Mr.

to

had

enter

shall

this

but

assembly,

is

there no

upon

th

justification

no

peace!"

to

much

guilty,

say

War

"Peace,

cry

may

I

And

Crimean

the

of

verdict

2.

Blake.

crime;

Gentlemen

ce.

n

encomium

Massachusetts.

n

e

Judge

of

is

in

jury brought

The

7

Yes, He

Let

honor

the

puts

dusky An

With

calls.

and

whine

lad

English

steel,

by;

vision

Indians

like

strength

kneel:

die.

must

m

And

the

widows

And

the

idols

And

the

might

are

of

melted

Over

Barbara

in

snow

and

the

Gentile,

the

Frietchie's

of freedom

Additional

are

in

broke

like

Hath

Flag

of Asshur

the

in their

temple

of

by

unsmote

of the

glance

wail,

Baal; the

sword, Lord.

grave

union

wave.

Exercise

sentences."

loud

9.

Number 115.

Notice

the

first column

and

difference the

in form

between

corresponding

noun

noun

each

in

the

second

lumn.

e

It will be

number

seen

of

thatthe

things

forms

spoken

of.

of these The

nouns

form

change

used

when

wit

w

LONGMANS'

72

are

1

singular

The

116.

by

to

the

84.

Exercise

Desk.

Cat.

the

th

called speaking

number.

plural is

now

most

formed

commonly

as,

Give

the plural

Bottle.

Picture.

of

Rug.

Fire.

Board.

Garden.

House.

Wall.

are

we

when

is

"

2

singular;

a.

"

thing

single

used

number

plural

s

adding

Poker.

Gate.

Horse.

Tree.

" _

Door.

Rock.

Flower.

Window. Eye.

Bud.

Ring.

117.

ormed

The by

nouns

plural

1

Singular

1

Plural

in

86.

Exercise

mnibus.

har-is), more.

Frame.

form

which

to

s,

z,

x,

Give

"

Pass.

Patch.

Peach.

from

the

Fig.

Marble.

Metal.

Hand.

their plurals

ch,

by

th

commonly

most

Es

is

still

added

as,

sh;

and

of

Guess. Batch.

the Latin

singular^*,

Latin

jduralris, more

the

once

singular.

the plural

Mass.

from

was

number es

adding

ending

Moss.

nouns

other

Basket.

Beast.

Bird.

Servant.

Letter.

to the singular.

s

of

Crow.

Egg.

twenty

Grocer.

Rose.

Friend.

Hoop.

6. Give

ddition

o

is called

one

a

"

form

the

number;

than

ore

thing

one

of

speaking

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

Miss. Latch. single, from than

one,

Glass.

Class.

Leech.

singuli, from

Breach. one

plus

by

one.

(genitiv

NUMBER

ch.

Hitch.

h.

Watch.

Wish.

"118.1

follow

nto

plural

a

i and

adding

Exercise

86.

Ally.

Body.

.

Day.

key.

the a

the plural Baby.

y

does

th

changing

Poppy.

Reply.

in

ves,

simply

Pulley.

or

fe

to

s

add

the

Joy.

the

change

half, halves;

as

Puppyt

Gallery.

Ruby.

/

Ferry,

Kidney.

Lily.

in

ending

Jockey

Dairy.

Eddy.

Monkey.

Chim

Beauty.

Essay.

Gipsy.

many

great

Berry.

Journey.

ends

by

if the

of

Copy.

nouns

plural

s;

following

y

as,

Toy.

Some

in

ends

formed

Bench.

Buzz.

Tax.

adding

is

plural

Donkey.

Pony.

"119.

by

Abbey.

Jury.

ny.

is formed

Give

Alley.

.

number

es;

"

Blush.

singular

the

vowel

Coach.

Brooch.

Mesh,

the

the

vowel,2

Hutch.

Dish.

When

7

knife,

into

/

knives; as

singular,

ree

efs. Exercise Calf.

87.

Give

"

Shelf.

Wife.

of Leaf.

Elf.

Scarf.

Proof.

e.

the plural

Loaf. Hoof.

Chief.

Staff

Thief.

Dwarf.

Roof.

Cliff.

arf.

Some

*120.

add be

all

nouns

In

es.

ending cases

most

in

o

s

add

custom

in

alone

the

plural

decides

added.

1

See

*

That

"Notes

is,

a,

for Teachers," e,

i,

o,

or

u.

p. 323,

Note

21

(last sentence).

an which

The

o.

following

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

Flamingo.

Hero.

mat To-

Potato.

Negro.

Motto.

Cargo.

Calico.

Buffalo.

Bravo.

es:

add

Volcano. The

following

avo.

few

A es

ing

Singular;

Plural; *123.

as, as,

*124.

llows,

s, 1

Brothers

2

When

the

Oratorio.

Folio.

Portfolio.

sheep, pair;

,

,

the

shears,

premises,

dozen

singular;

snuffers,

vespers,

for

form

fish,2

"ten

no

be

may

groups.

same

swine, as,

than

common

group.

scores ,

80)

b

not

numbers, more

once

score

have

scissors,

word

plural

ways

crews

nouns

now

their

have

dozen,

wages,

is

,

deer,

as,

Some

odds,

Tyro.

crew,

nouns

riches,

Domino.

(see Exercise

nouns

armies

score,

merals,

Solo.

other

army,

Some

plural;

Rondo.

-form

in

but

Collective

122.

d

nouns

s,

or

Canto.

Grotto.

Quarto.

121.

s:

add

singular and,

grouse;

afte

eggs." as,

alms,

spectacles,

banns,

trousers,

victuals.

for brother (in a family). plural it signifies individuals kinds. or fishes is used

the

regular

NUMBER

*125.

Some or

always

*126.

s,

nouns

have

dice

(for

two

peas,

gen era

summons,

etc.

plurals,

indexes,

are

news,

billiards,

brethren;

gaming);

form,

as,

singulars;

mathematics,

brothers,

as,

in

plural

politics,

Some

nings;

as

used

means,

asses,

though

words,

different

with

(collective

pease

indices;

shots,

sho

ollective). 88.

Exercise 1.

hatter

The

the

sold

have

air

5.

6.

The

days

The

north

The

clouds

scudding

the singular

ies.

Journeys.

fs.

Dwarfs.

*127.

eign See

"Notes

a

Gas.

tune,

wintry

Wife.

Grotto.

Hiss

Daisy.

Baby.

Hoof.

Clif

Englishman.

Foot.

Gates.

Boxes.

Meadows.

Shelves.

Mice.

is

generally

for Teachers,"

p. 323,

keeps Note

Loaves.

Oratorios. Brethren.

without its 21, and

Mos-

Children.

Oats.

Trousers.

taken

Alleys.

Elves.

Cargoes.

Bellows.

noun

Watches.

Brooches.

Teeth.

it

Ditch.

Army.

Half.

Buffaloes.

a

Grass.

Lady.

Gipsies.

*

language,

free.

Foxes.

Shears.

When

sea;

is flying

Mats.

Geese. Fish.

moon,

of

Spoons. Topazes.

the

has

Canto.

Motto.

hes.

the

long,

song.

across

on

Leaf.

Give

Cups.

doleful

shrouds

Valley.

Sheep.

ne.

need birds

the

and

are

nights

German.

Deer.

tos.

believers

Quick

of

Tax.

Hero.

is

the

Chimney.

key.

1

are

foam

Horse.

Bush.

c.

days

thirty

are

holes,

a

sings

in

the

the

wind

the plural

Board.

cold,

light

wind And

b. Give

are

misty

The

o.

3. have

Foxes

There

noun.

each

of

nests.

A

ch.

2.

caps.

nine

4.

shoulders.

is the number

what

September.

of

month

ad

Say

a.

"

from

change foreign p. 324,

plural Note

26.

fo

but

time,

larva

are:

plurals

(pi.

mulus

are

English

the

dogmas,

that

nouns

of

upon

geniuses,

(pi. larva),

have

still

(pi. radii

radius,

(pi.

memorandum

stimuli),

in

plural

cherubs,

Examples

encomiums.

gmas,

eign

latter

the

of

its

forms

often

looked

be

to

comes

word

it

English

Examples

.

the

after

roughly

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

memoranda), (pi. phenomena), (pi. axes), basis (pi. bases nomenon axis (pi. genera), beau (pi. beaux), cherub (pi. crises), genus sis

i. cherubim). Monsieur,

srs. the

in

the

singular

English),

is

in

used Miss

or

is used

Mesdames

while

gular,

not

Mrs.

So

singular.

Messieurs

of

English.

is

in

(usually

written is

Mr.

generally

the

plural.

into

three

used

in

used

th

Gender 128.

All

beings

(1) Creatures

of the

male

(2) Creatures

of the

female

(3) Things 89.

Exercise

is

of

the male

dow.

the

All to

nouns

They

may

three

or

sex,

Sister.

Father.

Uncle.

Cow.

Goose.

Aunt.

Milk.

He-

Stable.

Table.

Iron

Desert.

into

into

three

classes

all beings

which

are

of beings

of the

male

(2) Names

of beings

of the

female

Names

of things

without

(3)

life.

Book.

Tree.

Names

(1)

whether

animal

Maid-servant.

divided

classes

without

Bull.

Den.

be

here

named

Girl.

Gander.

Pond. Lioness.

the

the beings

Man-servant.

Duck. Lion.

life.

Meadow.

Mare.

She-goat.

sex.

Boy.

Brother.

t.

ided.

of

of female

Mother. Horse.

129.

sex,

each

of

Pen.

n.

ne.

Say

"

classes:

sex.

animal

without

Woman.

Man.

ke.

divided

be

may

sex.

animal

sex.

life.

correspond

may

b

7

GENDER

In

130.

sses

English

the

forms

names

of

Names

of beings

of the a

time

present

each

thes

of

gender.1

of the

male

of the

female

sex

are

of the

nouns

masculine

2

gender. Names

of beings

are

sex

feminine

of the

nouns

3

gender. Names

things

of

er4

without

life

animal

are

nouns

th

of

gender. 4

There

131.

being

end,

are

some

is

named bird.

cousin,

nouns

female;

or

male

Such

do

which

as,

are

nouns

tell

not

whether

parent

be

to

said

us

relative

,

of

common

der. 90.

Exercise

1.

The

As

to

out

brothers,

mother, in

travel

noun.

each

of

land.

far

a

sisters,

and

Boys

2.

and

play.

is, the

husband

the

the gender

father, to

relatives,

come

ls

left

man

other

Give

a.

"

wife

is;

thou

art

mated

with

clown, And

the

we

The

the

made oars

inch

by

Still under See

*

Masculine

8

Feminine

4

Neuter

women

back

ply

Whilst,

1

nature

have

shall

to

weight

drag

down.

thee

So

his

of

grossness

with

again,

inch,

and

again, ship

low,

sank

men.

steadfast

from

yet

go;

children

drowning

the

for Teachers,"

"Notes

their

p.

324,

Note

27.

the

Latin

masculinus,

lengthened

the

Latin

femininus,

womanly,

from

mascidus,

. from

is

neither no

connection

a

pure

masculine

with

Latin nor

the

meaning word, feminine. In

word

male.

neither.

origin

from

femina,

Neuter

the

word

gender

femal

8

LONGMANS'

0

lovely

woman!

To

temper

in

brightness,

Amazing

Eternal

joy, and

Eye.v

by.

Root-

amstress.

b. Give I.

My.

ey.

Him.

His.

be

for instance,

male,

and

mother

the *

pronouns.

Her.

Thee. He.

Its.

Hers.

Me.

Thy

Our.

You

noun

noun

that

the

the

feminine

name

lioness

the

where

is not

is not

is the

following

the

and

masculines

t

1

remarked

feminine

hand,

Songstress.

Ox.

80.

It.

Them.

carefully

her,

er

Teacher.

Heart.

She.

feminines:

rresponding

It should

Attendant.

Theirs.

Notice

132.

Guardian.

Carpenter.

of the following

We.

Animal.

House.

Colt.

Exercise

the genders

ine.

the

Ar,m.

nouns:"

Thou.

love.

Mustard.

Hand.

Additional

truth,

and

Servant.

Plant.

heaven,

of

Fowl.

Nurse.

you.

without

Mistress.

Farm.

Spice.

brutes

purity,

you

made

believe

we

Master.

Niece.

gar.

been

everlasting

Doctor.

phew.

ts

all that

you

GRAMMAR

Nature

woman! had we

man;

There's

1

ENGLISH

feminine

of the

is the

two

of

words of

the

4

of the

from

is the

female. noun

differen noun.

masculine

father; father

corresponding

feminine

are

lion.

name

On

t

GENDER

It

133.

be

will

(1) That

the

different

the

masculine

by

(3) That

a

I.

from

the

a

is

female

the

of

feminine

name

is

noun

the

of

an

sometimes

enti

male.

from

formed

sometimes

termination.

noun

of

common

by

is sometimes

gender

having

a

or

masculine

made feminine

it.

before

placed 134.

name

feminine

or

uline

seen

word

(2) That

7

Examples

of different words

for

masculine

and

inine.

*135.

The

II.

only

culine

words)

Examples

living

(that is by

of feminines way

is, the the

of only

addition

forming way

formed the

which

of -ess;

terminations.

feminine would

as,

by

from be

used

the

with

LONGMANS'

0

ess

e

Sometimes to

*136.

a

the

somewhat

Some

*187.

A

feminine

noun

altered

form

have

nouns

and

masculine,

ENGLISH

few

Feminine

-ess

the

in the

masculines

GRAMMAR

is made of the

the

masculine

termination

feminine;

are

by

formed

as,

noun;

-er

of

addition

or

-or

as,

from

the

Masculine

bride

bride-groom

widow

widow-er

feminine;

in

NOMINATIVE

*138.

Foreign

few

HI.

before

English

old

81

terminations

Examples common

she-bear

she-goat

man-servant

woman-servant

91.

Give

"

the

feminities

Steer.

Buck.

Widower.

Read

again

pars.

140.

Case

means

to

The

141. to

aid

other

be

From

the

native

case

1

t

which

subject

the

Latin

is the

in

of

use

the

a

predicate

of

of

the

tells.

a

or

noun

with

pronoun

sentence.

a

when

noun

or

a

pronoun,

case.1

p.p.

nominatus, case

32.

verb,

nominative

Emperor.

Case

and

the

words

in the

30,

Friar.

Marquis.

Sultan.

Executor.

28,

servan maid-

to

Hunter.

Elector.

Nominative

or

corresponding Duke.

Earl.

Count.

Wizard.

degroom.

word

Feminine

he-goat

Sire.

ect

found

noun.

he-bear

Bachelor.

t.

feminine

or

masculine

of

Masculine

Exercise

are

as,

words;

*189.

ed

or

CASE

of

nominare,

subject, and

the

to

subject

name. names

The

tha

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

Exercise

The

1.

a.

is

Is

12.

8.

book

the

figs

Are

noun),

a

7.

may

Winds

houses. ill.

ar

Sh

9.

11.

He

was

(or

is

Are

these

Is

she

walking

nouns,

do

which

the

by

does the

sweet?

the the

work

the

subje work

of

Thus, to

additions

May

now? as

noun.

subject

16. apples

and

which

fragrant?

he?

18.

word

words

may,

work"

strong

with

some

with

used

this

20.

used

flower

Is

tive adje

the

subject

senten noun

become

ys,

boys

These

Good

The

Adverbs

143.

is

ways

work the

work.

boys

work.

good

boys

are

used

(or contains) of

work.

boys

My

rb,

me?

are

noun

be

"Boys

us,

for

adjectives (or

may

e

How

trees?

on

grow

is

verb

been

13.

15.

they

Adjectives

142.

has

John

new?

going?

17.

Do

10.

down

The

You

5.

there.

blow

3.

chair.

burned.

was

They

the

be

shall

house

milk.

broke

I

Latin.

you

too?

a

the

learn

tb

Are

.

We

destructive.

ying

.

2.

The

in the followi

pronouns

case?

warm.

4.

6.

book.

brought

6.

is

to-day.

metimes

or

nouns

the nominative

d"y

blue

the

s

What

"

in

are

ntences

ke

92.

GRAMMAR

a

with

be

"Boys

sentence

verbs,

verb,

may

adverbs)

of the village

adverbs a

made

work"

work.

arid

(or words part

may,

the

as

by

predicate which

of the

predicate. to

additions

th

become Boys

work

diligently.

Boys

work

in

school.

Boys

work

to

please

Boys

work

diligently

144.

As though

the

words

doing

the

their

teacher.

in

school

used

with

work

of

to

the

please

their

subject

adjectives,

are

teacher.

noun

not

or

nou pro

always

NOMINATIVE

jectives, it words

is convenient

are

also

not

to

the

with

used

erbs,

CASE

them

call

modifiers;; doing

though

verb,

it is

adverbs,

always

8

a

and

the

work

o

to

cal

convenient

modifiers. "

145.

The

subject

called

the

complete

The

verb

(or pronoun)

noun

subject, or

its modifiers

with

th

simply

the

of the

sentence

going

with

or

simply

th

subject

of

ence.

146.

is

verb

Exercise

parts

complete

predicate,

sentence.

93.

In

"

following

the

(or pronoun)

noun

ject

the

called

of the

icate

the

with

its

and

sentences

out

th

the verb

and

pick

modifiers, and

thus,

modifiers; Sentence

My

sister

arrived

yesterday. is lying

book

The

table.

the

on

The

soldiers

London

went

Brentford.

to

girl

7. corn

ing I

b.

looking

was

ded.

en

brother

Tom's

4.

a.

of

10.

slowly. am

12.

e

to

t

now?

to

going Is you

the

The

tall

Chicago little

child

15.

Have

next

you

my

are

The

shaking

was

once

at

8.

great

in

careless

the

The

bell

wind.

week.

13.

sleeping?

been

The

garden.

9.

sun.

trees

14.

yesterday?

in

the

She

6.

book.

grow

in

waving

5.

to-morrow.

come

her

off flowers

Pretty was

will

Was

the

waiting

Did

garden

long?

your

gate

16.

father closed Have

ose

en

thoroughly

Wait

for

.

Speak

softly.

ass

a

Has

Run

23.

your

to

garden

your

to

bed

teacher. once.

at

school.

the

its relation

and

to

Go

21.

telling

means

word,

Attend

down-stairs.

me

Parsing

of

19.

carefully.

.

147.

17.

already?

weeded?

Listen

18.

c.

let

been

houses

new

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

facts

about

the

the

other

words

to

form

an

in

t

ntence. In

kind

at

d

is

it

why

in

other

other,

in

The to

a

other

words

the

of the

lation

93

that

Repeat

are

in

Thus,

e

1.

Old a

be?

as

95.

Nathan

same

"I

of

a

in

the

giving of

or

verbal

is t

speech

the

tax syn

sentence.

in Exer cise

the pronouns

case.

has

the

part

and

be.

the

Give

"

case

am;

it

after

the

am

the

was

,Cole rwer.

predicate

as

I

man,"

is

therefore

nominative

after

man

4.

case

of

the words

David,

unto

said

"ing

iful

be

to

tio rel

before is

in

t

also

case.

"man"

Exercise

nouns

its

upon

is called

any

parsed:

come.

will

or

verb

words

the verb

subject

nominative Parse

the

sentence,

case,

minative

of

verb the

other

the nominative

the parts The

148.

in

of

the

Parse

"

a

verb

noun

masculine

depends

relation

syntax

to

word

94.

Exercise

this

The

noun.

to

be

number, the

of

it

the

would

singular

usually

"

Stating

preposition.

93

sa

gender

Thus

case.

(or pronoun)

noun

and

number

subject

case,

nominative

Exercise

noun, case,

of

the

what

of

of

common

case

in

nominative

4

nominative

nder,

of

the

sentence

a

is,

it

noun

of

is

that

noun

a

parsing

a

I'm

merry

to

be

queen

in

printed

"Thon old

am.

soul. of the

the

art

3.

The

May.

itali man"

Hudson

5.

Th

be

will

y

years.

.

8.

a

7.

Art

a

er

hope

10.

A

"William

the

as

or

noun

United

the In

first

the

is

of

bject In

the

of

bject are,

o

be

to

"I

grocer"

in

your

t

apposition

issue

same

"Hob

Washington,

th

President

proclamation." is

Hob and

returning,

the

as,

modify;

George

this

have

apposition

they

"I,

sentence

case

minative

in

pronoun

States,

noun

pronoun.

is returning;"

wman

that

is meant;

what

the

is said

pronouns or

he

thou

another or

who

"Brown

placed

to the

or

Nouns

150.

so

after

clearly

Conqueror"

noun

noun

other

more

some

scholar

Art

fo

was.

is placed

noun

show

the

The

her"

he

a

9.

angel?

severe

man

a

to

pronoun

traitor

be

shall

friends

been

have

We

I

that

that

Sometimes

149.

6.

present.

I

thou

come?

uld

e

useful

8

CASE

NOMINATIVE

in

the

is

plowman

case,

nominative in

therefore

th

also. J

sentence

second

issue,

the

verb

by

apposition

in

is

the

George

and

J,

with

Washington in

both

case,

nominative

and

the

ident Pres-

nominative

also.

Exercise

1.

96.

Parse

"

Napoleon

William the

son,

6.

bear.

Frank,

8.

9.

the

a

stole

Highest

jockey,

This

very

But

He,

broke

Knowing

our

his

the hath

gracious

frame,

4.

morn.

Tom,

killed

hunters

The

Helena.

Normandy.

of^tate,

queen

friend,

our

5.

pig.

gentleman,

My

the

of

St.

to

sent

from

came

herald

the

apposition.

was

Conqueror

Itft^

in

nouns

Emperor

the the

piper's

the

Juno

great

leg/"

prince's got

his

Master, remembers

near

ally, hurt.

mortal

kind we

as

jy*?t,

are'-ast.

3. Tom, Bruin, comes.

When

151.

the

noun

or

a

97.

the nominative

fair

O

Parse

"

I

4.

I

absolute

its

tired,

98.

been

the

heavy

with

anger.

8. forth

went

A

153.

"

Other

examples:

The

in Greek

may

what

sail. king. 5.

a

The

for

a

sail;

rose,

peak).

absolute.

4.

James

The

baby lay

Bruce

returning

word

mountains

listened,

man

be

used

2.

Napojieo having

storm

leaving being

down, his

face

th

asleep his heart

red

the

victorious,

noun

is called

shall I do?" of address

as

merely "William!

"Hartlepool!

nominative Latin. or

6.

expressed

started. 3. The

to

nominative

went

above

peace.

Exult,

Zion!

other

"The

honor.

6.

0

any we

is th

the

participle

we

was

tired I am;"

Such

a

In

wit

citizen

him.

meet

noun

it?

1

king

The

about "Mercy!

truth,

be in the

to

being

quiet.

7.

sorrow.

by

ready,

made

very

how

"Goodness!

2.

strong.

the nominative

there

was

were

to

out

ventured

ships

children

is said

is, peak

being

William

country,

are

where

strength,

down;"

sat

Pick

defeated,

the

abated,

which

have

me

by affected being calm,

sea

(that

"

thy

followed

we

grave,

wondrous on

is not

Everything

having

Put

O

let

to

are

ye

"The

as,

Exercise 1.

death

"O

Romeo?

3.

sire,

7.

case

peak"

above

peak

you,

being

when,

being

nominative

pronouns

thou

fond.

(or pronoun)

sentence;

"He

addressed,

children;"

and

art

darkness,

noun

understood, the

pray

and

A

ye

nouns

too

am

patricians.

152.

the

wherefore

Montague,

ye^proud

O

me,

in the

or

of address.

Romeo,

victory? 5. O night

to

be

to

to

sting?"

Exercise

1.

is said

used

"Come

is thy

where

(or thing) is spoken

person

pronoun as,

address;1

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

86

a

I "Ink!

an

what

nominative

heard

never

what

in English

a

exclamation, does

of exclamation. of.the

do I want

corresponds

he know

with to

the

place!"

ink?"

vocative

OBJECTIVE

Objective

Read

again

154.

When

does,

ng

the

the

t tells what In

155.

t

tells

an

did

a

such

and

the

the

the

thing

or

he

obeys

lost

shows

his

slate,

lost.

he

what

o

person

mother

and

"Tom

name

is called

to

"Mary

does,

slate shows

a

person

sentence

sentence,

sentence,

is done

action

resses

in the

to what

shows

Mary

13.

tells what

sentence

in the

what

and

Tom

a

Exercise

again

often

Thus,

obeys;

she

in

sentence

obeys

ther/'

Case

work

verb

is done.

action

m

7, and

par.

8

CASE

thing

of the

person

or

object

of the

verb

tha

that

th

action.

Examples

of Objects

Sentence

love

Parents

Children catch

Mice

fear

mice. cats.

these

noticing can

ject

ter the

as

99.

in

par.

had

faith.

Elijah.

8.

"

by

asking

be

will

seen "

Whom?

"

or

What?

As

which

the

does

or

apart

the

analyze

following

senten

155. battles. 4.

baby.

6.

Moses

Solomon 10.

Rome.

156.

found

Take

"

fight

the

minding

nded

it

sentences

verb.

Soldiers

1.

be

always

Exercise

d

parents.

obey

Cats

By

children.

Fred.

missed

showed

patience.

possessed

meekness.

obtained

wisdom.

like

work

Tom

Job

Caesar

object, the

2.

invaded

the

of

a

7. 9.

3.

Mary

5.

ham AbraRavens

Romulus

Britain.

subject, noun),

is

a

noun

(or some

adjectives'(or words

LONGMANS'

do

ch

the

the

with '

may,

work

ENGLISH

of

adjectives) Thus

subject. by

GRAMMAR

additions

to

the

sentence

the

object,

Boys

learn

their

2.

Boys

learn

home

3.

Boys

learn

difficultlessons.

4.

Boys

learn

lessons

5.

Boys

learn

their

called

The the

Exercise thus9

object complete 100.

"

"Boys

it with learn

ju

so le

become

lessons.

about

verbs.

difficult home

lessons

(or pronoun) object. noun

Take

used

lessons.

1.

157.

be

may

apart

or

analyze

about

with

the

verbs.

its modifiers

following

senten

OBJECTIVE

I.

The

emen

tons

threw

stles

the

at

in

ldren

heavy

The

ted

their

101.

without We

1.

is

The

The

brave

n

objec

kille

has

dog

The

The

The

is

cook

making

....

dislikes

James

9.

took

gar den

old

....

7.

saved

....

The

sun

....

gives

.

....

....

has an

a

the

"

If the

question

every

Whom?" the

answer

no

gives

verb

it is not

but

subject,

object.

after

asked

102.

reading

broken.

3.

The

her her

5.

8.

friend

I

fair.

the

at

dress

new

had

13.

wheelbarrow. love

should

16. is owned

No

writing by

am

Mr.

our

2.

was

ver

fire the

is

10. been

torn.

The

wind 15.

enemies. paper

is in

Elkins.

18.

7. my

my

Mr.

12.

is I

girl* ha

The

9.

cap.

in

The

have

possession.

Sh

Lenox.

carpenter

fiercely

blowing

Elkins

cook

brightly.

lives

Jones

Mr.

The

burning

for

ha

window 4.

arm.

looking

objects.

The

sleeping.

The

in

have

which

story.

child

wounded

father.

Jane's a

was

the verbs a

pudding.

nice

soldier

nd

We

out

is

The

de

Pick

"

William

a

de

d.

supply

object.

1.

d

The

poppies

....

contains

Exercise

er.

tall

4.

felled

predicate

"What?"

.

9.

....

expecting sailor

that

no

2.

our

5.

Every

dicate

The

sentences

....

children

158.

thief

artful

down.

10.

following

woodman

is

The

the

lost

watering

William

the

modifiers.

have

3.

farmer's

proudly.

In

"

three

the

stole

of potatoes.

young

neighbor's

barley

ripe

The

parrot

her

met

caught

policeman

crops

heads

our

thief

the

3.. Tom's

Nellie

saw

Some

beat

fine

gay

Exercise^ or

clever

rains

grows

dener

h

A

fire.

4.

We

6.

park.

7.

horse.

5.

2.

carefully.

the

on

correctly.

station.

the

room

every

water

of

tunes

several

sin

t

dusted

servant

8

CASE

no

writing 17.

possesses

No

n

LONGMANS'

159.

The

no

object

ENGLISH

same

verb

in

have

may

writing

therefore

answer;

is writing

James Is

one

sentence

no

object.

letter.

a

letter;

A

what?

in

object

is writing.

No

what?

writing

an

thus,

another;

James Is

GRAMMAR

object, letter.

an

^therefore

"

103.

Exercise

Pick

"

1.

Tom

is reading

2.

The

rain

ver

"Robinson

The

contain

is reading.

Tom

the

against

object

The

window.

horse.

his

broke

waves

which

Crusoe."

beating

was

beating

was

the sentences

out

the

on

The

shore.

broke

man

poor

.3. arm.

4.

Wasps

5.

Doctors

sting

some

Wasps

people.

bled

formerly

their

sting. The

patients.

wound

freely.

d 6.

is playing

Mary

with

her

is

drying.

doll.

Mary

is playing

th

is

th

no.

7.

The

ground

wet

The

sun

drying

ground.

8.

fire

The

burning

was

brightly.

fire

The

burning

was

carpet.

9.

That

hours.

the

strikes

clock

That

strikes

clock

dly. The

10.

The

gin dig

are

workmen

ditch.

a

The

160.

jective In

digging.

are

workmen

object

object 104.

99, 1

that

say

case,

Exercise

rcises

or

is

pronoun

to

said

in

th

is in

th

be

case.1

parsing

jective

noun

13, See

"

the.

noun

the

verb.

of

Parse

and "Notes

the

nouns

the

or

in

pronoun

the

objective case

103. for

Teachers,"

p.

319,

Note

11.

i

OBJECTIVE

Read

again

161.

Prepositions The

79

pars.

the

in

the

the

led "the

A

163.

Exercises

In

Many

164.

d

Here

the

as

name

is called

the

responds

to

object *'

as,

learned,

the

who

irect

of the

name

have

we

and

1

lending

i

the

modifiers,

phrases.

besides

which,

indirectly;

thing

or

person

another

th

len

"Alfred

as,

Pater

are

the

directly

bears

knife

the

on

Fred.

on

The

165.

Those

e;

action

indirectly

,

of

of

phrase.

action

on

simply

knife."

a

d

acted

speak

the prepositional

concerns

be

to

said

an

being

word

modifiers

object (and

out

pick

nou pro

man."

prepositional

express

directly,

on

be

may

a

67

and

verbs

acted

ject

t

65

its

with

or

noun

verb.)

have

large

a

we

Of the

object may

of

shoe

is called

what

(When

preposition

preposition

forms

y)

a

is the

"This

as,

the

a

it, such

with

preposition.

with.

have

always

Father

father.

preposition

going

mean

we

of

object

;

the

object of

Her

must

case

objective

"Whom?"

asking

father.

the

of

object

objecti

thus,

whom?

preposition

object,"

The

,

With

case,

Every

162.

by

her

is with

with.

objective

found

is

the

govern

verbs

preposition;

Ellen Preposition,

as

well

case

the

after

9

to 82.

as

objective

"What?"

CASE

learning

corresponds

hbrum

the

indirect

direct

the

called of

thing

object

(or

directly

on

acted

thing

or

person

direct

the

rect indi

on

acted

ob je

object.1

Latin

object to

or

person

the

see

will put

m

indirect

[Ace] filio [Dat.]

that the

the

object

accusative

object dat."

put

case,

in

English

m

and the

th

dativ

LONGMANS'

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

Examples

Indirect

of

Objects Direct

Sentence

e

teacher

ank

his

gave

e

e

Low

Each

a

teacher

a

a

question.

indirect

the

him

promised

e

apple

his

sister

question

Mr.

Low

be

can

sentences

The

written

with

thus,

object;

a

Obje

him

prize

an

teacher

a

promised

priz

[to] him.

prize.

ank

a

prize.

apple.

these

of

before

eposition

an

sister

Mr.

asked 166.

him

promised

Indirect

Object

his sister

gave

an

Frank

apple.

an

gave

[to] h

apple

sister.

Mr.

asked

Low

a

She

question.

a

asked

[of] Mr

question

Low.

It will thus

eposition

be

phrase

that

indirect

the

in

its preposition

a

In

verb. case

objective

and

preposition;

and

object

is in the

is practically

it)

of the

modifier

object

understood

direct

a

(with th

object"

before

placed

and

epositional the

be

can

which

"indirect

the

that

seen

parsing,

governed

analyzing,

call

of the

modifier

th

verb.1

*

Exercise

105.

b. Pick

the

out

indirect

the

out

Pick

a.

"

(direct)objects,

objects

and

the

supply

prepositions

understood. 1.

m

His the

l

a

lesson*

that

he

doctor

gar The

a

he

her

9.

child beautiful *See

told

us

I

had

the

for

"

8.

bought

That

Teachers,"

The

The man

p.

322,

2.

man

6. The

child a

horse.

gave

They

hi

did

s

girl showed brought th

pair

of

gardener

17.

boots.

sold his

owes

Note

Offe

a

teacher

7.

myself 11.

truth. 12.

The

holiday.

finger.

roses.

"Notes

a

5.

his

French.

them

them

crushed

penny.

letter.

taught

promised

lent

master a

dollars.

thousand

a

The me

sent

mother

him

3.

money

My

ys

left

uncle

me

grocer

OBJECTIVE

dollars;

leman

has

A

167.

the

objective Thus, 150.)

don,

the

Mr.

le,

d

b

of time,

in

the

or

expressed

res

far?

How

106. or

space,

4.

.

7.

We I

The

10.

back

Since

169.

(see

lowing

the

sentences

t

III;

Other see

Index.

the

be

9.

him

the to

uses

of

be

ihe

12.

The

horse

i

dollars. as

for be-

in

the

considered

i

after king

and

days,

11.

The

case

friend

that

weigh

thirty

same

snail

Seven

ago.

week

objective my

8.

is worth

the

ninety

smiled

potatoes

paces.

case.

friend.

Canute

wantejd

The a

cow

takes

o

My

The

5.

day.

whole

three

lived

man

lawyers

away

or

-artrin

They "

went

verb

and

2.

mile,y

acres.

The

148), tjbe* nouns

par.

I knew

Note.

6.

a

old

fifty

a

dollars;

hundred

often?

objectives (nouns

running

The

curse.

two

cloth

objectivecase).

/after

waited

soldier

sprang

the

o7

the

in

questions,

How

adverbial

in

hour.

saw

any

years

"The

adverbial

much?

measures

an

by

ten

miles;11 answer

the

out

weeks.

field

lived

often

objectives.

caught

two

yard

nights

it

was

The

a

a

in

their

are

governed

"We

How

measurement,

stayed

th

live

love

children

being

nouns

adverbial Pick

"

hare

The

ernoon.

.

(See

"I

measurement

and

as,

long?

called

Exercise

n

that

case.

objective

twenty

Such

How

therefore

wled

you

pronoun

plowman;11

without

walked

six yards.

s.

or

"The

preposition;

"Tom

end

show

will

noun

the

the

space,

objective, case,

1 1

1.

Hob

met

I

Holmes11

nce;"

e,

in

of England;"

capital

Nouns

168.

"I

a

with

is also

case

14.

The

13.

book.

that

me

dollar.

one

carriage.

in apposition

noun

him

paid

his

Get

15.

parse.

just

us

offered

to

n

he

93

CASE

objective

to

be case

their will

king. be

LONGMANS'

4

Exercise that

uns

s

1.

for

you

be

lawyer?

7.

I?

han

him,

Do

you

6.

Do

Have

seen

you

him

want

to

In

s the

the

f the

thing

ollowing

how

A

2.

The

3.

Moses'

4.

For

171.

A

much,

better

scholar

a

Mrs.

Brown?

boy?

errand

lost

"William

knife,"

John's

knife is

(or owner), and

the

John name

(or owned).

the

bird's

of the

name

in th

is written

possessor

enoted

hat.

The

men's

wings. hats.

to

is formed

by

man's

noun

in

1See

the "Notes

in the

an

adding

"The

sound

be case

possessive

of

to

the

person

in the

noun

show

or

thin

number

singular

(') and

apostrophe

to

case.1

possessive a

as

so

s;

as,

"The

hat." the

s

is used

which

belongs

something

it is said

the

birds7

sake.

(or pronoun)

that

wing,"

The

life.

noun

The

If

wings.

goodness'

by

172.

Plural

man's

its form

hissing

Why

examples.

1.

a.

5.

studied

John,

Singular

ird's

son, Thom-

Judge

Case

possessor

possessed

Notice

be

to

son

be'lyour

sentence

of the

name

him

3.

victim

pounds.

has

That

old.

the

by

never

my

Possessive 170.

broken

who take

you

France,

of

2.

years

hundred

two

fellow

a

forty

was

chair

reason.

brother.

my

man

King

at least

weighs

advise a

The

be

to a

Louis,

give the

t

out

pick

sentences

and

me

you,

of 4.

who

took

you

reading

man

following

the

objectivecase,

conduct

been

a

o

y

night

Revolution.

he

.

That

In

"

in the

are

strange

ave

o

107.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

of

singular the

possessive

for Teachers,"

already

number

p.

319,

is Note

sometimes 11.

ends

le

in

as

"For

tions,"

justice' b.

is

in

better

to

the

noun

"

most

Moses's

"The

pides,"

sake,"

conscience'

out

the

of

But

taste.

of

in

s

as

such

a

the

rule

s,

even

apostrophe and "James's in s; as,

book,"

law"

disagreeable

the

Moses

law

questions

sound

would

name

"The

perhaps

sounds;

er

the

because

people,

ing

matter

ends

already

orders."

ress's

a

both

add

leaving

the

extent

some

"For

love."

Jesus'

or

"Socrates'

plays,"

sake,"

"For

putting to

"Euripides'

goodness'

cause,"

The is

law,"

"Moses1

9

CASE

POSSESSIVE

The

Socrates"

of

has

already

Moses,"

of

"the

two

plays

would

be

the

possessive

th

forms.

173.

When

hown

by

ys'

the

an

adding

s

and

are

plural

the

s

"Birds'

as,

does

noun

wings," in

end

not

"Men's

as,

added;

in

ends

only;

apostrophe

When

games."

strophe

in the

noun

s

an

"Children's

gloves,"

ks." The

174.

names

'case,

sessive

"A

say

le,"

e,"

thought

or

sonified

175.

city's

The

se."

176.

leg."

We

the

which

"understood."

for

a

"St.

In

Peter's"

same

is often

there

rarely

with

they

put

are

in

being

of

leg,"

but

"The

may

say

"The

th

used. leg

of

moon's

way, no

"I

am

going

noun;

after as,

a

am

going to

"St.

means

usually

case

possessive

Thus,

"I

means

week,"

the

are

case

horse's

(unless

pride."

noun

sometimes

wn's

living)

as

"A

table's

living

not

objective

leg,"

"A

"The

of

the

man's

not

things

of

pronoun

"This

stay

modifies to at

a

stay

Brown's

Peter's

Church."

in the

possessive

is my

book;

where

yours?"

d

Note

that

theirs,

have

the no

possessive apostrophe.

pronouns

ours,

yours,

hers,

it

LONGMANS'

Exercise

e

say

and 1.

108.

Pick

a.

"

noun

what

each

found

the

thieves'

butchers'

xes'

tails

8.

7.

.

Mrs.

a

grocer's

re

full

was

ult

Polonius'

od gger

17.

18.

Swift

Peter's Dean

noun

21.

each I

iend?

found Tom

learned

t

ve

cause

hay

for

9.

Moses'

buy

We

13.

people

dog

sugar

Thomas

14.

The

whisper

of

Cassius'

ran

place

his

beautiful.

lay

of sick 19. William

Patrick's.

the

tied

is

a

collie,

case

possessive

a

while

say

and

had

24.

22.

cap.

learned

mittens. lost their

26.

thou

lessons,

his bird

The

Hast

is

The

in

but

its

thy

Jane

has

25.

nest.

children 27. That

father.

seen

We

were

crying

bat

is mine;

is yours?

ere c.

our

they

Samson

were

mother

This

in

my

has

hers.

found

20.

cellar.

sake.

The

The

modifies.

have

23.

St.

of

the

lost.

12.

wife's

the pronouns

out

in

is

this

4.

clean.

conscience'

In

16.

was

are

dresses

15.

the

watched

stationer's.

bones.

his brother's. at ayed is a setter. arles's

b. Pick

a

at

for

men's

We

wonderful.

death.

through.

ver.

was

Henry

of

dog

ladies'

The

paper

and

disobeyed

The

possessive

modifies.

6. all closed. farmer bought

Williams's

is unknown. 10. Hercules' strength

the

hidden

plunder were

shops

together.

food.

n's

at

or

with

goes

in

nouns

is sweet. 2. singer's voice flight. 3. The children's clothes

lice The

.

the

out

The

gle's

ave

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

Write

Moses.

the possessive Aristides.

case

singular

of

Francis.

Ulysses.1

Mr.

-"Eneas.

Goodness.

chards.

d.

Write

Boy.

hiefT.

other.

the possessive

Lady.

Chief. Child.

Babyf Negro.' Woman.

Justice. case

singular

Jockey. Hero.

Charles.

Dickens/

i

and

Gypsy. Man.'

Mistress.

plural Monkey.

Goose. Horse.

of Wife.' Month*

6.

Change

the

The

spirit

28. The

minds 32.

.

The

the

of

40.

the

all

's

the

gh in

the

because

ferent

the

law

The

fleet

in

the

ness bright-

The

Jones.

Brown'

it

is

plain case,

possessive in

each

series.

Webster's

we

second

and

must

have

speak

of

nouns

the

is that

In

example

the three

above,

Other

with

examples

That

hat

That

baby

I heard

A

noun

"Have

may

e

object

e

possessive

of

the

Harry.

with

Harry's boy.

the is

object

of

in

possess

the

book.

modifying

Emerson's

is

and

modified

the

though in

the

again.

with

possessive Harry's

boy

is

wear.

is sick

in the

my

verb,

case,

of

be

seen

you

to

old

Wilkinson's

lectures

those

be

Brown's

phrase

Here

idiom:

is too

of Harry's of Mrs.

a

of

this

of

Mr.

expressions

Brown's?"

to

seems

in

used

Mr.

of

say

parsing,

forming

case,

book form

possessive

position.

is frequently

case

possessive

"Where

this, in

37.

office,"

separate;

as

not,

the

of

is

plays

Worcester's,

each

sake

The

and

last

the

to

the

35.

Mr.

the

the

of

office. The

178.

in

are

possession

of

man.-

of

For

39.

law

are

only

"Here

dictionaries,

179.

italics

dictionaries,"

33.

"Stafford

as

attached

sentence,

month's

one

is

voice*

boys?

anoj. Long's in

nouns

The

dwelling

new

Bandy

31.

Othello^

of

wife

The

life

the

of

expressions

such

"Booth,

"

The

The

Cassius/

of

books

38.

sun.

In

177.

dagger

case.

29.

Turks.'

the

of

The

horse.5

the

the possessive

use

daughters.

The

36.

to

as

97

fathers'.

your

34.

so

your

of

customs

Shakspere/" of

following

of

conscience!-*

n

CASE

POSSESSIVE

's

is

much

by

case

hat?" by

apposition, Here

boyf

case

hat

is i

which only

attached

possessive

pleasure.

by

to

th

appositio

Place In

180.

nerally

wo

be

to

laid

if he

than

Thus

"I

said,

more

honor

when

Carlyle

draws

th

after

places

usual

when

he

subject

object

of their

out

third/'

no

the

and

them.

on

the

sentence

verb

put

and

men

object

the

often

I honor

men

the

are

Object

and

declarative

or

before

words

has

ress

Subject

of

stating

placed

but

rb,

a

GBAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

says,

attention

two

men

n

and

ird." In

poetry

their

usual

181.

t

of

ndscape

the

the

on

"Now

as,

places;

the

and

subject

fades

"Your

sight;"

are

object

the

glorious

put

often glimmering

launch

"standard

ain."

Exercise

109.

Picktout

a.

"

the

verb

the

and

noun

subject

pronoun. 1.

Up

ows

rose

the

northeast

the

ound the

s

into

7.

11.

Within

12.

a

gun.

tic

a

9.

lay

there

burst brethren.

seven

wight.

And

The

terrors

out

joy

Adown

the

steed

high

hall

th

with

they

window

the

thy

staff

I

host.

subject, and wolf

shall 15.

find:

worldly she

lost

were

charging

brought.

could

Thou

the

the

chieftain.

heart

complete

blood

comfort

18.

of

verb,

warm

fated

British

the

of that

niche

Brunswick's on

His

with No

her

Highland 10.

came

Down

5.

all.

There

forms

proud

windows

arose

up

windowed

But

b. Pick

.

Then

men.

Sate

ast

6.

road.

stood

Steadily

all wide.

nostril

13.

the

2.

then.

There

flew

hardy

armfcd

3.

Up

the

the

spoke

rode

en

4.

sound.

Frietchie

wind.

throne.

wine

under

Out

Barbara

old

set.

A

17. task

complete

l"p*

14.

The

.

kingly The

hast

its

His

done. corse

wore.

labors .

20.

morning

he

crown

ant

object.

to

J9.

In

the-

ha

he ram-

Patient

One

have;

Ten

spears

28.

little

a

23.

27.

irons

haughty

Thee

oak,"

his

within

by.

close

His

of

swept

saw

found.

girl "I

"Hearts

he

I

mound,

it warmed.

may

road

you

new-made

hills

Alpine

ry

there

24.

cried.

25.

And

indeed,

eyes,

captains

sp.

21.

hurried.

we

ts

26.

The

still from

you

tyrants

ne'er

shall

.6spy.

e.

Many

30.

31.

crumbs with hungry sparrow

a

And

to

He

The

his

hilt

the

in

plunged

is

182.

A

noun

183.

A

proper

A

same

185.

ality, 187.

ural; one,

name

name

of

word

that

of something.

some

particular

son, per-

is

noun

a

to

a

is the

name

things

or

of persons

class

of each

o

kind. A

collection 186.

the

as

is the

belonging

thing

or

tread.

thing.

or

common

cold

again

used

word

noun

place,

animal, 184.

a

side.

Nouns

op

Learn

sword

and

courtiers

Review

fed.

vengeful

damp

smiling

bread

of

Gelert's

pavement

No

rson

e

little boy

A

29.

An an

collective or

the the

or

have

singular

plural

is

noun

abstract

Nouns

one

of persons,

group

action,

is

noun

when

a

that

is used or

animals, a

used

word

as

the

name

o

things.

as

the

name

of

a

state. two

number we

numbers is used are

"

speaking

the when

of

singular we more

are

than

and

the

speaking one.

eminine, A

A

female

has

A

in

to

alled

a

or

a

f

196.

irect

me

a

of

common

of the

creature

male

gender.

three

cases

the

"

(or pronoun)

noun

native, nomi-

denoting the

used

as

case.

nominative a

thing

or

person case

nominative

and

independently

used

as

merely

(or pronoun)

noun

i

a

with

an

is called

exclamation

a

is

(or pronoun)

Some

in

Nouns

bjective case,

reposition.

the

objective

have verbs indirect The

an

preposition,

understood

of time, though

They

is used

which

the

as

object

objective case.

noun

object.

197.

of something

absolute.

nominative

used

is in the

reposition .

creature

of exclamation.

The

195.

the

(or pronoun)

noun

The

verb

a

of address.

is in the

ominative 194.

creature

possessive.

is in

addressed

noun

A

193.

the

(or pronoun)

noun

A

articiple

of

name

of

have

is in the

verb

nominative

192.

to be

is said

sex

sentence

of the

A

name

(and pronouns)

every

subject

poken

the

objective, and

In

191.

a

of

name

is the

gender

be

may

Nouns

190.

is the

gender

neuter

female

of the

the

he

the

which

189.

name

life.

no

noun

or

ex

the

masculine,

sex.

noun

hat

the

"

is the

gender

feminine

in the

noun

f the

genders

sex.

male

A

three

and the neuter. in the masculine

noun

f the

have

Nouns

188.

space,

not are

called

object

of

a

case.

indirect

object

and

object

is really to,

usually

governed

is the

which

as

the

adverbial

any

verb

~^"\

are or

a

object of

for, or of.

measurement

by

welias

in the

expressed

objectives.

A

198.

(or pronoun)

noun

belongs

ething

oted

A to

noun) the

case

same

The

200.

110.

Exercise

rcise

108

Noun,

proper,

Noun,

common,

Noun,

ves

case,

Preposition,

Noun,

ble

the

1.

Now

case,

k.

Shepherds

3.

of

les

sister

hat

That

6.

k.

Anne?

miles

this

ng

cared

for

son,

,

Tom.

h

my

My

9.

Harry,

13.

knife?

the

Old

5.

George, 14. 1

The See

found. its

objec

was

you

4.

rascal,

I

and

Jones's 11.

Bring what

why 67,

are

b, and

do

me

have you

footnote.

mate,

th

on

7.

silk.

Henry. 12.

No

8.

excellent.

Farmer

truth! Exercise

of

th

rose

joints

Alfred

man

in.

Merrily

flocks.

are

hired

gender,

preposition* 2.

sister's

10.

neuter

Betty's

Phelps.

Mrs.

gender,

between

of the

their

brother

his

gender,

neuter

verb

roars.

morning. by

gender,

feminine

number,

watching

my

thus,

masculine

relation

Thompson's

neighbor

ee

est

of

i

gloves'.

of

object

knew.

Lucy

comrade

i

found.1

lion

are

before

as

of found.

singular

hungry

the

and

the stable.

number,

the

verb

common,

objective

be

prepositions

number,

object

it

fully;

number,

plural

showing

and

to

preceding,

and

modifying

case,

objective

in

gloves

subject

common,

stable

8

nouns

singular

possessive

is said

after

sentences

singular case,

case

the

following

nominative

ter's

same

all

his sister7

found

(o

noun

another

(or pronoun)

the

Parse

"

thing

it.

takes

in the

and

James

es

be

that

or

person

is meant

what

noun

with

verb

the

after

placed

clearly

the

with

apposition

in

more

show

by

its form

by

show

case.

possessive

(or pronoun)

noun

to

used

is modified

or

it, is in the

by

199.

to

101

NOUNS

OF

REVIEW

have

Those Where walked

ar

crops

This

that you

speak

my

,is fishing

done of

th

LONGMANS'

2

15.

uth?

ENGLISH

That,

17.

When

the

The

was

rock

hid

by

the

warning

heard

mariners

From

16.

th

boys.

the

come

dollars.

ten

cost

chair

school

ghboring

GRAMMAR

the

surge's

swell

bell.

PRONOUNS Personal Work

111.

Exercise

ther

I like

1.

go

he

ayground; her

that

ctor

but

t

of

ries

ou

hats

the

park?

it.

swollen

lives.

their

our

10.

to

the

go

The

waters

Jack

to

him

dog

The

travelers

book If

11.

7.

hurt

tried

to

away,

The

its foot

th

cross

the

and

is interesting;

th

Mary

6.

Friday.

them

sinners

in

waiting

has

Wil

4.

quickly. on

knif

his

room.

is

cold

carried

That

another. lent

cloak

5.

8.

in

case

t

case

possessive

brother

the

caught

9.

adventure.

Your

in

morning.

over

the

2.

you

this

in

in

those

write

the objective

is ill; she

sister

passed

wheel

in

pronouns;

those

column,

wants

her

saw

ver,

to

us

with

the

book.

left

We

37.

and

out

those

new

my

3.

me.

one

and

column,

35

Pick

"

in

case

minative

s

Exercises

again

Pronouns

it is full thee,

entice

consent

not.

A

201.

by

the

or

expressed

possessive

is almost

case

possessive

noun,

another

in

onoun

in the

noun

but

understood,1

is not

case

lo fo

always

followed

always

by

n.

.

Exercise

112.

1.

book

This to

porch

3.

"

Mr.

The

Pick is

said

in the possessive

the pronouns

mine;

Hake's

thief

out

is

where house, that

but the

2.

yours?

is

there purse

was

#

1

See

the

exception

treated

in par.

178.

no

his,

case

There

porch but

;t

PERSONAL

knew

y

it

that

es's

Castara,

t,

1.

Note

In

"

but

as

in

possessive

2.

Note

used

his

case

are;

Parse

tha

tha

me

yours ours

second,

as

possessive is;

of

ours

parse

objective,

object

162).

par.

like

those

of, just

is as

in

given

"That

"Here way

an

112

the

yours

as

used

thus,

same

in

subject

preposition

again;"

the

ases

book;

your

but

(see

the

jokes

Give

Exercise

of

nominative,

form,

after

sessive

to

Pronouns

"

thought

5.

theirs.

sentence

house. a

to

preposition

first

our

used

brothers

The

than

meaning

to

equivalent

10

'tis thine. the

in

4.

better

for

equivalent

,

hers.

was

was

prize

PRONOUNS

uncle

letter

a

the

as

in

notins

Parse

noun

th

been

has

of mine

of yoursJ1

similar

11

Exercise

these

(s

phrases

178). 202.

The

aking

of

of

our

are

which

himself,

first

the

don; to

pronouns or

of

father

himself "I

as,

person;

us

met

used

the

at

station

we

and

t

said

brother

my

with

person

are

others,

and went

a

when

t

with

went

Tower."

the

"

The

203. or

persons

"Are

you

pronouns to

spoken

taking

Bird

The

ken

about,

son;

as,

her's

horse to

give

pronouns

but "I

not

them

be

to

said

to

blithe

thee,1

thou

used

never

to

designate

of the

the

second

son per-

person;

and she

food

which

1

The

spirit,

wert."

designate

to,

spoken

its stable;

the

to

used

camera?"

Tom

met

to

are

your

"Hail

204.

are

which

are

said

Mary; was

skylark.

she

to

he calling

had

or

persons

be

of

was

their

things

the

taking fowls

in her apron."

thir

hi

to ge

LONGMANS'

04

Note.

Nearly

"

Scoundrel, I

ing,

thy

am

111 205.

and

and

The 113

1

"

third

the

first

the

In

Say

but

of

the

saw

someof thing

Sometimes, second

things;" "O

premises?"

nouns,

we

we

pronouns

person

person;

these

all my

parsing

what

name

person.

on

with

the

in

or

doing

slave."

112

each

need

not

must.

pronoun

in

ercis Ex-

is.

results may

in

you

person,

113.

Exercise

being

fisherman,

are

what

mention

ually

2,

Wilson,

Henry

GRAMMAR

noun,

is

in

are

nouns

"I,

,

every

about,

spoken

wever,

ENGLISH

be

See "Notes

from

obtained shown

in

a

working

table;

for Teachers,"

Exercises

thus,

p. 319,

Note

12.

111,

PERSONAL

These

206.

ause

they

different

are

third

the

again

207.

The

F

pronoun

thee),

are

of the

second

person

Thou

"

to

comest

formerly

was

friends

close

alstaff.

the

of

and

When

(1)

persons,

therefore

and

first, the

second,

singular

(tho

40.

par.

thine,

thy,

three

they

pronouns

personal

called

for the

whether

10

person.

Read

h

are

pronouns

of themselves

w

PRONOUNS

were

be

wilt

to

speaking

horribly if

father;

thy

used

each to-morrow

chid love

thou

as

other;

me

when

a

practise

r.

e

Henry.

Prince

Do

"

Shakspbrb:

When

(2) one

King

Lear.

no

worse

Follow

"

thou

When

Thus,

a

I will

not

during "Thou

him,

d

to

e

but

a

trial a

art

Spanish

Sir

of

of

pronoun

the

Walter

yet.

Lear,

i., 4.

Raleigh, hast

I thou

thee,

person

second

Coke English

an

traitor."

thou

singular

is

d

re

(1) In

as,

poetry;

lamb,

Little Dost

(2) In

no

Lord,

light

know to

speaking

0 is

thou

who

but

our

God; Lord

thee?

made

who

Thine;

thee?

made

"

Blake.

as,

and with

lik

rude.

thou

for

heart

thee

King

monster;

....

The

208.

the

if I

me;

from

part

be

to

wished

person

t

or

servant

serve

shalt

Shakspere:

(3)

his

to

ii., 4.

IV.,

as,

me;

dinner

after

Henry

speaking

him;

beneath

father.

my

of King

was

person

for

stand

Part

First

a

else

thou

spoiler Thee

of

our

all beauty

foes; glows.

"Keble+

now

*209.

The

merly

pronoun

always

now

Can God

The

ble,

and

Priests God."

Careless

"Julius

The

referring

n

those

e

in

ople

did

d 1

In

in

the

Italians

use

equals

feminine

the

the

this

gender

of

as

Italian,

and

it formerly

Germans person

the

seems

singular

French,

second

feverous

village?"

person

second

meaning

was

earth

superiors

the

use

people

hat

their

off

good-for-nothings."

is still used or

(that

chilly" take

German,

In

a

persons;

indefinitely,

call

the

singular to

French

plural,

the

d

in speaking

but

glish,

person

second

they

generally speech.

polite

feel

used say

indefinitely,

or

lazy

your

."

used

peasants

of

do

languages

modern

"The

find

we

.

.

often

"They

"What

iste Min-

the

distinction.

this

person

you

one

as,

th

hard

me

sometimes

general;

avoided

rson

is

shake;"

ample,

is

for shall

you

call

is sometimes

tops

chilly");

They

*213.

bear

particular

"He

Ye

as,

(iii.),for instance,

to

feels

pass;"

you

"

you

any

ye

used

shall

observe

pronoun

mountain

often

not

if you

ye

men

th

lxi., 6.

Caesar

beseech

do

*212.

t

did

writers

akspere's "I

Isaiah

"

time,

objective;

Lord;

of

version

"

the

the

of

Sprague.

"

authorized

their

of

for

offend?

the

of

writers you

as,

only;

could

translators

our

of

was

yours)

fear

never

ye

and the

med

and

your

poetry

spirits

careful

minative

in

used

your

The *211.

(with

you

plural.1

is

Ye

*210.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

6

was

the

use

plural,

third

as

person

we

thi

d

singular

us,

German.

Sie

Haben

"

das

Have

Pferdf

you

[literally they] t

rse? French.

Avez-vous

"

Italian.

Ha

"

le chevalt

Have

cavallot

Have

U

dla

you

you

[plural] the horse? [literally has

she] t

rse? This

dla

ceUenzat

cellency]

is

the

really

and

excellency,

the

horse?

"

pronoun

the

sentence

standing means,

for

"Has

the

feminine

noun

it [that is, you

PERSONAL

The

214.

ere

nothing

it;"

"We

The

215.

had

to

foot

had

10

often

but

to

toward

good

breeze."

to

a

hard

were

it home."

the

in

used

"When

such

examples

214,

par.

is

it

expressions,

certain "It

as,

weather;

In

in

"We

swim;"

morning;"

and

paragraph

indefinitely;

used

it is likewise

cold a

this

it

relating

grew

ll

for

pronoun

mostly

is

it

pronoun

was

to

PRONOUNS

is raining;"

it

dawned

as

those

given

be

to

said

w

used

rsonally.

It is used

216.

logical

subject

It

is sad

It

is no.s"

time

It

is hard

t*

It

is true

that

if It

we

roduce

to

218-

near

1

is

am

the

which

goes

the

called

is hard?" grammatical

subject

and

used

to

for

noun

the

Latin

he

again,

home

sentence

This

ante,

a

which

same

before.

the

(see

my

of

149

pars.

I

that

aunt,

tol

her

tha

cookies."

sentence.

From

subjects,

"What

apposition

beggar

that

going the

in

appear

logical

or

logical

in

be

may

me

The

be

printed

words

business?"

or

real

the

I

of it.

use

verb.

"I

give

is sad

the

for

real

sentences

"Here

thus,

wounded.

expletive

stands the

are

for

Pronouns

of;"

d

t

the

217.

0);

it really

such

bject, standing

or

preparatory

"What

in

the

him.

met

words

may

for

re

as,

predicate;

caring

the

rightly.

the

ask

in which

sentences

go.

live

These

see

.

to

I

the

this

given

sentences

lics.

follows

business,

is called

This

introduce

to

before,

noun

and

pronoun

personal with

the

is called

cedent,

from

pronoun,

the

p.

stands or

antecedent

of cedere,

to

go

the

GRAMMAK

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

Sometimes

pronoun.

the

is

antecedent

another

noun.

Examples Your

mother

Uncle J

how

soon

his

wrote

The

A

mber,

e

sun

was

en

in

horn

him Him,

case,

in

and 1

e

t

her

See

same

219. case

its antecedent

words

"

usually

have

t

its ante cede

name

gender, the

give

it

first what

say

case

of

(that is, its relation

"My

the

the to

nou pro

othe

of

syntax

th

third

agreeing the

of

Parse

Note as

brother

verbs

its

or

lo fo

in

this

number,

singular

brother;1

antecedent

203,

determined prepositions.

207,

the

sentence

The

in

pronouns

personal

antecedent.

be

dog

followed.

in paragraphs

its must

person,

with

verb

the

that

the

says

him:

parse

the quotations

par.

the of

we

object "

not

may

it is called,

as

personal;

114.

Exercise

and

case

or,

gender,

masculine

1

e,"

pronoun,

finally

sentence,

pronoun,

jective

or

person,

147.

par.

the

in

antecedent

"

for its

sentence,

See

Thus,

sea,

may

number,

reason

the

onoun.

its

pronoun

is expressed,

the

in

the

blind.

became

might.

mth

personal

person,

if any

rds

a

parsing

its

and

A

he

its antecedent.

In

gite

ready?

after

on

all his

agrees

gender.

as

220.

be

poem

shining

with

pronoun

and case

go.

you

will

greatest

Shining

219.

not

could

Pronouns

and

dinner.

my

Milton

she

said

George,

want

Antecedents

of

case

from

their

208.

and

pronoun

of

Exercise

a

"does pronoun

relation

no

an to

t

REFLEXIVE

Reflexive Work

Exercise

in

is the

a

l

being

when,

reflexive

for the

a

or

noun

part

o

pronoun

subject.

1.

I have

2.

Thou

3.

John

has

4.

Kate

does

5.

The

6.

We

7.

You

8.

George

hurt

Pronouns of Reflexive

myself. thyself.

lovest

dog

is

itself again.

yourselves.

John

and

be

will

are

used

these

themselves.

the

to

This

case

some

pronoun

personal

reflexively.

formed

are

pronouns

(plural)

selves

But

pronouns.

sometimes

or

help

to

ready

that

seen

self (singular)

personal

herself.

ourselves.

deceive

adding

himself,

for

nothing

praise

It

in

confidence

sick

merly,

Pronouns

Personal

it stands

sentence,

Examples

222.

109

PRONOUNS

38.

is called

pronoun

predicate

h

Emphatic

and

again

A

EMPHATIC

AND

alone common

more

was

o

in poetry.

especially

Examples 1.

I

thought

me

king.

Persian

the

than

richer

Ben

"

son. 2.

I do

3.

Come,

4.

The

5.

Moses

6.

They

1

From

lexive the

repent

me.

lay

thee

were

or

back,

re,

is used

subject,

with

him

up

to

commanded

Latin

that

thing.

when

is when

("Merchant

of

Venice").

Lodge.

"

him

[ =got]

gat

pronoun

person

down.

contents

poor

the

Shakspere

"

and the

the

the

into make

flezus}

of heaven.

care

the

mount.

them p.p.

action

is,

subject

and

so

Pope

Bible.

"

ready.

of

"

"

J.

Fox.

flectere,to bend. to

the

speak,

bent

object denote

A back

the

115.

Exercise 1.

I

y

struck 2.

himself

ld She

the

help

ing

middle itself.

ant

raised

9.

The

Help

6.

An

8.

We

Frank

to

not

10.

The

ourselves.

threw

rid

dogs.

in the

.

that

admitted

the

22.

Why

Hide

18. the

grass.

21.

Let

them

....

don't

for

speak

you

....

h

on

.

.

was

ghost

forest.

down .

all

.

.of

laid.

We

19.

.

.

.

The

15.

.

...

He

.

....

by

work

lost .

the

.

hunters

The

for

y

all this bed. 16.

....

17.

You

.

I did

14.

put

from .

.

does

for

see

13.

burnt

Mary

ground.

emies.

and

themselves

itself.

of

can

scratch.

yourself

....

ildren

a

reflexivepronouns.

Little

the

soldier

adder

break

11.

myself

The

found

travelers

not

hurt

itself

gave

wood.

slowly.

3.

again.

cat

The

did

jug

and

herself.

deep

a

himself

The

7.

you.

hammer

himself

in

faith

of

6. Supply 12.

4.

pronouns.

reflexivepersonal

the

is

Richard

loses

will

the

out

with

upright.

almost

hers

Pick

a.

"

myself

much.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

0

..."

hn?

The

223.

pronouns

being

used to

saw

it"

Such

."

is

a

pronoun

s antecedent.

It

a

more

is

be

an

or

in

per son

Thus,

statement.

being

as

to

said

a

"I.

than

sentence

emphatic

is parsed

nouns

with

used force to

greater

give

be

self (or selves),si

with

are

reflexively,

pronouns

myself

compounded

apposition or

emphatic

saw

wit

intensive

onoun. 224.

parated

ample,

The

thus

pronoun

from

the

word

"John

say

said

with so

for

used

emphasis

it goes.

which

"

"

himself

or

may

We

John

f

can,

himself

sai

"

*225.

the

onouns;

The

first

compound person,

as,

"John

personal are

sometimes

and

myself

pronouns,

used were*

especially as

both

thos

simple

personal

there;"

"These

REFLEXIVE

wers

were

the

as

the

"226.

The

Exercise

for

1.

I

116.

Pick

We

bought You

were

himself

do

to

Say

Mary

all this

I

cut

the

the compounds

22. herself

the

We

And

elf

have

ne.

30.

Did my

sister

and

21.

myself?

I

men was

14.

You

25. the

select

20.

himself.

and

the

ourselves that?

32.

raised first

blow

23.

The

littl

The

little

ourselves the

of

fault

Did

gir

called.

earthquake.

28.

will

19

the

myself. is

This

that. Tom

24."

rumbling

despise 29.

did

heard

17.

myself.

struck

We

re

used

pronouns.

myself

streets.

are

selves

twig

Jack for

out

neighbors

yourself

herself

ground.

crowded

it.

eaten

Our

the

cut

the

sometimes

myself

you

the

heard

ourselves

I

I

18.

herself.

thimble

The

complained

or

personal

from

struck

in

asleep

.

of self

myself.

Jack

The

were

11.

who

simple

himself.

weight

self.

16.

himself

heavy

as

or

by

way

You

dress

the

6.

yourself.

myself.

raised

boy

You

fall.

themselves 9.

4.

come.

yourselves.

The

brought

wreck.

must

thieves

made

work

zively,emphatically,

d

othe

with

himself

the

seen

asleep 12.

13.

whether

lost

no

ourself

used

Tom

myself.

.

l

genera

litt

Minor."

2.

The

book

themselves.

going

nd

give

yourselves

7.

bell. the

10.

rself.

15.

"Even

found,

ti\e pronouns

have

You

5.

the

rang

I

6.

seen

We

Asia

rabbit.

ourselves

come.

must

itself

t

in

out

the

shot

3.

fault

used

it;"

occasionally

as,"

troops

a.

emphasis,

emphasis.

news.

8.

have

is

of rulers;

"

poetry

made."

our

myself

rseif

for

"Myself

ourself

speeches

In

ourselves."

"

respecting

ds

and

sometimes,

as,

pronoun

the

rn

are

subject; himself had

sound

in

Clarks

the

pronouns

compound

ne

to

sent

111

PRONOUNS

EMPHATIC

AND

John

of care

you

and

yourself for

bring

you.

i

LONGMANS'

2

Relative Here

227.

five

are

1.

That

is the

2.

That

is the

3.

Mary

4.

This

5.

The

228.

The

be

replaced

"

noun

The

by

a

1.

That

is the

2.

That

is the

3.

Mary

4.

This

5.

The

knife

He

boy. man.

is the

is the

in the

house.

the

window. broken. was

window

You

girl.

sentence

second

thus,

broke

His

dollar.

a

cost

pronoun;

personal

broken.

was

house.

the

in italics

printed

window.

Mary.

built

Jack

the

window

want

lost.

was

broke

man's

You

house.

knife

boy

The

girl.

is the

of sentences.1

The

man.

GRAMMAR

Pronouns

pairs

boy.

is the

her.

want

Jack

built

It

a

it. "

knife

By

229.

the

two That

is the

boy

2.

That

is the

man

3.

Mary

4.

This

5.

The

is the

117.

"

of

The

2.

The

grocer

were

stolen.

3.

man

The

child

whose

you

that

can

combine

Combine,

window. broken.

was

want.

built.

Jack lost

was

which

the

window

girl whom

dollar.

a

cost

in the examples

as

just given,

t

sentences.

is better

1.

we

of pronoun

broke

who

house

knife

dollar.

thus,

L

is the

cost

kind

different

sentences;

Exercise

ods

lost.

was

a

using

llowing pairs

he

ENGLISH

has

sent

was

The

now.

very

for

man

the

hurt.

was

The

police.

His

naughty.

father

grocer's

punished

child. 4.

My

5.

The

6.

Th^lady

uncle horse

1

gave goes

sings See

"Notes

me

the

well.

book.

The

I bought

beautifully. for Teachers,"

book

p.

see

324,

on

the

horse.

the

You

is

the

Note

lady. 28.

table

PRONOUNS

RELATIVE

7.

They

did

hear

not

the

US

They

preacher.

hear

to

went

preacher.

8.

The

have

I

kind

very

the

to

You

poor.

see

house.

gentleman's

9.

is

gentleman

bought

just

an

The

overcoat.

i

overcoat

rproof.

10.

The

tree

a

was

The

chestnut.

blew

wind

the

tree

n.

Personal

230.

t

have

we

nd

in the

the

the

of the

member

pro-

be

to

never

sentence

with

therefore

are

and

to

as

(or

noun

is

(or

so

statements,

stands

words

back

mind

As

words

for nouns

stand

join

two.

or

statement

carry

l

ative

of

The

nouns.

also

they

"

of these

one

same

elf, they

more

instead

which

for

stand

considering

do

they

sentence,

for

un)

been

now

but

onouns), m one

pronouns

called

pronouns.

The

231.

118.

Exercise

Pick

"

a

which

relative

noun pro-

its antecedent.

is called

stands

for

(or pronoun)

noun

the

out

relative

pronouns

their

and

ecedents. 1.

a.

The

man

hear

The

left this

night has

been 6.

work.

kind

a"e

who

to

4.

morning.

5.

mended. I know

eating them*

the

The

Blessed that

man

The

girl

child

brother

whose

whose

killed

were

parents

is very

met

you

has

been

clever, placed

home.

a

9.

c.

dagger

a

1

dog

The

10.

ot.

is

his

those

were

which

me.

7.

b.

found

has

who

broken

was

which

he

last

birds

the

away

love

came

who

chine

t

People

2.

corn*

drove

boy

The

From

The

fetched

cousin which

the

Latin

I re,

the

you

whom see

before

back,

birds

and

me?

which is met

a

of

had

master

doctor.

Where

12.

lotus, p.p.

its

ferre, to

11.

is the carry.

book

I

^ll4

LONGMANS'

that

borrowed?

you

honest.

was

ENGLISH

13.

14.

d.

The

He

15.

loved

hymns his godly loud singeth he makes That in the wood.

17.

This

lives in that good down to the sea. slopes

hermit

I feel like

A

be

as

kind

The

the

Called

case

stands

a

for

fled,

are

[are] dead.

like

pronoun( object of

a

nouns

pro personal no "John as,

and

preposition; " John or

I depended,"

frien

is the

l

a

noun

agrees

in

or

case

"The

sentence

Who

Who. of

subject

is found

pronoun

relative

a

of

verb. friend?

case,

has

garlands

of

case

the is

Whose

on"

of pronoun Take

lights

whom

on

I depended

way

Whose

the

wood

alone hall deserted,

banquet

relative

may

man

one

treads

Some

233.

him

the

He

Who

that

loved who his bow. with

employed been found.

16.

18.

friend

was

bird

the

shot

Which

the

that

we

whom lost has

gardener

sheep

That

232.

The

GRAMMAR

a

of

friend

called

is in is

(Friend

has

What

friend.

therefore,

called.

No

antecedent.

who

The

called? Who,

same

pronoun.

personal the

with

in the

the

the

gone."

word

nominativ

subject

gone.) Take

house 1Good

the you

"Mr.

sentence, see.,,

writers

Whose

usually

house?

try

the

to

is

Evans

avoid

the

Evans's.

Mr. finishing has

man

two

especially when preposition preposition, is the But that the pronoun relative when object of the to latter always the goes statement. end of

a

sentence or a

more

whose What

with

syllable t preposition,

RELATIVE

d n

for

stands the

the

n

is

a

of

object

the

119.

mean."

What

man.

in the

is

(Man

mean.

I

whom

is therefore

is

To

word

objective

the

predicate

Give

a.

the

boy.

is

in

therefore

to.

in

relative 'pronoun

each

of

the

gaye

The

whom?

preposition

case

I

that

That

That.

boy?

object of the "

boy

the

preposition. for

case,

Exercise 118.

6. Give 1.

the

case

is

This

to

was

she

ch

It

.5. It

my

book

The

carriage

The

2.

spoke.

boy.

our

brother's

Mr.

3.

He

Brown

is

brought

girl

the

man

a

for

tea

120.

Exercise

"

the

went

into.

from.

story

8.

in.

me

This

i

of.

you

in

the

is the

"John

say

Supply

the

man

whom

man

we

we

expect

expected."

pronouns

relative

is often

case

objective

is the

"John

of saying often

heard

mouse

pronoun

relative

people

the

saw

you

which

they

whom

that

I told

Instead

t out.

sent

4.

hole

which

234.

we

I

depend.

West,

Mrs.

is the

Here

which

following.

sent.

was

was

( of

whom

can

we

whom

field

in the

relative pronoun

of each

the

teacher

the

a

stands

objective

rcise

is

To

Word

man

The

"This

sentence,

to."

t

verb

therefore,

is.)

after

Take

k

the

the

whom? Whom

Whom.

Whose,

house.

is

"This

Mean

verb.

115

Whose.

modifying

sentence,

inative,

are

which

(or "understood").

tted

.

case,

for man?

ds

Evans's?

Mr.

possessive

Take

PRONOUNS

1.

is

This

found.

book"! 4.

y^the

tleman

the

You

are

punishment we

are

3. the

bought.

Jack

horse

That man

he

waiting

is the we

William

owned

thing

I

looking

5.

expected.

deserved. for.

very

2.

7.

6. You

Mr. should

was

boy

The

Brown not

is

got

the

believe

LONGMANS'

16

ve

in

d

short

9.

now?

the

can

we

who

concerning

pronouns

relative

Masculine,

who

Possessive

whose

Objective

whom no

undergoes

Plural

It is either

change.

Neuter

and

and

Nominative

That

who

say

Feminine,

Singular

236.

Few

10.

survey.

said.

taken

now

that, and

and

we

I

all

of

house

the

seen

you

monarch

prayers

have

We

ich,

am

the

were

235.

I

Have

5.

hear.

you

story

ery

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

nominative

objective. Which

237.

A

book

ay

of

leaves

whose

Examine

You

will

Who

(with

then

leaves

the

it is also

common

torn."

were

which

of

in Exercise

sentences

case;

possessive

118.

that

see

whose

the

torn/' but

book

the

in

whose

were

"A

as,

which;

238.

take

may

is used

and

whom)

are

speaking

we

when

are

speaking

f persons; Which, That

The

239.

just

st

as

we

now

have

English,

antecedent I have earned." as

use

use

of

we

prize

persons,

pay,

understood

which

or

that,

the

expressed; the

antecedent

; but

if we

instead

But

relative

thus,

"Give

of what

supply

of

wrote,

worth." a

what;

was

what

Shakspere

is frequently

never

Here

to

not

what

is

Formerly

Thus

which.

though

its

then

things;

speaking

what.

pronoun

relative

we

what

noun

are

we

when

used

or

of animals

things.

or

odern

hat uch

be

may

nimals,

sed That

we

when

this as

is

nou pro

me

some

noun

w

"Give

me

RELATIVE

pay

n

I have

which we

are

ays in

e

to

me

s in

"that";

or

the

foregoing

supplied

without

Thus,

we

in

is

result

relative

a

the

So

nonsense.

but,

pronoun,

that

in

as

may

sentence. I

wanted,"

before

thing,

see,

you

antecedent

sentence

shall

words

when

what

the

or

that

we

the

only

of the me

asked

as

antecedent,

similar

meaning

"He

by

pronoun

a

or

almost

[the thing] what

relative this

changing sentence

an

supply

is

examples)

the

is

only

antecedent

supplied

"This

as,

What

get."

unexpressed

be

therefore,

used

It is therefore

Its

neuter.1

cases,

most

thing,"

d

and

is generally

thing.

one

of

11

What

earned."

speaking

singular

PRONOUNS

what

is

what

not

interrogative

an

oun;.

Great

240.

In

t.

the

is in

t

care

be

must

found

"He

sentence

in

taken

deciding he

what

the

because it is the objective case for. Its unexpressed antecedent

position

o

looking

for,

object

of th

is the

objec

was

the

case

found. Exercise

121.

The

1.

man

The

Hotel

That

is

t

belongs

t

ails

This

you

t

is what

you

however, in

understood. "

in."

Show

is

preferred;

8.

is.

I

me

is

Rheumatism

such

brought. me

This

o

matter

piece

auxiliary

i

verb

for.

13.

Dyspepsia

what

his

brother

has

two

books

do.

sentences

what

one

is the

10. an

No

telling

were

is what

you

you

what

say.

you

what

4.

is what

looking

to

know

I

reasonable.

That

That was

need

2.

you

what

what

is what

wanted?"

you

5.

11.

14.

have,

said.

what.

each

of

says.

is

believe

him.

he ask

he

there.

book

This

ngs"

I

case

they

Belmont

9.

him.

*We

he

just what

h

the

what

Whai

what

erstood

t

means

3.

eived.

Determine

"

"Are

as,

is plural,

which Other

examples,

"This

phaeton

"I

and

with

thought the

not

these

the

antecedent

these

dog-cart

"the were

patterns are

what

we

8

LONGMANS'

So,

241.

onouns

ever,

who,

1.

Whoso

2.

I

soever

and

which,

think

and

be

may

forthwith

attains

beholden

myself

the

to

added

relativ

as,

what;

thereof

eats

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

to

wisdom.

Milton.

"

m

me

shows

whoever

stakes. 3.

Whosoever

unsel.

em.

Whosesoever John

"

ve.

for

his

friend

6.

Take

7.

I

be

shall

sure

do

findest

thou

unt

remitted

let

gods,

him

n

like.

you

thou

whatsoever

that

seen

thy

32.

whichever

It will be

are

23.

xxxi.,

will

they

remit

ye

whomsoever

Genesis

"

sins

xx.,

With

5.

Christ

South.

"

4.

hath

these

sayest

me.

unto

compound

relatives

"

Bible.

are

used

x

and fourth

e

fifth

and

the

of

in

above

however,

quotations,

latter

the

antecedents.

the

of

parts

t

sentences

him).

and

The

241.

simple

indefinitely,

ed

expressed

without

found

are

tecedents

them

generally

1.

Let

2.

Give

3.

Take

him me

relatives the

with be

of

same

as

may

what

etc.;

whoever,

be.

[to give

please

these

and

which,

meaning

may

you

what

which

he

who

who,

apples

you

me]. prefer. "

When

simple

mpound

relatives,

tecedent,

if supplied,

The

243.

relative

thus

are

relatives have

no

expressed

be

would

like

t

Th

antecedent.

"anyone,"

or

"anything."

has

Shakspere

as.

pronoun

they,

used

such

sen te

as

These

ere

as

is clearly

English

e 1

That

arts

of the

is, the

they

used present

antecedent,

have

I could

as

for which day

as

if supplied,

or

put

some

also would

into

other

seems

be

to

anyone,

them,

relative. take or

the

plac

anything.

RELATIVE

a

"The

is found

as

ks

in

the

same

all,

If

arently

we

the

subject

couraged."

In

noun,

There

is

There

are

ber,

no

A

".

be

may

and

relative

men

Antecedent:

same or

we,

preposition

with

have

its antecedent

i

away.

gone

gen.,

"

"

il

has

3rd

person.

"

gone

fem.

numb., "

to

"

away.

3rd

gen.,

"

"

person.

li

"-

plur.

Germans.

are

you,

com.

numb., it

il

(

1st

gen., (

li

person.

n

t t

who, a

or

3rd

other

may

pronoun

is determined ,

in the

(See

person.

its

its antecedent;

as

is

pronoun,

relative

gender,

relative

pronoun

relative

examples:

mas.

sing,

speak

who

when

case

a

whom,

Relative:

A

sometimes of

numb.,

"

Antecedent:

246.

Other

invited

you

woman,

neuter

force

senten

Rome.

to

here

plur.

The not

sentence.

by

n

but

that

see

is

is

guilty.

Thus,

whom

Relative:

ber,

lead

were

the

such.

him

thinks

This

who,

Antecedent:

What,

as

il

woman

We,

who

has

but

cases

many "

"There

discouraged.

person

person.

men,

Relative:

The

no

we

is

verb

agrees

who

so

not

as

discouraged," the

such

shelves;

sentence

pronoun

and

gender,

just

[is]."

a

such

but

roads

of your

yours

parsed

but

one no

The

as

is such

one

upon

of

"There

means,

has

same;

and

"

examine sometimes

"He

roadside;

found

is

but

on

any

of knife

kind

*244.

sometimes after many " It is I like; " as such "

by

are

as

11

and

is not

story

ble

such

after

relative

PRONOUNS

usually

case,

its relation

(See

pars.

239.)

par.

or

singular

may

like to

233

not

that some

and

have

of

any

verb

240.)

o

Exercises

118,

Also 1.

that

in

This

him

take

Here

are

as

as

as

we

in

once

a

what

soever What-

6.

Let

to

money

whoever

It

neteds

was

such

There's

11.

you

5.

the

10.

want.

They

might.

it to

lifetime.

fruit

no

is ripe.

Pronouns

Interrogative

Before

247.

to be

(with

who as

used

Jn asking

till are,

Eat

bought.

you

Give

8.

many

3.

do

asks

2.

thee.

it with thy 7. Give for.

do,

choose.

is found

as

but

ame

whose

and

whom), which, they

pronouns

relative

were

and

what

as

they

used,

questions.

Examples hath

1.

Who

2.

Whom

do

3.

Which

of the

4.

What

is to

scholars

they

say?

used

When

thus

249.

Who?

(with whose?

the

the

expect

Exercise in what 1.

To

waters?

123. case

thing,

Pick

"

each are

whom

3.

Which

are

the

a

name

of are

we

the

prize?

interrogative

called

of

is used

person; a

nouns pro-

when

whatt

we

when

thing.

asking

is the

"Which out

the

whom?)

name

when as

have

and

the

is used or

person

they

to be

answer

Which?

250.

be

to

answer

of eyes?

redness

want?

you

did

hath

who

woe?

248.

xpect

he

may

death.

same

to

he

whatever

diamond

ay

findeth

desert

not

will of

worthy is the

paper

you

whomever it. 9.

ere

are

hand

thy

in

pronoun relative 121, and in par. 241.

b, and

119,

friend,

thy

am

afraid

4.

fully each

following.

the

are

Parse

"

d, and

c,

I, who

like*

e

122.

Exercise

newest

interrogative

about book?" pronouns

a

particul

and

is. writing?

you are

the

best

2.

Who

of the

hath apples?

measured 4. What

INTERROGATIVE

you

5.

people

expect?

the

was

e

you

man

are

hat?

Who, even

ouns,

If

larative.

e

'What It

oun.

has

what'he

roducing a

in

par.

w

the

erted

sentence,

which

question

"what

What

in

errogative, 1.

He

2.

I do

3.

Do

by

is not not

know

124.

as

to

the

whole

of

done.

ilar Sim-

ar

what

and

t

th

of

object

has

no

I shall

do.

following

the

used

are.

you

who

what

are

what

and

do

pronouns.

I want.

In

(rea

"I

mean

which,

who,

done."

pronoun

of

no

pronoun,

has

is the

object

do

"I

he

but

done"

which

me

"

has

sentences

certain

ask

not

done,"

itself is the

relative

not

Exercise

ch,

he

following

the

has

is o

interrogative

sentence,

not

i

"Father

say,

an

relative

does

sentence

he

thing

know.

b

the

a

(and

what

I

if

"what

is not

be

interrogative

an

question

what

239), for

is

what

indirect

the

such

done,"

1

interrogative

done?"

the

sold

fast?

so

to

is also

in

that

was

doing?

and what

then

on

appears

he

B

should

frequently

has

8.

Whom

ocean

sentence

Whom

examples

which

drive

are

done?'"

is clear

the

12.

pronoun;

he

has

of

field

is the

"What

say,

interrogative

an

ed

I

Which

ship

what

the

when

that?

about?

What

and

is

is the

that

15.

which,

..

9.

Whose

makes

house

Whose

thinking

you

is my

w

10.

What

13.

t?

7.

6.

looking?

they

are

what

employed?

worked?

What

ch

For

want?

the

PRONOUNS

tell whether

sentences

interrogative

as

or

as

who,

relativ

nouns.

Who

are

/1.

ant.

5.

He

inquired

ived.

6.

We

told

ted

cher

to was

know

He

doing.

are

you

what

2.

you?

to

doubtful

whom as

of the

Walker

to

what

he

should

who

had

I

who

boys we

give locked

I

3.

was.

is

dictionary

This .4. which

Mr.

me

asked

jtist what

was,

had

and heard.

the

prize.

the

door.

Tel

where

7.

8. 9.

He

The

That

122

is

LONGMANS'

the

the

into

tree

the which 12. Kindly

it?

you

offer Exeter. 13.

at

the he

person was

which 14. this.

"which meaning interrogative pronoun;

an

temple?"

the

or

We

253. we

which

in

come

must two

as

used

a

care,

They

divers,

several,

concerning words b these words may

of

-class because

be

used as adjectives,and These are words

may

pronouns.

none,

certain,

When

few,

as,

But

persons." are

as

used

another,

more,

most,

neither.

to distinguish and interrogative pronouns

pronouns,

relative,

personal,

other,

to be calle they are a noun, words modify "Most "Every "This pencil," word," followed by they a noun, are not when

these

adjectives;

each,

little, much,

some,

many,

all, either,

is greater,

Pronouns

to

exercise

formerly

was

xxiii., 17.

(1) this (pi. these), that (pi. those). someone, no one, (2) one, any, anyone,

and

them they

from

ar

adjective pronouns.

254.

(1)

We

This

2.

These

3.

I

1From

is my

*

are

book; my

tired;

am

the These

refers to.

have

thus

Demonstrative

1.

show.

am

of two?" "Whether as,

Matthew

"

now

ways.

be

may

called

I

surprised 16. Here is it you said? learn to whom let him question;

Adjective

they

wil whom t is the road

me

did

Where

To

11.

ran?

Whether?

gold

used they

10.

follow.

speaking.

as

the

squirrel inform

the

asked

better

who What

wonder 15. say.

who

*252.

used

I

you

what

had

you

which

plan

GRAMMAR

ENGIJS3

Latin pronouns

that

books;

those me

fully, and

show

or

in

is yours.

this makes de,

as

pronouns,

point

are

yours.

cross.

monstratus,

out

which

p.p. one

or

of momtrare, ones

the speaker

PRONOUNS

ADJECTIVE

day

4.

The

5.

John's

was

Pronouns,

(2) Indefinite One

does

2.

Nor

was

3.

Someone

4.

In

there

any

is at

that

come.

not

Frank.

of

in

what

to

that

did

think. escape.

door.

the of

I did

why

than

as

know

not

lowliness

was

is better

conduct

1.

that

wet;

12

let

mind

esteem

each

better

other

than

elf. 5.

Do

6.

Some

7.

Jehoram

slew

8.

Few,

shall

9.

Certain

the

to

jew

Several

11.

Ye

12.

All

13.

Most

14.

He

15.

I do

16.

I believe

in

was

had

as

one

t

e

ed

The

The

teach

regard

word.

be

may

aught,

so

anythin

naught;

somebody,

anybody,

They

one,

as

etc.,

they

or

regarded,

do

may

though

none,

have

other

"Others

ones;"

as,

food

man's

and

other,

feet;"

one's

with "One

one

anyone,

form;

possessive

pronouns

a

a

them.

nothing;

a

pronoun as

you.

them.

of

grammarians

anyone's;"

yellow

of

neither

should

nor

India.

more.

either

pronouns

have

ther,

to

sepulchre.

in de may

nouns.

The

255.

the

pursueth

without

no

say

believe

pronouns.

parsed

away

to

something,

meet.

been

have

woods. Israel.

of

to

went

none

when

the

princes many

us

with

slunk

Some

"

the

where

part

to

some

vain.

decided not

fly,

of

friends

flee

shall

do

divers

my

of

another.

shores

of them

10.

Note.

for

judge

not

"The "I

your "

poison. "I

as,

choose

like."

they

what a

was,

neither

is another's

praise

either

question

want

plurals;

originally

another,

may

singular,

b

plural. pronoun

oneself

one

how

has to

a

reflexive "

swim?

form;

as,

"How

can

4

*2J58.

What

is

you

of

1.

125.

is the

e

but

any

life.

her's

I

am

23.

self.

257.

A

258.

Pronouns

self

giv

14.

of

20.

none.

left.

are

none

pronoun

is

a

have

three

five

22. own

apples;

some

creep,

16. love

either's lost.

19.

certain

of

One

must

and

not

man

Each was

Love

them.

consider another's.

Pronouns

op

word

smote

thine

with

generous

are

morning.

poor

laugh.

Then

I

James

this

The

o

8.

wants

animals

did

Many

opinion.

bought

books

my

heard

12.

Of

17.

anyone

is present

one

sworn.

5.

master

I

stories

them.

one's

another.

There's

Several

of

The

13.

These

friends,

our

are

Has

Neither

2.

different

no

9.

them?

of

Those

6.

heard

Learn

The

ho

and

one.

old

all

none.

Review

the

you

warder,

many

doubt

10.

got

wrong

Be

so

have

strongly

afraid

3.

boys.

15.

18.

is the

that

have

must

but

few,

trust

common

"What,

as,

adjective pronouns,

good.

do.

some

hath

other

he

walk.

others

d

the

to

you

will

help have

you

the

tired!"

were

me?"

hears

We

of

Then

for

ked

in

as

"What!

[are] chosen.

few

either

11.

of

One

7.

want

John;

thing;

interjection;

and

inclined

travelers? not

hat

new

4.

feels

called

we

an

out

Parent

works,

one

what,

strike

Pick

"

Johnsons.

at

one

nou pro

each.

This

thy

or

indefinite

an

fall."

portcullis

case

you as

used

would

Exercise

e

l,

also

tell

as

used

something

"I

expression,

GRAMMAR

occasionally

to

equivalent

t the

ll

is

What

llain!

e

ENGLISH

LONGMANS1

again used

instead

persons,

the

of

a

noun.

first, the

second,

third. first person or

of himself

is used

and

when

others.

a

person

is speaking

o

\

REVIEW

The

OF

to designate

is used

person

second

\

PRONOUNS

the person

or

27

sons per-

\

to.

spoken

The

third

c", but

spoken

Pronouns

259.

is used

person

not

designate

to

a

or

person

sons per-

to.

spoken

are

sonal

I,

he,

thou,

it, etc;

she,

ative

who,

myself, thyself, himself, what, but;

which,

as

and

etc.

that,

and

sometimes

also

the

compound

whoever,

whoso,

relatives,

reflexiv

compound

emphatic

and forms,

the

also

whatsoever,

etc.

errogative

jective,

.

including

Demonstrative

this, that, with

Indefinite

one,

any,

other, most,

Read

again Parse

260. The

woman

her had

par.

plurals. no

someone, some,

another,

divers,

all, either,

one,

each,

little, much,

few,

many,

more,

certain,

neither.

220.

relative who

their

anyone,

several,

none,

ich

what.

which,

who,

interrogative

and

this

called

morning

thus,

pronouns asked

which

us

of

selected.

Relative

pronoun;

feminine

third gender, its antecedent

with

case,

Interrogative common

selected.

person,

agreeing nominative

woman;

subject of called. pronoun,

gender, case,

number,

singular

object

number, singular first person,

tive objec-

of

the

verb

had

j

LONGMANS'

Exercise

5,

in

and I.

126.

in

t

blood.

is

an

3. I

they

cide

care

not

124

7.

to

for

flowers.

our

These

are

the

8.

Write

is

an

is.

4.

in

know

me

me

i

te

seeking

you

in de

are

we

doing

are

you

what

tha

which

that,

persons

He

wounded Let me

themselves

Let

6.

2.

that he

weary

amusement.

take.

one

who

Some

5.

think.

health. If thou

Go 10.

secret

Yet,

ere

Say,

heard

let

gods

to

will

16.

spot,

this.

war?

Certain

12.

do.

With

Signor

13.

there Antonio

findest

thou

whomsoever

15.

And

all

It sat

upon

each

live.

well.

not;

Lowland

of

of

14.

not

this

gladly

truth

you.

him how

judge

the

to

thee

sought

nought

ye

I

I urge

ye

again

aright,

moonlight.

pale

keep;

father,

him

mends

the

Melrose

fair

view

it by

visit

swore

who

wouldst

Thy

That,

hers

do

like

is

pursuit

I

call

9.

y

Exercises

Pilate.

jesting

said

to

your

II.

in

the pronouns

truth?"

earnest

what

at

Parse

"

following.

the

"What

es

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

l

done;

was

of them.

ADJECTIVES Kinds

Work

again

261.

An

adjective

is called

meant

describes;

scriptive

282.

A

used

participle

examples

in

it pictures

adjective, because house,"

"The

old

thing

or

of person

Suck

mill."

common.

called

59.

par.

adjective;

red are

kind

tells what

that

"The

adjectives again

42.

descriptive

a

as,

Read

her

Exercise

as,

"The

Exercises

as

an

adjective

babbling 55

and

brook," 56.

is

called "A

lost

a

partici

boy."

OF

KINDS

An

263.

roper

derived

adjective

from

a

English

"The

as,

adjective)

127

ADJECTIVES

is called

noun

proper

"The

army,"

European

ions."

Descriptive

264.

or

proper,

Repeat

definition of

iting

a,

an,

iting

again

266.

An

descriptive

not

are

we

we

shall

take

shall

First

classes.

of several

the, which

Exercise

called

take

the

there

again

i

classes

o

up

other

are

The

two

errogative

or

have

jectives have

only

are

*268.

ready

was

direct

"I

to

my

I

see

used

with

is to

described; plan;"

"In

kind

which

not

"For

contai

sentences

interrogative

as

questions;

of

back

"In which

predicament

know

"I

man

always

refer as,

pronouns

follow;"

should

what

sometimes

punished;"

so

The

indirect

in

which

original

in

but

question.

plan

want;"

or

they?"

are

be

a

used

interrogative

that

used

which

used

much

books may

questions,

indirect

adjective

is

251,

par.

or

mentioned hold

plurals;

nouns.

similarly

you

The It

in

asked

not

book

253)

and

their

are

which They

start?"

in

implied

an

254

with

what

and "In

as,

plural

seen,

not

used

we

shall

singular

We

is calle

ones

or

pars.

that,

and

which

words

adjectives;

time

what

(Compare

this

axe-

one

yonder.

and

267.

tells which

that

adjective.

demonstratives

o yon

46.

adjective

demonstrative

etch

read

adjectives.

Work

all

and

are

are

and

Here

275-279.

ich

an

that

adjectives

articles,

her

adjective (par. 55),

mon, com-

adjectives.

Limiting

s.

as

54.

Adjectives

265.

classified

participial.

the

par.

in

thus

are

adjectives

are."

you

ative. interrog-

an

to

something

which

case,

offense I

say

th

thou

LONGMANS'

128

ENGLISH

When

standest."

so

used,

GRAMMAK

be

may

which

a

called

relativ

adjective. Note.

The

"

is

It introduce

to "

What

a

used,

of a

as

regarded

The

269.

other

when

"Some

as

adjectives; See

derived

from

ct\est,"

"The They

of two

are

as

numbers,

cardinal

numerals. cardinal Secondly, there

place

in

a

are

Thus

271.

(1)

maybe

in

called

indefinite

show

6.

consisting

dead

the

numeral

man's

calle

a.)

o

order,

rank,

(Se

numerals.

ordinal

o

merely-

are

43,

of

tives adjec

are

These

in Exercise which

43,

which

etc.

called

par

adjectives

as

follows.

Descriptive:

Common,

or

proper,

participial.

Limiting:

(2)

demonstratives,

Articles,

indefinites,

Exercise

127.

Exercises

Work

again

272.

Adjectives some

is understood. is a William

cases

numerals

interrogatives,

(cardinals, and

relatives,

ordinals).

Classify the adjectivesin Exercise

"

.

In

what

45.) have

we

are

twenty,

are

used,

Exercise

and

first, those

those

These

series.

44

Such

six,

we

time.,,

adjectives on "Fifteen men

sorts;

an

had!"

times

adjectives,called

(See examples

in Exercise

examples

as,

or

pronouns

the

day."

third

so

indefinite

in Exercise

numbers,

good

"Another

are

a

article

adjective.

as

used

there

the

ative. interrog-

an

always

When

as

men,"

examples

Finally,

270.

treated

are,

not

without "What as,

is man!" work demonstrative

words

(page 123)

254

or

with

exclamations; piece

is

what

adjective

the

Thus, taller"

are

48

49.

used

sometimes

mind if I the

and

at say

hearer

47.

without

once

supplies is a "John

at

once

adds

the

tall man

nouns.

noun

that

man,

but

to

taller

KINDS

In

273.

the we

how

know

In

parsing

"The

the

the

call these

to

fo

how

the

know

not

if

indeed,

we

"Rich

say,

and

need

add

people

live."

people

it is best

do

rich complete;

out

poor

feel any

to

seem

not

sounds

leave

must

not

do

we

sentence

129

ADJECTIVES

If I say

noun.

live," noun

cases

other

the

ng

OF

"adjectives

words

used

nouns."

There

274.

it is

that

se

are

are

and

as

simply

in

nouns

a

and

possessives. in

adjectives

Christian

a

city,

but

act,

they

a

savage

b

should

Italian's

the

savage,

noble

nouns.

adjectives joine

other

are

a

used

simply

plurals

Christian

and

Italian

an

try,

form

may

far

so

them

call

have

may

which

which

Italian,

age,

to

well

are

which

adjectives

perhaps

adjectives

them,

ated

some

Kome,

Christians. "

128.

Exercise 1.

Blessed

erve

the

We

should kind

ays

f

to

ore

the

Toll

Read

good,

for

the

again

129.

and

noun

what This

nges

Pick

"

is to

paper;

of

leave

to-morrow?

noble

Scott

of the

gates no

was

th

and

The

The

10.

are

happy.

strong

fallen!

bow

evil

righteous.

more.

be

any

Romans

what

kind

eac

modifies.

than

riper

piece

Other

that

be

mighty

adjectives,tell

the

out

each

apple

are

brave

the

brave

253.

par.

Exercise

1.

brave,

the

at

wicked

the

7.

the

word.

but

blind

help.

are

every

the

and

How

8.

weak.

nouns.

Mr.

The

6.

as

to

5.

great.

our

and

pity

believeth

simple the

our

deserve

feeble.

and

None

alone

and

wise

old

have

2.

good

the

the

adjectives used

merciful.

The

honor

aid

The

3.

fair.

the

out

the

are

should

uld

Pick

"

to

given these

Which

will

little girl.

lemons.

piece

5.

that

3. do.

will

arise.

7.

Those

Please

bring

me

What

time

wil

4.

picture

2.

do The

you

like

workman

best?

ha

LONGMANS'

0

und

another

dian

is certain.

11.

rs.

12.

ace.

All

frozen

the

10.

Greek

The

Give

14.

heard

in

There two

the

second strange

certain

thus

13.

killed

were

of that

truth

speaks

mortal.

ground.

birds

The

have

We

poet

are

men

large

9.

corn.

poisoned

story

GRAMMAK

Several

8.

place.

some

eating

ENGLISH

a

certain snow

no

was

books

recovered

sister.

either 15.

And

the

But

no

wind still blew did follow.

south

good

bird

sweet

behind.

Articles

Read

again

275.

The

it does

ass

designated

The

the is called

(1) Before (2) Before A,

the

lling

nkey.

h;

form

means

th

any

It may

preced

nouns.

"an

as,

hour,"

"an

umpire/' honest man.'*

is used

an,

of

"an

acorn,"

"an

"a

"a

tree,"

as,

consonant;

any

130.

"a

Put

"

Orange.

"

wood,"

an

Honest.

Unit. Ewe.

Year.

u

sound;

before the following words. Union.

Umpire.

Hope.

Ear.

or

Pear.

University.

Ewer.

a

a

with

university."

Hour.

Hand.

Cry.

beginning

word

country,"

Apple.

ok.

man"

definitearticle.

the

as,

silent

a

Before

Exercise

e.

of

member

crowd."

European

me.

"a

thus,

plural

vowel;

a

Before

(2)

eful.

a

shortened

(1)

particular

is used

An

276.

or

indefinite article

the

man.

particular

singular

either

any

its noun;

by

article

is called

an

out

point

not

some

or

a

article

nce

not

50.

par.

Heir.

Oak.

Upas

Invalid. Yoke.

Universal.

Humble. Umbrella.

Uniform.

Unjust. Eve.

European.

tree.

Irishman. Awl.

Yawl.

Ax.

Yew.

Usurper.

Ox.

131

ARTICLES

*277.

The

following

uses

special

an

of

b

may

a

and

d. "

In

(1)

owing

ten

to

acres

Twenty

as

expressions

such

man,"

a

has

a

a

cents

force

the

pound/' of

o

each

y.

The

(2)

as

ed

in

(3) A

little

a

and

a

mean

keeps

few

means

a

b

young

a

Note.)

some;

the

may

a,

what

man

268,

par.

little without

manyf

a,

such

"Many

(See

years."

few

not

in

as

adjectives;

advances

a,

many

expressions

the

without

not

pare Com-

much.

:

1.

I got

2.

There

are

few

peaqhes

this

year.

3.

There

was

a

little rain

last

night.

4.

We

few

a

Either

to

the

books

the

or

is

there

as

no

summer.

be

may a

before

placed

is

"It

takes

the

a

"Of

as,

noun;

encl."

fish, that

the

of

curing

a

this

it is used

that

show

many

little rain

had

have

*278.

pears.

the

making

the

not

verbal

catching,

"We

time."

heard

aughing."

Both

279,

that

show

the

important

white

not

a

"The

also

el"

and

to

is said

easel."

(two

words, I

pieces

I

here

mean

of

of

the

as

"I

found

furniture).

a

"I So

and

black

grammar lost

a

and

grammar

the

with

one

definite

officer

two.

repeating

adjectives, "I

say,

white a

saw

means

means

not

should

lost

it

purpose

"We

treasurer"

treasurer"

other

"I

used

separately.

black

a

book).

one

taken

mean,

we

are

article

this

saw

horses).

and

the

and

"We

be

for

(two books).

book"

thus

positions;

ir

(two

to

are

article

when

said

(meaning

What

"

lies

be

the

indefinite

the

Thus,

secretary

secretary Note.

of

horse"

composition

icle:

and

adjectives

learn.

book"

position

e

to

should

a

or

nouns

repetition

proper

se"

definite

of

the

article

pronouns,

found

my

camp-chair

"I

will

fasten

my

and camp-

and

it

my

with

LONGMANS'

32

or

ucilage with

in

ly

be

faster."

the

(See

Positions

280. the

noun

by

mucilage

part

of the

verb

when

they

Read These

three

as,

"The

(2) Predicate;

as,

"The

(3) Appositive;

Mary,

we

fresh ink

"The

as,

were

we

The

282. are

was

are

comparing

The

283.

the

come

it by

the

aft

verb

form

simple

was

the

was

adjectives three

of the

degrees

adjective

was

Emily

that

fair-est;

the

Alic

Alice

young, or

Mary

and

the

on."

little girls, Emily,

was

which

called

flowed

night,

Adjectives

Mary

forms

as

young-est;

short-er,

three

deep

Emily

that

fair-er, and

Alice

short,

to

purple."

three

the

was

was

op

say

Mary

was

linked may

to

b f

stand

flowers."

river,

comparing

might

and

may

follows:

as

named

Comparison

If

linked

not

are

positions

(1) Adherent;

281.

they

or

"We

417.)

be

may

be,

v a

51.

par.

again

are

they

an

better;"

the

416,

and

"

or

or

exercised;''

of adjectives. Adjectives modify,

even

noun,

time

having

b

article,

adjective

more

412,

pars.

they

some

an

for

stronger

an

always

"The

sentences,

the

not

limiting

adverb,

the

will

ir, Alice

o,"

it with

fasten

will

is

the

word

an

as

ung-er,

o

The

"

sometimes

alked

d

"I

be

should

paste."

ou

e

paste,"

Caution.

n

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

ox

was

Emily

short-est.

thus

take

when

of comparison.

is called

the

tive posi

degree. The

or

persons It

degree

comparative

is or

two

when

we

are

speaking

things. to

contrary

"The

is used

bravest

regiments.

this

to

regiment"

say

"The when

bravest we

are

boy

of

speaking

t

COMPAKISON

The

284.

three

of

OF

Exercise

than

more

131.

Cold.

6.

Large.

White.

Nice.

c.

Holy.

Merry.

Busy.

tely.

An

285.

Grand.

High.

Lonely.

we

when

are

ing speak-

following adjectives.

the

a.

Warm.

13

three.

Compare

"

is used

degree

superlative or

ADJECTIVES

Giddy.

the

of

Lovely.

Greedy.

Silly.

Brawny.

examination

Hoarse,

Wise.

Blue.

Deadly.

Brief.

Bold.

Sprightly.

just

exercise

wil

worked

w

(1) That

(2)

the

-er

and

the

positive.

That

degree

superlative

the

sometimes

by

is formed

degree

comparative

by

the

of

spelling

adding

adding

t

-est

adjective

changed

(a) When

the

(6) When

the

is changed

y

(c) When a

g-er

the

i;

bigg-est.

pretty

the

,

y

pretti-er in

ends

adjective

vowel

single

as,

the

e,

in

ends

adjective into

in

ends

adjective fine, fin-er, fin-est.

er

e

the

a

is

consonant

e

after ,

is

a

dropped;

consonant

pretti-est. consonant

single

doubled;

as,

big

'

,

286.

The

concerning

llables.

In

rule

words other

for

given

of cases

one

the

the

syllable idea

of

comparison

and

some

of comparison

adjectives words

of two

is expressed

34

y

the

putting

and

QRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

before

more adverb for the most

the

adjective Thus

superlative.

for the

we

do

not

earnest-er

earnest-est

beautiful

beautifull-er

beautifull-est

earnest

more

earnest

most

earnest

beautiful

more

beautiful

most

beautiful

earnest

.

compar

s

ut

Some

287.

adjectives

are

Positive

bad,

or

irregularly;

well ill

little many,

or

several

much,

or

some

as,

Superlative

Comparative

or

good,

compared

better

best

worse

worst

less,1 lesser

least

more

most

1

J

late

old

far

f later

latest

I latter

last

f older

oldest

I elder

eldest

Jfarther

farthest

I further

furthest

f nighest nigh

nigher

hind

hinder

I next ^

an

f hindmost

1 hindermost f foremost

former

[first f inmost inner

1 innermost

No

outmost

positive

adjective

outermost

(utter)

outer

utmost

corresponding

uttermost upmost upper .

1

Note

that

"There

were

ten."

Use

less is the

fewer little for

comparative than

ten

quantity,

uppermost

of litttej not

of few.

present,"

rather

persons

few for number.

We than

shoul

"le

REVIEW

Note

y

1.

be

cannot

We

as,

and

descriptive supreme,

2.

Note these

one,

The

"

compare

example,

this, that,

as,

al

been

Exercise

132.

Lazy.

d.

an.

sultry,"

sible.

meaning

a

Tame.

True.

Remote.

Gay.

Cruel.

Prudent.

Ungrateful.

Learned.

Narrow.

Noble.

again used

word

to limit

Descriptive

Proud.

Adjectives

op

adjective is

Great.

Hot.

Lucky.

Learn

289.

"The

Sad.

Thin.

Pleasant.

Busy.

or

the

Black.

Ancient. Polite.

to describe

used

person,"

which

Slim.

Coy.

Balmy.

Review

An

sometimes

following adjectives.

Rude.

Heavy.

288.

in

Green.

Deep.

Tender.

ensive.

is

obliging

Red.

Dangerous.

ous.

most

the

Small.

Happy.

dead

chief, principal,

sultry."

Frail.

Vain.

e.

most

a

Witty.

IJgly. Snug.

was

Compare

"

as,

degree

"He

"very

*

Roman.

superlative

obliging,"

that

adjectives

the

which show

a

with

(or a pronou

noun

denotes.

noun

kind

what

of

person

is meant.

thing

descriptive

When

the

comparison,

we

tha

first,tenth.

indefinites;

Greek,

universal,

has

ery

lity.

for

eight,

most

is such

adjectives

cannot,

adjectives;

sentences,

ther

no

13

other.

Some

1

some

of

compared.

adjectives;

ing,

t

ADJECTIVES

meaning

.Numeral Demonstratives,

her,

e

The

"

OF

Thus, say

nearly universal

while

"This

meaning if

thing

a

is

writing

favorite

even

Similarly

perfect."

I

ever

that

are

compared is, having more

adjectives

met."

is perfect more

we

be

it cannot

perfect may

properly

(or most)

say,

than

nearly

more

that,"

"That

admit

man

th

perfect,

meaning

is th

Common,

290.

Adjectives

291.

jectives,

ves,

the

The or

by

prefixing

by

erlative

293.

of

That

or

-est

man

gave

the

the

Adjective,

the

to

th

and

positive,

positive.

number,

singular

[Only

man.

their

with

be

number

parsing

when

plurals

these

and

stated.]

positive

degree,

ing modify-

man.

descriptive, the

ve

noun

that,

noun

Adjective,

ngest

adding

sister five oranges.

descriptive,

Adjective,

ll

by

either

most

youngest

and

need

th

comparison,

the

to

prefixing

the

modifying

those,

of

demonstrative,

this

(cardina

thus.

my

Adjective,

interroga-

numerals

is formed

more

adverb

limiting

called

superlative.

adjectives

adjectives

tall

at

the

adding

Parse

the

and

and

degrees

three

comparative,

comparative

are

indefinites,

have

Adjectives

292.

ar

adjectives

demonstratives,

articles,

Relative

sitive,

noun

degree,

superlative

ifyin mod-

sister.

numeral,

the

modifying

noun

oranges.

The

Arabs

abs

i

more

are

Parse

yptians

e

descriptive

not

include

and

participial

adjectives.

adjectives, ordinals).

d

and

proper,

of descriptive

kinds

e

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

6

as

Adjective,

courageous

nouns.

(See descriptive,

than

par.

the

Egyptians*

274.) degree,

comparative

courageous

predicate i

Arabs.

adjective,

modifying

the

noun

REVIEW

OF

The

good

Descriptive

good

common

subject of

1. And

2.

Turned

his

In

hour

that

beheld

Every

It

[the sun] glanced

on

the from

And,

Two

8. gates

The

tidal

issued

swift

river,

flowing

creatures

flag and

house

the

rippling

black

pennon

cannon

lips.

a

where

and

but

one

went

in.

clear,

of deeper souls being rolls.

wave

inmost

Into

our

The

evil

of the

wretched freed again.

his song.

Flows

7.

....

gloom, sudden features fair and those thin, darkened the hushed room, and

from

angels the

the

on

shadow softly

Like

vision

feverish

fell upon

There

And

hear.

to

sails of ships, white the frowning rampart, it with

Hailed

6.

clearer

and

A

case/:

nominative

contrition

wronged his hand were

And

5.

of deep

with

plural

slowly

head

weary

gender, deserve.

noun,

adjectives(except the articles)

all

baron

those By

4.

verb

a

as

used

of his banner, vassal to his manor, serf born

Every All

Parse

"

dying

the

He

3.

133.

the

137

to be loved.

deserve

adjective

number,

Exercise

ADJECTIVES

bow

before

righteous.

the

good,

and

the

wicked

at

the

LONGMANS'

38

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

VERBS \

\

'

Active

Work

again

Read

again

Work

A

154-155

paragraphs

vers

99.

it has

when

an

134.

the

state

Give

"

the voice

in th

be

to

Read

again

paragraph

Work

again

Exercise

295.

If Tom

broke

Tom

it;

Voice

In

in

the

the

fact

of the

words,

was

and

it

to

was

a a

ing), (break

action

an

action,

broke

"Tom

the

verb

broke,

sentence

"A

window

is stated the

was

the

there

window

was

th

that

th

window window

a

the

window," the

and

noun^

Tom

noun

is th

window

it.

ject of

ich

a

other

sentence

subject of In

19.

done.

was

tion

100

17.

doer

the

was

ject of

verb in Exercise

of each

reason.

Passive

e

is said

object

voice.1

Exercise

d

13.

again\Exercise

294.

tive

Exercise

Voice

object

and

verb,

before,

as

the

of

verb

the

broken

was

but

action

is said

to

the

now

Tom,"

name

become

has

be

by

th

tha

of the

subje 2

in the

voice

passive

i-

1

The or

son 2

voice

thing

named

the

Latin

From

fer.

ch

active

The

passive

denoted

r received)

that an

receives

by

the

passivus,

voice the

action.

was

person

its

because

name

subject

is acting

suffering,

from

supposed

to

or

thing

the

named

or

passus,

be

the

by

p.p.

form the

that

shows

verb doing.

of

of

subject

t

pati,

the

ver

suffer

135.

Exercise 1. The

purse

burned. The

en

watch dusted

7.

tten.

6.

house

curtain by built my

was

8.

has

Fred

The

been

sentences:

The

top

called

by

Exercise

"

Verbs

that

or

thing

If the

verb

son

ion

is the

sive

voice

Only

the

136.

Pick

"

town

the

many

been

passengers.

8.

We

torn

by

7.

The

The

the

by

received

som

*

verbs. the

but

if the

receiver

verb

of the

transitive

The my

The

joint

will

is thought

acted

upon.

comes

of

as

an

tl

of is in

tncT*

action.

verbs

and

the

give

a

first

was

general

from

passing

the over

by

upstairs. baker has on

13. was

picture.

Latin from

Mr.

transire,

the

doer

the

16. to

The

sold all his return.

The ink

The pass

cent. Vin-

9.

child

whom

fine

frightened

storm

welcomed

borough Marlopened 5. The

harvest.

to-morrow.

cooked 14. By

were

taught

The

10.

a

is

class her

caught.

be

good 6. The

baby.

the

2.

earthquake. docks The

3.

expect

sister's book. artist has painted

"Transitive"

by

carried

mother

been has soner loaves. 11. The

g

will been

has

or

receiver

victories.

4.

mayor.

has

ture

on

it

voice.

destroyed

was

gained

1

the

of each.

1. The

e

is the

out

by

father;

voice

verb;

have

verbs

has

b.

action

active

of the

subject

transitive

Exercise

ce

object

an

transitive

called is in the

week.

Verbs

express

are

wood

torn

was

table of the his mother.

20,

Transitive 296.

verb.

2. All the yesterday. be 3. The next road will mended has been 5. The room just cleaned.

Monday.

Additional

each

of

stolen

was

That

9.

aned.

the voice

carefully.

next

sold

Give

"

baby

spilled? window

over.

of it to the

person

The or

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

40

broken

s

bought

I

8.

by

nocked

an

the

sentences

ssive,

and

this

atlas

137.

a

Who

broke

morning.

19.

20.

cart.

In

"

The

Exercises

that

so

17.

stone.

by

down

Exercise

f

a

GKAMMAR

the

in

the verbs

and

136

in

the

active

verbs

the passive

Verbs

Read

138."

The

itter

7.

undly.

ining

brightly.

ring.

12.

139.

intransitive,

is

3. six

6.

The

8.

il to-morrow.

is

re

was

drawing 11.

blazing

an

The

home

10.

verb

old butcher

brightly.

each 2. in

sleeping

runs

killed 13.

The

in

transitive

The

7.

This

moon

rose

at

Mary

been

re p

ship

wil

9.

Arthur.

bullocks.

cu

4.

The

three

transitiv

was

has

dinner

yard.

verb.

sun.

quickly.

by

the

grass

the

la

children

it is

roof

10.

man.

cackling

The

drawn

was

map

The

whether

The

sun

Spain

14.

sun."

are

5.

The

through

hens

of

5.

is sleeping live Bats

baby

The

night.

oats.

girl

The

6.

the

bathing

yesterday.

at

each

swallows

was

flies

stockings.

little

The

boy

8.

sowing

of

pairs

The

rabbit.

The

is

2.

a

the voice

cat

verbs.

The

traveled

of

give

and

farmer

sterday.

rned

Say

"

3.

in

or

intransitive.

are

after

We

14.

it

brightly.

is lying

cat

school.

Exercise

The

owl 11.

The

to

going

The

of being

state

in

verbs

rocks.

ran

active.

object.

came

the

made

caljed intran

are

the intransitive

father

dog

9.

the

an

eaves.

on

The

places.

1.

My

dashing

were

oked.

the

4.

to

blooming

are

a

shows

out

-Pick

roses

river.

es

y

All

underneath

the

rk

10.

Exercise

Exercise 1.

transitive

not

verb directed

is not

which

tion

for

Verbs

intransitive

An

tive.

are

which

cheese

are

voice

made

wa

the

change

are

voice

child

all the

ate

mice

window?

The

20

Intransitive 297.

the

badly

was

12.

six

The

The

o'clock.

The

cows

been A

19.

was

mist

A

298.

The

driving

be

in another;

in

fry the

has

letter

The

last

papered

spring.

Channel.

British

the

one

tra in-

and

sentence,

is blowing.

wind

Say

"u

bubbles.

is blowing

child

The

"

was

smith

spilled

18.

transitive

The

Intransitive.

140.

was

milk

The

as,

Transitive.

Exercise

The

room

down

may

verb

15.

meadow.

"Marmion."

wrote

mailed.

the

16.

mare.

Scott

17.

ant.

t

bay

the

shoeing

in

feeding

are

141

VERBS*

INTEANSITIVE

the

whether

transitive

are

verbs

or

ransitive. Cole

King

1.

ringing

the

melting

the

Kate

is

th

in the

ying

6. Put the 1.

Is 5.

299. a

Mary

each

Will

2.

6.

whistling. 9.

Can

hear.

us.

window.

verb

at

are

sister

piano.

It transitively

using

4.

Turns.

3.

7.

fighting.

Has

milking. Are

8.

Grows.

11.

see.

Is

finished. ^-

be

may

Thus,

preposition.

looked

read The

16.

beating. A

i

the second.

Can

10.

beating

103.

return.

Are

The

striking. his and

the

sentences,

in

intransitively

preaching. Are

two

is

man

gardener She 14.

James

Exercise

"

behavior?

12.

is

is playing

into

verb

17.

his

sun

the

to

clock

The

against

read

The

iron.

sentences:

first,and

king. Are

e

field;

Additional

mother

15.

the

striking

brightly.

Our

Crusoe."

beating

The

sexton

6.

for

9.

called

The

melting.

answer

will

is

burning

13.

is

Mary

4.

ringing.

question.

rain

is

is

snow

Who

the

The

weeds.

binson

The

2.

fiddlers.

his

bell

7.

answer

fire

ning

5.

snow.

10.

pets.

The

bell.

will

The

3.

home.

cattle

for

called

the

transitive

made look

person,"

is intransitive but

if

we

say,

by in

the the

"You

"

addition

sentence! are

being

ooked

at"

f the

verb,

do

can

we

which We The

girl

The

prince

Prepositions

onfounded

by

trifled with

are

was

a

made

adverbs,

with

contempt.

with

sometimes

are

be

not

should

verbs

of

which

part

to.

upon part

as

fellow.

spoken

is looked

thus

voice.

this

sharply

it regard Similarly,

but

at

nothing with is in the passive

used

larly; simi-

thus,

These

were

You If, in

to

in

taken

these

sentences,

have

each

ould as

be

will

out from picked by that man.

carefully

an

the

make

out

30

ars.

We

have

transitive

f

a

in

redicate "use

ut

to

A

in

given

a

make

complete "I

it requires

since

be the

transitive

the

predication. ink," is no"t

use

But

sentence.

alone

cannot

intransitive

an

a

of

voice,

have

must

others

do

the

afraid,"

transitive as

verb the the

not,

If

themselves.

complete

predicate,

intransitive

some

by that

see

were 1

predicate,

10, that

predicate

active

sentence,

idea,

redicates

We

to

the

While

omplete

dded

changed

an

predicate

active

verb

Thus, "use"

the

alone,

ink."

301.

ill

the

We

object

the

its meaning,

sentence.1

its

nd

be

in

verb

to complete

bject

the word

of

in Exercise

as

seen,

itself

by

may

erb

are

sentences

31.

and

300.

they

prepositions

Verbs

the explanation

again

lot.

whole

active.

verbs

Copulative Read

were

the

when

object

in

and

the

therefore

and you

be generally

read

again

requires

predicate. word

likewise

verbs

"afraid"

in the passive verb voice in the sentence, "His arm

was

course

broken"

x\ V

you to

word

iii^he

of

11,

par.

is necesSary may

be

cannot

sqme

Thus

a

convey

be

sentence

to be

com-

a

complete

VERBS

COPULATIVE

the

te

sense,

"afraid"

jective

is called

dicate

"were"

and to

the

subject

a

copulative

verb,

Or

a

It

302.

should

noun

or

it describes

the

dicate

copulative may

and

link

or

In

such

a

afraid

is

verb

copulative

be

of Copulative

join

th

sentence

th

called take

may

was

Great

308.

predicate

these

the

with

it is linked

and

that

examples,

is identical

adjective subject;

Verbs

to

th

subject

the

subjec

verb. have

also

caller

from

noted,

a

yourself; care

be

must

and

adjective

"The

distinguish

to

taken

has

person

guilty

an

for

pronoun;

predicate "

e

we.

to

noun.

Examples

We

serves

*

adjective.

dicate

a

14

modifying

adverb

example,

been

J.

between a

verb.

s,

the

first

the 1

s

Latin "link

The

child

smiles

sweetly.

The

child

smells

sweet.

sweetly

is

sentence

child

copvlatum,

verbs."

in

smiles; p.

p.

of

the

an

second

copvlare,

because

adverb,

to

sentence

couple.

it shows sweet

Sweet

calls

does

these

the

tell

ot

escribes

in

way

the

the

which child,

subject

does

child is

and

bu

anything,

therefore

a

predicate

djective. Similarly,

n

redicate

[

The

dog

went

madly

sentence,

the

ifferent

noun

way

the

Bakers

is

read

an

Similarly,

object, and The

304. means

Nothing

2.

Whatever

3.

But

4.

Grace

is to

nd

main,

is therefore

distinguish

to

is used

in

between an

entirely

flowers.

pretty

dress

a

noun.

predicate

her,

became

became

an

is

artist

is but

a

noun.

predicate a

in

artist,

copulative

verb

following

the

except

when

sentences.

is not.

what

is is right.

hour

the

be

you

the

verb

is.

now

and

cometh

unto

from

Him

which

is,

and

was,

come.

become,

are

rbs

make

it does

as

Besides

305.

d

bread.

be is always

verb

exist,1

1.

dog

the

in

He an

how

Mad

Make

flowers

and

That

is

tell

street.

sentences,

buds

object;

not

care

object.

make

Sweet

the

adverb.

requires

two

down

an

madly

an

mad.

does.

madly

and

and in

does

second,

it sometimes

predicate

became]

"=

mad

adjective

Again,

se

went

in

nything;

t

dog

first

the

er

The

grow,

be

seem,

the

most

appear,

common

look,

copulative

feel, smell,

keep

stay.

Read

again

306.

Remember

after

as

par.

that

before 1

148.

Read

all copulative

verbs

them. again

par.

11,

Note,

page

9.

take

the

same

COPULATIVE

Exercise

141.

the

predicate

oun

say 1.

a.

s

boys

Old

King

Cole

it to a

be

merry

what or

noun

be

to

11.

8.

a

We

a

citizen.

fishermen.

are

soul.

These

3.

was

cousins

old

stone.

Gilpin

Our

wanted

a

only

I'm

the

chief

10.

carpenter.

town

the

understood

seaport.

Additional b.

I

9.

a

is he.

That

John

6.

a

was

isle.

Ulva's

2.

gardener. 4. flowers.

Americans.

are

say

and

case.

our

pretty

verbs

adjective; if

or

pronoun

is

145

the copulative

out

is its

what

be

The

be

noun,

Jackson

will

d

Pick

"

VERBS

sentences:

The

12.

14.

y.

The

18.

ed.

a

He

et.

ome

day.

ger.

Miss

307.

arded

appear

16.

paint

living

smell

very

houses

a

The

28. 29.

of The

Some

stayed

wished

Examples

The

21.

27.

I feel

John

to

me

to

be

tastes

cam be-

Man

24.

26. a

fee

irresistible.

life.

fool.

We

water

proved

his

boys

17.

fresh.

asleep.

all

Good

15.

19.

seem

girls

You

keep

Trust

me

invalid

regular

hour

an

pilot

become

t

a

doctor.

single.

transitive copulative

looks

no

told

captain

dead.

temptation

subject.

The

13.

seem

seems

the

a.

sweet.

man

poor

father

My

Low

The

child

master

as

22.

soul.

remained 25.

The

flowers

The

20.

14,

pretty.

flowers

men.

good

grows

child The

Exercise

"

verbs

in the

passive

voice

verbs.

of

Passive

Copulative

Verbs

may

be

y

This

1.

Pick

"

is

town

Solomon

4.

by

ther

his

of

Some

Henry

of

deemed

7.

born

are

the

an

Harrison

was

wisest

thei

5.

men.

was

was

general

was

chosen

of

Louis

6.

The

2.

Navarre

Maud.

named

verbs

copulative

adjectives.

Kingston.

people.

men

or

nouns

was

been

has

passive

called

3.

President.

GRAMMAR

the

out

the predicate

are

what

ader.

d

142.

Exercise

ected

e

ENGLISH

LONGMANS*

6

The

th

styled emperor.

made

great.

Moods

or

way a

forms

Different

308.

or

mode

We

may

are

verb

in which

mood

according is conceived

thought

a

say

has

What

we

know;

as,

"Jack

(6) What

we

think;

as,

"I

believe

we

assume

be

true;

(a)

used

Thus,

made.

statement

(1)

of the

a

hat."

new

Jack

that

has

a

new

hat."

(c)

What

to

than

smaller

the

she

planets

"If

as,

the

moon

be

must

nearer

us."

Or

"

we

(2) may

may

We

a

ask

as,

request;

(3) We

(a)

may

A

(6)

A

I

were

thing

of

A

wish;

days

(d)

A

you,

that

thing

are

not

he that

it

"

hat?

new

ready,"

me." as

a

fact, but to

not

as

be

fact;

a

go."

in

doubt;

were

me

with

result;

perish.1'

"If

as,

th

his home."

"Peace or

a

books

your

will visit

past!"

happening possible food, lest he some

Jack

known

are

we

leave

"Oh

on

I should

which

have as,

pity

of, but

thought

soldier

(c)

a

of

speak

thing

"If

"Have

Has

"Have

as,

command;

may

as,

:

question

be unto as,

as

in

th

you."

"Give

hi

INDICATIVE

MOOD

Indicative

form

The

309.

1

in

or

statement

ple

the

of

Mood

verb

is used

which a

asking

in

making

is called

question

d i

the

mood.

Examples

(1) Simple

to

went

school.

by

girl is loved

The My

brother

is

is

snow

true

must

saw

me,

wear

ground.]

love

parents

him.

is bad-tempered.] I doing?

was

what

the

upon

his

he

that

assume

If you

be

to

you

ground

is bad-tempered

he

[We

is assumed

the

there

that

assume

Though

Florence.

which

upon

her.

boots.

thick

[We

snow

in

living

of something

there

know

all who

been

has

Statement If

Mood

Indicative

of the

statement.

Fred

(2)

14

(3) Question. Are

you

Henry

Has Have

143.

for

out

the verbs

Pick

"

140,

6. In

Exercise

31,

In

Croker

n

he

k

turned

was

the

a

indicative

in

the indicative

mood.

a.

b.

of

company

the

battle of

indicate

mood

is that

the

statements

(p.p. indicatus), which

points

himself.

Duke

of Waterloo,

the

Latin

of

opinion

good

very

in the

several the

long?

me

following.

had

upon

tradicted From

waiting

Exercise

c.

1

ball?

In

a.

1.

been

you

Exercise

his

found

book?

new

your

with

pleased

out

of

2.

Wellington,

and

Croker

made

by

to or

point

Once,

th

actually the

out,

indicates.

Duke.

indicate.

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

8

Afterwards

4.

ght.

firing

for

used

This

"Perhaps

had

the

out

countryman

he

he

"with he said, rprised," Boys girls of seven and in this ll as the children

form

or

visited

Paris. to

7.

"I

of

world

day

friends

was

the

most

children.

French

spoke

quite

English/*

speak

Mood "

^hijph"isused x

imperative

the

in commanding

mood.

Imperative of the

Examples

Duke

One

his

of

cleverness

of the

part

6.

some

seen.

eight

Wb

of the

is called

requesting

Mood

(1) Commanding. Come

to

(2)

me,

Requesting mercy

Help

me

in

a

we

Come

some

Everyone

first 1

or

From

a

or

our

a

the

plural

watch

come

please.

is. of

"

used

persons.

the

of

subject

subject up.

course

or

person

plural

of the

third

almost

But first

occasion

person

person;

a

Shakspere.

all.

rise.

let is employed the

difficulty,

mood

with

one,

us.

this

over

addressing

Break

Usually

entreating.

imperative

singular

children.

upon

it is used

with

ye

gentlemen.

or

Have

The

311.

O

me,

Unhand

ways

e

the

*

The

caps."

had

Imperative 310.

which

the

put

copper

talking

was

which

wonders

caps

of the great patience soldier, and little about I know Waterloo, but about

returned

copper

Croker

again

and

something

ignorant

An he

ter

the

the

about

spoke

muskets,

upset

exclaimed, know rtainly 5.

one

some

GRAMMAR

to

third

person;

as,

Latin

imperare

(p.

the

express

"Let p.

us

imperative

go;"

"Let

imperatxis), to command.

with every-

MOOD

SUBJUNCTIVE

ad

In

once."

at

shout

25,

par.

again

Exercise

144.

In

the indicative

2.

In

the imperative

in this

Look,

Love

Still

Caesar

last;

thy

hand Be

5.

Wake

from

Grieve 8.

9.

Scottish

his

Where

down were

blue

the

Red-breast,

asunder

wave

has

fired

like

the

in

his

tent.

the

on

wolf

and

purple like

was

on

nightly

away.

bent,

Flodden

spears

rolls

fears

all thy

gleaming

of their

sheen

sleep

on

up! foe

came

cohorts

the

look

The

And

.

furrow.

chase

child;

see!

Assyrian

And

my

But

The

of

.

.

not..

Robin

nest,

.

thee.

him.

rouse

not,

fear

bands

3. Judge,

hate

that

peace.

in "every

bkds,

ears.

your

through.

hearts

gentle

thy

his

Break

And

7.

carry

me

him.

those

just and

Sing, 6.

dagger

loved

cherish

right

lend

Cassius'

ran

dearly

thyself

in

mood. countrymen,

place

how

gods,

ye

mood.

Romans,

Friends,

1.

infinitives*

are

shout

and

the verbs

out

1.

go

18.)

p.

Pick

"

cases,

such

14

fold, gold, the

stars

on

deep

Galilee.

sea,.

"

Mood

Subjunctive 312.

erting

name

should mood are

not

verb

which as

viewed

subjunctive

Latin

the

the

a

is used

fact,

but

we

when

are

thought

merely

1

the

From

ements

of

something

is called 1

form

The

not must

always

sub,' be

be

under,

mood. and

understood in

subjoined

in the

jungere to

imply

statements,

subjunctive

mood.

(p.

p.

that or

junctus), verbs that

in

verbs

to

the

joi

sub jun

in suc

LONGMANS'

0

Examples

(1) Idea

(2)

you

Doubt

or

If Tom

Here

were

you

mayor,

in

return

is

he

time

it.

do

not

could

shall

but

fact,

a

to

go

because

subjunctive,

as

of, not

fact.

to

uncertainty.

return

ought

Mood

Subjunctive

the

of

contrary

Unless

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

a

as

the

party.

Tom's

returning of

condition1

his

going.

(3) Wish. If only Here

is

were

here,

ing

father

as

not

(4) Possible Give Here

The

turally

at

after

verb

bjunctive

Indicative

such

a

wish.

Mood.

"

being

the as

It

that. these

be

//

does

words

in the

not

of doubt,2

mood

if, though, follow,

indicative

were

but

happen.

not

is certain

brother

my

fact,

a

as

shall

conjunctions

it may

mood;

unless

however,

in th

be

to

mood. the

at

door

it.

open

not

as

hunger.

with not

purpose

mood,

after

coming

Subjunctive

uld

we

and

perish

perishing,

which

subjunctive

comes

the

father's

of

speak

here), but

is not

he

they

their

of

lest, whether,

cept,

lest

food

possible,

313.

we

result.

speak

mething

because

subjunctive, a fact (for

them

we

here!

were

Mood.

//

"

brother

my

is

at

go

to

the

not

by

the

door

I^will

it.

n

1

That

1

The

the

is, if he doubt

sentence.

does

must

not

be

he

return

cannot

by

expressed

the

verb,

Compare If he Perhaps

be chosen

he

.

.

is chosen

.

[subjunctive] and [indicative].

party. any

other

word

SUBJUNCTIVE

In

first of

the at

the

to

be

the

door

Indicative

In

first

in the

Though

servant

Mood.

we

Mood.

it

second

i

it.

speak

of

a

the

of

brass,

that

was,

be

might

of brass.

made be

prisoner

brass,

of

made

vase

that

one

of

Whether

"

was

vase

broke

speak

made

it.

break

the

we

sentence

Subjunctive

believed

even

the

were

vase

would

servant

second

the

Though

"

in

being

is there.

"

careless

the

he

is

or

fact;

the

brother's

my

doubt,

of

matter to

Mood.

careless

the

a

that

Subjunctive the

is

151

sentences

preceding

contrary

assumed

MOOD

i

innocent

ertain. Mood.

Indicative

deserves

he

lty

It

314.

by

py

be

if,though,

If

1.

innocent

is

prisoner

that

observed is in the

etc.,

is usually

sentence

he

the

o

pity.

should

in the

b

Whether

"

in the

the

indicative in

back

introduced

verb

mood,

subjunctive

(subjunctive)

come

the

when

other

as,

mood; I

time,

fee

shall

(indicative). 2.

Though

He

(subjunctive),

me

slay

yet

Him

I trust

will

ndicative). Lest

3.

him

h

to

the

However,

etimes

1. so,

served. go

ewise

nished.

them.

lose

I

(subjunctive),

way

am

going

(indicative).

corner

the

his

other

is sometimes

verb

imperative,

and

subjunctive.

Exercise a.

boy

the

145.

So it

"

Pick

out

thou

be

[ =if] was

4.

a

5.

unpunished. 6.

perish.

7.

You

Except he

Unless must

obey

the

am

He

3.

join in

hand

Though

I

happy fault.

grievous

in

the verbs

is gracious the

repent,

behave

laws,

2.

content.

hand,

ye

the

subjunctive mood.

better however

if he

wicked ye

If

shall

shall he

b

will you

al

b

dis lik

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

2

8.

The

tear-drop

9.

10.

b.

Oh

.

I

14.

146.

Though said

that

I

If

were

clever,

he

young,

ll

be

too

old

holiday

before

sery

10.

it.

y

ar once.

at

he

deny

to

I

the

ar

If

law

severe,

he the

at

would

close happy.

is much

there

out,

we

Tom

was

is

lazy

Though

everybody break

prince. My 3.

not

younger,

7.

school.

was

5.

were

a

died.

prizes.

Tom

Though

as

they

tired,

be

him

clever

to

italics

mood.

not

is about

not

not.

in

printed

bury

gain

fail

you

thirst

you

men

was

infant

that

that

as

Though

law

the

that

me

Were

Strive

life,

was

9.

for

13.

bird.

days

the

ready

the verbs

should

an

us.

got

Drink

were,

6.

war

in

as

15.

his

if I

that

If

a

grieve.

subjunctive

everybody

If it be true

be

fall.

the

I

for

me

whether

even

is tall.

with

17.

they

gods

aim?

him.

took

you

shall

were

ye

in

or

Though

ster

I

Say

"

she

room

faint.

indicative

1.

ere

my

veteran's

(this believe),

were

lest

you

the

me

forgive

Beware

Exercise the

it

that

not

lest

Eat

die

[=wish]

I should

.

I will that

would

c.

love

See

11.

t.

If she

blame,

can

who

it dim

Though

GRAMMAR

severe,

we

try

must

must

to

get

nged.

The

315.

p

of

an

subjunctive

Simple

Tom

shall

y

ge

in

kingdom not,

judged.

to

the

time,

he

If

Tom

May ye

be

not

shall

They might

go

with

auxiliary

in

return

to

the

kingdom

judged not

th

14.)

p.

should

Thy

by

expressed

19,

par.

he

party.

come.

that

often

Subjunctive

subjunctive

return

go

(See

verb.

auxiliary

is

mood

not,

be

time,

party. come.

that

judged.

they

The

316.

most-used

auxiliary

the

of

subjunctive mood

as,

should1; I cannot If

153

MOOD

SUBJUNCTIVE

do

so,

bridge

the

father

my

unless

should

be

that,

I might

washed

should

consent.

away,

how

we

may

ge

e?

If I should You

say

Other

also

If I could If

you

try

should

do,

could,

the

shorthand,

would

you

did,

must,

best

your

might

may,

as,

used;

write

can,

blame.

to

it, though

as

auxiliaries,

are

ld,

break

not

could

be

call

later,

go,

I shall

"not

know

me

I

be

would

work

be

might

easy.

to

able

tell

you

it.

ut

Unless

you

If I do

come,

you

It must

317.

d.

can

will

auxiliaries

In

following

by

be

however,

not,

these the

go.

are

hat.

my

that

supposed

always

they

examples

verbs

in

the

are

in the

contai

subjunctiv indicative

d. 1.

Boys

tease

not

should

is, "It

That

is

the

little

girls.

duty

of

"

girls 2.

Mary

may

Here,

The

too,

of

"It

4.

was

farmer

The

That

have

sea

a

have

not

would

is,

to

possible

the

farmer

home

to

go

be

heard

the

litt

lend

five

his

was

miles

roar

of

away.

of

statement

the

fact

now."

simple

hear

of

statement

simple

might

we

again,

tease

now.

we

the

to

not

fact.

a

of

is permitted

roar

Here,

statement

home

go

"Mary

3.

a

"

boys

the

sea."

to

lend

fact

horse.

not

willing

horse.

5.

I could

work

not

fact

The 1

See

was,

"Notes

that

I for

was

example. to

unable

Teachers,"

p.

work

320,

Note

that 13.

example.

h

//, before

818.

the

is placed

bject

if.

If he if.

Without When next

aced

With

if.

Without

a

th

when

your

....

place

....

the

verb

subject

thus,

he

taught,

were

he

Were

out

place

compound

auxiliary;

If he

if.

your

in

he

before

the

after

in

were

left

thus,

verb;

Were

if is omitted

is

subjunctive, the

after

With

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

4

taught,

learn.

would

learn.

he

would

the

subjunctive mood.

"

Exercise Be

1

a.

147;

boy,

he

true,

May

that

she

in town

Jack

be

flower,

What

you

but

are,

s.

13.

Had

Howe

senger must

10.

If

on

you.

I

your

here

I

chance

she

arrive,

God

what

him

make

should

meet

9.

Go

be

I must

18.

19.

horse

my

not

11.

Beware

le

all in

is. it.

he

Be

14.

late

Were

you

Such

parting

Had

She

she had

but

young

=

town. out

riding were

lived

[

to

a

would

[

=

to

would

twelvemonth

have]

air

yourself

be]

too

petty.

more

not

died

Were

Should,

15.

you.

all,

better

the

The

you

come.

17.

l

known

seize

16.

wait.

to

Jones,

had

man

and

support

would

Mr.

understand

all, and

and

would

prize.

we

could.

men

7.

the

story

believe

if he

us

were

the

not

came

win

if I could

If

Lazy

way,

may

root

know

I should

6.

the

have should called fall into temptation. Little

help

working.

fairy.

a

3.

would

days.

find

to

we

would

without

that

#

b.

Dick

If Frank

2.

sister.

it;

your

fail

might

his

we

should 12.

4.

in happy.

heard

live

might hopes

wished

rl

tease

all

could

we

Everybody

not

happy

if they

work

may

proof.

be

you

be

you

have

should

better

without

ring

would

we

the verbs

out

that

good,

.

kind

Pick

"

to-day.

or

th

old

SUBJUNCTIVE

Exercise I.

Fear

no

as

in

the

5.

Ah!

8.

Suddenly, unwonted

All

within

Do

thy

the

him

If 'twere

no

2.

Oh

be

Fortune

it

that

it be

If

to

brings were

with

bid

thou,

me

us

more?

I must

vision

fled!"

have

said.

brightened

is best;

Lord

thy

minutes; are

we

done

him.

without

and that

unto

how

sun.

4.

splendor

but

verb.1

if it lightened,

duty;

are

each

world

stayed

15

3.

past!

were

as

An

of the

the

children

thou

of

steered.

are

is what

For

10.

not

would

"Hadst

We

heat

that

what

Leave

9.

are

days

This

7.

the mood

the

that

If the

6.

Give

"

more

boats

some

y

148.

MOOD

used

the

rest.

use

us

day

one

must

you

'tis done

when

well

then

'twere

tell.

[ =it

would

be], well It

II.

I had

12.

I

13.

done

were

[

Should

he

It

[

were

be =

14. had

[

Hadst Thou

16.

would

In

call

=

would

thou

been

hadst

not

Scotland sheep-drains. 1

Disregard

be]

of

not

well.

lived

when to

have

17. the

sleep

to-night

kill

a

kinder

deed.

first thou a

son

narrow

A

man

infinitives;

escape

believed.

me.

....

me

done

killed

they

his

out

have]

had

if she

....

killed

had

I

unless

fool

a

roused

If he He

15.

be]

should

=

fainted

have]

should

=

[

were

quickly.

didst

of

mine. ditches

open one

was

see

par.

presume,

24.

day

which

riding

156

donkey to

a

Tode to

shelf-drain

sheep-pasture. he would not

himtffcack

short

a

at going but when

the

the

and drain.

the

beast, to

going

the

man

to

very

he

man

began

pitched,

when knew all

stopped

and but

quickly

well

the

he

head

his

over

up

before

drain

the

So

round and the donkey

drain

the

got

was

him

came

animal

19.

thought

thrown

was

rider 21. The

"That

jump

the

it.

turned He

came

creature

When

over

go

20.

sharply. whip full speed would

18.

-

distance,

the

use

once,

a

across

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

across

right

out

called how

are

yo

over?"

get

Verbals It is necessary

319.

words being

57 pars. again in a general way,

and but

three

kinds

two

(Read

to

of verbals,

are

verbs and 58.) Verbals without

of which

to notice

again

from

derived

are

which

at this point

certai

called

express

verbals

action

a asserting it. There have learne we already

know. Infinitives

Read

again

320.

Besides

others, some follows. as

Past2

going

the

word

term

simple

and

active

Present

on

the

again

work

infinitive,

some

passive.

Exercise as

24,

to make,

The

a.

there

ar

list

complete

Voice:

Active

xThe

24, and

par.

l

infinitive, to make (tobe making). infinitive, to have made (tohave been in

present,

at the present is, as we present

now,

strictly accurate. 2 The past, word

action/' action

in

grammar,

shall

grammar,

done

In

time."

in past

"showing

means

learn

means

time.

the

case

(see page "showing

of verbals, 172, par.

finished

making action nowever,

347), or

n

comple

15

INFINITIVES

Passive

*

Voice:

Past

infinitive,

to have

infinitive

may

An

321. or

to be made.

infinitive,

Present

object

in

a

been be

as

used or

sentence,

made.

the

as

predicate

subject, a

of

object

tion; preposi-

thus, As

subject.

As

object

noun.

predicate

To

read

is interesting.

To

obey

is better

That

man

I

learning

am

to

means

die

is but

To

see

him

are

sacrifice.

succeed.

to ride.

Tq

We

As

than

to

sleep.

to

about

in

believe

to

was

him.

go.

a

object of

is

There

no

to

way

thgxe-sxcept

get

preposition. walk.

(These

are

in

en

infinitives;

of

uses

other

b

will

323.)

par.

Exercise

uses

noun

all

149.

Pick

"

infinitives and

the

out

say

how

the

to

write

used. 1.

The

e.

3.

hold

er

The

a

s] divine.

to

meet

8.

It

is

move

to

ching

her

girls

guage

you

ought

1

b,

Only as

to

be

transitive look,

has

Sjeepar. 216.

4.

to

verbs to

have

look

If

hard.

14.

to

The

passive

(to be

how

6.

remain

silent.

valiant 11.

Mrs.

Brown

to

master

you

wish

13.

The

infinitives.

looking),

to

stand.

mother

to

An have

to

poor

tried

general

The

to forgive

is

Greek.

12.

work

know

is human,

be

to

learn

sew.

mean

Do

better

and

to

to

only

To^err

sometimes

stir,

I

you call}, isf about^to safl'.\

7.

son.

comforted.

looking). 2

is

is beginning

Harry

used

his

2.

return.

(

pen?

hopes

To

to promised girl intendsUo 5. The vessel

traveler

take

th

intransitive

looked

(to hav

LONGMANS'

58

15.

wn^

know

to

the

but

imal

to

Read

again

322.

Some

The

.

(a)

do,

verbs: forms,

19,

(6) Other

20,

did,

of

by

Exercise

24,

t

b.

without

/

are

shall,

can,

may,

will, would,

should,

for

infinitive

the

verbs

might,

following

the

which

let, make,

help,

dare,

done

trave

must,

(s

could

315).

and

verbs,

bid,

mon:

of these

common

14,

again

work

To

be

could

followed

are

verbs

past

Nothing

and

16.

fault.1

a

confess

17.

25,

par.

Auxiliary

12,

rs.

to

good

world. kill him.

most

their

d

is

It

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

need,

the

are

please,

see,

most

watch,

el,hear. Examples

(a) 1, 2.

(b) 3.

We

see

cannot

Thou

not

shalt

hear

I

you.

thee

steal.

better

a

of

speak

land.

4.

do

I dare

all that

become

may

a

man.

5.

The

Exercise 1.

150.

Who

haste

fear

See

*

An

making

used

the

out

the

infinitives.

2.

I

die? keeper

The

6.

that. me

watch

from

1

4.

away.

You

le

him

saw

nut

ed

Pick

"

feel sad.

me

made

story

9.

shore.

the

makes

The

this.

write

Few

Mary

hefrd

lion

8.

That

man

dare

men

not

face

dared a

Let You

5.

obey. need

messenger

3.

sing.

wait. swim

furious

bull

216.

par.

auxiliary

with

with

joined

to

it simply the

the

infinitive

one

infinitive

verb. of

the

is regarded verb be and have ar The auxiliaries but principal parti with ciple verb, of

a

principal

l

INFINITIVES

Bid

the the

on

ch

Let

15.

aid.

323.

the

long,

taking

the

infinitives or

nouns;

Infinitives used

(a)

is time

He

is

We

They

14.

procession

frequently

on

our

bid

me

go.

(as subject

nouns

of

places

as

used

adjective

Infinitivesused Modifying

intention

kind

be

of

to

or

man,

man

succeed

("to

succeed"

intention).

as

a

as

for

praised

predicate

be

("to

that

praised"

adjective).

adverbs.

to

see

came,

(came

was

to

going

toward

Modifying

(called why?). to find only

you

minister

what

with

my

repeat

gone

result?).

(going

remarks

action,

what

had

you

or

or

moving

whither?).

adjectives:

It

is late

We

were

Modifying

to

return.

sorry

to

part.

adverbs: are

not

modifies

the

too

tired

am

(i.e. honorable

verbs:

away

I

time).

honor).

to

called

You

leaving

or

adjective:

is used

The

honor

to

the

are

He

(i.e. going

go

what

Predicate

I

to

have

You

(c)

blow

wind

adjectives.

of

tells

(6)

the

merchant

adverbs.

man

a

worthy

(a)

long

the

saw

Modifiers: It

(6)

I

once.

at

are

as

as

felt

home

go

Let

Besides

jects, etc.)

ifying

us

11.

We

12.

pavement.

13.

eks.

here.

come

servant

15

tall

enough

to

adverb

enough

to

(to talk

talk

"

reach

that

(to reac

enough

for

what?)

modifies

the

adverb

0

ENGLISH

LONGMANS1

(d) Modifying

a

statement: be

is, to

He

A

They

want

In

e

is not

for

time

the

The

326.

An

be

to

second

want sentence,

to

carry"

is the

going"

infinitive or

is in

infinitive

an

of

subject

noun

predicate

"us

they

"Me

going.

of t

object

what

in the

So

our

the

obje

"for."

preposition

325.

"me"); me.

and

is not

me

for

but

us,

"want,"

of

object

by

expressed;

going.

want

basket

of the

be

sentences

not

is sometimes

basket.

the to

us

do

(they

carrying

e

for

time

sur

statement.)

infinitive

carry

be

(To

oarsman.

skillful

whole

first of these

the want

rb

to

me

a

an

of

subject

is high

It

sure,

the

modifies

324.

GRAMMAR

like

may,

a

objective case

take

verb, it, or

after

adjective

the

be

an

object by

modified

verb. Examples It is too

boy

The

to

warm

The

child

You

must

327.

An

learn

151.

Exercise

The

ove

Why

is

He

dog over

do

a

is to

its an

be

the

shot.

to

call

on

us.

you

ask

me

to

(if expressed),

subject its

noun

predicate

infinitives in

the

followi

is used. 2.

by.

swear

horse

object or infinitivephrase.

out

each

adjective). (predicate noun). swiftly (adverb). a

its

with

Pick

to

man

more

and

tell how

and

tences,

run

forms

"

be

to

infinitive

jective (ifany)

1.

to

(object).

(predicate

good

is pretending

(if any),

difiers

be

to

tries

book

a

read

4.

6. read?

I

We

am

are

going

Charles 8.

Do

apt

to

to

swim.

wants

to

you

wish

be

mistaken. 5.

leave to

have

They

now.

m

PARTICIPLES

h

9.

you?

be

When 11.

there.

be

I

done

about Davises are

The

time

You

17.

enough 21. not.

I

for

be be

to

were

go

I did

20.

not

understand

He

25.

not

know

$6 be

seems

your

speech. shall

you to

whether that

parse

to

It

favorite

23.

admired.

remark

us.

see

15.

soon

to

is

is my

/on How

hope

What

summer.

19.

be

certainly is a strange That

man.

the

I

to

glad

how

to

12.

a-fishing

true.

is

picture 24. you.

here.

congratulated

vote?

do

The

such

leave

good to

old

a

you

are\to

is too

That

to see wonder it? 13. They

To

10.

dinner?

have

to

we

to about dismissed. 16.

be

to

t.

w

are

161

following

word. Let

been

have

go

me

made

us.

Participles

Read

again

328.

Every

the

past.1

the

to

g

has

verb

The

329.

57, and

par.

present

two

work,

Exercise

again

chief

participles,

is always

participle

as,

verb;

work

working;

54.

the

formed

play,

by

present

adding

play-ing;

read,

d-ing. The

ore

spelling the

-ing

iX) When

pped;

of the is added.

a

-ing. A verb

in

ending hoe, , hie-ing; Note, 1

See

however, notes

ticiple

ticiples

is also can

actual time ends, we as the

to

the

mmarians

time

in ends lov-ing;

verb love,

as,

be

e

not

imperfect,

called

the

after

a

convince,

see,

die, dyeing; 320.

e

after

hoe-ing;

par.

is sometimes

verb

a

changed

the

consonant,

convinc-ing;

does

consonant

little

a

not

e

is

make;

change;

see-ing.

lie, ly-ing.

The

present

and perfect

by and

participle the some the

is called

active; But passive.

by the

of

some

past course

is transitive. the verb only when by a participle infinitive or an of the action expressed its own form, but (par. 347), not only upon shall see active

of the

or

principal

passive

verb.

(2) When a

ith

ob,

a

single

the

hen

ommit,

falls

152.

Beat.

a.

b.

Speak.

hide.

See.

c.

d.

ut.

Aver.

efer.

Dispel.

Tremble..

elease.

Untie.

to

ervant

ong

ing.

Look

8.

He

Knit.

Swim.

Brag.

Annul.

Concur.

Purchase.

Annoy.

Scatter.

Prefer.

Collect.

Fasten.

the

out

they

Collate.

Confer.

Defeat.

4.

hay.

present

belong

5.

The

The

to

shooting

his in

the

grass

arrow,

coming children in at the open hears

Dye.

Compel.

Commit.

Pick

hunter,

Singing

Bite.

Admit.

or

daughter's village

home

wood,

door.

voice choir.

2.

by off

a

found school

boy

The

master

growing

from

and

say

modify.

glancing

in the

Differ.

participles

his donkey. ^beating is Jack 3. The Adams.

juicy.

7. And

Take.

Hit.

Blot.

boy

a

stealing

A

Rise.

Cut.

Acquit.

Gather.

"

sister

and 6.

Give.

Agree,

Eye.

Bet.

Offer.

pronouns

saw

my

Beg.

Allege.

153.

We

Sow.

Buy.

Equip.

evel.

1.

Fly.

Run.

Abhor.

Travel.

or

Win.

Bedim.

/. Model.

nouns

Spring.

Ring.

Write.

Hie.

Hoe.

Split.

Abet.-

Begin.

ppal.

hat

of

Drive.

Thrive.

Get.

Shut.

Exercise

Slay.

Strike.

Shoe.

Spin.

Shed. e.

syllable

Slide.

Flee.

Bid.

one

rebel, rebell-ing;

Tread.

Throw.

Stride.

Hide.

as,

participles

Sing.

Drink.

Choose.

Shake.

as,

beginn-ing.

the present

Know.

Weave.

mite.

Write

than

of more verbs last syllable;

begin,

"

Grow.

low.

the

on

committ-ing;

Exercise

to

applies

single consonant is doubled;

a

budding.

bud,

sinn-ing;

also

accent

syllable ends in it the consonant

one

before

sin,

rule

of

vowel

robb-ing;

This

verb

ing speak-

his caught the river i tree, a

hit

badger.

the

PARTICIPLES

9. Toiling,

rejoicing,sorrowing,

Onward 10. Then

object; is my

down

being,

as

run.

takes

picture

an

[obj.]

snowballs are thin.

to

Pick

an

old

5. The

men

6. The

workmen.

man.

Eating

The

may

always

verb

used

a

and

the

objective.

2. Do you did not go out. 3. The bubbles? boys throwing 4.

riding

horses

The

a

Christmas

horse sat

drawing are

is Miss

in

a

Mr.

the

cart

White's

Johnson.

corner

pie.

participle is formed be found by remembering thus,

hay

the

Horner

past

after "have";

participles

me,

mowing

lady

"present"

term

is to be preferred.

the present

in the

7. Little Jack

331.

all verbs,

friends, expecting little girl blowing hurt

object, the

no

out

called the active intransitive verb,

an

of

participle

takes

they govern

which

that

the

applying "

is sometimes

present

since

164.

Exercise

1. My

the

remaining,

participle,

see

[pres.part.]a

painting

they

transitive verb

a

participle of

boy

laughing,

brother."

is why But participle.

words

goes.

plain, leaping,

green

present

This

as

a

"The

as,

life he

through

The

330.

163

in several ways. It it is that part of the

LONGMANS'

4

156.

Exercise

Climb.

k.

Sail. Talk.

Flee.

Fly.

Strike.

Mow.

Sow.

Fall.

166.

Exercise or

pronouns

1." The

ang

up.

rce.

6.

The

fox

mer's the

9.

5. The

fire

wha

The

the

on

all

in

bushes

by

the

Th

across

roadside

grew

wind

ver

surrendered.

sides

hoped

flashed

signal

dug

trench

by

2.

hard.

very

dropped

fanned

The

say

and

to

escape

the

along

t

coas

sailors. Up

rose

doubly vile

Read

again

pars.

332.

Both

the

four

score

fair

renown,

dying

shall

go

from

and

59

and

262,

and

adjective;

ten.

down he

sprung,

unsung.

look

the

and

present

and

self,

whence

unhonored,

participial

years

forfeit

dust

then,

all in

concentred

shall

Unwept,

a

her

wretch,

the

Frietchie

Barbara

old with

The

To

past as,

at Exercise

again

participle

"blotting

5

may

paper/'

branch."

Exercise

tences

Seed

some

Beat.

modify. was

hemmed

8.

And

hered

or

Make.

Swear.

participles

3.

4.

behind

hidden

to

Gaze

Cling.

Drive.

Monday

water.

Owe.

Live.

past

Cal

Play.

Forget.

escaped.

army

Living

as

the

on

The

Bowed

10.

belong

of

notice.

sed

they

guilty

is full

street

out

begun

task

found

soner

Pick

"

Open.

Plow.

Act.

of

participles

Arrive.

Lay.

s

d

the past

Lie.

e.

.

down

Write

"

Star.

Bloom.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

and

157.

"

say

Pick

out

they

whether a.

the

participles

in

are

Present.

b. Past. c.

Present

d.

Past

used used

as

as

adjectives.

adjectives.

the

followi

16

PARTICIPLES

1.

His

withered

Seemed

Was

For

by

age

he,

And

be

has

break

To

Nor Of

Of

the

life,

I could

leaves

5.

In

an

Knelt

6.

Sweet

Auburn,

Where

health

Where

smiling

And

parting

7.

8.

333.

blossoms

Being

Seeming

its

Melancholy

ill at

the

already

a

man,

the

of

blooms

as

one

plain,

laboring

visit

paid,

delayed.

inspired,

done,

something repose.

past

participle

noun

I had

this

swain.

retired.

night's

predicate time,

lost.

rapture

earliest

sat

the

adoring,

the

eyes,

a

or a

crossed,

cheered

attempted,

earned

by

in

lingering

Pale

is followed

growing,

bosom

village

summer's

present

I heard

imploring, his

spring

upraised

The

lowing;

monk

With

Has

bird,

warbling

and

plenty

Something

say,

almost

or

loveliest

and

to-day

worshiping,

the

rest.

nature,

of

believed

Wondering,

at

and

half

upon

made.

creature,

attitude

Hands

shade.

dead,

were

sound

calm

faintly

have

The

a

bough

cattle

the

lovers

them,

living

or

beneath

oppressed,

I might

waving

Or

and

.

.

.

all

been

motion,

boy.

whispering

with

not

day.

joy,

seats

with

brethren

to

better

a

orphan

neglected

Wished There

$n

and

tuneful

gray

remaining

bush

talking His

4.

sole

hawthorn

tresses

and

known

his

carried

The

3.

have

to

harp,

The

2.

cheek

to

or

stay

fellow

of

a

copulative

adjective; at

as,

home.

is only

a

.boy,

Grown

timid

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

6

the

now,

leaves

never

creature

hidin

his

ace. been

Having

e

one

when

334.

As

like

,

or

is

a

I

in

the

their

A

has

in

sentence,

the

to

way

and

the

Street

goes

/,

with

burned

The

an

"a-fishing"

is equivalent But

the

boy

They

as

used the

same

came

have

Besides

the

belonging

is

we

may

to

a

the

modifier

a

Present,

being

having

"He

h

(How?)

berrying.

gone

two

(Where?)

participles

transitive

already

verbs.

{having

made

been

made. been

sa

prepositional

studied

The

making.

having

we

worn-down

simply

say

voice:

Past,

wit

Examples skipping.

to

is

a-

prefix

voice:.

Present,

Passive

a

If

adverb.

follows.

Past,

not

meaning.

Other

Active

yesterday

burned

"Much

window,"

be

may

is adverbial.

others

belongs

sentence,

High

a-fishing,"

fishing/7 with

337.

participl

they.

gone

and

ase

a

on

walking

participle

eposition

Walking

Williams/' So

subject

336.

e

as

sentence,

Harry

made

a

given,

subject.

Williams.

last

'd

he

service,

modifiers.

beginning

when

"

the

met

ry

e

the

just

sentences

adverbial

participle,

modifies

Thus

the

have

verb,

his

all

came.

in

seen

during

soldier

hour

his

A

335.

true

a

made,

or

made.

making).

complete

ther

l

GERUNDS

Intransitive

following

have

they

since

verbs,

167

no

have

voice,

only

participles.

Present, Past,

sitting.

having

Exercise

168.

sentences,

Tell

"

kinds

the

tell what

and

been

(having

sat

sitting),sat.1 in

of participles

nouns

or

belong

they

pronouns

ing follow

the

modify. been

Having

1.

2.

Trying

3.

.

so

ng

been

7.

eft

my

8.

Being

lost

head,

his

we

as

Besides

338.

third

a

kind,

319.

participles

and

are

which

1

It

it is

sit

or

form

be

should

a

never

verbal form

responding

t

verbs, length,

e

risen 1

See

used

however, grown

part

almost

all

be

have

b

to

the

much

noise, sought

are

verbals might

be

might seen,

employ a

man,

is called.

other

calle

be

may

for Teachers,"

p.

the

past

are,

participles

combination

used

this Hans

the

participle set

out

324,

Note

29.

without to

seek

participle

modifying an

with

This verb. intransitive verbs. of

Lord."

"Notes

t

ought

Participles

gerunds

sat

in

always

may to

as

some

or

of

though

itself

but

pronoun,

some

by

We

6.

adverbs.)

that

noted

thief

more

there

gerunds.

called

and adjective verbals; (Infinitives, as we verbals.

adjectives, or

The

by

now

infinitives,

called

nouns,

Being

Having

2

and

58

pars.

again

no

am

hi

say.

Gerunds Read

I

uneasiness 9.

quarters.

5.

misdoings. hours, we

two

some

caused

4.

now.

tall,

hurt

robber

retreat.

many

lesson feet

six

accustomed

he

er,

now

to

to

this

studied

the

back

confessed

Become

boy.

a

led

had

turn

not

will

detected,

having

that,

.

I

door

ton. Washing-

to

proceeded

the

he

injured

far

ed

now

down

break

to

Being

he

elected

auxiliary

is true A

few

of

sitive intran

having;

his

t

a

fortune."

8

LONGMANS'

Like

339.

the

but

-ing,

present two

the

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

participle,

the

are

present

gerund

different

entirely

in

end

origin

an

use.

In

340.

the

sentence. is

He

be

not

a

called

workingtoo

fe^the

it

though

rking,

from

m

the

of

object

fro

preposition

it is modified

because

noun,

steadily.

by

the

adverb

*

eadily. In

the

sentence,

a

lled

ose

r

it is the

though

ading,

one

and

like

are

the

of

object, history. are

reading in

is, cannot

verb

an

adjectives

pleasures.

greatest

it governs

working

participles

my

of

subject

because

noun,

sentences,

ve

is

history

Reading

not

their

use

participles

do

n

given,

a

and

casea"

Working

341.

A

runds.

and

has

gerund

frora^ istinguished like

e

a

has

or

the

like

case

But

participle).

verb,

stinguished

in

reading,

adverbial

sentences a

(and

noun a

gerund

also

(and

modifiers

"*

from

a

nowi).

i

of Gerund

Examples Reading

books

Writing

ten

His

being

animals is not daily

about pages

is

stupid

I

riding

prefer

a

horse

exercising

Subject

is interesting. easy.

excuse.

no

of Gerund

Examples I like

as

better here

than

rather

as

Object

riding than

a

bicycle.

indoors. .

is

thu

governs

is

thu

GERUNDS

ples

of Gerund

Mr.

Sidney

We

Examples

Our

of Gerund

feult

job

ether

a

rcise

8,

was

these

to

some

it

ore

ter

(see

the

a

passing

the

examples

j"r an it must

above, is a useful

Writing

sentences

is learned

correctly in

adjective

given

"

in the

but

one

long

by an

sentence,

modifier, correctly. is frequently gerund preceded

the

hn's

saying

In

gerunds, In

After

gerund

it is, and

Exercise

1.

a

parsing case

t

he

what

159. and

keeping hearing

"

"I

as,

case;

possessive

why,

Pick

parse Thy the

am

did

annoyed

say

from

and out:

writing

poetry

erbial A

article

(as

noun

an

object

]mpdifipr( a

is

gerund. a

noun. "

and is a

in the

and

,

ing Writ-

gerund; other

an

"

by tired

noun

a

of

his

them." what case

what a.

a

is difficult"

which

an

writing

practice,"

object,

they

adverbial be called

art,"

poetry

since

it has

when

of are

has

called

of

driving

from

word

and

fond

am

verbs

verbal better be

Act");

"Writing

sentence

ing,

or

noun,

"I

nouns,

the

of

4,

names

and

verbal

decide

par.

the

;"

the

when

the

of

sport

called

278), it had

par.

predicate the

Also,

be

may

ideas

the

succeed.

to

In

swimming

be

may

hard

gerund.

is great

extent

derived.

are

a

sentences

they

to

apt

little

a

nouns

"Swimming

nouns;

re

that

are

posts.

or

noun

saw'

we

In

ply

a

owners.

lie.

a

seem

may

the

Predicaiejijowru

as

used

fence it

is

a,

in

ving."

bears.

telling

making

word

as

ions,

y

his

was

Sometimes

842.

hunting

of

after a Preposition

by seeming to be admission believe in working faithfully

who

John's

Objective Case

the

is fond

gained

Men

in

16"

the

verb

or

coming

here;"

"

it is formed,

(if any) present

pronoun

in

it governs.

participles,

b.

the gerunds. there

commandments news

I

came

away.

is great 3.

reward, Stanley, "

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

0

veling

is

horse

dead

chard

6.

7.

Sowing

8.

in.

I failed

promoted

ly

busy.

us

ocent.

13.

We

ween

Nouns

(see "The

rcise;"

e 2.

Nouns

used

fe,"

"A

from

the

forgotten, 4.

Participles

hed

istling

e

vine

lies

Gerunds

6.

his

7.

Part have

ried."

of been

the

is my

favorite to-day

place

53);

"A

as,

hunting

his

"The

blow ing

gently

having

trouble

(see

336);

par.

"

as,

(see hens," the pars.

59,

pars.

"An

262,

332);

a

book,"

interesting

ground."

339, "The

341);

as,

"The a

wore

prophet

man

veil-

seen,"

forms

reading

wind

room."

son;"

being

"The

renewed.

adverbs

on

again

lost

many

-ing.

"

as

withering

from

in

takes

gerund.

distinguish

to

Walking

par.

as,

was

crowing

(read

face

ending

brow;'*

her

friendship

and

having

from

words

a

thwackings."

adjectives

girls

learned

sheep

337);

par.

cooled

into

Participial

the

of

have

as,

its parti ciple

as

is not

made

"

112);

form

in

is, th

tour."

used

stumbling

5.

p

our

of

participles

That

337).

same

adjectives (see

(see sea

time

several

as

walking

Participles

3.

4,

shearing

received

wandering

it has

as

par.

the

classes

pars.

culprit

(see

participle

this

following

monitors

appearing

for

gerunds

are

past

by

his

passion

many

-ing

the

should

the

1.

as

make

verb that

except

344.

has

a

wounded

adventures.

syllable

the

of

unds

seeking

verb

the

taining

had

soldie

being

by

t

The

being

Our

deceived

was

boy

and

Each

343.

I

The

lands

ange

n

12.

11.

away.

going

9.

His

woman

reaping

pains*

10.

duty.

the

before

no

top

a

letter

the

taking

Whipping

4.

whipping

comes

seed

his

his

boy

The

receiving

the

doing

prevented

ps

After

through

for

Livingstone.

5.

foolish.

Dolan. out.

t

found

Africa,

across

GRAMMAR

of a

good

the

verb story;"

(see "The

pars.

12, horse

16); is

a

bein

TENSES

Exercise

which

these

of We

1.

ting

this

of

nt

to

belong.

too

much

is

after

mounting

brisk I

a

er

he

was

kept

[nom.

fond

[nom. but

ing,

Going

17.

k

down

fishing

he

for

a

fishing

14.

than

not

good

writing. I found

in

I

Seeing

blessed

Showing

rod

12.

makes

morning

join

to

encouraging

more

ready

18.

me

asked

branch

a

ing

brook.

the

from

away,

hope.

writing

this

road

some

is interesting. is

on

watching

this

all

Giving Ready

las

observing

of

Traveling

brings

the

in

me,

of

16.

mile

that

stood

more,

losing

15.

writing

good

or

receiving

13.

case].

case].

walking

was

being

last

that

enjoyed I

4.

fast

was

of

9.

The

running

walking

mile

from

us

boy

soldier a

The

traveling.

of

iving

The

rising, 11.

I

2.

breath.

our

the

briskly.

10.

saw,

what

believing

the

7.

From

getting

horse

enjoyed

cat.

3.

t

and

-ing,

trifling.

this

of

in

in

ending

trying.

the

walking

enjoy

words

very

walking.

building.

ing

the

trouble

I

5.

which

t

they

having

chasing

e

classes

were

enjoy 8.

out

wagon

sight.

.

Pick

"

having

are

we

I

160.

17

friend

my

the

fishing.

S

19.

beside

soon

was

th

at

pleasure

him

o

bank. Good

20.

is

writing

a

Your

23.

are

we

After

ay*,

being

being

for

ng

the

letter

to

been

twice

earning.

being

was

him.

the

By

cultivating

was

Notice

a

dismissed.

Tenses the

following

sets

as

was

of sentences.

Mr.

Marshall

lives

in

Boston.

Mr.

Marshall

lived

in

New

York.

Mr.

Marshall

live

in

Cleveland.

n

ness cheerful-

happier

having

Henry,

27.

typewrite

mail.

persistency

another

The

rapidly

his

24.

he

as

complimented.

"

(1)

Writing

by

21.

with.

for

time

scolded

'

345.

in

many

making

having

is

22.

annoyed

rude

met

often

machine.

writing

I finished

d,

is not

being.

Once

26. written

a

fin

LONGMANS'

is in

(2) Jack Jack

Is

Will

be

847. as

past,

The

terms

names

for

(see

unds

ever,

to

tense

of

last

e

present

a

verb

time

the

th

the

In

office." a

n

home,

he

be

a

ed 1

In

time

be

there,

hi

waitin

"We

sha

"present"

the

the

c b

finding

you;"

to

depends verbal

my

of

words,

respect

walking

the

will

other

with

of verbal

disappoint

not

I me

recently,

tense,

you

in thes

gerund

present

case

since

tense.

past

habit

ent pres

time

tense

or

verb.

similar tense

the

"If

start"

a

"In

do?"

the

the

the

past,

day

future

the as,

will

present

principal

tted

to

have

rbals

he

says

ready

in

meaning; I

if

way,

is

in

then

upon

sentence,

early,"

present one

street

was

same

shall

what

him,

the

in

future

In

"I

which

verb

the

in

is

the

now

action

the

and

down

Crothers;"

an

which

participle

"Going

Mr.

had,

verb

present

tences:

denotes

in

leave

to

tens

or

depends

Thus

had

you

an

verbals

time

example,

sentence.

called

leave

to

upon

the

to

the

as

for

bee

participles,

applied

is inaccurate,

infinitive,

you

As

328).

and

in

t

"

already

infinitives,

the

of

present

a

infinitive

pends

320

*

tenses

or

have

past

and

certain

term

the

onging

present

pars.

times

three

time.

future

future.

the

and

time. of

speak

have

thus

time.

time.

past

of

live

evening.

of the

present

speak

will

this

river

of

speak

and

morning.

notion

lived

may

verb

the

sent,

d,

and

this

the

on

some

lives

and

Was

A

346.

us

now.

playground

school

be

will

gives

verb

the in

was

Jack

Each

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

so

long,

with

a

From

the

a

way,

past

of

the

principal

the

boy

is very

present French

is,

verb, ,

Here

selfish." has

a

from

past

time

past the

a

respect

with il

Thus,

verb.

time;

temps

has

verbal

Having

past

participle,

time. Latin

tempus,

be

time.

TENSES

"His

having has

nd

g

was

the

work."

time

you

Here

a

the

of the for

shall In

we

future

The

and

first

the

The

to

verb.

the

or

past.

of the

means

th

sentence.

present

by

verb

iarie auxil

is used

shall

with

with the

of

subjects

subject

second

and

strong

do

is

he

afternoon.

afternoon;

work

to-day.

th

on

and

person,

as,

"I

drown

will

no

and

me.

doubly

therefore

was

water

hinder

shall

nothing

deep

out,

called

first

the

with

used

this

determination

or

third;

and

fell into

who

,,

.,.

this

emphasis

will

this

,

,

school

J

will

school

when

to

go

second

man

g

will

,

speaker,

shall

futurity

r

."

the

go

is formed

finishe

from

in

verb

simply

verbals

of the

determined

the

led,

future

a

with

is

of

1

shall

expressing

ll

tense

have

th

"

verb

to

time

verbals

verb

past

sure

past

as,

They

with

the

at

call

and

my

l

in the

tense

person,

We

of

to

of

simple

persons;

In

referred

past-tense

a

will.

expressing

the

a

the

and

convenience

348.

d

time

actual

verbal

to

completed

Here

arrest."

I shall be arrive, infinitive past used

or

past

action Thus

time

his

to

respect

with

the

at

it led

about

time

past past

"By

s

lied

17

one

shal

me."

In

or

shall

ct

Shall

you

I

cted,

Will

George

1.

The

go

with

be

George

The

wind

or

shall

will

Thus

answer.

as

we

w

say

intended?

you

as

according

(Answer

shall.)

you

Exercise

the

to-morrow

go

Will

Shall

in

will

use

we

questions

asking

161. wind

will

(Answer,

there?

carry "

(Answer

me?

a.

blows

blow.

basket?

the

Give

the hard.

4.

The

tense

2.

cock

I

expected,

will.)

he

will.) he (Answer,

of

each

The crows

shall.)

verb. wind

blew

loudly.

hard 5.

The

LONGMANS'

4

crew

k

7.

ning. the

Ethel

The

.

a

sun

Our

teacher

19.

week.

ld

sleeps

in

b. Fill

the in

given

the

Jack

the

10.

a

us

blank

in

sentence

each

leave

20.

school

The

green

tense

each

with

of

t

the margin. The

ripen

The

mend

Nellie

in

children sun

the

....

the

....

her

grass.

corn.

frock.

torn

....

brothers

come

The

bloom

Flowers

to

school.

....

in ....

The

flow

ebbt bathe

tide

We

every

The

moon

shine

The

stars

bark

The

brightly. ....

dog

help

notions

of

be

the

at

thief.

l

have

and

than

time

of

....

monr'ng.

....

the

"

light.

give

With

spring.

and

....

....

inite

laughed.

dog

I shall

cow.

mother's

Ethel

victories.

little

18.

top

new

13.

rose.

many

The

story.

a

sun.

play

349.

a

slee

will

have

won

16.

his

sold

Baby

I shall

had

Ethel

east.

read

8.

cradle.

to-morrow

crow

will

Cromwell

14.

will

the

12.

in

cock,

top.

new

rose.

rises

t

b

a

rose.

a

in

sleeps

I had

has

have

l

Baby

9.

cot.

The

6.

sunrise.

at

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

be

would

can

we

give

more

without

possible

iliaries.

Compare

four

the

sentences, I learn.

I

(1) I learn

rn

(2)

I

in

learning

am

at

progress 1

See

the

I have

learned.

I have

been

that

shows

is therefore

Vearning.

am

the

action

present for

that

is in

the

time

present

tense.

the. present shows

"Notes

learning.

the

time"

Teachers/'

in p.

is going

action other 320,

words, Note

14.

on

that

or

it

TENSES

Am

finished.

it is in the

but

e,

(3) The

third

l

fect Be

careful that

"I

I have

lost my

my

the

present

tense.

time

present

in the

in the

finished,

the

present

finished.

difference

lost

now)

has

action learning

and

been

is there7"

in the

but

tense,

perfect

present

the

been

Have

the

now).

that

shows

sentence

now

lost

of it as of learning

act

be

not

tense.

past

speak

Note

may

are

we

The

now.

(they (they

but

time.

present

gloves"

is in the

learned

(perfect)

gloves"

is

and

also

at

fourth

The

on

ng

lost

is

action

completed

ween

(4)

at the

is therefore

have

that

say

the

only

be

to

to

not

finished

said

of that

that

learned

in the

tense.

is true

ng

form

shows

Have

is also

therefore,

progressive

sentence

is finished.

ion

e

learning,

175

progressive

m. The

350. same

tense

past as

way

the

are

Present

I have

perfect.

in

put

I learn

Present.

that

so

present,

forms

(progressive

le

future

the

and

Past Future.

Future

perfect.

have

learning).

learned

(have

(was

I shall

learn

I shall

have

i

following

the

parentheses).

learned

I had

perfect.

we

divided

are

(am

I learned

Past.

tense

been

learning).

learning). been

(had

('shallbe learned

learning).

learning).

(shall

have

been

learning). Note

351.

(1) In and

the

(2) In

the

that forms

progressive

present

all the

we

have

a

part

of

the

verb

we

have

a

part

of

the

verb

participle. perfect

tenses

e.

(3) In the 1

ws

Perfect action

means as

forms

progressive done completed

or

at

of

completed. the

present

the

perfect The

time.

present

we

have

perfect

tense

tenses

LONGMANS'

6

the

of

part

rticiple

the

As

tion

te

bed

to

gone

5.

wling.

lling

.

for

We

Two

16.

thing

at

for

By

20.

ling

He

22.

r.

l ten

or

done

understood. ten"

at

"

and

verb. Our

2.

We

The

8.

11.

to-morrow.

18.

have

the

sea

lots.

have

fo be

They

were

bathing the

fo

day

fo be

been

have

will have

will

hundred

a

sold

fight

fought

17. been

auctioneer He

rabbits. by noon

They

have

had

21.

hours.

two

14.

They

the

o'clock

and

been

sometimes

river.

in

has

Perhaps

in the

bathed

Snow

been

fallin

was

hares

shoot

has

dog

snow

night.

shall

is howling.

dog

Our

4.

6.

the

had

They

will

been

finished 23.

a

He

wil

more.

The

warm

The

bare

25.

sun

So

we

While

And

The

passive

is failing,

boughs

For

353.

each

hour.

bathed

three

for

goods

of

an

o'clock.

19.

perfec (pa

went,"

had

bed

to

went

night.

in

9.

oarsmen

eight

"I

going

12. Cats rabbits. fighting in the garden. five minutes. 15. They

are

minutes.

the

fallen

shooting five shot

The

"I

expresses

future

the

mentioned

fell thick.

time.

cats

time,

for

be

fighting

en

in

has

have

is, the

the tense

snow

some

shall

shall

.

The

Snow

7.

st.

Give

howled

has

dog

tense

perfect and

complet

ten."

howls

dog

Our

present

action

(past tense)

as,

between

"

past

that

past

at

162.

Exercise

Our

some

the

and

expresses

time,

time;

gone"

difference

the

1.

had

at

completed

d

"I

tense)

rfect

the

past

future

some

at

tense

so

some

at

been,

participle

perfect time,

present

GRAMMAR

verb.

present

completed

mpleted

the

principal

the

the

at

have,

verb

of

352.

ENGLISH

are

there

the

stoutest

the

hungry

following

breakers

table

dying.

breath, roaring,

death.

threatened

forms forms

are

silence,

his was

shows

Progressive

voice.1

in

wailing,

flowers

pale

held sea

are

winds

the

sighing,

shuddered

the

bleak

the

verb teach i in parengiven

of the are

"

1

Indicative

mood.

17

TENSES

es.

The

ive

voice

perfect

tenses

have

progressive

no

Present. Present

Perfect.

Past. Perfect.

Past Future. Future

Perfect.

Exercise

163.

Bread

1.

the

is made

3.

cook.

The

6.

ning.

e

called

He

has

He

was

He

had

been

He

will

be

He

will

have

has

been

sentences:

Hitherto

354.

we

indicative

mood.

tenses

the

of

they

been

verb. is being

cake

made

5.

taught.

The

was

pony

Perhaps

made

morning.

thi

sold

7.

day.

that

sold

8.

this

since

The

being

exist,

Exercises

"

The

name

your

following

The

subjunctive are

in

given

Present.

wi

Perfect.1

table

he

[Though]

(be striking). have (hav struck

striking). he

he

be

had

struck

[Though]

perfect

present 2

See

par.

subjunctive 316,

and

2

strik ing)

(had

strike

bee

(shoul

striking). he

(should The

(were

struck

striking). he should [Though] Perfect.

forms

strike

.Perfect.

Future

forms

shows

(Progressive

he

[Though]

Future.

tenses

Voice

been

Past

the

parentheses.)

[Though]

Past.

135.

with

mood.

[Though]

Present

6, and

20,

dealing

been

have

Active

1

taught)

taught.

each

2.

seven.

at

being

(was

taught.

of

sold.

taught).

taught.

taught

been

was

th

called.

Additional

re

is taught

pie

farm

(is being

He

bakers.

been

The

be

will been

The

in

tense

forms.

the tense

by

had

horse

ant

Give

"

future

the

and

should have

is very

f^tnote.

been

seldom

have

struc

striking) used.

LONGMANS'

178

Passive Present. Present

Perfect.1

Past.

and

[Though]

he

be struck.

[Though]

he

have

he

being Past

Perfect

Future.

Perfect.

Future

been

were

struck.

(we

struck

struck).

[Though]

he

[Though]

he

should

he

[Though]

been

had

2

struck.

be struck.

should

have

present

or

b

struck.

imperative

The

355.

both;

and

Voice

[Though]

to

according

146,

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

the

is either

mood

but

meaning,

form

the

is the

futur

same

as,

Present

Future.

or

[Thou

or

[now,

you] strike

or

ne

week]. 164.

Exercise 147,

Give

"

the tense

With

the

the

The

past

past

xSee

1

of are

footnote,

are

are

by

those

the

Verbs of forming

mode

verbs

verbs

participle

329)

paragraph

to their

participle,

changes

Irregular

and

respect

Regular

357.

verb in Exercises

each

157

and

Regular 356.

of

either

regular

which

form

addition

are which before made

spelling also p.

177.

2

See

the

par.

or

the

of d, ed,

or

before

made

irregula

and

ten

past t;

as,

-ing

-ed. 316,

ten

past

footnote.

(

IKREGULAE

of

is

There

358.

the

past

dipt,

as,

Irregular

iciple

in other

rtant

class

d;

Such

by

the as,

ring,

rang,

strong

called

Class

I

"

are

printed

Strong

1

See

"Notes

for

threw,

recommended

and L

or

which a

change

the The

form

pas most

th

of vowel

thrown.

l

Verbs

arranged

in italics; in square

by

Verbs

Alphabetically forms

been

verbs.

Irregular

360.

ular

throw,

rung;

those

generally

practice

Board.

d, ed,

are

t instead

This

tense

past

ing spell

ending

using

it has

and

adding

verbs

participle

are

verbs

irregular

by

Spelling

the

by

verbs

etc.

reacht,

poetry,

form than

ways

past

tost,

8,

the

shorten of

or

p,

Simplified

verbs

of

as

in the

to

participle

drest,

common

for prose

and

past

such

dropt,

been

always

359.

the

and

17

tendency

growing

consonant,

unvoiced

ed;

a

VERBS

forms

not

now

used

brackets.)

Teachers,"

p.

324,

Note

30.

are

placed

0

Class

1

Went

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

I

"

Verbs

Strong

is really

the

past

"

continued

of wend,

to

go.

VERBS

IRREGULAR

Class

There

361.

h

these

ing

I

are

classes

in

t

or

d.

Verbs

Strong

"

two

the

The

two

continued

classes

other

have

"

181

past

of the

and

classes

irregular past

verbs

participle

distinguished

are

lows:

Class

II

present,

rticiple

und.

consists

and by

of

which

adding

t

verbs form or

which the

d, usually

do past

with

not tense a

end

in

and change

t

or

the

d

pas

of vowel

LONGMANS'

2

m

Class

ENGLISH

consists

of verbs

GRAMMAR

which

in the

end

in

present

d.1

The

verbs

of

Classes

II

gular

verbs,

are

called

weak

course

of so

etc.

formerly

verbs time

that

the

fed-de

added

past

became

tense

all

th

II

Alphabetically

These

as

well

Verbs

Class

1

as

verbs.

Irregular

362,

III,

and

de

arranged

or

and

te

the

fed, sende

to

form

past

became

the

past

participle sent,

tense,

b

were

ened shor

set-te

became

VERBS

IRREGULAR

Irregular

363.

Verbs

Class

m

Alphabetically

165.

Exercise

Divide

a.

"

18

arranged

the

following

verbs

into

regula

irregular.

Beat.

ep.

Pen.

Bleed.

Have.

Tear.

Spell.

Freeze.

Cast.

Rap.

Clothe.

Cut.

Write

Try.

Pl

.

ee.

Agree.

ed.

Burn.

gage.

Break.

pose.

Pray.

Mark.

Get.

Grow. Lay.

Lie. Run.

Sing.

Pay.

Ride. Think.

Dwell.

Sleep. Learn.

Spill.

Let.

Split. Wash.

Catch.

Se

Thrust.

Incline

Nail.

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

4

6. Make

from

Pick

c.

past

d

The

the

is of

is

am

first

the

writing

the

person

first person

of the

Exercise

are

are

the

same

person

and

is also

of

number; singular first person the and

We

write.

and

plural

and

I

third

Remember of the

writ

number.

plural

166. 2.

6.

third

Give

"

and

third

Thou

You

that

were

person

of the

call. call.

therefore

number;

sentence

is also

ting

1

verb

sentence

is of the

We

a

of

writing.

first

the

of

verb

am

They

1.

Freeze.

number.

gular

y

Thrive.

of its. subject.

number

/

the

refore

In

ten

sentence

subject

also

their past

Number

number

I

In

Shake.

and

and

person

and

person the

hav

which

verbs

form

which

verbs

Give.

Person

In

of irregular

like Speak.

Sing.

Blow.

irregular

other

out

participle

364.

list

a

forms.

regular

so

the tables

GRAMMAR

all

person.

writing.

plural

person

and

the person

callest. call.

nouns

7.

which See

par.

plural

and 3.

204,

the

of

calls.

call. names

Note.

were

number.

number

He

They

are

therefore

number;

8.

verb.

each

4.

She

James

of persons

calls l

loves

spoken

CONJUGATION

9.

mother.

boys

The The

are

I

21. go

I

am

who

far

too

some

come

sport

lived

have

there,

27.

now.

to

speak

be

may

ran.

you

lost

in

tarried

long

tell you is

doubt

no

fog.

he

bread rain.

22.

You

23. They

Those

ar

who

have

that 25.

We,

who

It is I that

26.

they

that

we

will

wine.

is.

reward. have

it.

24.

the

at

It

seen

me.

They

Have

20.

the

his

14!

16.

have

who

hath

kittens

will

find

it.

sa

28.

he.

am

you

You

with

can

There

idle.

along

He

return.

are

to

speaking

out

of eyes

ness

19.

ran.

her

with

11.

will

Ye

15.

He

18.

ran.

Fred

13.

1

playing

cricket.

playing

lessons.

their

is

cat

fell.

horse

ned

The

HAVE

OF

Conjugation 365.

When

its moods, x

jugate 366. now

367.

we

the

show

tenses,

forms

persons,

a

which

verb

numbers,

and

we

can

take

are

said

it.

It will be

in

remaining

English 3

Conjugation

the

that

seen

of

are

the

of person

endings

few.2

very

HAVE.

verb

INFINITIVES Present,

to

have

Past,

to

have

had

PARTICIPLES Present,

having

Past,

having

had

GERUNDS

1

Latin

*

See

par.

"

See

"Notes

Present,

having

Past,

having

conjug-are,

to

had

join together.

386.

for Teachers,"

p.

324,

Note.

31.

and

number

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

MOOD

INDICATIVE

forms)

(Common

Present Plural

Singular

1.

[I] have

2.

[You]

3.

[He] has

have,2

hast

[Thou]

(or hath)

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

have have

have

Perfect

Present

Plural

Singular

1.

[I] have

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He] has

had

had

hast

had

have

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

had

have

had had

have

Past Plural

Singular 1.

[I] had

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

1

As

)

hadst

had

was

help

may

to

given

have,"

are

auxiliaries

have?"

I

forms,

Progressive

).

own

in

[They]

had

in

there

are

"I

have,"

The

forms

are

have?"

I

(see

mood

etc.,

etc

ing contain-

"Do

as,

indicative

the

forms

such

must

pa

beside

that

so

mood;

having,"

am

(see list in

verbs

questions:

asking

"I

had

of meaning.

are

as

3.

have,"

can

shade

These

etc.

[You]

had

indicative

the

"I

used

2.

conjugation

have,"

also

[We]

auxiliary

various

verbs in the

its

expresses

of which

ould

do

"I

317,

in

form

forms

simple may

in par.

noted

1.

also

pa

omitted

the

above conjugation. Since this, the ordinary

2

ntical forms

old

writers

ers.

be

h

thou

with

following

led

that

with

are

the

forms of

are

Hence,

as

to

the

for

a

forms

the

second

they

conjugation

singular

it as

well

not

best

only

for

merely to

the

in

given

include plural

in in for

t

tense,

each

this, an These

singular.

still used

is given

as

be

will

person

are

seems

for

plural that

singular,

person

second

encountered

time;

memory,

the

person

only

frequently

Shakspere's

of

second

the

conjugations,

committed for to print you.

of

form

Bible

the poetry

and

reference,

these

the

forms

forms

an

n

an

use

CONJUGATION

OF

Past

1

HAVE

Perfect

Singular

Plural

1.

[I] had

had

2.

[Thou]

hadst

3.

[He] had

had

had

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

had

had

had

had

had

had

Future Singular

Plural

,

1.

[I] shall

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He] will

have

have

wilt

have

Future

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

shall

have

will

have

Perfect

Singular

1.

[I] shall

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

Plural

had

have

have

wilt

had

had

have

will

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

shall

have

had

will

have

had

Singular

Have

or

2.

you]

SUBJUNCTIVE

MOOD1

Have

[ye

[You]

3.

[He]

1

Some

Various

may

have

the

forms

"

the

See

"See

have

[Thou]

verb,

a

of

In

by

the

forms

progressive tor

2,

p.

ISO.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

(see

par.

"He

is

the

"|I]

of be p

316)

not

have

no

Note

of the

help

to

mood. make

is

In

impossible the

sub ju

it, unles

undertake

it

auxiliaries

should

unless)

part

to

conjugations

3al.

have

may

ready

having

have

that, is

conjunction

use

Teachers,*'

1.

if, though,

as

the

as,

verb;

made

footnote

but

time."

more

"Notes

(such

verbs

auxiliary

forms

,

Plural

conjunction the

2

"

have

before

ed 2

have,4

you]

forms)

Singular

2.

or

(Common

Present

[I] have

had

Plural

[thou

1.

have

will

MOOD

IMPERATIVE

2.

have

will

to

giv

conjugation

'

etc.,

15.

are

also "

not

given.

LONGMANS'

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

Perfect

Present

.

Singular 1.

[I] have

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

Plural

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

had have

had

had

have

have

had

have

had

have

had

Past Singular

1.

[I] had

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

Plural

hadst

had Past

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

had

had

had

Perfect

Singular

1.

[I] had

had

2.

[Thou]

hadst

3.

[He] had

Plural

had

had

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

Future

had had

Plural

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

,*

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He] should

have

shouldst have

Future

2.

have

should should should

have

have

Perfect

Singular 1.

had

8

have

[I] should

had

had

Singular

1.

had

Plural

have [I] should [Thou] shouldst

had

1.

[We]

have

2.

[You]

had

3.

[They]

have

should should

have

had had

had 3.

have

[He] should

Conjugation

368.

of the

Verb

should

have

BE.

INFINITIVES

1

See

"

1

See

"

1

"

Notes

Present,

to

be

Past,

to

have

been

Notes

for

Teachers,"

p.

321,

Note

15,

par.

(a).

Notes

for

Teachers,"

p.

321,

Note

15,

par.

(ft).

for Teachers,"

p, 320,

Note

13.

ha

BE

OF

CONJUGATION

18

PARTICIPLES Present,

being

Past,

having never

see

been

been, used

as

alone

337,

par.

[the a

latte

participle:

footnote]

GERUNDS Present,

being

Past,

having

been

INDICATIVE

MOOD1 Present

Singular

1.

[I] am

2.

[You]

3.

[He]

Plural

[Thou]

are,2

art

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

is

Present

are are

are

Perfect

Singular

1.

[I] have

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He] has

Plural

been hast

been

been

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

been

have

been

have

have

been

Past Singular

1.

[I] was

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

Plural

wast

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3. [They]

was

Past

[I] had

been

2.

[Thou]

hadst

3.

[He]

*See

essive

*See

had

footnote

been

p.

186.

forms. footnote

were

Plural

been 1,

were

Perfect

Singular

1.

were

2, p.

186.

When

be

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

is

a

had had had

principal

been been been verb

it has

FUTUBE Singular

1.

[I]

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

Plural

be

shall

be

wilt

be

will

FUTUBE

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

shall

be

will

be

PEBPECT

Singular

Plural

2.

been [I] shall have been have [Thou] wilt

3.

[He]

1.

have

will

been

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

IMPERATIVE

shall

have

been

will

have

been

will

Be

[thou

have

MOOD

Singular

2.

be

will

Plural

or

2.

you]

Be

[ye

or

you]

MOOD

SUBJUNCTIVE Pbesent Singular

1.

[I] be

2.

[You]

3.

[He]

be,1

Plural

[Thou]

be

be

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

be be

be

Pebpect

Pbesent Singular

1.

[I] have

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

Plural

been have

have

been been

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

have have

have

Past Singular

1.

[I]

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

Plural

were

wert were

1 2

See

footnotes,

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

p.

187.

were were

were

been been

been

bee

Past

Perfect

Singular

Plural

[I] had

been

[Thou]

hadst had

[He]

been

been

had

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

been

had

been

had

been

Future Plural

Singular

be

[I] should [Thou]

[He]

be

shouldst should

be Future

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

[Thou]

be

should

should

be

Perfect Plural

Singular

1.

[We]

have

2.

[You]

been

3.

[They]

been

have

[I] should

be

should

shouldst

have

should

have

should

been

bee

been

[He]

.

should

have

Conjugation

Present,1

Past,

the

of

Verb

should

have

CALL.

VOICE

ACTIVE INFINITIVES to

call

to

be

to

have

called

to

have

been

calling

(progressive

calling

form)

(progressive

form)

PARTICIPLES

Present,1

calling

Past,

having

called,

having

been

calling

(progressive

form)

GERUNDS

Present,1

calling

Past,

having

called

having

been

calling

(progressive

form)

bee

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

2

GRAMMAR

"

"

MOOD*

INDICATIVE Present Singular

1.

Plural

2.

[I] call [You] call,1 [Thou]

3.

[He]

callest

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

(or calleth)

calls

form,

[Progressive

(I)

am

call

call

(thou)

calling,

Present

call

[I] have

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He] has

et

Plural

1.

called hast

called

called

(I) have

form,

[Progressive

calling,

Perfect

Singular

1.

art

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

been

have

[We]

called

have

called

have

called

hast,

et

calling,

et

(thou)

calling,

Past Singular

1. 2.

3.

Plural

[I] called

1.

[We]

[Thou]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

calledst

[He] called form,

[Progressive

(I)

was

called

called called

(thou)

calling, Perfect

Past Singular

[I] had

1.

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

Plural

called

1.

[We]

hadst

2.

[You]

had

called

3.

called form,

{[Progressive

wast

(I) had

been

had

"

called

had

called

had

[They] calling,

called

etc.]

Future Singular

1.

[I] shall

2.

[Thou]

3.

call

wilt

[He] will

[Progressive

ling,

Plural

call

call form,

(I) shall

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

be

shall

call

will

call

will

calling,

call

(thou)

wilt

etc.] 1

See

footnote

1, p.

186.

2

See

footnote

2, p.

186.

OF

CONJUGATION

19

CALL

Perfect

Future Singular

1.

[I] shall

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He] will

Plural

have

have

wilt

have

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

called called

form,

[Progressive

1.

called

have

(I) shall

shall

been

IMPERATIVE

will

Call

[thou

called

have

called

have

will

calling,

calle

etc.]

MOOD

Singular

2.

have

Plural or

Call

2.

you]

[ye

or

you]

MOOD

SUBJUNCTIVE Present Singular

1.

Plural

[I] call

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

2.

[You]

3.

[He]

call,*

[Thou]

call

call call

3. [They]

call

(I) be calling,

form,

[Progressive

Present

call

be

(thou)

[I] have

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He] have

Plural

called have called

form,

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

have

(I) have

been

called

have

called

have

3. [They]

called

[Progressive

etc.]

Perfect

Singular

1.

calling,

calling,

called

etc.]

Past Singular

1.

[I] called

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

Plural

calledst

called

[Progressive

form,

(I)

were

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

calling,

called

called called

(thou)

wert

calling,

.] 1See

footnotes

1 and

2, p.

15. 1

See

footnote

2, p.

186.

187,

and

"Notes

for

Teachers,"

p.

321

LONGMANS'

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

Past

Perfect

Singular

1.

[I] had

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

Plural

1.

called hadst

had

called

called

[Progressive

had

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

been

(I) had

form,

[We]

called

had

called

had

calling,

called

etc.]

Future Singular

1.

[I] should1

2.

[Thou]

3.

Plural

call call

shouldst

[He] should

[Progressive

[We]

2.

[You]

should

be

(I) should Future

2.

call

call

should

calling,

etc.]

Perfect

Singular

1.

call

should

3. [They]

call form,

1.

Plural

have [I] should [Thou] shouldst

called

1.

[We]

have

2.

[You]

called

3.

[They]

should

should

have

calle

have

calle

called

3.

have

[He] should

should

have

called

[Progressive

form,

370.

have

(I) should

PASSIVE

been

calling,

VOICE

INFINITIVES Present,

to

be

Past,

to

have

called been

called

PARTICIPLES Present,

being

Past,

called,

called or

been

having

called

GERUNDS

1

See

Present,

being

Past,

having

"Notes

for

called

Teachers,"

been

called p.

320,

Note

13.

etc.]

MOOD

INDICATIVE

Present Plural

Singular

[I]

am

called

[You]

are'

called,1

[Thou] [He]

art

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

form,

(I)

being

am

Present

called,

[He]

called

hast has

are

called

are

called

etc.]

Plural

been

[Thou]

called

Perfect

Singular

[I] have

are

called

is called

ogressive

1.

been

been

called

called

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

]They]

have

been

have

called

been

have

called

been

calle

Past Singular

[I]

was

called

[Thou] [He]

Plural

called

wast was

called form,

rogressive

(I)

was

Past

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

being

called,

been

[Thou]

hadst

[He]

had

called

were

called

were

called

(thou)

wast,

etc

Perfect

Singular

[I] had

were

Plural

called been

been

called

called

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

had

been

had had

called

been

called

been

called

Future Singular

be

[I] shall [Thou]

[He]

wilt

will

be

Plural

called be

called

called

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

shall

be

called

will

be

called

will

be

called

Perfect

Future Singular

1.

[I]

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

6

Plural

*

been

have

shall

1.

[We]

shall

[Thou]

been

have

wilt

2.

[You]

[He]

will

been

have

will

3.

[They]

been

Plural

Singular

[thou

have

will

MOOD

IMPERATIVE

Be

been

called

called

2.

have

called

called

3.

bee

called

called 2.

have

or

2.

called

you]

Be

[ye

or

you]

called

MOOD

SUBJUNCTIVE Present

Plural

Singular

1.

[I] be

called

2.

[You]

be

called,1 be

[Thou] 3.

[He] be

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

called

2.

3.

[Thou]

[He]

1.

called been

been

have

called

be

called

Plural

"

been have

be

Perfect

Singular

[I] have

called

called

Present

1.

be

1.

called

2.

3.

called

[We]

have have

[You]

been been

have

[They]

called called

been

Past Plural

Singular

1.

[I] were

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

called wert

were

[Progressive

called called

form,

(I) 1

See

were

footnote

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

being 2, p.

were

called, 186.

called

were

called

were

etc.]

called

calle

Past

197

CALL

OF

CONJUGATION

Perfect Plural

Singular

1.

[I] had

been

2.

[Thou]

hadst

3.

[He] had

called been

been

called

called

been

had

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

called

been

had had

called

been

called

Future Plural

Singular

1.

[I] should

2.

[Thou]

be

called be

shouldst

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

be

should

called

be

should

called

called

3.

be

[He] should

called

[I] should

1.

been

have

[We]

should

[He]

have

shouldst

been

3.

2.

[You]

3.

been

have

[They]

What

is used

verb

called..

the

as

auxiliary

forms?

progressive 2.

1.

"

have

should

been

called

167.

been

have

should called

called

should

Exercise

been

called

called

[Thou]

have

Plural

Singular

2.

called

Perfect

Future

1.

be

should

What

verb

What

part

is

the

as

used

the

of

auxiliary

"perfect

s?

3.

forms

4.

What

of the part

of the

s

of

of

active

5.

What

is the

6.

What

part

e? 7.

What

are

of

ular 8.

the

What

past

tense

is

active the

principal

the present

the

the

the

of

of

endings tense

the

of the of

indicative

is used

the

verbs?

in

is used

in

the

perfect

the

passive

third

and

indicative

mood?

progre

voice?

second

second

the

verbs?

passive

verb

principal

ending the

verb

of intransitive

and

in

used

of intransitive

and

voice

auxiliary

is

verb

principal

voice

of

of

the

persons

mood?

person

singular

d

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

8

The

371.

do

(as

verbs

the

of

lack

that Most

some

of the

the

of

of them

Forms

are

Verb

Originally

1.

[I] shall

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He] shall

auxiliary

Forms Plural

shalt

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

shall shall

Plural

1.

[We]

2.

[Thou]

2.

[You]

3.

[He] should

3.

[They]

shouldst

of the

verb

Originally

should

should

should

WILL.

Forms

Present

Plural

Singular

2.

3.

[I] will [Thou] [He]

wilt

will Originally

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

Past

will

2.

3.

"

Besides

will

Plural

[I] would [Thou] wouldst [He] would

Note.

will

Forms

Singular

1.

shall

Forms

Past

[I] should

Forms

are

verbs.

Singular

1.

forms,

SHALL. Present

Originally

373.

usual

forms

usual

Singular

1.

dare

ought,

irregular.

ective.

372.

some

can,

must,

may,

will,

auxiliary) lack

an

otherwise

Verbs

shall,

GRAMMAR

the

uses

of

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

shall

and

would would would

will

mentioned

calle

CONJUGATION

316,

.

in

seen

and

the

19

it may

conjugations,

b

that

Should

(1)

duty

,

expresses, or

Will

(2)

and

we

Will

(3)

do

will

How

are

are

I would Do

Forms

374.

I

that

of the

day

me.

with

MAY.

verb

Forms1

Present

Singular

Plural

may

[Thou]

[He]

or

mayest

mayst

may

Originally

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

Past

may may

may

Forms2

Singular

[I] might [Thou] mightest [He] might 375,

May

help

y

to

1

These

may

terday

mightst

(see be

only

not

may

be

yesterday

he

is meant. see

or

So "Notes

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

might might

die

might to-morrow

will

before after

could.

for

Teachers,"

For

future;

but

if he

go

the

or

the use

p. 320,

can

in

Here

noon."

subjun

these

Note

13

see

i

the

train.

use;

as,

"They

we

might

supply

according

forms

and

will

catch

"noon,"

word of

"I

as,

future

or

present,

with

possibility.

317).

"He

past,

or

indicative

the

present

can:

might

permission

either

316,

pars.

forms

to-day

in

verbs

with

j

[We]

express

might

So

These me

or

I.*

'

form

be excused." 2

Plural

and

mood

as,

wish;

dead.

wilt

Originally

[I]

day!

after

a

express

were

thou

what

long.

all day boat,

to

used

t

persons,

as,

over, our

three

all

with

and off in

go

would

indicative

the

once.

at

action;

over

would

and

used,

customary

that

him

to

go

would or

in

when

as,

should

habitual He

particularly

obligation; You

ess

t

348,

AUXILIARIES

"

d

d

317,

OF

.

in

p. 321,

the

Note

sub ju

1

LONGMANS'

rm

has

Must

376.

in present,

of the

form.

of

change

future

or

GRAMMAR

indicative

the

past

Forms

no

now

in either

verbs

377.

ENGLISH

the

or

2.

[Thou]

3.

[He]

CAN.

verb

Present

Forms

can

Originally

1.

[We]

2.

[You]

3.

[They]

Past

can can

2.

[Thou]

can

Forms

l

Singular

[I] could

l

Plural

canst

1.

mood,

subjunctive

Singular

[I] can

hel

may

tenses.

Originally

1.

It

Plural

or

couldest

1.

[We]

3.

[You]

3.

[They]

could

could

couldst 3.

[He]

could

Can

378.

We

son

Ought

e

has

"

dare

durst

not or

is

316,

tense;

past

317),

bu

as,

lighthouse.

it adds

change;

Its

for

-est

second from

is determined

tense

the

has

present

darest "

as

often

as

used

he

dares

and not

dares

")

.

(thoug The

pas

dared.

381.

Do

as

a

382.

Do

as

an

t,

one

pars.

may

sentence.

in

Dare

but

They

power.

(see

the

the

(old style).

the

of

380.

it is in

see

or

ability

subjunctive

just

could

singular

rest

or

is indicative

could

379.

express

could

indicative

either

n

and

could

does) and

verb

principal

the

auxiliary past 1

See

has

is

conjugated the

only

(did, didst). footnotes,

p.

199.

No

regularly.

present

part

forms

of the

(d

ver

CONJUGATION

done

containing of the

uses

(1)

To

the

dost

is employed

do

better;

sound all temples

above

an

as

auxiliary.

are

sentence

prefer

20

AUXILIARIES

doing

or

auxiliary

make

Thou

OF

the

as,

upright

heart

in

poetry;

and

.

been

has

It

Horses And

(2)

To

greatly

did

neigh

and

ghosts

did

shriek

(3) With

or

not

He

They

did

Tom

(4)

In

Do Did

she

883.

The

verb

I cannot Does

Did

884.

doctor

the

When

forms,

together

Exercise

168.

sentences

is often

as

Say

a.

is

an

minds. you.

do

you

He

this

last

verb.

does

can,

[like it].

must

(See the or

a

did

He

parse

whether

auxiliary

as,

[write].

morning?

may,

week?

understood;

auxiliaries, one

as

"

as

well

will,

own

father

do

call

used

it.

mean

now?

her

drawing?

shall, are

verb

lowing

like

Tom

Brighton

French?

as

write

I do

hurt

to

learn

after

streets.

as,

from

Mary

Does

the

about

"

their

intend

in

hear

groan

you.

question;

live

you

say.

know

do not

a

asking

as

as,

want

never

squeal

you

what

not

did

men

and

never;

does

purpose

as,

mean

cannot

this

dying

emphasis;

mark

You

for

used

and them

par.

322,

verb

do

principal

[call]!

do,

and the

and

thei

prin cipa

footnote.) in

each

verb.

of

t

LONGMANS'

I do

1.

Can

think

the 5.

The

es

to

do

I

ning;

do

and

l

in

d

in

12.

did

Never

w

whom

.

15.

He

This

17.

I

do

nor

Expletives

did

wind

do

is

their

feeble

gently

kiss

love

him

aid

do

I

d come

is

there

him

scorn

22.

an

confess

you

now.

When did

they

and

no

unanimity

Do

join.

trees,

the

do

train

their

but

do

some

this

19.

corner.

We

think

any.

Fle

382

par.

Did

not

a

and

agree

does

there I did

20.

15.

thi

10. in

answered

they

doctor

do.

13.

harder.

that?

him

see

in

named

sorry.

do

done

not

Howard

you

I

fe

not

Mr.

I may

if

was

Some

When

.The think

do.

I

9.

work

feel

do

message

14.

does

6.

How

you.

expect

Alfred

work.

news?

thing

man

18.

bond?

et

your

does

really

wonderful.

ger;

him

mean.

Brighton?

m

his

7.

the

any

you

4.

of the four ways following sentences.

the

of

doing

did

sister

tasks?

hear

11.

which

each

My

Australia.

give

will

2.

their is

father

good.

Say

b.

do

gardener in well his

did

GRAMMAR

daily.

you

of

children

l.

How

ENGLISH

th

make

se.

s

Agreement Since

385.

subject (read Also,

rse.

forms

fferent 386.

The

Most

of the

iseth).

ks,

verb

arose,

ses,

387. nouns

agrees

verb

be has

irregular

Most

of

talking

When

the or

verbs

the

(with

regular

(with

have

the

only

verbs old

subject ,of a joined pronouns

am,

old have

forms

any five

and,

so pe

ha

verb.

forms,

as

aris

arisest four,

and

consists the

t

verb

other

only

or

is.

forms,

talkest

sentence

by

the art,

u

in

subject

when

to

not

subject,

its

than

the

care

plural

with

forms

more

arisen

arising,

talked,

a

with

that

as

same

take

must

form the proper select for the three as persons,

must

we

is the

verb we

form

in a

since

364)

par.

again

a

of

number

is singular

that

verb

e

the

Verbs

of

verb

as

an

tal

talketh). of two must

"John

as,

al;

her

are

The

388.

to

When

389.

the

by

joined be

or,

This

urned/' are

ouns

in

es

rule

person

ither one

the'

things

e In

s

are

his."

the

case

we

I

as,

nouns

cases

such

or

pronoun; to

go;"

plural;

as

am

that." is

be

to

found."

take

may

singular of the

ha

singular

in

verb

multitude;

board

do

servant

more

noun

are

when

board

"The

or

the

hammock

collective "The

say

may

resolved,"

e

some

of

to

is thinking

of the

or

or

verb

servant

verb

Harry

plural

even

speaker

one

the

is able

the

nouns

than

rather

is

nor

ropes

if the

verb

John

nor

the

the

subject

either

subjects

Collective

390.

ral

the

but

the

or

nor

it

singular

nor,

"

thes

knows

more

master

when

nearest

that

I,

nor

of

either

the

says

you,

If

master

subjects;

with

"Mother

,

the

also

or

neither

the

applies

as

used

or

or,

"

was

of

schoolboy of two

"Each

persons

"Either

"Every

"Either

"Neither

present;"

dumb;"

either

as,

these

all

consists

either as,

singular;

verbs;

"

subject

one,

singular

of

he

and

late."

were

each,

was

for me;

enough

"She

adjectives one

one

203

coming;"

she

by

"No

every

is good

es

and and

him;"

speak;

are

followed

are

likes

them

"He

;"

pronouns

every,

her,

James

and

coming

VERBS

OF

AGREEMENT

separate

"The

persons

nobility

is not

custom

settled.

has

met,"

"The

committee

have

met,"

"The

committee

resolved."

169.

Exercise

bs 1.

ng.

printed

in

Gold

and the

and 4.

"

a.

Give

the

number

and

the

person

of

t

italics.

maid

Mary,

silver have

Ethel,

are

reckoned

returned.

and

Nellie

2.

precious.

3. are

Frank the

and best

The

tre mis

Harry

girls

ar

in

th

LONGMANS'

5.

ss.

tin

9.

nch.

in

He

I

disorderly.

13.

just adjourned. Talking

k

are

well

eloquence

two

things.

girl has

he

keep

to

lost his

b.

The

here

in

man

are

14. are

must

25.

man coachboy

the

Mary

24.

stay.

or

Neither

the

of

nor

is weary.

Either

Each

and

the

hound

nor

fiv

only

talk

to

The

speakers

and

give

the number

and

person

italics.

He

The

29.

is

It

I

is gone.

here

was

28.

gone.

30.

wave.

Congress

Either

22.

he

meeting

12.

Neither

horse

value.

245,

who

die.

thee

19.

or

The

ye

18.

chosen.

You

much

par

again

printed

verbs

same;

coming.

Neither

23. of

the

learn

cousin

temper.

Read

26.

is

Then

waiting.

Copper

dispersed.

15.

not

been

10.

was

his,

is

I have

nor

watch.

books

the

mob

20.

returned.

Neither

The

are

is

footman

go

are

William

or

the

or

e

and

John

17.

hills

thousand

a

on

tle

his

and

barefooted.

boys

7.

aside.

hungry.

both

are

Some

He

8.

different

at

sing

laid

are

England.

and 11.

nightingale

helmet

and

found

are

the

and

Sword

6.

es.

lark

The

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

that

roses

thee

gives

soon am

who

27.

The bone

a

that

withered

31.

speaking.

men

who

would

not

hung

o'er

was

you

It

spoke.

Review A

391.

person

jor

A

son

An

ion

are

transitive or

a

word

used

to say

something

to

or

about

thing.

Verbs

392.

is

verb

Verbs

of

verb

transitive

either

an

expresses

or

intransitive.

action

received

by

some

thing.

intransitive which

is not

verb

a

shows

directed

to

an

state

or

object.

condition,

or

an

verbs

have

of the

doer

Transitive

393.

VERBS

OF

REVIEW

20

two

the

voices,

active

and

passive.

When

the

name

the

verb,

is in the

verb

the

of

is the

action

subject

voice.

active

i

A

in

verb

When

the

the

the

verb,

are

voice

ive

or

ective they

link

These

noun.

followed

are

verbs

to

used

by

or

a

is the

relate

few

a

and

are

verbs

object.

subject

voice.

passive

intransitive

an

the action

object of

is in the

verb

has

always

voice

of the

name

Some

394.

active

the

copulative or

adjective

a

th

some

and

subject

called

predicate

in

verbs

verbs, predicate

(or pronoun). The

predicate

tifies

the

have

Verbs

395.

rative,

or

person

the

and

in asking

or

The

a

not

the

subject. indicative,

the

moods,

is used

is used

mood

wish,

is

mood as

viewed

expresses

by

th

in

a

making

simple

statement,

question.

subjunctive

thing

three

mood

imperative

The

denoted

thing

describes

always

subjunctive.

indicative

The

noun

or

adjective

a

doubt,

in

but

or

requesting.

asserting

thought

merely

possibility

are

we

when

used

fact,

or

commanding

of.

supposition

(pa

). Verbals

396.

action

ess

e

kinds:

397.

active

are or

words

being

that

without

are

asserting

inffaitives, participles

Infinitives or

passive.

are

present

derived

and

or

from it.

verbs

They

and are

gerunds.

past,

and,

if transitive,

infinitive

An

dicate

1),

or

or

ar.

323);

as

an

an

adjective, it

and or

as

used

a

a

an

modifier

adverbial an

subject, have

and

adjective,

object, (pa preposition

a

of

or

have

may

an

subject,

object

modifier,

adjective

noun

dicate

be

may

noun

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

or

object,

modifiers,

adverbial

ar. 326). Participles

398.

Present Past

participles

participles

399.

take

which

es

a

an

active

noun

predicate

Gerunds

400.

in

ing or

They

-ing.

same

time

have

401.

Verbs the

fect,

they

have

an

past

an

a

former

the

copulative

a

the

as

ver

participles

or

object,

adverbial like

case

six

the

past,

of

form

in

take

have

or

tive Transi-

participles,

participle

same

may

adjective,

or

adjective.

the

are

-ing. d.

modifiers.

passive

A

or

t,

n,

adverbial

and

object.

past.

syllable

in

end

have

may

both

have

the

with

end

or

present

generally

Participles

verbs

be

may

a

predicate

modifier;

and

noun.

tenses,

the

present,

perfect,

the

future,

the

present

the

and

futur

fect.

Besides

ms,

the

may verbs forms emphatic

forms,

negative

have

forms,

common

progressive interrogative

and

ms.

Verbs

402. Regular the

the

of d, ed

verbs

form

in. other

ways,

Irregular

or

regular

form

verbs

addition

ticiple

are

or

irregular.

past

tense

and

the

ber.

participl

t.

their

past

generally

tensS

with

and

chknge

their

pas

of

vowel

person

an

"

nd. 403.

past

Verbs

agree

with

their

subjects

in

PARSING

Examples

the

three

s

these

are

e

principal

sat;

gone;

laid, laid;

The

child

form;

agreeing

Verb;

tense;

agreeing

with

corn

transitive;

mood;

present

Past

ened

by

Present

ling

used cut

Verb;

as

an

transitive; past

tense;

agreeing

with

sun

third

its

hunters.

noun

hear,

subject cut

transitive of

the

singular pronoun

down.

verb noun

intransitive

parts,

subject

cut,

singular

person, noun

smile

verb

indicative

voice;

ripen;

corn.

of tjie

modifier

heard,

indicative

person,

was

principal

passive

number,

plural

voice;

its

the

adjective,

irregular;

person,

first

of the

participle

indicative

voice;

parts,

modifier

voice;

passive

killed

kill,

you.

with

of

number,

child.

parts,

subject

smiling

participle

gone;

lion.

tense;

the

noun

subject

active

agreeing

ripened

singular

principal

heard;

number, The

hear

irregular;

Verb;

s

tense,

person,

third its

went,

present

active

past

go,

mood;

principal

can

pas

set,

walked;

parts,

a

transitive;

I

hear

its

killed

regular;

mood;

the

and

school.

third

with

hunters

killed;

to

indicative

progressive

led

walked,

principal

intransitive;

past,

*The

lie, lay, lain.

is going

irregular;

The

the

walk,

179-183r

pages

on

irregular

For

verb.

on

as

give,

should

present,

lay,

Verb;

going

the

are

went,

go,

tables

Verbals

and

the

of

parts

in the

20

we

verbs

principal

parts

VERBS

pf Verbs

parsing

given

as,

sit, sat,

In

"

t,

ticiple;

the Parsing

of

Note.

404.

OF

corn.

noun

sun.

cut,

cut

mood;

number,

208

Have

been

Have

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

been

you

to swim

trying

the river?

Verb;

try, tried, tried parts, principal regular; indicative transitive; active voice; mood; tense; form; sec present perfect progressive on

trying

person,

(or plural) number,

singular

agreeing

its

To

you. with subject pronoun infinitive irregular Present of the

swim

principal

swim, it is the

parts,

active; been trying.

have

I

the book

After reading Present

Reading

swam,

gerund

was

"vrim

transitive;

swum;

the

of

object

irregular

verb

read;

prin cipa transitive;

parts,

read, read, read; it is the object of the preposition

active; irregular; Verb;

Was

verb

for him.

ready

of the

verb

am,

afte

been;

was,

parts, principal first person, copulative; singular number, its 7. agreeing with subject pronoun

Exercise 1.

170.

Avenge, Lie

4. one

A

Fair

daffodils,

You

haste

0 Lord,

Thy

on

the

scattered had

farmer

5.

another.

by

pointing he did that

each

and

verb

love you, dear, I could not Loved I not honor more. 2.

3.

Parse

"

out no

how

good

so

much,

to

see

soon.

bones

saints, whose slaughtered Alpine mountains cold.

tried

sons

to

foolish

cure

and talking

by

weep so

away

several

He

we

verbal.

to quarrel used who them of this bad

wicked to them.

it

was,

but

6. So

with habit

he found

one

day

h

he bade break them and but in vain. forth 7. The it. put all his strength, eldest but they 9. Then 8. The tried in turn, sons all failed. other his sons the bundle, the separate the father, gave untying laid

sticks

a

bundle

to

break,

of sticks

and

before

they

broke

them

them

easily.

10.

"Remem-

KINDS

"

he

rel

"the

said,

While

help

you are

you

in

each

bundle

this

which none

other

harm

can

teaches.

you;

when

you

in

other

hurt." for

sentences

this

209

ADVERBS

lesson

easily

[Additional

cises

OF

be

may

parsing

found

chapter.]

ADVERBS

Kinds

Adverbs

are

in which

they

405. way

of the

meaning

Read

Adverbs

that

Exercise

171.

are

not

classified,

t

according

t

but

in sentences,

used

according

60.

"

are

when

show

Adverbs

406.

generally

words.

par.

again

"

Pick

out

that

show

the adverbs

in

Exercise

called

adverbs

of time are

where

of time.

adverbs

called

57

e.

172.

Exercise

Pick

"

the adverbs

out

of

place

in Exercise

58

r

The

407.

A

is similarly

There

come,

appear,

senger

unto

the

There

story;" a

There

409.

lived

ere

lived place;

there."

in

the

dwell,

three

There

is

other as,

God"

a

verbs,

such

came

be

truth

no "

a

that

so

"There to

appears

be

bey

was].

some

exist;

"There to

man

verb

"

army;

whole

Once

brothers. ..."

so

a

with

seemed

lived

there

time

[ =A

man"

king;"

the as,

verb;

used

live,

seem,

"

the

a

was

before

"

the

after

is]; "There

God

408.

n

come

may

subject

is used

there

adverb

is

used

is quite

man"

In

first

the it is

not

adverb

an

different

second a

now

in

there or

place

from

meaning

sentence

preparatory

of

is

an

expletive

"

adverb

adverb

is the

There

is in

There A

spot

For

Exercise

173.

expletive

adverb

There

no

s

3.

ush

a

There

9.

There

10.

Woe There

the

was

a

2. tree

sentences,

be

omitting

came

and

7.

There

There's

a

voice

4.

lion

fire.

of

a

seen. a

came

8.

throne.

There

to

There

chariot

high

as

as

the

There

bear

a

stood

brown

merry

basket

a

for

wasted,

of blood

and

how

show

in

up

moon.

he

which

realms

that

tossed

woman

shedding

Adverbs

410.

a

not

5.

old

times to

following

tree.

a

an

was

Ninety

free

the

and

king.

was

tricks.

in

up

the

good

appeared his around

sitting

holy,

there.

there

forms

ud

theres

lies lowly.

bed

Rearrange

his

to

end

Behold

two

the

sea

but

gallant

ocean

once

heaven.

lone

wide

the

his

"

was

the

unmarked

there

In

m

between

difference

same

lines.

following

1.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

there of hair.

rending

are

adverbs

called

er.

174.

Exercise

Pick

"

par.

411.

Adverbs

that

412.

Adverbs

that

The

adverbs

of

(as in "We

in

such

is

used

the adverbs

of

in

manner

Exercise

63.

Read

called

out

cases

only

show

are

why how

show

called or

much

adverbs how

of

cause.

times

many

degree.

"by

means

before

belongs

harder")

the

worked

so

or

much" or

adverbs

this

to

"by

that

in

adjectives

much,"

the

degree. Whatever,

ree;

as

modifying

in "no"

"no

time and

whatever,"

meaning

is

an

"absolutely."

class

adverb

compara

\

OF

KINDS

How,

In

ns.

is the

This

"dark."

175.

Pick

"

Adverbs

413.

an

the

out

that

modifyof degree, ing in the exclamaof word

adverb

are

manner.

of

adverbs

of

fully

the

how

show

made

statement

is

use regular is an adverb

how

questions

Exercise

it is! "

dark

in "How

21*

ADVERBS

called

degree in Exercise

speaker

believes

of assertion

adverbs

(par.

). Read Yes,

yea,

no

are

nay

176.

Exercise

the adverbs

out

adverbs

of affirmation;

of negation.

adverbs

called

generally

Pick

"

called

generally

assertion

of

in

Exercise

61.

Adverbs

414.

(as,"The only words apples (as, "The apples are nearly of

they

phrases limits the

"nearly"

where

Adverbs

t

limit not

may

ripe"), but

nearly

size;"

of may

assertion

modify

modify

usually

any

part

of a size).

phrase

of

a

statements,

whole as

statement,

a

word

a

or

as,

ase; There

the

difies

soon,

phrase

177.

Exercise

tree,

the

stood

fifty). difies him I shall see

e

are

ay,

and

and

7l.

par.

again

probably

an

within

high

{certainly

hour

(probably

hour).

an

within

Tell what

"

fifty feet

certainly

the italicized adverbs

in

modify

following sentences. 1. lam

rd,

much

notXin

the

ad

g/ound. m

obably

-da'j m

the

jst of the

of twice surely

7.

He

of the tree,

3.

same

now

I lay

before

there

4.

time. my

near

My

weight. Thursday.

is easily

at

the

opinion. its little

2. one,

days,

two

head

The of the

watched fluttering

doubtless

antagonist 5. We shall

6.

We

was

a

the

feebly

out

of my

large

man,

them see probably is undoubtedly man

list.

#

212

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

As

415.

learned

we

questions,

ask

In

he

interrogative

an

still

In

introduce

indirect

an

is necessary1

he

why

has

178.

1.

3.

sentences,

Where

I want

did

you

6.

know

how

asked

8.

caught.

difference

lay. 10.

made?

9.

Wherewith

you

12.

Whence

in

away?

How

much

going how I wonder

inquired

wherein how

know

to

Did

11.

salted? came

run

you

are

7.

want

it be

shall

verb.

4.

you

it.

you

asks

adverbs

did

where

stranger

do

tion conjunc

introduced

together.

bought

The

Why

it happened?

when

me

is used

modify,

Why

is put

Tell

I had

why

2.

why

no and "Mother

interrogative

it?

this

5.

him?

pay

was

find

dire

the

adverb

question

they

ask

is declara tive.

object of the main

tell what

you

Mother

sentence

members,

the

out

and

did to

Father

bear

Pick

"

the

question,

two

is the

adverb

he

indirect

The

come."

Exercise

following

join the

to

interrogative

the

inverted

or

interrogative

an

of using has come,"

interrogative

the

sentences

such

"

though

adverb,

is

why

sentence,

why

used

adverbs.

come?"

asks

are

adverbs

if, instead

"Mother

say,

he

But

come?"'

we

question,

some

is it in the

so

of cause;

has

has

Why

72,

interrogative

called

sentence,

adverb 'Why

are

and

"

the

in pax.

GRAMMAR

and

you,

now.

t

t

ink

you

s

a

whither

going?

Adverbs

Conjunctive

/ 416.

There

adverbs.

The

Where

why, 1

(see

whither,

while,

par.

Note

which of these

its compounds

and

same

words

common

most

wherever,

The

few

a

etc.),

indirect 2

are

holds

251),

and

called

as,

when,

conjuncti

are

words

(as, wherein,

wheresoever, however,

are

where-by* whenever,

the?

where fore

whence,

.

x

true,

for

as

we

have

interrogative

seen,-

for interrogate

adjectives

(see

'pronouns par.

\ 267),

questions.

that

many

of

these

words

may

be

used

""

intej^oga

CONJUNCTIVE

"This

If I say

417.

"

"he

ns

a

lives"

does

the

is properly

If the

termed

a

they

the

modify

Examples I

2.

I

3.

I shall

4.

The

5.

I will

6.

The2

farther

7.

And

wheresoever

8.

What

9.

The

boy

10.

The

prisoner

11.

I

go

am

thief try

at

here

while

you

caught

the

harder,

he

the1

in

follow

Since

the

same

adverbs*1

them.

more

when

back

sent

are

words they

to

go

come? came

the

not

up.

h

whence

place

adverbs, conjunctive introbe duce (since they

to

after, before,

modifiers):

to

sure

act.

seem

may

uproar.

was

master to

windowme.

the

lamb are

ye

his

I please

following

became

the

the

encourage

you

went,

reading

from

climbed

wherefore

was

search.

louder

the

Mary

cause

he

as

ran,

however

adverbial

work

conjunction

conjunctive

which

are.

sight

a

examined

are

you

was

first

the

lives.

verb

of

Where

go.

was

act

"

does

as

well

whenever

is the

The

gh

you

remain

will

418.

where

ready

lives.

adverb.

too,

verbs

He

have

of Conjunctive Adverbs

1.

will

as

list be

they,

lives/*we

the

modifies

the

he

therefore

and

adverb

in

that

seen

and

conjunctive

words

it will be that

an

"

place

it also

of

work

where "

is the

But

other

place

"place,"

to

conjunction.

hus

is the

This

statements,

21

ADVERBS

ere,

till, and

until,

e.

I

If

"William

say

"

statements,

(see

rbs rect

1

See

2

The

"Notes in

is

an

for

such

while

rb

the

when

(see

adverb

last

sentence

sentence

par.

of

515

degree

p.

is

-and

(see

in

only in

322,

direct 415

par.

about

Note

par.

412).

had

questions

will

have

we

help

left. but much

adverbs. 16.

equivalent

footnote).

left,"

"James

and

interrogative

are

words

Teachers,"

a

not

had

James

came"

415),

and

The

questions.

after

William

72

pars.

inguishing

came

The

to

other

the

the

conjunctiv in

the

sen ten

LONGMANS'

joins

ter

them

But

es

did

s

not

it

l

does

a

may

be

also

as

used

have

eaten

nothing

And

taking

"

es

left,

had

left."

had

mes

instead the

object

rose

moon

The

traveler is

set

three

now

of

regarding

of

the a

say

there came

to

as

[the

after

as

we

afte

make time

the

t

aft

when]

statement

after, w joining th

preposition

conjunction

sentence.

first sight,

at

which,

of conjunctions

The

so

noun

came

after simply

the

of

mples

"William

as

regard

a

supply

But

left"

better parts

may

we as,

had

"William

sentence,

words

six

remained

"

preposition;

es

the

aft

simply

Thus

"I

morning;

since

we

the

all

prepositions. "

as

adverb,

that

f

verb,

Hence,

or

is,

fact

tion. conjunc-

following

came.

adjective,

The

conjunction.

tioned

It

verb,

a

of

work

the

William

after

any

modify

the

modify

not

leave

not

does

therefore

and

after

GRAMMAK

ENGLISH

had set. after the sun had before his friends out months

heard

we

since

look

like

come

adverbs

up.

from

our

cousin

India. Do

The

419.

In

is

the an

the

me," In

the

[

as

degree

is

sentence

"I

"

par.

1. That

I

that

seen

the

fir

adjective (of degree).

tall;

the

sec on

the

boys

as

him,

trust

we

were

coming

(of time).

adverb

conjunctive not

his

as

he

has

deceived

conjunction. as

may

also

be

a

relative

pronoun

243). 179.

Exercise they

a

is,"

as

the

met

do

is

because]

a

brother

tall

as

limiting

"We

abated.

care.

adverb

[ =when]

have

We

at

of

sentence

as

is

"John

sentence

has

storm

requires

conjunctive

In

ee

as

word

adverb is a

as

till the

out

go

not

join,

"

Pick

and

what

know

a

is

field

the

out

the

verbs

bank

they

whereon where

conjunctive

the

adverbs,

and

t

modify. the

money

wild was

thyme found.

blows 3.

Th

he

why

he I

is far

look

he

ever

find

can

he

hersoever

know

cause

dog

The

brother

days The has

here

as

He

13.

What

I went

speech

came

was

word

each

2.

aftey.

after I had

The

William 4.

gone.

6.

The

J

knew

mother

knew

mother

the

boy

.

befo

that

he

19.

If the 20.

heard

ere

were

salt

been

here

14.

Monday.

since

since.

was

The

was

he

hard-working to

going

We

shall

13.

The

hea

merchan

ha

merchant

16.

on.

got

17.

work.

men

seemed

to

work

The

boy

We

was

the

less

faithfully,

paid. have

lost

was

the

his

savor,

wherewith

instrument

wherewith

.

Classify

11.

this.

left.

the

Such

brother

industrious.

was

said

My

9.

him.

for

has

he

as

till Sunday.

stay

have

here you

they

b.

hewn.

gone.

since

more

?

are

been

boy

the

ed

of

before.

that

come

merchant

As

18.

turneth are

ye

Wherever

part

James

7.

to

ought

many

st

David

it

come.

14.

riding

preserved

whence I

came

cannot

till you

We

15.

knew

Saturday.

stay

12.

rock

out

her.

My

10.

goes

Whithersoever

what

William

mother

told

ot

Lord

it fe

where

after.

before 8.

The

come?

first;

3.

tumbling

5.

9,

whence

Say

a.

"

came me.

after

He

hea

not

is.

italics

William

t

*

180.

in

nted

are

ye

is still lying 8.

whither

did

workman

go.

the

place

place

Tray.

Exercise

1.

the

not

wherefore

poor

to

The

I

10.

Look

The

tree

time.

went.

11.

pereth.

Ye

5.

away.

21

4.

known.

not

6. The called. for it wherever

was

will

is

came

traveling

are

ADVERBS

CONJUNCTIVE

J

the adverbs

in

Exercise

62.

shall

I

it

had

b

Comparison Read

again

420.

Some

degree. degree.

Superlative

Adverbs

421.

Adverbs

are

thus,

of comparison;

admit

adverbs

Comparative

op

281-284.

pars.

degree.

Positive

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

We

expect

Fred

to

arrive

soon.

We

expect

Tom

to

arrive

sooner.

We

expect

Edward

like

compared

to

soonest.

arrive

adjectives (pars.

285

6). Many

d,

from

gently the

an

n

adjectives 422.

Some

423.

Some

The

perlative, in

the

but

of

kindly

as

by

longer

course,

formed,

were

oftener

from

more

an

and

mos

are.

par.

adverb

are,

they

which

compared

are

adverbs

however,

adjectives,

adverbs

287,

rather its

expression,

Note

has

meaning

"rather

irregularly;

compared

such adverbs, because cannot, of

mpletely,

See,

from

therefore

from

Such

gentle.

adjectives are

verbs

formed

are

adverbs

as

twice,

their

meanings,

1, and no

there,

footnote,

corresponding is

often

tired."

merely

as,

quite,

entirel

be

compared.

p.

135.)

positive "somewhat,"

an

Exercise

181.

Compare

"

following

the

adverbs. "

Lazily.

ten.

Far.

Little.

Luckily.

Truly.

Fast.

Slowly.

Hard. '

again

424.

Though

look,

m,

ch

an

"He

in the

blind

italicized

oking

rbs

modify be

should an

where

bad,"

looks

copulative

describe

feels sick," or

condition

use

the

like

with In

is required.

adjective

a

to

not

careful

"He

verbs,1

predicate of being.

state

sentences,

is looking

The

we

or

express

jectives

may

adverbs

adverb

sentences,

He

303.

par.

feel, etc.,

verbs

e

Proudly.

Soon.

Read

t

Snugly.

Seldom.

rly.

e

Sadly.

and

for

feels

man

are

words

ball

the

feels are

very

stupidly.

cautiously

adverbs

not

the

along

of

pavement.

manner,

copulative

verbs i intransitive

the

and

but

verbs,

action.

showing

"

425.

The

fact Thus,

adverb. vely, kindly,

isurely

that

word

kingly,

and

ends leisurely, in

other

words be may

kindly

and

a

in

does

-ly lively,

are

-ly

not

jolly, as

used The

adverbs.

make

-i

courtly,

adjectives. from

adverb

lly is jollily. 426.

in

Frequently as,

adverb;

"How

an

poetry

the

sweet

be

may

adjective moonlight

upon

sleeps

for

used

this

nk."

427.

In

, if it may

be

conjunctive Sentences

ercises xThus time,

an

parsing

given in the

adverb,

compared; adverb, for or

and

may

be

to

in this

referred "He

still

it connects.

taken

seems

the copulative seems, modifying verb in the sentence, jective. So with rapidly

ll."

If it i

it modifies.

tell what

what

it is; compare

kind

what

tell also

parsing

sentence,

say

irom

the

several

chapter. weak,"

and "He

still is weak

is

an a

is rapidly

adverb

predicate growing

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'1

218

GRAMMAR

PREPOSITIONS Learn A

428.

to

pronoun)

and

named

is

preposition

a

again

word

show

the

what

is denoted

relation

before

placed between

by

the

some

(or

noun

a

thin

or

person

in

word

other

th

sentence.

Prepositions

429. means,

of place, time, following The

relations

show

many relations. other and important prepositions:

most

about

above

"

against

along

"

(amongst)

around Lady

"

Siddons

as

of besides

"

Macbeth")

before

"

after

"

(amidst)

among

"

"Mrs.

expression,

for

as

"

between

"

as

"

to

at

"

from

"

below

"

betwixt

"

beneath

"

beyond

"

"

"

s b

bu

by

"

except")

concerning down down

behind

"

"

(meaning

amid (as in the "

as

"

across

"

th

are

from

away

athwart because "

alongside

"

to

according

"

cause,

during

"

except

for

in

from

"

"

from

"

off

from

"

out

into

like notwithstanding of

"

off

on

"

over

"

out

"

out

"

of

out

"

from

pending regarding

through under

480.

by

"

underneath

within

"

Many

certain

round

except")

throughout

"

"

"

(meaning

save

with

respecting

"

"

"

"

till "

unto

to

"

until

"

toward "

up

"

"

towards upon

without

words

prepositions;

in English as,

are

"This

to properly is different

be

followed

from (not

PREPOSITIONS

"I

that;".

than)

fferent

the

to

Proper

A

words,

can

of

oun "

for? you

"

Note.

box

pronoun

"There

a

is often

found

the

carriage

that

or

234)

par.

goes

which

knife

its

object

adjective

"

in?

"

are

pronouns

relative

(see

erstood

is the

spoken

good

"What

as

choice

did

you

is the

This

man

for."

me

Since

"

of

interrogative

pronoun;

relative

Which

sent

a

practice,

precede

always

an

after a

after

not

care,

hearing

and

in the

as

from

only

books

does

comes

or

"I

subject;"

of prepositions, come

good

preposition

frequently

t

choice

reading

431.

t

in the

English

much lish.

that

on

wi""_you

man."

nicety

other

differ

21

preposition

any

without

home

came

"The

understood);

an

governing

apparently we

omitted

often

objec (in gov ern

in"

came

we

place

next

stood under-

Chester."

The

432.

(1) A

t

to

a

or

noun

a

of

object

belongs

"This

as,

pronoun;

be

may

preposition

John

to

an

you."

(2) A

is

"There

as,

gerund;

no

in

use

my

tha

attempting

t." infinitive;

An

(3)

"There

was

phrase;

as,

like

a

as,

do

to

nothing

but

to

me."

(4) A

doors"

thin be

(in

A

talk

a

the

part

passive

of

passive

such

house

"The

cases

into

This

verb.

voice

burglar

"The

as,

such

"You

as,

is sometimes

voice,

the

noun

fro

came

noise

"the

as

place"

did

in

well

that

you

it."

about

verb;

In

rglar."

this

"The

.

preposition

transitive the

case

statement;

whole

to

433.

in

a

supplied).

(5) A

fused

t

prepositional

than

in

is not

used

to

broke was

into

much

the

active.

the

broken

forming house;"

into a

properly

occurs

in

help

more

(See

by

th

preposition, frequently par.

299.

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

etimes

this of

stop

to."

In

434.

He

it the

and

house

be

p

mention

simply the

what

whole

must

practice

we

a

of

prepositional

the

at

the

house. of the

door

relation

between

its

obje

relation

between

its

objec

stood.

verb

the

shows

the

for

time

shows

it

and

Sentences

"This

as,

denoting

long

a

Preposition;

f

transforming

thus,

stood

door

the

preposition

word

Preposition;

t

to

verb;

a

the

modifies;

ase

a

parsing

and

ject

into

words

up

leads

usage

GRAMMAR

door.

noun

be

may

parsing

found

Exercise

in

67.

CONJUNCTIONS Read

85-88.

pars.

again

Learn A

435.

up

of words

to

another

Conjunctions

436.

Conjunctions

.

or

al

is

conjunction

a

word

are

a

word

to

according or

words

kind

or

rank

join

of words.

group

classified

join

to

used

or

word

that

coordinate

again

are

thei

word-groups coordinating

called

njunctions.

or

ups

a

predicate)

(a) Additive,

1

en

The to

are

Coordinating

438.

well

(usually

modifiers

and

classified be

memorized,

subordinate

statements

called

similars:

and,

worda

containing

subordinating

conjunctions1

joining

besides,

as,

introduce

that

Conjunctions

437.

sub je

conjunctions

are:

also,

likewise,

moreover,

furthermore. lists

in

only

this to

be

paragraph read

and

and referred

in

par. to

when

440

are

n

necessary.

CONJUNCTIONS

Adversative,

(6)

e,

whereas,

(c)

joining

or

else,

or

a

that

either

also);

.

.

.

are

and;

.

.

.

cor re

called

not nor;

.

reason:

so.

and

couples

.

its

to

that,

so

neither

or;

.

nor

either,

consequence

in

go

both

as,

conjunctions;

t

or

accordingly,

Conjunctions

439.

or,

otherwise.

result

then,

so,

still, however,

yet,

alternatives:

whether,

joining

hence,

refore,

joining

else,

Illative,

(d)

but,

opposites:

nevertheless.

only.,

Disjunctive,

her,

22

b

only

.

.

whether

.

.

.

.

whether). Care

ce

them

before

same

parts

the

k

and

or

her

"I

I

ge

was

whether

go

same

ahead walk

Neither

my

fool

a

fish

the

or

excited

much

to

both

John

called

the

u

Tom;"

for

of

I should

whether

wait

"He

swim;"

"Either

ard;"

know

not

I should

whether

knew

hardly

did

conjunctions (generall words

if word-groups,

or,

"I

as,

correlative

corresponding

speech,

of

I could

nor

using

and

similar

back;-"

village

in

taken

nature);

turn

to

be

must

and a

was

very

one."

Subordinating

440.

(a) Introductory; statements

"I

that,

be

if that

was

outrageous."

All

the

remaining

a

(6) Of

because,

cause:

were

in

this

list

since,

as,

a

and

of

object

we

subject

duce intro

usually

"That

conjunctions

modifiers, containing

the

or

subject

true;"

(These

if.

whether,

the

as

used

doubt

are:

conjunctions1

a

verb;

stopped

introduce

ad ve

predicate. seeing

whereas,

that,

now

t.

(c) Of

so,

result:

jective such). {d) Of purpose: (e) Of that,

in

condition: so,

1

See

so

unless, "Notes

that,

order

that

that,

if, provided, except

for

(after the

so

that,

that,

English). p.

322,

Note

so

or

th

so,dest. incase,

supposing,

(in older Teachers,"

adverb

16.

on

condit

(/) Of

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

2

though,

concession:

though,

even

if,

although,

, however.

eve

/ .

(g) Of

/till,until, time:-^ afterybej 'ore^ere ,^since

(h) Of

comparison

The

441. a

but

left out.

the

than.

is used

than

conjunction

sentence,

ten

degree:

or

of the

part

greater

join

to

two

second

member

Thus,

1.

You

like

2.

You

like

3.

Fred

Mr.

Member

better

Jones

Mr.

Jones

better

than

Edward.

is taller

First

I.

than than

me.

Second

Conjunction

1.

You

like

Mr.

Jones

better

than

I

2.

You

like

Mr.

Jones

better

than

[you

3.

Fred

than

Edward

is taller

Exercise 1.

182.

The

e

love

8.

than

tences,

183.

We

tell

5.

e.

ter

read

his

sed

no

more

the

me.

[is tal

have

6.

A

he

than

greyhound

hi

than

sooner

He

9.

gold.

You

known

moje

work

returned than

2.

You

him.

Jack

useful

in

I

me

closed

it 4.

I

so.

away

7.

is

more

8.

He

3.

He

be

than you now

2.

was

long

started learn this way

to you

h

that you

late.

getting

his

I believe

after

he

on

ing. subordinat-

long

so

stayed here

it

as

is

learn.

may

followin

the or

coordinating

we

Unless

in

conjunctions

are

shall

door,

the

turned

subject.

is

the

they

that

order

caught. the

out

whether

train.

sooner

soon

Pick

"

say

and

you

ce

is

Iron

love than

7.

hare.

a

like]

plowman.

3.

I.

than

more

[like him],

clever.

Exercise

1.

teacher

our

the

than

We

Member

omitted.

words

lazier

4.

me.

than

other.

the

longer

than

faster

h

is

James

longer

We

Supply

"

gardener

known

es

members

run,

will

home,

have

6.

We

but

h

never

while

WORDS

must

ged.

10.

my go

I

longer.

11.

You

yet.

away

empty-handed.

this

Stay

if

before you

careful

have

may

go,

15.

to

you

stay

Judge I

after

be

ye

so

for

it

think

If

it is

the

you

please.

last

your

that

Study

you

no

it

besides

afraid;

empty-handed, Take

17.

that

not,

am

12.

I

slip.

SUGGESTIONS

22

came

you

wish.

lest

9.

it, only

try

would

turn

Hear

Be

hour

an

stay

"UNDERSTOOD"

chance.

John

is

lesson

now,

right

el

school.

FOR

MISCELLANEOUS

PARSING

"Understood"

Words Before

442.

ds As

which

are

a

there

rule

but

Read

again

443.

Compare

se

omitted is

in the

no

they

unless cannot

tence

parsing

be

pars.

second.

a

it is necessary

seiitence

to put

in a

(or "understood"). to

need are

parse

inserted

words the

are

which

construction

understood, of

th

seen.

36,

the

175,

234,

sentences

383,

in

and the

441.

first

column

with

LONGMANS'

4

1.

Awake,

oke

an

uncle's?

8.

You

understand

I.

9.

ll

there,

.

Where

I

know

is the

13.

He

14.

house

you

A 15.

All

all I

17.

Not

seemeth a

drum

he

I

own

was

This

Have

10.

out.

book

feet

along,

firm

and

throughout the

is the the

are

calm

as

heard,

the

You you

strong.

day,

night.

north

wind

drear,

waves.

an

not

infant's

a

yo

tha

thoroughly

more

is the

yo

better

you

much

were

through

as

likes

you

woman

6.

much.

picked

11.

dream

see

is the

Who

trembling

his

all I hear

And 16.

a

blessing

But

think

Obey

2.

mean?

her

that

still

very

apple

will.

guided

Be

I like I

you

Proud

4.

arithmetic

the

me

fallen.

do.

to

7.

your

understood.

forever

book

a

at

Give

be

what

is

This

GRAMMAR

the words

or

I know

5.

to?

Supply

"

arise,

3.

ents.

en

184.

Exercise

ENGLISH

dream.

funeral

note.

w

lo

225

ORDER

Order

Before

444.

in the

are

s Read

Read

again

445.

Compare

in the

is

180

the

Exercise

in

and

181,

6, pick

48,

th

out

first

the

Exercise

again

work

and

in

sentences

Usual

order

Lord

the

of

and

The

power.

of

beginning

the

th

with

column

second.

great

In

that

see

sentence

after nouns.

placed

pars.

Inverted

Great

", and

51,

are.

a

analyzing

order.

usual

par.

again

ectiveswhich

e

or

parsing

was

the

The

the

They

order

is great

Lord

i

[He

and

power.

great

Word

in

was

the

ning. begin-

Word.

So

they

persecuted

a

from

vapor

the

blackening

margin heath

Him

worship,

declare

blackening

vapor,

the

ignorantly

ye

A

heath

over

holt.

and

Whom

prophets

so.

prophets.

Comes

the

persecuted

and

ye

thou

Thou

from

comes

margin.

I declare

I unto

holt,

over

unto

you

Him

whom

ignorantly.

worship

you.

head

Mine

didst

not

From

to crags

rattling

Exercise

lowing a.

th

ks,

1.

185.

the

peak, among,

live

the

with live

The

peak

thunder.

in

anoint

not

to

the usual

mine

oil.

leaps

thunder

from

th

among

peak crags.

rattling

Arrange

"

didst

head

anoint.

peak

Leaps

oil

with

order

the words

of

t

sentences.

Great Thy

are

4.

Of

is

your

ways.

his

early

in reward 3. Great

life few

Heaven.

and

particulars

2.

marvelous have

Justice are

reached

an Thy

u

Oft

did

her's

th

house

the 11.

Down

the

street

in

the

us

And

the

The

hills

is the

gate

energy

giveth

for

19.

Gone

did

Gone

Words 446.

outed 447.

One and

the

(a) Two

or

may

Two

or

(c) Two

or

wit

Some

pious

shout,

out

do

William

did.

brave.

the

Me

17.

Hanged.

14.

way.

18.

15.

Then

16.

he

For

ever What-

Not

unto

restored

this

did

Servius

bleed?

Lucrece

bold,

barons knights stern

and

cold,

and

friars.

of

Doubled have

squires,

or

two

or

more

Compounded

verbs;

"We

as,

arms."

have

may

more

is the

brotherhood

our

verb

broad

still

abbot

the

waved

men

o'er.

you.

the

are

subject

One

and

Phrases

and

m

dark

hung

waters

and

all the

are

And

let

school

night

stood

he

this

Gone

heavy

I unto

him

laws?

of

and

In

valley

of

10.

laughter

with

the

King

bare.

sabres

could

and give

and

Into

the

rose

6.

yield.

boys.

the

timid

Up

freedom

the

and

office

e

8.

requires.

wisdom

e

7.

eye

Wide

world

mansions.

closing

12.

ieked

sickle

their

all

Come

13.

their

six hundred.

Glad

6.

to

many

Flashed

9.

ed.

are

the

rode

ps

harvest

the

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

x;

subjects

as,

"Henry

and

James

wi

"

(6)

more

as,

objects;

"I

saw

William

and

h

ter."

neither

more

tall

nouns

predicate nor

short;"

"The

or

boys

e." 1

See

pars.

387

and

389.

adjectives; were

Evan

as,

an

OF

PARSING

448.

Two

One

Used

Words

two

Different

as

or

two

common see."

and

more

o

objects;

as

fields."

and

woods

in

I will go

and

have

may

preposition

through

walked

Fred

and

227

have

may

subjects

"John

as,

verbs; 449.

more

or

WHAT

Parts

Speech

of

WHAT 450.

What

be

may

{1) A

:

I

see

what

(2)

An

interrogative

What

do

Or, Tell

(3)

An

Give

(4)

An

What

Or, I must

(5)

An

What

(6)

An

What

(7)

An

What What

in me

[the thing

see

you

see].

question,

is.

this

as,

adjective;

I have

[that]

money

what

interrogative

adjective;

earned.

as,

is this?

dog

in

you

as,

pronoun;

indirect

an

which

see?

you

what

me

as,

pronoun;

relative

an

indirect

learn

what

horse

exclamatory horses,

adverb beautiful

and

a

what

not

at.

as,

man!

ready! as,

flowers

I at

looking

was

as,

of degree;

[i.e., partly] limping,

he

adjective;

interjection; ! dinner

question,

these

with last

got

are!

crawling, to

the

and door.

what

wit

186-

Exercise 1.

I

tell

of

piece Tell

me

.

ere

is

ked

me

id

in

vou

7.

is.

take

this

to

What

is he

12.

doing

was

told

to

What

What

me

have

ar

8.

Giv

did

thi

for?

tim

what

14.

Mr.

15.

windmill.

me

4.

these

10.

these?

his

on

you

what

looking

Let

are

it?

i

of

sort

soldiers

is this?

be?

What

with

tall

flowers

What

do

to.

What

What

was

reply

5.

2.

said.

going

9.

I

what

you

for.

13.

left.

he

man!

this

came

do

What

is

what

I

what

are

work

what.

each

is what

that

What

3.

that?

Parse

"

you

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

Mille What

say,

AS 451.

As

be

may

(1)

An

is

It

be

to

seem

just

as

as

A

me

eyed

"

as

a

wild

as

he

is.

beast

as,

YoulCre

as

of time;

as,

(4)

A

a

strong

him

to

talked

cab,

relative

We

are

As

many

such as

watches

man.

of

conjunction

I took

:

brother.

your

as

we

walked

home

school.

(3)

440)

as,

of degree;

I

438,

adverb

man a

(c)

as

agile

429,

as,

"

conjunctive (a) of manner;

(6)

;

well.

A

The

419,

pars.

again

(of degree)

adverb

You

(2)

(read

as

I could

pronoun; stuff came

cause;

as

as,

no

walk

longer.

as,

dreams

believed

are

in

made

him.

of.

fro

PARSING

(5)

A

is also

the

ever

you

a

Exercise 1.

187.

As

a

be

true,

as

5.

ly

tall

so

8.

is?

at

Is

this

bid

will

blue

As

many

7.

for

he

Do

just

it.

4.

It

as.

as

said

it.

do

we

Take

12.

As I

you

have

that

of it.

none

candy

a

house.

as

game,

lief

as

a

as

16.

a

well

is your

would like this

a

are

the

this

I

6. You

such

passed

3. done

be

must

eat

10.

13.

I do.

as

I want.

as

you

one?

I will

that,

2.

Would

I put

as

inasmuch

though,

many

good-morning. 14. How red.

the

as

as

thatr

as

it stay

you

15. as

dark

Let

said

is what

for and

as

and

as.

are

is.

he

as

That

as

11.

.

Here

to

as

if, as

as

bad.

so

father

my

it should.

y

as,

each

it is not

play

22f

Hamlet?

as

prepositions

well

Parse

"

Booth

the

as

conjunctions

LIKE

as,

see

of

part

AND

AS

preposition;

Did As

OF

take

ning? begin-

There

are

",s I ate.

apples

LIKE

The

452.

(a)

A

You

(6)

A

ntence

eposition

not

An

The

like

or

as

angles

of

two

eyes,

like

an

noun

"She

like

were

her

The

to

likes

again.

dislikes.

or

as,

adjective; twins

as

my

consider

like

apples.

The

"

his

upon

as,

verb;

With

Note.

look

not

do

I like

(c)

as,

noun;

I shall

be:

like may

word

was

unto,

after like

the

her

understood.

two

peas.

similar

triangles.

angel's.

adjective sister,"

is

like,

governed

in

such by

the

(d)

A

Note.

like

The

"

the

drunken

a

is

thus,

in

if

verb

man,"

like

be

must

by

followed

never

expressed;

preposition

or

as

like

verb

like

the

man

me.

preposition

with atement e staggered

ter

as,

preposition;

Walk

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

0

a

the

sentence,

is expressed

by

replaced

the

con-

jun

if.

as

mpare talks can

like

Ruskin.

like

write

Some

idiot.

an

He

talks

He

can

to

prefer

grammarians

"

"

the

supply or

It

similarly.

meaning

verb,

such

becomes

then

(or unto),

to

preposition

in

like

to

wrote. Cases

necessary

the

govern

talk

would

Ruskin

as

write

call

idiot

an

as

following

pronoun.

BUT The

453.

(1)

but

word A

l

coordinating

conjunction;

is sold,

horse

The

be:

may

but

the

as,

is not.

cow

(Adversative

conjunction.) I

not

want

lemons.

but

oranges

only

(Additive

conjunction.)

\

(2)

A

All

want

An

See

relative

There

is

no

him.

as,

is but

story

except] me. but [ except] -

but

A

"Notes

=

none

wants

The

(4)

[

adverb;

Man

1

but

went

We

(3)

as,

preposition;

[

for Teachers,"

2;

but

p.

too

-only]

pronoun one

little

[ -only]

errs

322,

here

below.

true.

as, now

Note

and 18.

then. s

See

par.

244.

OF

PARSING;

188.

Exercise 1.

All

dren

larger

a

left.

r

st.

4.

but

,

8.

23

One

but

There

2.

early. be shall 5. They

true.

too come

happy.

not

were

3.

but

have

You

6.

Tom

growth. is

It

THAT

AND

but.

each

but

boys

the of

Parse

"

BUT

to

but

but

were

poor

me.

7.

were

bu

are

taken,

mock

none

are

We

th

bu He

by

wet

th

er.

So

9.

loud

the

him

bind

But

his

to

the

and

whirlwind

torrent's

roar

more.

mountains

native

THAT That

454. /

(1)

demonstrative

A

Give

(2) A

demonstrative

A

is the

(5)

A

It

is

so

I will

Exercise 1.

use

that

4.

sterday. told

that

"

that I

the

late

that

Do

story

I

that

Parse you

myself.

6. that

am

each

know Do

you you

(Result.)

tired. may

(Purpose.)

go.

that.

succeed. It is true

3.

(Introductory.)

unhappy.

you

may

you

built.

Jack

as,

are

bought?

true?

me

you

stay,

189.

Work

that

sorrow.

as,

that

conjunction;

I know

J

far

pronoun; house

me

gives

as,

that

walked

relative

This

joy, that

of degree;

Adverb

as,

as,

pronoun;

me

gives

I have

(4)

adjective;

book.

that

me

VThis

(3)

be:

may

that believe

heard

2.

Have

that

child? that

is false.

seen

you our

sister

5.

Is

that

7.

story?

8.

Nay,

th came

tha

I be li

that'

t

1.

that

so

10.

Miscellaneous When

the

ontracting

was

Sentences

Do

that

only

you

high.

Parsing

for

time

Com.

ouns.

Case.

be

may

terms;

Prop.

saved

thus,

Subj. Obj.

Abst.

Pred.

Coll.

Appos.

tions. ConstrucN.

Desc. Dem. Pos.

djectives

(Adj.)

^

}Deg.

Comp.

,'

Def.

Indef

Sup.

.}**"

Indef. Num. Pers.

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ronouns

erbs.

9.

him.

of

indoors.

stay

in writing, parsing longer grammatical

are

we

The

I must

that

rainy

is rid boy

Rome

that

live?

may

you

It is

blest

are

we

ertain;

(Pron.)

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Ant.

(= antecedent.)

Dem.

Indef. Pres. Trans. Act.

Int. Pass

Ind.

]

Imp.

[Mood. J

.

[Voice.

Cop.

Subj.

**

"i)

Irregg.

dverbs

P.P.(=Principal

(Adv.)

repositions

Parts). Ptc.

Deg.

Int.

Conj. (Prep.)

Coor.l

onjunctions

(Conj.)

nterjections

(Intj.)

Sub.

}

Corr.J

Tense Perf.

(Prog.) J

.

Reg

Fut.

^"^^ (= Participle).

by

MISCELLANEOUS

Never

contract

Show

that

a

in

uate"

a

PARSING

word is

word

other

one

of

syllable. by

contracted if

as

respects

233

a

putting

there

were

no

period; contractions.

"

1.

England no

tes

n

the

all

his

The

8.

hill.

9.

mild The

live

10.

The

Two

robin

Within 12.

Here

to

13.

A

The

in

a

modest

fold.

vellyn.

els

rd

18.

gave.

he

I

For

19;

the

I

want

dark

the a

ago,

brow into

friend

flow

streamlet

England

fair

of

rights

banner's

that

.unfurled dusky the

upon

little

bed

shady

eve

of

The

barge

beach of

and

the care

my

along

High

stood

Loch the

rain

and

his

of

the

a

that

mist.

head palm-leaf

braid.

flew,

Katrine

henchman

the

on

the

prow.

o

mignty

village

about

wrought across

the

the

folded

daintily A

of

through

turban

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22.

lights

the

see

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'

of

nest

draws.

20.

21.

wave.

child

grew.

years a

help.

tower.

their

violet

sank

saw

from

shower our

built

and

climbed

Some

17.

vale.

I

16.

sea.

purple

Night

15.

a

lighthouse

green

.

sive

sou

parting

still.

breeze

freshening

encl

coffin

tree.

is open

Down

the

every

houseless

the

door

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14..

hollow

was

fathers

redbreasts

a

house

without

the

from

start

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3.

brought

your

of

spirit

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in

up

Time

breast

pleasantly

sat

wives

2.

useless

breeze

southern

poor

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fond

some

duty.

No

4.

train.

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6.

his

brow.

azure

vagrant

breast.

7.

thine

do

to

man

every

on

wrinkles

to

es.

expects

some

peaceful

broad

23.

lo!

And There

24.

25.

The

stranger

And

from

vanished

Then

dances

am

To

a

answer

by

And

Look

it be it

Do

31.

32.

tall

The

violets

At

33.

With

a

34.

And He

35.

Past

Lightly The

37.

in

plunged

Hurry

36.

hilt

the

Beneath

the

he

snow

his

so

woman

the

children

and morning the

vengeful

on

crimson

along.

sword

and

gray,

their

way.

breaks her

song

side.

old

brightly from

merry

paddles

Gelert's

snow,

with

I'll throw. a

and

bed.

to

went

and

head;

his

bowed

crumbs face

the

will.

is white

some

merry

to

honest

ground

Through

ill;

an

curtsied

door

hard,

be

foxglove

pink

the

the

as

bright

a

task,

an

with

The

When

it

had

who

may

honest

an

come

art

adversary. angel

on

not

he.

thou

duty

your

Tyne,

the

was

thee;

an

daffodils.

beside

stony

came

Though

If

for

away

fills

pleasure

the

lord

wealthy

haste

sight.

with

lived

sorry

in

our

with

father A

30.

heart

my

My

I

from

land.

the

reft

it sunk

sound

hand

iron

with

fathers

loud.

and

prolonged

shout, came

the

crowd

assembled

our

And

And

29.

a

at

27.

the

rose

And

26.

28.

from

mantle arching

away

gray.

dome,

key

MISCELLANEOUS

38.

PAHSING

Happy Whose

murmurs

the

When

All

40.

The

the

fierce

battle

the

poor

great.

renown,

forth

came

dead

the

and

more

Denmark's

of

might

state

the

of

day's

glorious

to

foolish

of

flatteries

Than

Sing

the heedeth

ruler

The

39.

be

must

23

crown.

never

alone

thei

change

ions.

41.

No

peace,

No

ease

42.

the

And

by

,

46.

Honor

him

thou

haste

the

But

not

an

Were

half

the

power

Were

half

the

wealth

Given

to

redeem

There

were

the

need

the

on

green,

Wilhelmine. mother

.

par.

215]

live

long

on

of

raging

fills the

bestowed human

the

it

that

.

be

well

[ca

with

earth.

lady us

cries;

gather,

skies,

father."

angry

that

the

round

.

may

the

haste!"

tempests

I'll meet

verse.

see

thee,

"Though

no

hearse

all

thy

and

mayest

"O!

45.

without.

grandchild,

pronoun;

that

of

sported

father

thy

or

sable

subject

little

impersonal and

this

I find,

could

doors

within

Lies

His

an

comfort

Underneath

43.

44.

no

on

mind

of arsenals

or

world

with

camps

and

from

error,

forts,

terror, courts

PART

ANALYSIS

III

OF

SENTENCES

ELEMENTS When

455.

from

part

ch

a

a

parate

takes

chemist

the

rest

he

is said

mixture

to

analyze

different

its

into

sentence

a

separates and it; so when are

we

parts

said

that.

alyze

The

or

units

Elements

ements.

rm:

word

Since kind

the

and

Any

456.

be

may

a

the

to

shall

sentences

here

study

in

words

the

are

being

not

a

except

Conjunctions

element.

other

we

"

elements.

in simple

of speech,

parts

eight

Interjections,

elements.

lated

first

clause

the

onl

elements.

phrase

word

and

calle to

according

found

never

analyze

of the

kinds

elements,

are

are

sentences

up

three

phrase

to

are

we

make

of

elements

elements

rd

are

elements,

clause

that

parts

called

con ne

connected

independent

are

sentence,

tion, preposi-

lements.

nds

t

have

We

457.

learned

already

about

important

two

of phrases,

infinitive

(see

phrases

SIMPLE The

458. when

have

We we

speak

(see

phrases

prepositional

par.

163), and 327).

par.

SENTENCES Subject

already of

the

Substantive

learned

(see

subject

of

236

a

pars.

30

sentence,

and we

14 mean

complete base

the

de

subject, core

or

SUBSTANTIVE

SUBJECT

THE

including

the

of

a

may

b

we

pu

but

no

is left when

which

subject,

there

modifiers

what

is usually

modifiers,

23

or

noun

a

pronoun,

ays. 190.

Exercise 1.

4.

7.

.

Working

To

rests

The

9.

loved.

be

(1)

A

noun1;

(2)

A

pronoun;

(3)

An

5.

tires.

blind

be

should

Reading

work

6.

books

good

helped.

They

The

10.

good

be

190

examined,

be

may

subject

is fun."

"Racing

is working," is working."

"He

"

as

used

adjective

To

fly.

Birds

in Exercise

given

as,

3.

I live.

where

"John

sentences.

working.

8.

the

as,

is

interesting.

sentences

that

seen

long

is

Here

11.

If the

will

is

following

He

2.

too

read

me.

459.

the

is working.

John

s.

Analyze

"

a

as,

noun;

The

blind

should

helped."

(4) An (5) A

adverb

is the

place."

Since,

460. we

always

this

2

ds

have

in

we

term

It will be

seen

consist

From

Latin

bstantial."

when of

that

a

sub,

the

any

have

a

do

may

whatever

subject a

the

noun,

or

subject six

time

subje

the wor

We

substantive.2

word

of

is the

"Now

always

have

always

a

may

subje

substantive,

kinds

of

subje

459. are

sentences

complex

noun

taken

that

the

subje

clause.

under,

is, the

not

a

sentence

tires."

as,

noun;

do

use

include

in par.

also

under,

we a

a

to indicate

must

will

named

ds 1

this

long

too

we

word

For

but

noun,

as

used

some

k tires."

wot

"Working

therefore,

need

noun.

a

"To

as,

as,

gerund;

An

(6)

e

infinitive;

base

and or

stans,

stantis,

foundation.

standing:

Compare

that

whic

"substance,"

LONGMANS'

The

it, together

d

may

substantive

subject

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

forms

its modifiers,

with

have

course

of

the

modifiers* of

subject

th

tence.

191-

Exercise 1.

is going

John

in

Traveling

is not

think the

so

France

is

To

a

4.

6.

Writing

our

aunt;

large

country.

The Many

thief

was

however,

(2)

The

5.

meek.

by

7.

W

France.

full

a

man.

with

and

to

object

copulative

predicate

in the

verbs Transitive

an

form

themselves

in th

thei

complete

(see

verbs or

substantive

passive

verbs

pars

adjective

predication. base

predicate

transitive

in

verb

"We

as,

verb;

be

therefore

may

the

talking."

were

passive

as,

voice;

"The

**-*"

arrested"

(3) A

easy;

Blessed

from

maketh

may

So

require

intransitive

A

was

a

require

(1) An

is

Base

caught."

assertion;

their

462.

month.

is useful.

Reading

verbs

"The

or

plete

a

read

coming

Predicate

fly."

dication

1-307)

To

books is

9.

Birds

voice,

ive

the

are

she

intransitive "

as,

3.

good

as,

dicate;

ce;

Blessed

there

stay

will

is tiresome.

wait

461.

he

interesting.

is

consists.

subject substantive

Scotland;

to

easy.

merciful.

the

of what

Europe

expecting

.

Say

"

transitive

active

copulative

verb

verb

its

with

object;

as,

"Horses

hay."

(4)

A

jective;

The

463.

(1) 1

A

It will

tantive

as,

"Men

l;

may

seen

as,

when

also

consist

of

make

noun

tall"

bread"

sentences a

grow

substantive

be

may

"Bakers complex

predicate "Oaks

animals"

object substantive

noun

be

are

the

and

clause.

are

taken

that

the

obje

THE

(2) A

"We

as,

pronoun;

(3) An

BASE

PREDICATE

love as

adjective used

a

239

Aim." "You

as,

noun;

pit

should

poor."

(4) A

(5) An

infinitive; 192.

Exercise

The

1.

gardener

The

sailor

Farmers

elf.

lost

them.

15.

They

are

to

She

Comfort

the

The

ulative

and

ulative The

1

From

A

predicate

.

Another

the

22.

We

24.

chil

We

hope

Tom

prefers

They

love

Also,

cu

The

intend

the

to

"

as,

adjective, commonly

or

We

include

to

predication

substantive forms.

various

them

an

meek.

;

in complex

of

adjectiv

therefore

need

We

shal

all. 1

complement

or,

in

case

of

complement.

Thou

art

"I

etc.,

be

may

the

man"

he."

am

to

meaning

word

a

either

simply

as,

the

complete

fillout

complete term

used

or

complete.

the

predication

for

predicate

The of

a

predicate copulative

complement

ibute. 2

meet

She

18. 20.

heard

will

16.

dance.

to

I

14.

succeed.

poor.

complement 2;

Latin

Olds

Mr.

candy.

begun

predicate

pronoun; a

tries

books.

9.

nests.

myself.

to

horse.

the

write

themselves.

making

term,

predicate

(2)

hurt

I

He

used

take

may

noun

11.

had

be

may

verbal,

(1) A

him.

window.

stole

Authors

met

13.

element

term

the

one

build

helps

convenient

loy

6.

the

miserable.

verb

ment

Some

dressing

We

She

23.

write.

4.

it consis

what

of

broke

Birds

enjoys

21.

alone.

Tom

8.

17.

read.

19.

pass.

464.

just

like

2.

ship.

corn.

say

object and

pie.

his

have

the

seeds.

We

learning

g

sowed

We

12.

a

history."

like Jo read."

out

made

grow

10.

"I

as,

Pick

"

cook

The

like reading

"I

as,

gerund;

sentences,

as

we

shall

see,

a

noun

clause.

LONGMANS'

adjective;

as,

(4) An

adjective

used

as

a

"His

as,

gerund;

is good."

"It

(3) An

rciful" (5) A

GRAMMAK

ENGLISH

"These

as,

noun;

is

weakness

his

t

are

believing

t

dily." infinitive

(6) An

"To

as,

substantively;

used

die

triumph"

infinitive

An

(7)

used

adjectively;

"The

as,

house

be sold" A

(8)

e

193.

Exercise

fault

John's money.

make

ame

of

be

Exercise

age.

3.

We

5.

To

7.

no

of

has

ficulty

The

subject

may

be

pars.

Twenty or

My

pronoun

father

William's 1

Also

in complex

Will

the

The was

10.

elect.

bo

consid

Ou

much.

Enlargements

it is

when

a

noun

case;

as,

or

by

as,

Those

noun

too

6. 8.

Henry

4.

quickly.

hand.

was

145.

modified

adjective1;

predicate

purpose

shamed.

are

substantive,

Timid

(2) A

do

to

142,

465.

(1) An

They

Containing

again

be

is at

9.

Read

each

His

2.

on

get

is to

hour

The

out

pick

slow.

to

yield

trying

Subject

noun,

too

appear

account.

been

141

being

seems

mended.

for sale

it consists.

of what in the following.

Also

to

In

"

is

horse

of order"

say

and

plement

1.

out

seems

gun

"The

as,

phrase;

prepositional

sentences,

birds

built

birds

built

birds

a

we

nests.

possessive

farmer.

brother as

nest.

nests.

built

in the is

a

is shall

a

captain.

see,

by

an

adjective clause*

SUBJECT

A

(3)

t

a

CONTAINING

"

in

noun

ENLARGEMENTS

George

as,

apposition;

241

the

gamekeeper

hare."

(4)

A

king

The

(5)

as,

participle;

A

being

prepositional

defeated desired "The

as,

phrase;

peace.

Tower

of

London

ancient."

infinitive

(6) An

"A

as,

phrase;

to

wish

please

is the

root

politeness."

Since

466.

they

nouns,

k

of

the

above

are

either

or

adjectives

they

and

adjectives;

describe

modifiers

or

words

therefore

are

limit

nouns

do

which

all called

or

the

adjective

ments.

When

467. a

or

noun,

(1)

An

the a

truly

(2) A

eat

(1) An To

Loving To

(2)

A To

in

try

Being

by

a

exercise.

good

other

the

bad

light

as,

phrase;

faith

subject

are

most

ardent.

living

than

to

eat.

is foolish.

is

substantive

an

infinitive

as,

good our

is instructive.

books

friends is

(or trying)

wise

to

easy.

study

is bad

for

as,

complement; be

be modified

have

object; read

a

live is better

the

it may

gerund,

in

to

read

When

used

is unwise. or

young

Eating To

is

rapidly

prepositional The

adjective

happiest.

the

are

good briskly

Walking To

it may

infinitive,

an

an

as,

adverb; The

468.

or

gerund

is

substantive

subject

is the

thought

a

last wit

thing

flatters

we

learn. him.

a

sick

man.

or

LONGMANS'

Since

we

cannot

we

ifier, and

or

have

kind

an

A

470. or

hope

The

victor, the

Just

in

327), to

mies the

first of

the

so,

in

as

have

may

adverbial

modifiers)

his

a

;

is absurd.

everybody

with

to

enemies

(if any)

base

of

an

"having

second, a

submit,

included

in/ the

is

is to

be

always

infinitive

phrase

regarded,

No

phrase.

object (ifany)

participial a

always

h

brought

now

its

and

phrase

be

participial

its modifiers are

a

such phrase

participial

the

"to

sentences,

constitutes

but

participle

these

constitutes

submit"

plement

phrase.

hence

participle;

as

speaking,

strictly

element.

d

194.

Exercise

the

of 1.

The

5.

her

was

in

ng is

worth.

Mr.

out

the

ship

is

man

was

on

Robinson Dick's

the

strong

Bos

12,

Her

worth's.

Teaching

was

Peters

uncle

storm.

10.

weeping. 11.

The

lazy

is

lady

"m

children

the

are.

NorvaL

baker 6.

cloths. in

ments comple-

is

name

sells

the

they

what

My

4.

sea.

withstood

trouble

great

2.

tailor

7.

son.

say

and

tired.

the

or

modifiersj objects

subject substantive

being

p

Pick

"

old

little

A

ad.

l

ingly exceed

in apposition

noun

modifier

brought

now

"This

a j

etc.

friendly

everybody"

with

ee par.

y

having

an

example, as,

a

infinitive

always

modifiers,

war.

as,

endly

be

to

idea;"

(as well

complement

For

modifier;

own

an

or

participle

modifiers

mentioned

appropriate

own.

modifier;

adjective

The

ed

her

both

complements

have

turn

adverbial

was

complement

include

to

or

their

of

an

action

have

ject

in their

or

object

complements.

objects

complements

may

or

objects

may

an

enlargement

modifiers,

465-468

GRAMMAR

such

term

the

use

The

jects

call

subordinate

469. pars.

ENGLISH

India. '9.

The

The house

horseback

is

hard

makes Tom's

8.

The

woman on

th

is Mrs.

work.

THE

OF

MODIFIERS

VERB

24 "

Learning

to

15.

returned. Every

one

To

The

turf

beneath

The

really

17. his

is

row

of

their

feet

accomplishment. the

play

22.

Robinson.

being

Her

be

The

for

base,

predicate

it may

since

be

the

his

been

it always

since

or

object

of the

chief

her

of the

object.

(3)

Enlargements

of the

complement/.

Read

143,

pars.

again

aim

pride

a

contains

a

verb

ment, comple-

predicate

(1) An (2) A

1;

adverb

adverbial

2) ;

urement

(4) An a

(5) An

as,

indirect

verb

be

badly."

writes

"He

as,

phrase;

ten

rode

on

writes

(nouns

objective "We

Verb

the

may

"He

as,

prepositional

(3) An

of

of the

Modifiers

472.

146.

144,

Modifiers

paper"

time,

of

space,

miles."

object (see

par.

166);

phrase;

as,

"I

stepped

phrase;

as,

"He

as,

"Will

you

infinitive

near,

to hear

h

into

th

.

A

participial has

gone

hunting

limping

came

for

rabbits."

(See

6,) Also,

J

See

d

favor?"

"John

1

s

verb.

Enlargements

;"

tc

man

eyes.

(2)

(6)

happy.

,

(1) Modifiers

ly."

be

have

may

r] me

The

chre. sepul

Enlargements

an

contain

glory

learned

is to

was

has

to

Seeming*

21.

original

storm,

soldier's

good

delight.

Containing

Predicate 471.

To

the way

a

18.

beautiful

is bad

bed

19.

thought

considered

in

Reading

To

few.

the

be

shall

are

his

was

piano

is

duty

path

good

Fearing

14.

pleasant.

"

in complex par.

168.

sentences,

as

we

shall

see,

an

adverbial

clause.

par

"

(7)

ng

A

phrase

Note.

they

195.

upon

the

5.

ds

being

parti cipia

absolute

for

cause

or

th

adverbial

absolute

participial

an

apart,

modifiers of

the

2.

3.

the

with

the

verb

partic

and

sa

thirty is well

book

have

As

the

which

do

modifiers

as

the

miles

of

work

being

are

verb

they

they

and

either

are

can

called

ments. 474.

The

(1)

Time;

will

The

return

soon.

was

born

child

show

in

the

year

1880.

as,

The We

(3) Degree

may

verb

as,

He

Place;

of the

modifiers

or

fell here.

man

bought

I have

in

Paris*

as,

quantity;

I like

books

these

it much. the

read 1

book

See 'par.

to

reach

lent. excel

walking.

adverbs,

can,

adverbs

months.

day

parts

open,

93.

the

of

left ten

one

some

gone

Exercise

"

in

written,

now

sentences:

Hastings

at

thei

pitched been

having

gate

lived

We

rapidly

victors

The

marched

boys

The

classes

(2)

rainy,

is therefore

stands

the

won,

field.

The

Additional 473.

but

out

being

soldiers

6.

Pick

"

in

noun

subject,

reason

and

verb,

an

called a

states

the

strayed.

cattle

er.

day

are.

battle

The

"Winter

as,

'

The

1.

s

the

is

phrase

main

that

not

Exercise

t

the

Observe

ase

of

generally

by

denoted

is

"The

returned;"

kind It

phrase.

use.

l;

absolute

home."

This

"

nominative

swallows

at

stayed

a

with

the

over,

ion

o

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

152.

several

times.

adverbs be

divided

adverbial

o

OF

MODIFIERS

(4) Manner;

(5)

as,

You

acted

The

boy

He

lit the

Purpose, to

like

ran

wind. a

with

to

match.

as,

reason;

station

meet

sister.

my

fatigue.

with

cried

broken

having

carriage

the

candle or

the

child

The

wisely.

cause,

I went The

24

VERB

THE

down,

they

late

were

to

t

wedding.

(6) Condition, I left You

or

home shall

the

475.

the

In

verb

in

or

case

have

of

ill.

accident.

as,

negation; I

being

of your

supposition

remain,

doubt

Without

the

on

(7) Affirmation

as,

circumstance;

seen

and

I

perhaps

have

book.

a

analyzing say,

as

far

sentence as

which

possible,

of

contains what

kind

modifiers they

s, Far

Their

rea

from sober

the

crowd's

madding wishes

never

learned

ignoble to

strife, stray.

ar

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

0

196.

Exercise 1.

The

fore

swallows

him

ng

we

They

6.

for

boy

charged We

study

not

live

to

19. He

His

a

the

21.

23.

the

to

Had

red the

As

476. only

adverbial

of the

Object

Read

again

477.

Whatever

stantive

stantive.

pars.

may

may

also

and

women

floor

began

and

lane,

like

a

471,

summer

the

(to

the

predicate

brave

and

men.

panel

to a

play.

crowd

noisy

cloud.

predicate but

verb)

may

contain

also

ments enlarge-

complement.

Enlargements

with

156

England.

street

fair

bugles

street

of the

or

f

speak

Monterey

of

the

in par.

We

sun.

modifiers

object

We

ment regi

17.

to

feet.

on

walls

together,

said

The

not

of marching

autumn

from

was

13.

.

Frederick

o'er

daybreak

rolled

baby.

a

live.

to

returned

prize.

tread

the

Meanwhile,

like

14.

could

he

through

window-panes

At

25.

the

the

Under

in Troy.

fold.

the

eat

man

dead,

win

long

the

shal

from

rowed

acted on

wolf

poor

shone

Streamed

24.

The

lamps

Through

You

We

16.

being

Sounded Bright

storm

We

bought

messenger.

special

18.

day

All

a

We

was

11. like

7.

8.

umbrella

learn.

to

hard

The

bayonet.

father

worked

This

down

eat.

W

4.

5.

month.

gate.

carefully.

by

with

were

forever.

Edinburgh.

garden

9.

came

15.

y.

the

at

letter

the

you

in

friends

read

Assyrian

last

We

2.

week.

out.

Oxford.

The

The

t

here

the verb.

endureth

afternoon

their

met

to

10.

one

ventured

them

ngston

.

dog

this

returned His mercy

3.

our

over,

t

Classify the modifiers of

"

sunrise.

k

GBAMMAR

465-469.

and

be be

an an

enlargement enlargement

of of

the the

subjec

objec

WITH

PREDICATE

197.

Exercise

stantive

and

We

have

1.

The

girl

The

curfew

flail

12.

I wish

16.

The

464), be

n

be

of the

modifiers

the

complement

prepositional

e,

or

1.

is

He

by

ased They

Williams

et.

e?

is

9.

Are

11.

His

growing

3.

unusually

is you

already

fault

much

is

to worse.

object

2.

keep

a

of the

object

too

13.

a

comple

is

complement

We

are

good

This

as

quiet.

All

John

to

citizens 5.

a

He

property.

judge.

Th

tastes

ver

fruit

Did

of

sure

some

of

10.

age?

tion preposi

or

neighbors.

8.

gerund,

complement

American

are

fairly

objec

the enlargements

man,

of

elements

modifiers,

the an

(s

of the

or

predicate

They

hand.

swear

noun

infinitive,

have

pleasant

at

to

adjective

When

ability.

is considered

13. brought

a

adverbial

the

industrious

an

season

hroom

great

t

of

friend

when

describe

and

view.

thought

erally Mr.

of

the

seem

out

pick

man

a

the

brow

Enlargements

have

it may

what

admire

pictures.

a

adjective, an

gerund

We

while.

474), and

par.

f

midnight

whatever

it may

Say

"

and

sentence,

h

a

198.

Exercise

an

showers

wind-built

dark

you

adjective modifiers.

infinitive

an

(see

have

may

by

phrase,

etc.

place,

a

wiel

10.

The

top I

my

subject substantive is

obj

sheep

6.

fresh

paint

with

modified

day.

in

complement,

predicate

may

Thomas's

the

Have

for

alone

found

architect.

14.

15.

strife.

twenty

bring

climbed learn to

Complement

Pbedicate 478.

I

bought

rent

the

books.

be

to

I

the

We

interesting

the

of

parting

7.

cousin 11.

of

of

widen

Wake.

I

Who

4.

hail.

I

Helvellyn.

enlargements

2.

knell

the

24

are.

gloves.

our

signal-sound

the

horse.

the

8. met

reading

a

they

lashing

the

hty

.

what

her

the

ward

out

tolls

We

9.

Pick

sold

flowers.

.

e

say

lost

of

rsty

'

"

ENLARGEMENTS

he

look

12. cares

The

ill

si

for

LONGMANS'

those

ying n

the

is to

is

life

it.

The

479. a

Let

19.

same

have

may

verb

A

You

One

to

habit

bad

an

object

seem

th

of

be

would

be

in another;

woman's

16.

17.

wis

pleasant.

in

one

sentence

thus,

I

became

the

of

feeble.

and

aim

your

Object

coat

One

ha

pleasures

greatest

15.

old

complement

predicate

my

of

gracefully. old 18. disagreeable.

grow

looking

overcome

One

so

appear

to

GRAMMAR

history.

of

reading

is this

s

14.

pranks.

uliarities of

ENGLISH

Complement

became

(^suited)

The

wool

flower.

The

flower

a

coat.

him.

lady

Read

again

objects or The

acher

continued

7.

b. Say

the

the

words

tired.

13.

down

ly

The

e

sun

costly

my

opinion,

Read

again

480.

Verbs

We

The

15.

warm.

the

feel

dog

head. old.

preacher

8.

in

adding was

par.

that

made

in

12.

3.

The

5.

The

continued

The

went

tasted

wine

tha

said

The

much

predicate

looked

lady

dog

The

The

20.

embroidery.

We went

fain

appeared 19.

h b

14.

matter.

16.

morning.

are

child

the

mad.

17. the

italics

The

on

warmly

street.

appears

by

his

It is sometimes

printed

looked

child

door.

The

wine.

10.

clothes.

the verb.

the

itali

man.

whether

The

in

printed

grows

gardener

ectives or modifiers of II.

felt

man

6.

tasted

make

the

The

sermon.

host

The

make

thes

his

Tailors

9.

4.

apples.

grows

The

2.

hurt.

felt

the words

whether

complements.

predicate

dener

ular.

Say

a.

"

man

sweet.

smells

303.

par.

199.

Exercise

I.

the

smells

cloak

was

The

cloak,

in the

passive

badly.

307. may

be

copulative

when

WITH

PREDICATE

(as "He

ce

n

is

considered

in the

active

Passive

copulative

rles

was

is

made

by

jectives truthful

and

onging

to

the

ch

be

should

in the

Thus

the

is

be

was

Here the

Tom

the 1. not

joined

are

to be, understood,

sentences.

of

subject

we

We

in

may,

think

cannot

infinitive

is the

is the

adjectives

copulative

a

"him

phrase

infinitive.

the

have

cases,

such

Transitive

verb

President

nouns

be

objective case [to be] a thief

necessary,

"

and

"

In

Tom

tKiefare Just

such

as

active

Hayes

elected

I believed

In

called

200.

They

ai*d Tom.

supplied.

thief are

Exercise

re

They

the

think.

of

think

of

objects, Hayes

be should

the

complements

[to be] honest,

President. elected by me believed a thief.

the

and

predicate

noun

Thus,

Passive

was

him

object

Him

plements.

es

in analyzing

think

object

of

become

infinitive

copulative

the

honest.,,

Instead

the

Charles.

and

angry.

sentence

not

The

son.

him

verb

Charles

sentences

have

angry

supplied

We alone

verbs

truthful.

made

latter

these

active

him

deem

They

objects

objects by

the

We

us.

angry.

in

plain

Transitive

verb

that

It

transitive

are

clever")

thus,

voice;

deeme"Pin"thfu\

is

249

ENLARGEMENTS

a

before, the

the

tell what

object

following is the

of the

object of each

thW

infiflitiv President

They

are

phrase

entire

verb

sentences

thief.

nouns

objective complements. The (see pa^l69).

is the

President.

complements

made

cases,

verb

believed. "to

supply verb,

and

be"

point

objectivecomplements. Many

think

people

him

thought

clever.

Arthur, 3.

The

the

jury

rightful found

king. the

2.

prisoner

LONGMANS'

him

ney

beauty

Her

4.

lty. med

They

proclaimed

481.

We

His

William

in par.

saw,

the

made

7.

Everybody

Mr considered innocent. him

tenants

believed

wife

emperor.

how

295,

by

subject,

5.

glad.

The

6.

landlord.

their

me

made

impostor.

an

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

the the

putting

of

object

into

verb

a

may

verb

the

passive

ce. Horner

Jack The

In

a

to

was

ject. an

into

the

in

the

object.

It

the

object

or

a

milk

into

again

the

be

in the

483.

When

sists

of two

rdinating Compound Compound

made

a or

preposition

object,

"glass

milk,"

of

it is therefore the

as

must

verb,

of

object

"was

govern

cannot

voice

called

therefore

be

regarded

may

be

explained

and

understood. Elements

446-449.

subject, a more

verb,

equal

conjunctions,

subject, verb,

the

with

t

and

voice,

passive

parsed

of the

mother.

acting.

passive

(Jbject

my

.

and

preposition

pars.

by

the

person

case

modifier some

of

Compound Read

is sometimes

of milk.

predicate,

cannot

retained

of

glass

predicate,

verbs

adverbial

glass

the

agent,

such

The

object

a

me

is put

before,

as

because

en,"

a

given

in

But

ll retained

ained

Horner.

Jack

indirect

gave

is thrown

indicate

482.

by

eaten

the

mother

verb,

bject

pie.

thus,

My /

was

way

similar

subject;

The

pie

the

ate

"I

and

and and

object, or

similar

it is said

"Henry rose

an

ran

to

a

parts

be

complement connected

compound;

I will go." to

meet

him."

b

a

OF

ANALYSIS

Compound Compound

pound

the

apples

ate

"The

complement,

When

484.

"I

object,

SENTENCES

SIMPLE

leaves

are

red

and

yellow."

is said

there

be

to

predicate.

485.

A

bject

and

both,

one

be

compound,

consisting

ular

the

order

First

or

a

in

name

should

elements.

several

word

The

elements.

we

Then the

hav

may

Sentences1

Secondly the

o

predicate,

both*

phrase

subject (complete). the predicate (complete).

the

the

or or

sentence

simple

but

containing

one

and

Simple

of

analyzing

sentence

subject

of word

Analysis

In

a

The

predicate.

may

486.

is

sentence

simple

argements

to

pears."

and

is compound

verb

25

the

and

elements

ing belong

elements

phrase

subject. the

and

elements

word

elements

phrase

modifying

verb. The

belonging

elements

to

the

complement

predicate

f any). And

belonging

those

The

487.

the

are

adverb

modifiers

adverbial

Model

488.

This

#

subject 1

a

are

pronoun

verb,

verbal,

adjecti

adjectiv

See

is

a

simple

repose.

declarative

"Something

noun

"Notes

attempted,

earned something for

done,

something

night's

"Has

predicate

first

any

attempted,

earned

subject

the

of

or

for analysis.

Has

pound

noun

elements.

Something

Analysis:

object (ifany).

the

of any

modifiers

and

ments;

to

Teachers,"

a

night's is p.

sentence,

repose."

Note

by 32.

t

done"

something

modified 325,

with

Subjec the

parti

ple

an

attempted, noun

bject

in

ose,

object

ment

noun.

modified

which

is

attached

find

the

sign.

3.

The

4.

day.

There

hthouse

Capo

at

slowly.

has

He

ve

deserve

chair

is

His

12.

On

17.

a

was

a

An

unwonted

All

within

t

mil

day person.

but

th

(= retained

people

wished too

proud.

traitor. high

dashed

and

coast.

brightened

splendor him

None

hour

an

rock-bound

and

a

tired

considered

waves

stern

see

some

a

The

13.

him

breaking

over

allowed

John

14.

The

16.

was

lesson.

declared

enemies

I

I

walked

11.

blu

island

the

6.

We

degree.

of seein very

near

for

comfortable low

tired is

topple

will

of

the

king.

Caesar

n

fair.

finishing

for

ject)

them

the

7.

word

a.

one.

good

repose

sentences.

ocean

distinctly. wall

exalted

a

considered

earned

adjective

are

sailing

ciple parti

and

article

We

the

of

ships

That

Invalid's

This

water

May

8.

2.

the

verb

the

the

out.

three

is

by

second

Has

is

following simple

the way

are

hammock

That

y

is

Analyze

"

base

transitive

Repose

I trie'd to ugLy

is the

the

and by

modified

predicate

earned

to

201.

Exercise

t

The

Has

night's,

1.

is likewise

Predicate: which

element;

word

adjective

something

done.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS1

2

him.

without

*

d

18.

Full The

19.

many

a

dark

unf

modest

The

toil

ray

caves

of

of

wants

day

every

of

34

and

serene

bear.

ocean

day

every

supplied.

Sentences

Interrogative

pars.

again

purest

at homed

The

Simple Read

of

gem

35,

and

work

Exercises

again

3

32.

Exercise

1.

What's come?

202.

an

"

Analyze

egg

3.

Must

to

the

or

me

he

following

you? then

2. watch

interrogative

What it

does

way

rise

senten

no"

th

more?

LONG

Why

preach

Know

ye

ou

8.

ights

so

How

13.

Whither

Can

14.

Back 15.

honor's

Read

203.

Exercise a.

Never

1.

5.

arry

is

Let

b.

10.

ome.

eaven

to

a

12.

Thy

o'er

their

will

A of

long

analyzing mention 1

In

trouble)

547-551.

to

place

work

depart.

4.

Provide 6.

the

Exercise

again

imperative 2. for

33

sentences.

Lend

me

thine

in

your

future

own

thy

right

hand

tongues.

7.

Break

Still

envious 8. Chase

all

fears

thy

11.

right. 13. Soft

done.

Simple

subject, sentences

separately

diagramming,

dust?'

silent

side

Thy

sigh

the

away.

kingdom

winds

or

of

all elements

the

it would

all the

however,

Sentences may,

sentence

simple the

breath?

grave.

Long 489.

the

and

last.

be

way?

solitary

fleeting

following

silence

graves?

thy

the

walk. defend

Heaven

seek?

Sentences

37,

asunder.

sleep

you

those

are

bust

call the

not.

thyself

peace

take

us

my

him

do

their

animated

and

from

Love

gentle bonds of

36

Where

pursue

provoke

Analyze

"

Neglect

3.

thou

Imperative

par.

again

or

voice

Simple

9.

dare

within

its mansion

to

Can

rest

urn

storied

stopp'st

thee?

dost

.

.

blame?

can

who wherefore

Whom

creatures

they

could .

afety.

to

vile

Now

so?

10.

against

12.

ars.

.

these

Murmur

thou

fair?

and

Shall

tear-drop 7.

look'st

Why

many

11.

The

Agincourt?

not

me?

5.

here?

ye

253

SENTENCES

SIMPLE

through

predicate, be tiresome

enlargements,1

it is best precisely

having

as

be

and is done

(since it is scarcely where

they

enlargements I long.

belong.

useles

in th

any

See

more

pars

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

4

in par.

given

el

chief

the

of

structure

n

modifiers,

No

more,

the

Long

long

The

Shall

the

Be

seen

his

upon

declarative

an

bein

elements, the

verb

(if any).

complement

the

impartial

eye

coast,

figure

gaunt

relations

substantive,

subject

with

of

t

Sentences

following

predicate

line

out

mark

the

show

Simple the

surveying

we

complements.

italicized:

be

(if any),

object

and

and

analyzing,

must

ential,

mple

In

"

of

if

sufficient

sentence

objects

Analysis Note.

^t is

488.

GRAMMAR

of the

Field-Marshal

old

post.

sentence.

bject: The

figure

gaunt

[participle

surveying

impartial

an

with

long

The

the

of

line

of the

"figure"]

modifying

[adverbial

eye

Marshal,

Field-

old

phrase,

manner].

[object of surveying].

coast

edicate:

mple

.

Be

Shall

seen

his

upon

[For] in In

[time]

more

no

the

The

harness man,

of

and

rampart

declarative

unseen,

night,

sombre

Dreaded

[place/

post

wall

a

single

warrior,

mailed, the

surnamed has

Destroyer,

scaled.

sentence.

bject: a

single mailed

Dreaded

surnamed the verb

warrior, In

harness,

sombre of

man,

the

and Destroyer

complement

"surnamed"].

after

being

["Destroyer" participle

of

copulative

255

SENTENCES

SIMPLE

LONG

icate: has

The

scaled

[participle

unseen

[object]

wall

rampart

as

used

"has

modifying

adverb,

scaled"]. Slowly From*

declarative

le

ect:

field

the

laid

we

sadly

and

fresh

fame

his

of

down

him

gory.

and

sentence.

we

icate: him

laid

fresh

From

gory

and

[modifiers

the

of

204.

1.

2.

Analyze

"

[But]

knowledge

Rich

with

Him

the

No

3.

Up In

down

Striding These

dull

black

leather, tramp,

damp,

and

Imperial

the

fields

Frenchmen.

the

Hearing

ne'er

camp

measured

Hidalgos,

Cursed 4.

a

with

fort's

Spanish

of

name

.

Coupled Half Forth

in

anger,

the

Slowly

5.

From

the

Opening Came

these

with

the

Singing,

half

his

alehouse on

loud and

of

words shame,

came

campaigner

great

from

in

the

canvas

and narrow

convivial applause

page,

ample

unroll. of

azure,

wall,

the

dreary

the

boots

great

sentences.

its call.

with

and

did the

the

from

gun

morning's Awaken

from

from

verb].

her

eyes

time,

of

sunshine

drum-beat

No

their

spoils

no

shall

to

the

of

following

the

his

[manner]

sadly

and

[place] [modifiers Exercise

of

fame

object]

[manner]

Slowly

field

the

palace. the

inn, street,

din, of feet.

malice,

embrasure,

down

LONGMANS'

6

6.

study Descending

Out Out Over

the

harvest

Silent

and

Evil

Oft

did 8.

here

little 4.

sigh. thy

ou

harvest

the

Onward,

A

fair

Your To

her

13.

14.

quells

Weigh

the

Once

dreaded

[And] Full

she charged

may

her

done, a

world

again

native

oak

below.

up

the

float

incense

yield.

launch

her

floods

with

Prove

foe.

from

by

5.

hands.

standard

vessel

I make.

bower-door

her

another

the

the

press

pains

foes. again

England's

Man

soothe

thee

being

my

lily

2.

duty.

of

at

thunders

She

myself

we

489.]

pity

never

sickle

story

sat

maid

May

Analysis

manners.

good

may

for

glorious

With

given

to

their

path

me

match

in par.

earth

to

the

gave

models

night

onward,

Wringing

12.

or

My

She

for

3.

The

6.

words.

9.

11.

the

Sentences

corrupt

day

My

slow

snow.

below.

Through

10.

to

according

communications

but a

the

bare,

forsaken,

and

soft

shaken,

garments

and

fields

Simple

Miscellaneous

her

of brown

Descends

1.

air,

cloud-fold

the

[Analyze

hair.

of the

woodlands

Over

Allegra

golden

with

the

of

hall-stair

laughing

bosom

of the

lamplight

broad

and

Edith

GRAMMAR

in the

see

the

Alice

And

7.

I

my

Grave

nts

th

In

ENGLISH

thunder.

of sighs.

yields

15.

he

[And] Shall

16.

No

the

plow

The

a

His

To

care

from

me

win

Unnumbered 20.

Her

21.

did

thee

seek

Through

Might

mark

There

is in

spot

How

24.

25.

the

of

Not

sight

ill deeds his

Silently

by

one

Blossomed

like

thee

wrong.

sea

holy. means

his

lovely

of

guilty

in the

one

the

do

to

to

do

a

skin

ill deeds

done.

fellow

colored

eye

flight

lone

but

finds

He

distant wide

green.

fowler's

the

thy the

rove

the

on

and

unmarked oft

Makes

flap

eagle

Vainly

A

arms

came.

I often

woods

22.

23.

tender

false-hearted.

the

To

his

the

shall

spied,

oppressed.

suitors

wing

O'er

pair. hermit

the

anpwering

latch,

a

with

harmless

cares

rising

With

19.

opening the

thatch

care.

master's

wicket,

Received

18.

its humble

beneath

stores

more.

no

wave

257

hundred

his eight

and

Required

17.

SENTENCES

SIMPLE

MISCELLANEOUS

own.

infinite

meadows

heaven

forget-me-nots

the

stars,

of

of

the

angels.

In

the

of the

courtyard

castle,

bound

with

many

an

band,

Stands

the

linden

mighty

by

planted

Queen

hand.

28.

In He

that

hour

beheld,

Through

Justice

of with

deep

clearer

all outward the

contrition

avenger

vision,

show rise.

and

fashion

Kunigunde's

iron

LONGMANS'

8

blossom

The

29.

.

heaven

of

Could

nought

To

emulate

in

silence

Hence

to

opening

dews

The

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

refined, display

purity

of

his

day,

the

mind.

in

and

toiling

sorrow,

still

bus

with

hand, Like

an

he

emigrant

for

seeking

wandered,

the

Bette

Land.

Additional

sentences:

Exercise

"

COMPLEX

185,

a.

SENTENCES Clauses

Compare

490.

'

the

I desire

(1)

to

(3) I desire

that

We

in the

that

parture

the

o,

part

but

nce,

one

by we,

that

as

the a

verb, be

alone,

the

thir

of

the

othe

a

of the

depar

depart.

"We

sen

complete

whole

does

altogether

we

that

words

and

element

taken

object, and

noun

in

that

and

same

if standing

it is only

here

the

mely,

subject,

would,

early"

early;

is done

a

contain

of the

work

(the object of desire) is done is the

noun

the

sentence

depart

to

a

of

early.

second

meaning

work

which

rly,

early. depart

we

phrase

whose

ntence,

depart

its modifiers

and

infinitive

e

departure.

anearly

(2) I desire

see

sentences:

the

sentence,

of

work

n.

491.

Elements a

ubject and

ter

that

A

or

a

the

a

of

sentence) containing

called

clauses.

work,

not

is

which,

We

only

of

shall nouns,

s

b

of adverbs. sentence1

and

predicate

It will obviate

combination

bordinate

do

may

complex

subject 1

are

predicate

clauses

adjectives 492.

(or members

member

much of

(both if the

confusion

words containing

one

forming a

a

being

complete "

either

"sentence"

term

finite verb.

besides

whole,

Mason.

one

prin cipa

simple

be restricte "clause"

to

NOUN

pound), A

498.

one

-contains

A

subordinating

(2)

A

relative

(3)

A

conjunctive

(4)

An

the

ect, an

a

adverb,

noun

to

as

n

as

n

as

n

as

n

n

the

object,

apposition

of

preposition, in

a

the

subject,

complex

predicate or

preposition,

-a

th

an

Sentences

preposition with

subject

is clear.

truth

These

facts.

are

I believe

James.

I believe

in

Tom,

the

exercise. son,

piper's

stole

Pig.

in

They object

with

apposition

Tom,

caught

the

piper's

son.

Complex clause

as

Sentences That

subject

you

have

been

is he

is ignorant.

deceived

i

clear. clause

as

predicate

as

clause

The

com-

as

object

clause

with

subject

n

clause

with

object

fact

James

I believe

object of

a

He

was

wrong

is honest.

in

that

he

go

angry.

preposition

n

the

object

complement

a

a

of

Similarly

The

object of

object

subject,

thus,

noun;

predicate

pronoun.

be the

may

the

be

may

object

in

noun

noun.

other

subject

jrtement n clause

n

some

Simple

n

n

a

a

complement,

clause

the

sitive

n

to

or

adjective,

Clauses

sentence

simple

lement,

by

adverb.

predicate

a

own.

pronoun.

appositive

ence

with

conjunction.

interrogative

In

clauses

subordinate

is introduced

Noun 494.

259

more

clause

subordinate

(1)

or

of their

predicates

and

bjects

CLAUSES

in

apposition

The

fact

could

in

apposition

We

had be

that

not a

safe.

be hope

he

was

beaten

denied. that

you

might

KNGUSH

LONGMANS'

0

Noun

495.

clauses,

ubject

position,

and In

496.

clauses,

clauses

objective

Then

Afterwards by

em

their A

497.

e

Noun in

pear

clauses

preposition. first find the

clauses:

the

cip pri

were

sentence

will recognize

you

verbs. is most

conjunction

often

joined

that;

as,

That

subject.

as

clause

best

the

are

Noun

have

you

to

the

rest

dot

me

wronged

hath

heard

that

men

of

f

is

th

men.

as

clause

He

object.

The

complement.

predicate

truth

tired.

am

Noun

in

clause

The

498.

as

predicate

494). a

is

complement)

noun

ofte

as,

itted; He

and

whether

of few

men

is I

truth

Other

499.

heard

hath

The

on

If you page

that, whether, questions

terrogative pronouns.

introduce

conjunctions which if [ whether]; as,

best.

noun

clause

=

look 221,

and

if he the

at

you

if)

will are

(direct or adverbs,

he

whether

I wonder

500.

the

are

words

tired.

am

I doubt

In

it introduces

(when

that

or

object

in par.

(See examples

apposition.

conjunction

used

ause

S

uses

this.

Noun

rds

as

clause

a

though

as

the

analyze

the

to

their

clauses,

sentence

proceed

clause

by

predicate

complex

containing

noun

sentence

,

a

analyzing

to

according

called,

object

predicate.

mple.

are

clauses

GRAMMAR

can

come.

table see

of subordinating

that

called

come.

can

these

introductory

indirect) clauses

interrogative

three

tions conjun

conjunction

conjunction are

introduced

adjectives, or

tive interroga-

CLAUSES

NOUN

26

,

Exercise

205.

1.

the

That be

found

never

wn.

5.

Whether

b. Pick 7.

His

ire

the

I

come

can

the

that

was

I ought

ther

Pick

c.

clauses

brother

was

hidden was

away

is firmly

no

believed.

will

you

noun

complements.

in

die

hope

The

he

was

Ou

8.

battle.

9.

return.

Her

10.

predicate

might

might

go.

the

out

went

thief

as

used

he

father

is that

belief

My

our

money

clerk

the

was

that

to

the

That

subject

is doubtful.

noun

our

2.

the

as

used

clauses

Where

Why

groom

was

wish

noun

is certain.

3.

4.

out.

That

out

lost

hope.

our

the

out

was

ship is

saved

Pick

a.

"

question

told

the

truth.

as

objec

prosper.

clauses

used

as

said.

13.

We

or

objects,

prepositions. 12.

I

asked 14.

ing.

.

s

hear

is?

18.

19.

I will

in

I

again

501.

We

we

Looking

use;

have

the

sense

it

bject and

a

noun

in apposition

is the

clause

noun

it is used

ompare

with

of

the

to

the

work 20.

H

me

asked

ill.

after or

expletive

23.

the

It

cate, predi

preparatory

"It

as,

predicate;

bring

expletive

the

the

sentence

apposition

sentence

it, but

with

subject the

called

is likel

verb use

before

of there}

the pars.

subjec looking

is the

noun

grammatical

logical subject (see

the the

a

such

sometimes

clause

the

coining

of

is in

therefore

The

clause

the

grammar

logic

or

it.

it.

soon"

rain

noun

afford

with

before

the

at

it, and

the

find

often

shall

can

you

He

were

where

216.

it coming

noun

should

do 21.

man.

rich say

object]

if you

right

can

how

orders.

inquired

you

par.

used

you

obeying

He

whether

Read

and

was

22.

of

how

a

was

ar

you

was

Who

17.

[indirect

me

that

he

Robins

liked.

explain

he

that

wanted.

question

Tell

know

that

Mr.

that

is much

he

that

sum.

right

believed

man

thought

garden

t

t

The

Everybody We

you

what

par.

logical

216).

subject 407-409.]

LONGMANS1

2

pletive

It

after is

It

noun

with the

Noun

clause

as

clause

grammatical

subject (with

verb

he

that

said

GBAMMAR

ENGLISH

was

That

he

That

the

was

It)

no

is said.

guilty

guilty. It

is

prince

is

It you

doubtful

Exercise

ee par. King

time

pened.

5.

The

fact

Who

ended A

a

noun

noun

.

.

.

.

.

.

noun

a

or

Noun

clause,

and

a

phrase

element

The

noun

demanded

can

with what

the

news.

work.

8.

spots?

come.

be

be

expanded

int

shortened

into

Where

are

noun

a

Moses

clause

buried

was

known.

It is uncertain

why

was

peace

made. the

of He

said

thus,

uncertain. They

tol

him

often

may

expanded

peace

to

may

not

for

hear

has

sun

was

him

to

made

promised

known.

reasons

the

It

'Tis

not

him

clause

of Moses

place

did

element

element

phrase

that

;

3. little

you

in

had

you

phrase

or

is not

that

a

or

burial

The

that

fled.

mattered

fact

the

this,

time

apposition

2.

come.

will

believed

we

explain on

502.

o

that

can

It

is strange

in

clauses

people

4.

cope.

It

in

subjects.

he

the

that

can

noun

logical

whether

Egypt

of

the

out as

used

is doubtful

It

ow

or

be

will

is doubtful.

Pick

"

you

is rp

is dead

prince

Whether

time.

206.

494),

the

whether

in

be

will

1.

that

reported is dead.

the

demanded

They

thief

thief. his

prove

punishment

cence. inno-

He

be

should

can

that

th

punished. he

that

prove

innocent. The

the

was

result

covery The dis-

is

study being

.

He

.

I trust

reason

our

for

That

here.

desires

us

we

go.

in his honesty,

He

desires

I trust

study

should for

reason

to

lead

that

was

discovered.

of lead. To

was

result

that

being that

he

we

is

our

here.

should

is honest.

go

Noun

.

How

man

We

was

We

or,

to

wisdom

We

saw

soe. Cru-

learned.

giving

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noun

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CLAUSES

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26

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269

CLAUSES

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adverb

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GRAMMAR

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table

my

by

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27

it whole

make eyes

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him

stay,

because

necessary

rotten.

you

I will

enter,

feeble.

calls

country

each

the

out

adverbial

modifies. man

lest

he

that

eats

3.

eat.

may

tiptoe,

love

for

came,

4.

was

was

ship

I

me.

not

were

We

9.

we

for

sent

could Corruption

the

2.

me.

dog

The

for

my

he

you

Parliaments

temperate

on

horse.

a

on

man

fellow

the

honey?

than

7.

The

What

sinning.

clever.

called

6.

sea,

219.

that

a

than

8.

2.

sweeter

the adverbial

out

as

rest.

what

A

es

it.

because

Exercise

1.

came,

Since

serve,

than

have

you

I

may

10.

faster

men

Pick

their

go

you

some

small.

for

ld

is

learn.

will

"

3.

you

ors,

What

was

ice.

as

cold

against

he

as

because

me.

e

goes

273

modifies.

came

ted

as

sinned

you

each

I

1.

3.

more

Exercise what

lion?

lucky

as

the

are

more

man

was

ral

hands

bicycle

a

CLAUSES

lest

Beware

fall.

you

baby.

the

wake

should 6. judged. she

2.

live.

may

4.

5.

She

Judge

"

that may

be

ye

the

win

8.

me. more

to

I

each

what 1.

The

it.

2.

"

Pick

out

in

the

better

hear.

believe.

may

you

they

may

I

might

10.

Have

that

order

may

you

that

go,

that

so

11.

Awake

judge.

the adverbial

clauses

of

result

and

the

top

modifies.

mountain That

may

so

is studying

people

window,

that

you

boy

The my

silent,

honor,

220.

Let

the

Be

9.

that

Exercise

to

went

mine

senses,

7.

prize.

clearly.

pect

r

not

man

is is

so so

high

that

dishonest

you

that

cannot no

one

see

trusts

him.

The

king 4.

belled.

was

such

Tom

was

loved that

le

ick

Exercise

d

I

Pick

nished

all likewise

all

him.

ust

7.

we on

lled

had

known

you.

9.

10.

ince.

em

.

Though

If

12.

now.

you

11.

full

However

If

thy

3.

he

town,

you

took

his

in

hand

have

you

eye

right

brings

offend he

have

should

life, bury

him

wicked

tears,

li di

may

you

we

the

have

should

whoever

in

will

yet

I

however

were

will

repent

me,

slay

welcome

join

You

ye

here

laws

modifies.

2.

Except

book-knowledge

of

is such

of condition

each

it.

been

the

be

hand

unpunished.

letter

what

Though

obey will

Though

is

coat

clauses

wish

brother

must

Help

compani

James's

of

My

Your

say

if you

4.

your

You

6.

them. If

Had

and

better.

perish.

5.

him.

ld

do

you

unless

6.

7.

cold.

440)

you

with

him.

for

tired

so

the adverbial

out

{see par.

come

will

were

all his

that

la

at

it.

read

"

concession

of 1.

221.

the

subjects

fellow

people

fight

fear

not

I cannot

that

rawl

The

not

would do

I

that

5.

kind

a

his

that

tyrant

a

such

him.

they

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

4

as

shall to

prepare

thee,

pluck

may

be,

she it

he

no

is

out

no

se.

14.

Had

she had

She

lived

[

=

On

upward

Sharks

coast

cloud.

near,

seemed that

white

containing I

(a)

am

to-day,

fly,

I but

along

of sentences

died

crowd

bright

yon

thick

more,

not

could

the

hovered

Analysis

the

in

though

16.

have]

wings

bathe

I'd

twelvemonth

would

Above

15.

517.

a

in

sea-brink.

adverbial

blood

^

Stepp'd Returning

in

so

far

were

that, as

I wade

should

tedious

as

go

no

o'er.

more,

clauses

declarative

lex

ject:

275

CLAUSES

ADVERBIAL

^

sentence.

7

icate: in

Stepp'd

am

blood

far

so

(connective)

{that Returning

result,

showing

(adverbial

tedious

as

were

of

modifier

adverb

clause

so)

'

(conj. adverb) [is tedious] [to] go o'er

as

degree,

showing as

I

clause

half

me

That

thy

From

The

lex

my

brain

declarative

of

ve ad

tedious)

understood) more (adverbial fier modi-

were)

gladness know,

must

madness

lips

listen

should

world

the

harmonious

Such

verb

clause

concession,

showing

of

(b) Teach

no

wade

should

modifier

preceding

(connective

[though]

(adverbial

flow,

would

then

as

I

am

listening

now.

sentence.1

ject: Such

harmonious

madness

[that] (connective

understood)

the

listen

world

should

showing

am

listening manner,

1J3ee the

modifier

result,

(adverbial of

clause

adj. such)

(conj. adv.)

as

I

then

diagram

now

of of this

(clause

verb

sentence

should

modifier,

listen.)

in par.

551.

showing

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

6

GRAMMAR

edicate:

(adverbial modifier That

(pronoun,

222.

1.

They

sinning.

they

want.

5.

6.

Since

uld

not

go

ye

be

soon

ye me,

slay

king

some

more

have

men

because

freel

we

The

rotten.

8.

Judge

that

senses,

travels I will

so

you

if you

come

14.

As

a

you

There, The

a

where

the

So

honor

19.

few

torn

breaks

sun

peereth The

Though

nose

and

shrubs modest

preacher's

village

As

eyes

through in

the

teardrop

it dim

by

it whole

make

Though

lives,

man

meanest

the

red?

the

can

disclose,

place

rose.

darkest

clouds,

habit.

blame,

warrior's

aim?

h

wish

crying

mansion the

wh^

are

may

tha

die.

Could

not

that

slowly

perish.

15.

sailor

tyrant

a

such

him.

man

7.

likewise

shall

a

I obey.

was

12.

down.

went

am

more

your

Laziness

I trust

Till your

18.

was

The

ye

will

16.

17.

ship

him.

repent, yet

me

Awake

I

serve,

we

9.

overtakes

Except

modifier

sun

3.

The

calls

the

11.

rebelled.

verty

he

10.

judge.

bjects

Freely

for

sea,

judged.

not

better

st

to

4.

country

my

brai

thy

sentences.

the

as

lion?

the

than

than

ve.

at

lamps

against

more

condition,

flow)

would

following

the

the

trimmed is stronger

What

ness glad

gladness)

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"

showing

of know) object (adjective clause,

know

noun

Exercise

clause

verb

of

must

e

.

understood) half [to] me (object) [of] the

Teach

[thou]

lips

my

[if](connective

nned

e

flow From

would

20.

impulse

One May

Of

moral

Shut

Could

I but

25.

So

faint

No

more

In

I

When

over

the

Had

26.

27.

As

28.

The

babe

We

walked

She

was

the

rose

a

was

Examine

a

lea, tower .

its knee.

drifting

snow

she

pressed, breast.

her

on

sleeping

bright

while

and

red

sun.

morning

she

fretted

the

with

delight,

of

phantom

first

bear.

cloud

and

along,

feet can

smoky

round

the

fight.

frame

church

hamlet

a

When

518.

old

traitor,

tottering

wood

through

Up

no

air

away.

I should

palsied

blue

Hung

a

day

the

now

gone

see

these

am,

my

the

are

bravely

passed.

dead. for

light

man,

of

can.

I

as

wood

good,

sages

eyes,

the

How

24.

of

lying

your

And

23.

and

morning her

vernal

more

evil

I found

a

you

all the

Next

22.

from

teach

Than

21.

27

CLAUSES

ADVERBIAL

upon

gleamed

my

clause

subordinate to call it.

well

sight.

before

making

"

your

mind

ferent

work

what

in different

when

I know

the

"When

w,

and

he

was

out

when

a

noun

clause

may

arrived.

hour

is in

arrived"

therefore

he

same

thus,

sentences;

I know

I

The

when

he

the

he

arrived.

arrived. first

clause;

sentence

in

the

the

second

object sentence

d

the

modifies the

third

223.

in

the

I cannot

6.

As

7.

I bless

each

subordinate

lives?

2.

i

clause

I live where

lives

he

lives.

can

not

5.

write.

fool

the

He

writes

how

7.

I reached

thinketh.

8.

As

bells

the

were

ing, ring

sleep. I first

when

My

11.

"you

saw

10.

you. was

sister

I remember

abroad

when

16.

is the

ajl

when

13.

expecting.

he

whence

came.

This

are

I

the

see

person

expecting.

asked

he

ence

s

kind

ringing.

you.

whom are

We

17.

day

saw

see

you

14.

was,

you.

I

om

antf is therefore

verb

he

so

were

could

the

first

saw

12.

bells

children

I

en rst

he

where

where village he tell how

the

as

the

clause

adjective

the

of what

bell tinkleth

the

door

Say

"

know

4.

e

an

clause.

you

I live

is therefore

and

it modifies

sentence

Exercise Do

hour,

noun

adverbial

1.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

8

He

hour

are

must

return

when

all

is the

Oxford he

whence

are

Do

19.

asleep.

15.

came.

know

you

came.

18.

asleep.

cit

The

when

thie all

ar

leep? 20.

know

I roses

ere

roses

where

Bees

22.

grow,

hum

Classification We

519.

begun

ements

I.

are

Word

in par.

elements

may

subject.

J$)

the

object.

Ac)

the

predicate

the

verb

(d)

/

/

(e) the

roses

the

garden

grow.

Elements

the

complete

classification

455.

the

/{a)

is

This

where

op

to

now

able

21.

grow.

be

complement.

(always regarded

subject, object,

or

as

a

complement

word

element). of

a

verbal.

.

.

e

OF

CLASSIFICATION

ELEMENTS

279

including

(/)an adjective modifier, adjectives, participles,

(g) an (h) a (i) an

nouns

or

pronouns

nouns

or

pronouns

in apposition, in the possessive

case.

modifier.

adverbial

(conjunctions), element connective independent (expletives and element

Phrase

may

elements

tions). interjec-

be

(a) subject (an infinitive). (6) object (an infinitive). (c) object of (d) predicate

a

(an infinitive). (an infinitive or a prepositional

preposition

complement

phrase).

(e) object or (/)

an

("/)an Clause

a

adjective

modifier

verbal. ) (an infinitive

adverbial

modifier

J

of

complement

may

elements

sitional

or

a

prepo-

phrase).

be

(a) subject. (6) object. (c) predicate

complement.

(d) object (e) object

or

complement

of

a

of

being

a

relative

a

clause

introduced

a

clause

in apposition.

modifier by or adverb an

either

clause,

examination

by

a

conjunctive adverb,

(introduced

(g) adverbial

From

verbal.

preposition.

(/) adjective modifier,

520.

a

a

by

subordinating of this table,

a

conjunctive conjunction). it is

seen

that

the predicate an complement, object subject, the object, an of a verbal, complement adjective modifier, and an

LONGMANS'

0

modifier

verbial

224.

Exercise

of the kinds

ch

a

of

1.

He

loseth

that

2.

My

you

left

nothing

that

honestly

be

to

endeavor

sit loose

habits is

a

ric

He

6.

Blessed

is giddy

that

is he

that

beholders

wherein

but

their the

thinks

is that

acquire

you.

glass

face

can

you

upon

of

sort

everybody's

5.

habit

convenient

most

your

scover

Analysis

for

has

519

poor.

Satire

4.

Sentences

conscience

is that

advice

The

tting

the table in par.

in

mentioned

his

illustratin

'

contentedly

3.

element,

word

sentences

original

Complex

keeping.

rth

in

elements

Miscellaneous

a

either

element.

clause

Bring

"

be

each

may

or

element,

rase

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

own.

turns

world

expecteth

generally

round.

for

nothing,

he

shall

never

disappointed.

7.

lay

at

is the

This

in the

house

8.

9.

range

10.

When

is not

In

bulk

the

caught Jack

that

It

the

infant

like

the

ate

malt

tree

a

better

man

make

begins

that

built.

growing doth

rat

to

be.

it thinks

walk,

it

lives

i

times.

This

It's

like

morning,

That 11.

that

cat

to

means

be

finding

easy

the of

spirit note,

reasons

of

a

youth

begins why

betimes. other

folks

should

tient. 'twas

12.

I knew

13.

The

truth

And

time

you

to

I, for speak speak

many

doth it in.

do

call

lack

me

some

fool. gentleness,

b

OF

ANALYSIS

14.

Soon

the

as

The

takes

To .

the

the

up

climber

Thoughts

is

17.

Truth

flower

h

as

18.

Laziness

the

ladder

blows

that

be

to

face.

his

turns

can

give

deep

for

tears.

soiled

by

any

lie too

often

impossible

as

tale.

wondrous

upwards

do

that

281

prevail

ambition's

tjhe meanest

me

SENTENCES

shades

is young

Whereto

16.

evening

moon

Lowliness

15.

COMPLEX

outward

sunbeam.

travels

so

Poverty

that

slowly

soon

overtakes

. 19.

I stood As

20.

the

all but

22.

A

time

That

which

is

23.

They

24.

He

of a

that

fle.d.

ground

began,

griefs

its

maintained for

competency

Had

I but

I had

most

govern to

ascends

who

loftiest

one

died

man.

is

man

I. love

my

Where

peace

As

modest

I feared Where

first

who

so

nothing

stillness

one

gay,

garden

gladsome

view

chance

home,

pretty

look

there's

to

this

all things

This

In

before

and

time.

little

My

find

in clouds

wrapped

hour

an

noise. shall

mountain-tops

blessed

a

least

make

most

peaks

lived 26.

28.

deck

another.

The

27.

hour.

the

England's

ere

rood

for

had

was,

every

midnight,

burning

the

him

When

ugh

25.

there

at

striking

on

stood

Whence

21.

were

clocks

boy

The

bridge

the

on

loved

of

bright May.

becomes

a

humility.

and

my

so

native it

now

spot was

not.

man

snow.

no

2

LONGMANS'

29.

Clouds

ENGLISH

love

that

Ere

the

On

30.

heads

those

gain

31.

32.

Mr.

loss

down

Not

35.

know

To

Than

36.

Go

I

when

Of

38.

was

deserts

a

have you

true

a

and

Sentences

lled

llow

The one

be

to

abide

died.

uncommended have

die

sprung

men

no

and

history.

all the thou

born

do

to

earnest

will.

by

of two

or

more

simple

coordinating

or

complex

conjunctions

a

sentences.

compound

522.

up

made

connected

sentences

heaven

SENTENCES

COMPOUND 521.

goes

boy.

make

whate'er

With

which

west.

off from

where

where

must

Do

star,

darkened

Hadst

Thou

bear

can

joy

37. In

I

morning

the

poor

and

rich

sway.

know.

can

the

it there

search

enjoy.

knew

patience

further

I'm

employ

done

was

shall

ne'er

behind

'tis little

Now

I

sets

cares

ne'er

never

posterity

as

set,

do

we

With A

can

Caesar

33.

his

Nobody.

Regions Thy

They

he

ill

the

hills.

should

riches

Half

fasten

will

miser

By

34.

stills,

towering

of

the

strange

To

its fury

hasten,

to

air

themselves

the

'Tis

through

storm

Helmet-like

GRAMMAR

of

members

a

without

another The

way

The

minstrel

was

long, was

sentence

compound

expressed the infirm

wind and

sometimes

conjunctions; was

old.

cold,

a

COMPOUND

In

the

SENTENCES

have

we

sentence

preceding

283

three

coordinate

:

uses

1.

The

way

2.

The

wind

3.

The

minstrel

The

523.

by

ned

clauses

expressed

A

had

constancy

And

life is thorny

of

In

In

525. or

of

.The good"

compound

though

it stood a

analyzing

youth

by

joined

clauses

some

upon

tions. conjunc-

other

are

clauses

part

pende inde-

quite

it

treat

sentences

each

nate coordi-

alone. sentence

compound

nor,

and

be

may

which to

necessary

contains

in

put

a

negation.

be

may

225.

1.

Ye

2.

The

stream

And

the

2.

He

was

will

riot

And

nor

and

a

sentences.

shall the

ye

spreading

from oak,

seat,

mossy

the

turf

gurgled

at

a our

fountain feet.

it.

touch

hill will

away

all passed

a

from

following

flow

beneath

Beside And

the

have

lay

clever,

clever.

not

it, neither

of

not

[not] good.

was

eat

colors We

boy

Analyze

"

not

shall

3.

The

was

into

separated 1.

boy

"The

sentence

compound

Exercise

above,

other.

neither

erb

truth,

is vain.

coordinate

analyzing as

clause

usually

youth,

poison

is dependent

clause

each

in

in realms

cofirdinate

are

as,

can

and

sentence;

complex

524.

lives

old.

sentence

friends

tongues

five

and

compound

been

And

have

infirm

conjunctions;

whispering

we

cold. was

a

But

subordinate

a

was

of

They

Here

long.

was

broke

not

her

rise eyes.

was

LONGMANS'

4.

The

Outdid

6.

rainbow

And

lovely

The

good no

A

"I

Note

were

here

clause.

The

es

Charity not

2.

He

3.

You

says

"

or

not

coordinate

a

of

simple

may

a

and

be

also

we

when

and

complex

I lie not."

and

clauses

onl

complex

is kind,

he

know,

clauses

is

sentence

Analyze

the

we

compoun

were

going

which

ate

an

compound

ord sub sentence

complex

the

sentences.

it

misery

bu

relieves,

it creates.

misery

means

he

and

what

a

a

coordina

saw.

following of

much

he

as

regarded

assertion,

have

cannot

up

made

because

I do

be

whole

all the

what

of

sister

may

creates

relieve

but

subordinate

principal

226.

Exercise 1.

two

they

one

your

be

back."

together

but

ving

saw

coming

have

hollo.

may

subordinate

"We

play

mariner's

what

behind

follow,

or

is clever;"

speak

that

as,

food

brother

my

he

"I

as,

clause;

did

clauses,

love

goes,

still blew

sentence

because

him

We

bird

simple

as,

we

sweet

compound

coordinate

627.

wind

the

.

rose,

south

to

they

glee.

and

is the

for

but

in

waves

comes

day

any

Came

en

at

The

Nor

526.

danced,

them

sparkling

But

mire

e

the

5.

auses;

u

beside

waves

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

means

like,

you

but

what

you

can

he

says.

like

what

have.

4.

The

serious

5.

He

laugher for

that

regardeth

will

those

be

that

observeth the

clouds

for

those

have

most

the

wind

shall

not

that

have

most

wit,

sow,

and

reason.

shall reap.

not

an

REVIEW

6.

If

We

thought

And How

the

I do

Or When Let

the

read

locks

these

lines

Review

528.

called 529.

the The

ng

Separating

the

analyzing Every

sentence

into

with of

shine

ointment

mine.

its unit-parts

or

elements

sentence.

have

must

is what

by

The

two

parts,

the

subjec

Sometimes

is said

subject

substantive

noun.

(2) A

pronoun.

(4)

An

(5)

A

(6)

A

the

person

as

infinitive

used

as

to

the

person

be

may

used

noun.1

a a

noun.

gerund. noun

clause.

substantive

(1)

A

noun.

(2)

A

pronoun,

substantive.

or

about

adjective

object

an

denoting

to).

subject.

(1) A

The

words

the

(3) An

531.

are

you

predicate.

denoted

bject

again

sentence

predicate

530.

1

Learn

or subject is the word (or spoken spoken about

The

ng

a

his head.

o'er

Analysis

op

,

tread

speak.

and

reigns

pillow,

old can

you

but

thyself;

bed

narrow

would

how

for

wise it.

lonely

stranger

know

285

his

his

whether

Cato

rigid

the not

rose

bear

shalt

down

and

be

hollowed

we

smoothed foe

ANALYSIS

shalt

alone

as

8.

9.

thou

wise, thou

scornest,

thou

7.

be

thou

OF

adverb

used

may

[like the

etc. as

be

a

noun

(see

subject (par. 530) par.

459)

may

be

t

532.

The

predicate

(1-6)

A

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

base

complement

noun,

[like the

etc.

be

may

subject (par. 530)].

Also,

(7) An

adjective.

(8) An

infinitive

(9) 533.

A

A

noun

(1) An (2)

noun

(3)

A

noun

or

se,

or

An

or or

(5) A

prepositional

An

the

object

the

object (2)

A

(3)

An

or

a

adjective

clause.

a

a

whether

gerund,

the

substantive,

of

phrase.

phrase. phrase.

or

case.

possessive

participial

infinitive

infinitive

An

b

may

in apposition.

pronoun

participle

(1)

ment comple-

preposition,

in the

pronoun

(4) A

(7) An

534.

a

of

object

predicate

subjec

adjective.

A

(6)

the

the

as

used

whether

substantive,

the

or

substantive, by dified

adjectively.

phrase.

pronoun,

object

used

phrase

prepositional

or

the

stantive,

_

predicate be

may

preposition,

as

used

the

sub jec

complement

by

enlarged

object. complement.

adverbial

(word,

element

phrase,

clause). 535.

The

predicate

base

intransitive

consists

(1)

An

(2)

A

transitive

verb

(3)

A

transitive

active

(4)

A

copulative

of

verb.

verb

in

the

verb with

passive with the

its

voice.

object.

predicate

complem

OF

REVIEW

The

536.

base

predicate

(1) Modifiers or

the

the

of

(see

is

complement

An

as

l

e,

a

degree,

place, or

538.

Any

(word,

Sentences

540.

A

541.

ncipal one

dicates 542.

cause,

are

a

prepositional by

or

adverbial

clause). modifier,

modifiers,

expressing

purpose,

result,

be

but

condi tion,

or

is either

sentence

a

is

pronoun

an

tive adje

clause). complex,

one

which

the

or

compound.

has

subject

of their Subordinate Noun

is

one

which,

predicate

(simple

subordinate

clauses

and

more

(1)

or

or

one

only or

the

subje

predicate,

compound.

complex

subject

noun

simple,

sentence

simple

may

a

phrase,

predicate;

A

of

modifier

539.

both,

manner,

a

adverbial

adverbial

cate predi

adjective,

modified

an

the

concession.

element

one

have

may

an

phrase,

or

modifier

adjective verb,

be

(word,

elements

When

or

gerund,

it may

phrase,

537.

a

complement

predicate

532-534).

pars.

infinitive,

(s

substantive

object

534).

and

(3) Enlargements base

word,

elements).

of the

533

pars.

(adverbial

verb

clause

Enlargements

287

have

may

of

phrase,

(2)

ANALYSIS

or

besides

compound), with

own.

clauses

are

clauses.

(2) Adjective clauses. (3) Adverbial clauses.

divided

only

into

subjects

one

contai

an

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

543.

544.

A

An

noun.

545.

An

noun

The

subject.

(2)

The

predicate

(3)

The

object.

(4)

The

object

of

(5)

The

object

or

(6)

In

546. more

A

njunctions.

clause

a

sentence

preposition.

complement

always are

of

a

verbal.

sentence

simple

or

modify

adverbial

in par.

mentioned

some

modifies either

may an

or

element,

sentences,

complex

apposition.

adverbial

compound

a

complement.

adjective clause Adjective clauses (see par. 509).

sorts

in

be

may

(1)

adjective of the

clause

GRAMMAR

noun

descriptive

a

verb,

element,

or

or

a

and

te de

verbal, may

537.

is

one

complex,

which

joined

consists

by

of two

coordinating

SUPPLEMENT

I. Analysis To

547, to

diagram the

show "I

tence

a

is to

sentence

it in such

write

of its parts.

relations

letter

the

HI

Diagrams1

by

grammatical

wrote

PART

TO

way

Thus

th

diagrammed:

may

be

draw

first

to-day"

a

I letter

wrote

the

to-day

In making

548.

e,

this

above

and

base,

dicate

mple

above or

a

a

copulative

by

a

transitive

verb

and

(read

verb;

verb the

horizontal

and

or,

crossing

again as

its

th

and

line

vertical

intransitive

a

substantive

base

predicate

an

given,

subject

them

The

merely

always

the

write

line.

be

may

diagram,

separating

horizontal

5)

a

par

in

th

sub sta

object complement

predicate

e. The

e.

verb A

ulative

by

is to

substantive

object a

light

by

a

That

dash; is the That

separated

line, not

base

complement

predicate verb

vertical

be

crossing

from the

is separated

thus, American is

flag.

flag

"

American the 1

See

"Notes

for Teachers," 289

p.

325,

Note

33.

the

tran siti

horizontal from

th

0

LONGMANS'

(a) Modifiers

549.

ey

modify,

in the

and

Words

(6)

Since

they

t

be

227.

by

their

in the

position

gr di

in

separated

Examine

"

infinitive

an

of

the

elements,

a

or

a

two

more

prepositional

diagram.

following diagrams

the

or

and

t

sent

b

show. Slowly

1.

pleasure,

in brackets.

put

simple

base

the never

Exercise

be

show,

are

phrases

must

ase

what

join.

forming

rds

left, at

the

or

right

below

placed

given.

to

are

must

they

what

the

already

supplied

to 'be

always

to

either

(c) Connectives

(d)

are

diagrams

two

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

and

From

the

we

laid

field

I

his

of

down

him

laid

we

sadly

fresh

fame

gory.

and

him

|

down

Slowly

fresh

gory

j

sadly

and From

field the

of fame his

2.

My

sister

from

ress

I

and

received

a

box

Ohio.

sister My

3.

I

am

sorry

to

find

am

you

"

here.

sorry

to

find

1 you here

yesterday,

The

4.

breath

cool

SENTENCES

COMPLEX

OF

DIAGRAMS

breath

in

The

To

did

our

I often

thiee did

Through

nostrils.

nostrils

morning

of

seek

our

was

cool

5.

in

was

morning

of

291

the

on

and

woods

rove

green.

rove

|To

often

|thee

seek

Through

woods

on

,

green

the

228.

Exercise

"

Diagram

the

found

sentences

on

pages

-258.

In

550.

just

element

use

diagrams

the

having

ment

the

of complex we

where

a

place

should use

same

sentences,

or

word

in

office

we

the

place or

phrase

sentence.1

s,

1.

Subject

That

clause. have

you

not

is your

succeeded

fault.

own

That* have

you

is

succeeded

fault

"

own

not

your

1

tical 1

that

in the

line to

separate

Note

That,

in

sentence

diagrams the

No.

of

principal 1,

is

an

complex verb

sentences

from

introductory

its

we

use

a

doubl

subject substantive. conjunction.

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

2.

Object

They

GRAMMAK

clause.

tell

me

been

have

you

ill to-day.

somewhat

[that]

3.

Do

Object

clause.

know

you

he

who

Do

you

4.

Subject

It is

a

is?

Ihe

know

is

who

"

clause.

fact

he

that

saw

you.

It* that he

saw

is

you

fact

"

a

5.

Predicate

The

main

clause.

is whether

question

a

such

plan

is wise,

whether 18-1

question

'

The

Clause

We

had

in a

such

apposition.2

hope

that

We

had

you

would

that you

would in

Such

a

a

sentence

is

an

in time.

come

| hope

a

It, in such

wise

"

a

mam

6.

is

plan

"

as

No.

4, is

an

element.

come

time

expletive

(See

or

par.

attendant

507).

element.

DIAGRAMS

COMPLEX

OF

SENTENCES

293

7. Adjective clause. The

hath

that

man

tagems,

and is

man

no

in himself

music

fit

"

for

treasons r

stratagems

"

[

himself

Adjective

|

no

clause.1

ink

is the

Here

I

which

prefer. ink

is

Here

the

| which

prefer

9.

Adjective

Is this

clause. you

what

want? Is"

this

Adjective

Such

clause.

the

was

[that]

I what

want

you

10.

spoils

and

| music

hath

that

.

2

land]

8.

treasons,

spoils.

he

in

is fit for

in

position

was

position

I found

which

myself.

Such

"

the

| myself

found

in which2 1

Note

that

be 2

like

yet

fer, and

next

placed

Note

that

found

myself

tion.

Both

ence

ifier

11,

of

was,

in this

which,

the

joining

the

phrase

these

and

in

and facts

also

a

which that

the

the

page,

stem

it

is

adverbial

whole

diagram

conjunctive

as

serves

ink.

an

adverb

a

the

modifies In

while

object

connective

modifier

clause

shows.

as

placed

from

the

connective.

be

must

pronouns,

all relative

whereT),

next

diagram,

the

is

same an

an

of the

foun noun

way

adverbial

11.

Adverbial

My

cousin

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

4

clause.

Jot^

I

called while

was

out.

out

12.

Adverbial

I

clause. can

can

far

as

walk

1

as

you.

walk far as

[can walk]

you

as

Exercise

4,

Diagram

"

269,

276,

Study

the

268, 551.

229.

(6)

and

tence,

277,

and

a

That

Such

madness

half

the

lips

my

listen

then

harmonious

as

I

am

lips my

[if]

See

a

long

pars.

page

complex

flow,

would

From

1

(a)

madness

flow

would

Such

of

gladness know, must

brain

harmonious

should

on

sentence.

thy

From

world

diagrams

compound me

found

sentences

280-282.

following

(a) Teach

The

the

419

and

514.

listening

now.

FOR

SENTENCES

(6) Thrice Whose

armed

that

but

naked

though

conscience

is armed

he

is he he

And

ANALYSIS

*

[is]

his

just,

quarrel

locked

in

up

steel

injustice is corrupted.

with

he

*

hath

295

naked

"

but Thrice though

[be] locked

[he]

in

up

steel

is corrupted

conscience

Whose

injustice

with

| quarrel

hath

that

[to be]

just

"

his

Miscellaneous

Sentences 1.

Opinion

2.

Give

ely 3.

in

to

ond

4.

5. 6.

All

is

the

and

Absence

Soothed

7.

birth

life-blood

grow

mortal

but

men

the Thine

white

is but

long

a

sleep

and

to

themselves.

grew

me,

forgetting.

argue

master-

fonder.

bed.

a

a

of

spread

my

to

and

watches

above

making.

purpose

king

night

angels

round

on

the

sound

wings

Watching

8. Our

all liberties.

heart

Through

Their

above

utter,

the

the

the

to

up

all

in

know,

treasured

with

May

knowledge

precious

makes think

men

to

conscience,

book

embalmed life.

rit,

liberty

Compound

and

Diagramming

and

is but

men

good

the

me

good

Analysis

for

according

A

Complex,

Simple,

vain.

a

li

6

9.

I knew

10.

e

.

a

"

11.

12.

hath

have

printers

street

the

the

and

gained

And

the

was

wild

nodding

most

by

with

the

wet

feet

woman's

breaking

The

On

a

And

thyme

blows,

violet

grows.

books

those

the

flocks

man

who

by

which

and

and

giant

branches

a

slow.

high coast,

rock-bound

against

snow,

weary

dashed

woods

on

were

falling

were

waves

stern

Their

Many

care

not

need

a

lost.

The

14.

if

that

nation.

whereon

ox-lips

Learning

13.

bank

a

Where

a

of

he

ballads

all the

laws

believed

that

cries.

nature

of

voice

man

wise

make

I know

the

tomb

very

the

make

the

to

permitted

ould

e

from

E'en

GRAMMAB

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

stormy

sky

tossed.

the

hill, but

thy

side

thou

wert

owned

none,

And

thy

16.

17.

from

mother

He

was

bed

The

well-springs

of

She Lest

she

Far

Tell

was

better

father

I said

weep.

that,

supply

seldom

"Good

they

to

speak,

say

it

After

the

field

a

was was

loved

from

comes

to

him.

shocking won.

she

life.

her he

lent.

one

night"

They

by

waken

when

spent,

come

than

was

none

all, yet

what

afraid

might

evermore

may

rain

them

pay

of

are

streams

clouds To

20.

low

his

For

19.

loved

O'er

The

18.

the-

for

sight

work

gone.

b

23.

24.

25.

.

.

21.

What

peaceful

hours

sweet1

their

How

But No

22.

Or

then fly

If thou

Think

that,

The

There's

woe

you

That

But

we

in

When He

stood

he

For

And

felt

his

Because

29.

he

told

Till

had

bed

she

moaning

relieved

For

turned

spider went

well

Would

she

he soon

into knew

him his the

come

fun

with

floor.

the

her died

then

door,

within, stained

hear

that

And

sum

run

was

first

God

I

window

soul

could

The

And

the

his

that

wave.

come

will

on

mother

In

The

by

a

wave

shouts

tumbles

alone

have;

we

seeking?

the

and

he

Till

love*

should

mighty

itself

to

screams

I

as

school

toddles

And

He

from

worst*

prove

care

Still be

must

the

speaking,

of

nothing

first,

on

writ,

why

all the

forever

light'st

I

woe

go

woe.

have

more

a

mid

things

I

another

succeeds

Think

for

cause

is past

one

Of

the

not

thou

that

all

void

do

seek

piece

more

still

Thus

27.

of

I look

more

When

the

still!

fill.

and

to

enjoyed!

aching

ever

abroad

dislik'st

an

home

at

once

memory

left can

world

Stay

26.

have

they

I

him

that

sob

and

sin, cry

lie.

wicked little

was

with

Jane;

lay

her

her

=

himself]

den, silly

back

pain,

away.

went

[

of

fly

again.

round

about,

31.

Whose

the

Books

a

33.

are

progeny

they kills

age;

he

but

34.

itself,

A

sun

first

One

sweet

He

lived

while

And

seize

but

long

that

it must

canst

Sound Jehovah

41. He

The is to

on

head,

has

spread,

yellow.

a

vernal

of

wood

.

man,

of

and

good

can.

sages

the

lives

To

40.

itsel

reason

epicure of

the

day.

present

time

the

and

well,

say,

would

misspent

lost.

And

best the

was

God's

wisely

fields

green

pleasures

39.

Thou

soul

contai

mellow

more

you

live,

the

not

mountain's

from

all the

you

kills

look

we

long

evil

moral

Live

lives

the

creature,

book

evening

teach

Than

if

lustre

impulse

Of

38.

as

active

reasonable

the

all the

May

37.

do

darkness.

above

Through

36.

but

things,

as

good

but

into

us

a a

light,

our

freshening

His

be

to

destroys

who

The

prayed

knee.

dead

kills

man

it smites

35.

they

are.

a

boast

We

tree,

as

parent

them

played

who

green

absolutely

life in

of

rest

mingled

one

not

potency

Who

same

voices

Around

32.

they

thus

parted Beneath

ose

t

And

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

8

follow

loud has

as

be

then

not the

thine

the

timbrel

creation

we

what

to

any

His

man.

soul

dark

of is to

sea! free.

are

people

conceive the

day

Egypt's

o'er

can

true,

the

night

false

triumphed,

notion

self be

own

God

the

body.

may

th

RULES

42.

OF

Waking

or

Thou

Whether

43. no

a

44.

they

as

may,

Trust

men

they

and

atly

45.

To

mortals

measure

mere

a

do,

dispute

and

they

and

to

46.

The

On

that

And

doubts

By

lose

us

make fearing

to

being

them

deal

order. move,

flowed, love

bestowed. traitors

are

the

we

whom

in good

worm

poor

Our

47.

with

boundless

His

of

portion

which

end. treat

you;

of all that

thy

whom

on

opinion

to

wrong

great.

or

Lord

or

right

without

true

him

words,

common

From

A

be

to

agreeably in good speak

of

wrangle

themselves

speak

than

affair

will

show

will

be

of government

but

fact,

of

matter

we

deem

deep and dream.

true

more

Than

29

asleep, death must

of

Things

SYNTAX

we

good

oft

might

win

attempt.

"

is like

Glory

48.

Which

never

I dare

Providence

tows

do

the

to

enlarge

all that

do

one

water

itself

it disperse

become

may

is

more

a

and

to

a

naught.

man;

none.

in the

impartial

seems

upon

riches

in

spreading,

dares

Who

50.

circle

ceaseth

broad

by

Till,

49.

a

dispensation

contempt

of

which

riches

upon

ther.

.

Rules 552.

ording

guage

of

Syntax to

by 1

Syntax treats

and

of

See

"Notes

the rules,

grammatical careful

Exercises

writers

and

for Teachers,"

for

construction

based

upon

Correction.1 of the

speakers. p.

325,

Note

34.

sentences use

of

the

The

553.

d

(2) in

others

th

kinds

the

Rules

The

2.

The

sentence;

kinds

certain

(3)

and

noun

or

the

of

nouns

of

words

use

correct

nouns

and is in

pronoun

is in

infinitive

an

of

subject

(of

case

governing

subject (par. 141).

e

of

agreement

case

cer ta

of

of words.1

554. 1.

the

(l)the

to

relate

of syntax

rules

pronouns;

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

0

pronouns). the

the

nominative

case

objective

324, 325). The

3.

in the

same

case

the

as

The

5.

a

of

object

of it

transitive

object of a (154, 160, jective case

326,

(148, or

verb

330,

(pr infinitiv

verb

copulative

subject

The

4.

a

of

complement

169,

306). is in

verbal

th

342). is in

preposition

the

objective

case

objective

case

61, 162). 6.

indirect

The a

thout

time,

of

e

objective case (168). pressed A

8.

A

9.

denoting

rund

any

the

different

a

it

with

directly

pronoun

used

preposition

objective.)

case

same

or

verb

governing

in apposition

pronoun

are

measurement

or

person

(149,

150,

limiting

a

167,

179

noun

is in the

thing

noun

another

with

or

possessive

(171). Nouns

10.

1

ds

Some in

2

as

(as, for

the to

regards

Sometimes "What,

placing

of

belong

to

mere

the him!"

th

par.

43

(153). also

example,

correlative composition

correctness

objective

in

are

exclamatorily

used

include

sentences

rather

ept

pronouns

grammarians

pecting

s

or

of exclamation.2

minative

"

a

or

noun

and

(Adverbial

is in

pronoun

space,

without

or

noun

is in the

verb

expressed.

preposition

Nouns

7.

a

of

object

case

rules the

of

order

caution

or

given

but

conjunctions), and

of order.

of pronouns

rhetoric See

arrangement

than

"order" is thus

in this to

subjec

grammar,

in the

used;

as,

Index.

"Ah

RULES

Nouns

11. the

or

or

form

The

13.

more

or

the

take

form,

as

An

17.

infinitive

in the An

18. an

infinitive

4,

142,

20.

21.

22.

36).

be

must

conflicting

th

with

in

antecedent

gender,

245). that

agree

their

nouns

except

as

with'

as

used

a

noun, ^

as

used

an

adjective

modifier

(323). be

may

of

modifiers

as

used

nouns,

predicate or

pronouns,

complem

gerunds

302). elements

modify

or

statements

whole

prepositional as

plement,

ifier

as

phrases, A

be

may

elements

Adverbial

erbs,

verb

connected

verbals,

(321).

case

modifier

Adjective or

a

verb. its

and

be

may

possessive

adverbial

19.

219,

and not

mood,

with

this

take

and

subjects (387, 389)].

principal

(218,

by

singular

clauses, or

subjec (364, 385)

of Use.

Rules

556.

th

its

with

number

connected

more

agrees

number

and

singular

of the

mood

adjectives (253).

number

no

in

are

rules,

agree

person

or

tense

pronoun

The

16.

but

participle,

above

should

in subordinate

and

son,

two

respects

A

15.

the

subjects

in the

verb

the

or

verb

respect

and

Verbs

14.

se

a

a

with

of

to

singular

plural;

or

are

person

(152).

a

of

in

stantive

a

of Agreement.

Rules

555.

any

case

absolute

inative

in addressing

used

to

30

(151).

pronouns

according

SYNTAX

used

of address

Nouns

erned

wo

pronouns

nominative

12.

OF

(464,

an

465,

Coordinating

phrase

adjective 472).

may

adjective

(414). be

modifier,

conjunctions

verbals,

verbs,

as

used or

join

as

a

predicate

an

adverbial

similar

elements

2

Subordinating

23.

the

they

words

conjunctions join (87,

modify

Subordinate

24.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

437,

clause

440).

be used

clauses may

subordinate

as

nouns,

adjective

(542).

adverbs

*

Exercises

e

Correctness

in

230.

following

sentences,

according

did

buy

Who

hn

was

uld

one

to

me,

9.

saw?

I

.

Call

.

Let

to

be?

5.

do

you

I

and is

msoever

A

I me

saw

who

is

sin

tall

as

the

to

the

show.

25.

sure

who

I should

beautiful

t a

thing

ustrious between

He

"

that

ever

time

the

was

will poor

John me

for. seen

my

duly

I

"

uncle's

I

report

spoke

t

not

he

came.

were

believe

me

had

never

be

she

26.

the

I

pony,

am

th

thought They

28.

29.

There

is small

laundry

and

a

who

tickets

plan.

in

meet

suppose

you

was.

give

my

him

to

given

it

It

18.

thought

it to

me

reward.

Chinaman

I

do

proved

I who

week.

will

like

Whom

To

I

be

should

me.

last

her.

as

19.

whom

27.

or

Thompson

it.

I

and

asked ask

pony

23.

enough.

but

never

22.

respect

15.

girl

21.

think

you

14.

Patterson,

from.

24.

taller,

Mr.

could

person

proper

delay.

You

book?

With

this

for

him.

came

that

of

blame.

ought

20.

10.

others.*

blame

who

you

neighbor's

untidy

to

he

as

do

Mr.

and

that

was

our

Whom,

you

Who

the

was

another

knows

letter

author

think

me.

as

who this

the

near

ought

you

anyone

ever

such

was?

at

for

I

8.

is

was

for

suppose

behavior

before

whom

never

he

4.

father,

done?

think

you

be?

matter

Now

who

standing

person

7.

who

go

a

(par. 554).

Did

to

me

upon

Flint's

responsible

persons

is

This

think

he

Jacobs,

2.

take

pronouns

1 to 12

from?

you

know

to

to Rules

us.

you

of the

case-forms

have

Mr.

like

should

eral

I

should

on

and

Inflections

depend

for

I think

Dr.

We

provide

Whom

he,

and

did

Syntax

op

that

Who

6.

what

the

3.

once.

at

able

.

you

like

you

Correct

"

me?

decide

h

Rules

Exercise

1.

.

the

on

who

are

ness like

Prince

IN

EXERCISES

ng,

he

who

ermined

to

Exercise

1.

again

We

n

one

4.

7.

town.

find

These

at

iting living

Oliver

ldren's'

the

Davises's

do.

would

home.

15.

of

White's

law

I I

is time

Dickens'

Mrs.

heard

We

Here

se

Wood's

or

the

ar

they

Boardman's

from

I wish

daughter

Moss'

Coffin

the

at

we

9. 10.

12.

bes

works.

office.

either

called

either

is the

store

summer.

said

want

houses.

11.

cottage.

14.

It

Williams'

Rugg's

this

I

Mr

Murray's

or

5.

one

Mr.

13.

clothing.

riage

and

Jones's

hats.

is

Twist

and

t

2.

safes.

Brown

this

Mr.

6.

the

at

Is

girl's

book.

in

nouns

Martin's

and

are

Stafford

Mr.

you

177.]

and

3.

is Harrington's

Where

are

sentences.

173

afire.

William's

or

Who

of the

writing

HalFs

of

is

the

172,

pars.

house

mmar?

30.

province.

following

the

have

kins'

Correct

"

in

case

[Read

whole

30

send?

231.

ssessive

a

rules"

SYNTAX

th

on

Robinsons's

tor.

232.

Exercise

In

"

fore the gerunds, [Read 1.

ieve

e

of

the

We

7.

. On

eived

pered.

do

I

Do

blowing

not

You

all the is

be

the

the

not

trouble. reason

hard

having

me

saying

being

sea

rough

been

having

for

Carter

They Mrs.

more

having

Weatherby

4.

not

could sisters

not

having

about

postponed

been

been as

spoken

was

prompt so

being

cau Be-

sailing.

go

anything we

3.

there.

is necessary.

we

2.

accident.

coming

two

your

of

10.

him

all that

Miss

afraid

of

9.

at

342.]

an

with

of

so

like

not

account

rting.

sed

possessives

the sentences

why

par.

met

doing

disappointed

6.

compare

and

account

them

wind

were

re.

on

in

confidence of

the meaning

having

you

left

they

324,

par.

again heard

I

tell from

and

use

sentences

incorrect.

are

given

following

the

sh

i

our

what

cordially so

good-

Exercise

ds

233.

In

"

in

given

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

following

the

from

select

the

give

and

parentheses,

sentences

t

for

reason

your

ection.

[Read

348

pars.

again

1.

(Assertions.)

a.

ill, shall) do he (should, see

ll)

dinner

should)

hould,

would)

hould,

would) I

few

do

him

ill, shall) do as I b. (Questions.)

say,

1.

2.

tonight? I

shall)

e

bring

to

him?

as

ould,

pay

234.

Exercise in

[Read 1.

g

money?

Each

or

own. Both Either

In

of them of

the 4. the you

the

cat

this

do

girls

of

is no

me?

for

ball-game?

the

I

and

for

go

Helen he

wonder?

(shall, will)

or

not

wishes

insist

it, why that

the

make

th

Maud

and

you

are

these

verb

to

go.

son

7.

2.

3.

work.

by stores

it.

for

time

finer

this

his

and I

with

go

sentences

domesticated

were

man

following

be

wish,

I

you

Do

They

subjects. 385-390.]

say

Neither

or

the

10.

their

pars.

again

one

ich

the

9.

it?

I said

again,

Since

8.

do

not

with

number

do?

if

me

should)

you

desire,

you

(Shall, will) (Will, shall)

you

"

as

to

them

should)

hall, will)

ee

7.

asked

you

now,

hand

on

stone

it.

you

place

be

you

6.

now?

ing-water

this

see

ever

(Shall, will) John and (Shall, will) he come

as

will) you, (Shall, will)

one

and

upon

(Shall,

(shal

asked

prize.

depend

may

you

He

the

win

"I

said

(would,

you

tol

(shall, wil

mentioned,

If

(shall, will)

you

church

9.

able.

"I

He

William

8.

he

be

not

7.

soon.

favor

3.

said,

said,

2.

now.

go

He

minutes."

the

be

not

William

dinner

to

come

4.

(shall, will)

6.

a

to

matter.

it.

about

There

5.

in

hope

(Will,

see

have

this

about

another.

ould,

re,

please

it."

upon

to

(will, shall)

I

would)

about

left

it

I

as

373.]

and

this have

earns

a

Mr.

Marvin

I wonder Whether th

people any

living

does

are

no

hammocks. by

fishing not

know

EXERCISES

ether

I is the

best

covered

are

t

been

to

are

of

made by

days

the

cherry

Exercise

sea

for

d

1. to

235.

are

the past

its

his

French.

has

her

beat

learn

just

headache

and

was

songs.

9.

Who

begun

ht

ore

at

the

nk

the

I

lion

Exercise

has

236.

these

boxes

I

13.

informed

am

that

fell

laid

I

Correct

had

have

had

drank

across

had

they as

away

it

The

down

set

swam

run

stole

sang

12.

after I

had

has

scarcely

him

saw

Mary

leg.

my

My

ha

already

child

lemonade

in the

the

The

They

he

said

down

I

has

4.

dog

The

7.

She

hurt

and

some

When

his leg.

mat.

be

had

children

5.

10.

14.

drunk

They

8.

13.

in.

form

the

correct

broke

the

on

bell?

o'clock.

16.

"

of

France.

down.

had

They

17.

here

The

had

laid

the

come

milk.

could.

The

.

I

2.

man

dog

rung

nine

15.

found

participle.

from

laying

rector

river.

The

The

11.

shell

sentences

brother.

back

6.

medicine.

the past

3.

came

dinner.

from

rose-leaves.

14.

want.

everybody,

keep

to

Each

contain

rocks

almost

unable

12.

the

of

that

purple

following

the and

has

one

Mary

men.

tense

Jack

we

all

In

"

of

wood

jury is all married

s

kind

think

you

Every

are

beautiful.

considered

are

book,

a

Do

It is said

10.

that

There

9.

it?

sea-weed.

30

8.

chosen.

make

reading

11.

ing.

have

one

with

while

ch

he

or

you

SYNTAX

IN

fas

i

eat

and

of his cage.

corner

in

tense-forms used

the

ing follo

sentences.

[Note

lps

to

aning "I

d

(1) that denote

completed

between hope

forms

have

to

a

hope

to

have

read

the

is

There

action.

"I

tense,

perfect

read

the

book

book

this

a

therefore and difference

this

morning"

morning."

(Pa

7).

(2) Statements "He

told

me

of permanent where

the

facts

Yosemite

are

put

Valley

in the is."

present,

The

(3)

He

1.

s

to

have

have

improved

dined

with

5.

clined.

ck

urneyed

the

sold

the the

t

was

seem

to

villa the

end He

told

Exercise

hill

237.

In

"

it

If

And

was a

313,

7.

man.

to not

6.

to-day.

dam

go

there

I

If

Though

the

he

Though

he he

(was,

again.

remember

Edmunds

I do

has

(be,

place

works

the

which

13.

On

is

earth

have

to

seen

reaching

14.

gone.

moving same

south.

opinion

sti

the indicative

use

intended.

to

I

If the 4.

he

I

(was, 9.

he yet

He

have

might

(be, is) the

no

there,

(be, i

man

a

very

would)

ever

that

no

(ri

to-morrow.

were)

changed is in

g

wondered

(should, If

not

water

we

change,

that

now.

will)

opinion

you,

If

me,

3.

same

doubt

is) ill,

(shall,

it?

certainly

(slay, slays)

in

break.

were) 8.

was

supposed

meanings

I

may

not

tha

proved fir-tree

317.]

be of the (shall, should) Supposing the (was, were) wind sail

the

always

sentences

I

ther

horse

were

to the

according

the

that

Shakspere's

is of the

he

to-night rains) if I (was, were) to do

higher

7.

river.

herds

to

yellowish.

Hartleigh

following

312,

th

surprised

(rain,

what

ses) much

line

the

that

the

subjunctive mood, [Read again pars.

the

that

ago

year

have

I

went

the

that

I

large

that

see

and

the

1.

so

was

found

a

me

12.

meet.

Reginald

as

he

found

that

11.

have

professor

argued

defined

Connecticut

the

The

to

supposed

now

learned

Milton's.

horizon sky

He

I

wished

obliged that

have

to

8. We

10.

to

superior

t

9.

tree.

e-bearing

that

was

only

before.

metal.

ink

Davis

Mr.

were

found

h said invalid ha

The'

4.

I

that

distance

week a

was

with

but

3.

we

there

wrote

all that

but

reasonable

He

2.

her.

with

health.

a

verbs.]

years.

in

got

time,

one

at

ium

I

6.

for

him,

I

When

before.

y

brother

his

principal

gone

bear

must

clauses

of the have

to

me

seen

eared

tenses

the

to

wished

not

to

in subordinate

tenses

relation

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

6

deal

great

great

(will, shall) I

danger. trust

him

Lest

(are, be) captured,

you

I doubt

13.

soldiers.

14.

patient.

If

I

to

used

better

remain

wit

have

been

(was, should

(was,

rock

30

had

you

whether

this

been

have

not

could

SYNTAX

IN

EXERCISES

had

were,

been)

hammers

make

softer

axes.

and

t

238.

Exercise

No

1.

one

those

men

these

tables

of

the

had

int

to

t

to

their No

houses

those

11.

ds.

8.

sen ten

pay

lose

his

large

be

will

her

or

them

return

may

want

If

you

drew

it

tow

th

still

to-day

to-morrow.

so

or

goods

for

are

owing

10.

easily.1

who

her

longest

and

of themselves

a

any

members

temper

within

Either

the

ashore,

Both

6.

find

bills

our

of

5.

may

the

enough

purchaser

4.

they

wade

their

interest.

now.

shoes,

room.

3.

o'clock.

them

Whichever

of

their

take

7.

Each

must

Any

them

th

their

off

bridge.

should

better

meeting.

materials

one

themselves.

had

in

ten

own

handkerchief

their

take

the

following

the

money

at

his

of

by

you

the

of

close

their

exercise

much

do

will

lost

their

too

trunks,

has

one

takes

us

think

these

of

in

pronouns

leave

should

person

Each

the

their antecedents.

with

agree

Make

"

not

Any

all

our

satisfied

week.

*

Exercise

239.

again

Don't

1.

night.

tes

his At

1

6.

cane.

length

In

English

this

the

is it good

no

the

personal

he, usage.

hisf

2.

him,

at

The very

Booth

a

pronoun

is used.

very

us

of the

one

It is not

dinner leaning

slow,

rocky

all fluttered

is of

common

beautifully This

that

on

signal,

no

4.

good.

highly

sudden

antecedent

looks

moon

walked

dash

waves

flags,

sentence

has

masculine

The

Mr.

to

as

425.]

trick

that

so

sentences

be used..

should

hardly.

5.

nicely.

following

424,

303,

pars.

strike so 3. He did

very

the

they

as

adverbs

and jectives.

[Read

Correct

"

common

gender, necessary

coast.

wild

gender, third to

say

bu

person, or

he

9.

I

240.

Exercise the improper

[Read

se

4.

5.

te.

are

kes

by

de

241.

or

unds,

[Read On

t

we

6.

He

is th

7.

9.

8. The

waves

you

and

English

the

th

Father

table

and

like

At

ar

gliding

red

t

and

fought

troops

Blotted

to

2.

gone.

the

or

3.

us.

than

4.

so

to make

as

the participles

pronouns

flamine the

and

thout

waiting

unded

horse

the

foot

smeared to was

an

article in

copy

killed

the

hour.

water

with

ink,

it. at

is used

6. be

hot

to

9. once,

set

had

Approving

and

we

strange

decided

was

ing speak-

an

go

accident

washing fire.

on

anythi

7.

After

diminished.

pain to

whole

when

After

the we

the a

it

country,

all ready

cannot

that

suddenly

pronoun

When

us

found

was corner

of

This

5.

delayed

the

Tired

one.

it

city,

Turning

home.

that

thing

nouns

sentences

belong.

more

in

following

adjectives refer or 335, 341.] pars. again

return

curred

the

to what

show

before

was

of

Do

an

Secretary

fog-horn.

of

t

were

gentleman

bad.

set.

French

The

a

and

and

croquet

11.

There

companions.

movement

Correct

"

returning

had

e

The

12*

e arrangement

ily

fog-bell

the choic

side.

Exercise

1.

a

is

are

his

of

similar.

very

better?

rug

water

mild,

the articles.

He

and

so

m a

is sailing.

2.

President

and

10.

3.

her

correct

country.

any

have

new.

are

air

of

sentences

the

milk

boat

that

of 279.]

276,

by

shining

insertion

or

hammock

a

following

together.

the

sun

swift

European

superior

us

how

come

they

the

saw

275,

an

Here

ht-house

ght

the

close

Both

or

al

e

is

barn

olar.

In

pars.

again

and

See

omission

Bulgaria

1/

10.

"

handsomely

considered

before

never

day.

that

was

is

She

8.

breeze.

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

of resumed

lette

the

send this

the

idea

th

march.

EXERCISES

Exercise

242.

Correct

"

SYNTAX

IN

the

309

lo of conjunctions in the fo

use

sentences.

[(a) Read (6)

452. par. again According 22, to Rule

relative

having

clauses

(c) Alter 1.

t.

Do

3.

ght well

ich

He

is

as

had

a

in

this

is.

some

to

be

allowed 9. usual. work

He

do

can

read to

and

I bought

it.

knew

he

5. the

8. a

work

The

chair

how

of

just

child of solid

to

has

who

is not

He

cannot

who

vote.

on

two

tive rela

as.]

and ability 4. He spoke

country.

6.

before

of and

it connects

like

it thoroughly.

unable

inlaid

to

so

talks

of

use

antecedent.

He

man

the

unless

prefer 2.

studied he

same

negative I do.

man

to

the

like

had

thinks No

a

offices

veral he e

is incorrect

pronoun

556,

par.

so

his as

sail

held

oration

a

well

well

as

I

his name write is not sleeping

mahogany

and

APPENDIX

ULES

AND

Read

again

557.

(a)

a

bles

a

with

(6) If

if the

ubled.

iper,

as,

put,

an

added

run)

compel'

ning begin-

syllable befit',

putt-ing;

befitt-ing;

But contains syllable is accented word

two on

some

complain'ing,

(as

vowels

than

other

final

differ), the

(not sounded,

e a

when

change,

egins

a,

with

(d) If e

the

o,

is

sually

word

adds

ebbing;

ltogether,

or

as

u;

eat

th

is no

consonant

wor'-

conceal'ing,

a

generally

syllable will,

the

chargeable,

begins

in

a

vowel

e

if the

is added;

contrivance.

added

syllable

serviceable.)

advantageous,

with as,

a

consonant,

rude,

th

rudeness;

judgment, acknowledgment.) double (as, call) consonant

without

willful.

a

contrive,

retained; are

plate) is usually

slice, with

keep

syllable

ends

in

writing;

ce

(Exceptions

careful. a

or

added

silent

(e) If

write, in ge

ending

as

beginning

syllable

changing;

But words

bb,

or

rap'idest.

ropped

are,

before

boat'ed,

Thus,

(c) Final

inal

(such as bid, syllable its last syllable (as begin',

(as trav'el,

syllable

329.

and

one

consonant

last

the

or

tain'),

,

on

vowel;

285,

118,

of

word

conferr-ing.

fer',

st

A

final

the

PUNCTUATION

paragraphs

accented

word

CAPITALIZATION,

SPELLING,

FOR

change;

(Exceptions:

almost.) 311

as

tall,

welfare,

tallnfcss

fulfil

(/) The

added

double

a

th

(Exceptions:

i

added as,

vowel;

in

and

until,

by

a

that

word

end downfall.

fare-well,

re-tell,

adjectives

ending

in

consonant,

usually

changes

syllables

(except

reliable;

comply,

rely,

the

precede

as

if preceded

y,

before

may

syllable consonant;

care-ful.) (g) Final

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

2

-ing)

beginning

-fu

wit

pretty,

compliance;

ettiest.

(h) Final is kept;

ng,

if preceded

y,

a

or

vowel,

donkeys;

donkey,

as

by

cr

volleying;

volley,

b

followed

ying.

A

558.

capital

(a) The

first word

(6) The

first word

Every

(c)

begin

should

of every

sentence.

line of

in every or

noun

proper

verse.

proper

(as

adjective

English

Latin). The

(d) the

Titles

(/)

Names

(g)

The

week

the

and

main Man

Civil

months

the

to

be

first word

proper

study

(k) The 559.

The

the

period

Iron

a

I, and used

(.),the

or

in

a

title

of

Mask").

regarded

formal

as

important

(a

(as, Pope

quotation

says

is

of mankind

points

heading,

Lord).

the

etc.). of

pronoun

Governor).

the

(as Providence, a

with

War,"

The

(i)

in

words

meant

the

Excellency,

titles of God

or

(h) Words

uring

(as His

of honor

(as, "The

he

of the

year.

(e)

ok

days

of the

names

the to

man"). interjection 0. the

mark

question

mark

end

of the

(?) and

the

sentence

exclamation

(!).

(a) The

tences,

oken

exclamation and

as

frequently

exclamations.

mark after

is

used

after

exclamatory

interjections, or

names

APPENDIX.

(b) The or

(c)

The

(d)

J. E.

Mr.

The

560.

),

the

"),

period

the

also

to

within

a

used

(;), the

dash

(

), and

"

a

away!").

as

abbreviations;

(:), the

colon

the

the

are

sentence

comma

marks

quotation

( ).

parentheses,

is used

comma

(a) After

mark

command

D.D.

marks

The

561.

is used

(as, "Go

used

and

emphatic

short

be

may

Brown,

semicolon

a

declarative

of

end

after

mark

exclamation

The

the

at

But

sentences.

the

interrogative

after

used

questions.

is used

period

erative

.

direct

after

is

mark

question

ences,

313

nominative

"John,

as,

address;

of

come

re." "

(6) Just before (c)

To

m

een

bought

"I

as,

and

in

ink,

poor,

and

I wish

said, or

series,

pen,

rich

old,

a

'

He

quotation;

words

separate

series;

oung

a

pairs

to speak.'

blotters;"

paper^and ana

sick

i

of words

well,

all

heard

gladly."

(d)

To

separate

from

the

rest

of the

Word

The

blacksmith,

old

Inserted

The I

saw,

in

phrases

old

man,

now

the

when

as,

apposition

""

has

or

words

expr

moved. statements

and

mistaken.

reduced battle was

won.

Mr.

were

thrown-in

sentence;

Perkins,

in fact, you

I think,

or

explanatory

to

was

poverty,

over,

that

ready

no

to die.

advantage

had

-*

Fish,

562.

The

embers,

or

who

painted

semicolon

the

main

this picture, is parts

used of

to

is here

to-day.

separate

sentences

when

coordinate

each

part

4

LONGMANS'

more

and

Find

"I

as,

a

bought of

quantity

have

'You

rds:

The

564.

and

pressions,

and

a

are

id,

'I heard

The

566.

tired

and

(a)

The

letter,

in the

st

go

dash

on

pound

thes

spoke

direc

inclose

to

slan

nicknames,

a

in

the

th were

"

sentence

used.

that

words

might "When as,

sentence;

complete

been

Street

Pearl

be

must

again.,,,, off

interruption,

an

"John

as

ones;

breaking

along

quotation

single

this house

a

mark

inclose

used

marks

in

all

raining

ne'er,

can't,

at

the

in writing

(') is used

possessive

chiefly

word,

another

(it had

hyphen

(6) The

then

double

enter

going such

apostrophe

as

is

the

evening)

miserable."

Other

567.

list

a

a

quotation,

the

to

If, after

still leave

home

reached

a

"Don't

cry,

parentheses

and

itted

ns

"As

again,

resumed

"He

used indicate

as

well

is used I was

dash

there?"

ever

u

that

' "

within

as

father

as,

ntence;

open."

and

quotation)

are

to

occurs

used

The

565.

now-

titles of books.

quotation

marks

sun,

articles:

Or,

marks

sometimes

the

indicate

to

far enough.

gone

grass

swell

emphatic

etc.

sugar,"

the

book.)

following

the

quotation

otations,

If

an

rains of

buds

chiefly

(sometimes

statement

a,

in this

is used

colon

spring

warmth

the

noticeable,

The

llow;

the the

under

illustrations

other

563.

"After

as,

commas; ntains gins be to green;

e

GRAMMAE

ENGLISH

o'clock;

next

end

as

of

line;

a

to

it is

and

as,

sepa-rate,

omission a

part

172, the

separate

line when

follows. the

mark

(see paragraphs

case

(-) is used the

to

are

a

part

of

a

173). syllables

of the

word

pronun-ciation,

315

APPENDIX

a

compound

ention

(d)

tted,

marks

ould

as*tt"abl2,

etc.,

at the

foot

caret

(a )

calls

and

supplied

in

be

italics

a

be

read

or

with

small in

printed

chapter

once

word

in

printed

it is to

or

of

a

in the

book.

to

used

ca

elsewhere. a

or

word

words

margin. that

means

letters;

capitals,

it should twice,

emphasis;

capital large

to

parts

capitol-dome. are

or

page,

attention or

above a

of the

the

separate

of rose-quartz,

to notes

The

title of

a

to

piece

(e) Underscoring

inted

at

as,

word;

(c) Such

is also used

hyphen

The

tter-ing.

as

three

in

a

b

that

times,

heading

EDITOR'S I.

NOTES

On

Teachers

1.

that

ils

yet

little

very

of 2.

tells

the

action

Only

the

11;

third

a

show

tells what

that

a

thei

the

thing

does.

noun

a

(if it speaks

verb

some

tell

not

and

verb

of

to

careful

thing

a

of

action

some

of

first

the

the

of

are

who

that

will

Grammar

op

name

say

will

thought

doing)

of

found

is the

noun

who

Points

be

may

a

elf, and

Some

TEACHERS

FOR

thing,

or

person

and

noun.

of the

person

and

be is given

verb

persons

second

in

be

will

pars.

afte

given

nouns.

The

3.

do,

t,

Young

4.

ing

that

ugar

is

logic,

5.

3,

did,

and

teachers the

be tells what

is the

of these

use

emphatic

the

sentence

sugar

what

copula. is dealt

words

error

In

say

is the

and

predicate

common

not

might,

II.

is.

thing

a

does

certainly

Part the

avoid

may,

could,

in

with

should

is

sweet,"

sweet

The

verb

dealt

be

will

can,

verbs,

auxiliary

other

in

pars

would

no

with

224.

6.

tisfy gician

The a

definition logician, would

not

of

a

but

pronoun

definition

a

be unintelligible would 7. The article word

to

which

teacher

a

satisfy

in par.

given

of

43

would young

satisfy

f

children,

them.

is

from

to

Parse,"

Latin

the

articulus,

a

small

int. Dr.

Abbott

["How

p.

xix.] defines

article

name

(a) Correctly because

words

by

the

served

as

given it

together. 317

Greeks a

joint

to

their

uniting

article

several

ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

loosely

Then

(6)

whether

"The

an

adverbial

have

to

they

arks,

the

are

too,

this,

seems

emotion,

her

a

ent

or

denial

a

from

the

a

preposition

outbursts

They a

be

ar

speaker's

by

repeating

been

having

just

as

detached

in

for

th

example,

then

adverb A

entitled

like.

qualify;

Bain:

Mason

adjectives

not

not

may

The

etc.

P.

express

it

an

interjections

are

the

they

C.

them

they

to

that

sentence

ellipsis.,,

obvious

use

scarcely

statement,

adverbs]

"

once

verbs,

which

referring

indeed,

surely,

tainly,

word,

adverbs

Mr.

as

call

as

words

[other

called

and

particular

by

Many

way

an

to

but

unced.

to

Hurrah!

relative

short

and

appear

proposes

of

natural,

pronoun.

qualify

therefore

Alas!

species

statement,

are

objectionable^

like

or

but,

to

used

He

appellation.

any

English

no,

ay,

force,

and

was

a."

and

never

adverbs,

other

article) into

yea,

yes,

(as

to

conjunction,

the

words

Latins

the

no

introduced

denote

to

8.

had

verb,

Foolishly

(c)

by

applied

they

seeing

GRAMMAR

alone stands English Grammar,

Higher

73. 9.

Mr.

before

placed

n

to

nk

that

ide

for

the

themselves

of

relation

and

tence,*'

a

a

or

noun

many

it confounds

I

book

ween

the the

noun

on

their

the table

to

however,

the

noun

not

book,

I do

Teachers

no must

learn.

word

shows

which

in

word

th

th

substantially to

very

In

the

things.

does

on

open

this

but

other

give

is and

table," and

some

writers

names

"a

thing,

a

of

should

as

preposition

relation

definition

it.

pupils

pronoun

some

text,

the

understand

other

That,

in

which

word

attribute

logical

a

given

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defines

definition.

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could

children

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as

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pronoun

some

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than

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Dr.

or

noun

something

better

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a

thing,

a

which

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defines

Mason

serious sentence

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show but

relation

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th

ngs. 10.

per,

The common,

classification

of

collective,

nouns

and

given abstract,

in

text,

the is

a

int

practical

EDITOR'S

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lude

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noun

the

to

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y

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1913),

uly,

names

recommended

r

il

mmar.

genitive

ever

Latin

from

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the

proportion

dative,

Report

for

and,

accusative,

children

those

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A

etc.

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possessive

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d

who

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difficulty.

slight

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ar

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words

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my,

Note

like our,

11

recommends

my,

mine,

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our,

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ours,

calle

'

adjectives/ be

should as

ssified

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reason,

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The

12.

of

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case

study

ssessive

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ally

.,

does

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ter

.

first

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familiar

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easily

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always the

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terms

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possessive

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glass.

on

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kinds

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clays,

Committee

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the

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oils, calicoes,

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of

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nouns.

class

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names

dirt,

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arts,

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the

"

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flocks.

class

add

liquid,

metal,

pluralized,

obviously 11.

iron,

gold,

of

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pleasures,

nature

nouns

it is t

when

armies,

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material

viz.,

material;

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the

extent,

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fears,

as

pluralized,

nouns.

is plain as

divided therefore

should

noun,

nouns,

be

to

abstract

This

classification

nouns,

latter

common

of

31

are

and

its kind.

of

some

complete

on

sort

are

nouns

assume,

A

a

nouns

the

and

of collective

plurals

tract

All

collective,

all groups

of

division.

nouns,

class

TEACHERS

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words

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ours,

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38-40,

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13.

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lls

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see

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me."

auxiliary

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expresses

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signification.

373.)

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14.

t

in

auxiliaries,

317,

s.

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to

were

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oughtness.

were

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personal

316,

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others

themselves;

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indicated

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him

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mood.

longing

means "

it now

me"

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e

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a

grammatica

extend

par.

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supposition.

and

.

in

"If

merely

for

206.

duty

of

contain

to

in par.

bu

said

besides,

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classification;

words,

sentences

primary

expresses

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the

ceasing

personal

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than

given

elements,

pronoun.

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the

is

These

classifications.

case

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its equivalent

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tive adjec

speak

adjective

possessive

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we

in

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ejus adjectives

pronoun

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ours,

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sure,

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her

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the

reason

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adjective

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put

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and

to

noun,

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eral

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for the

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ssessive"

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no

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modify

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pronouns

personal

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are

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206.

par.

ENGLISH

of the

composition the

the

grammar

shades

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verb

study

specially

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of

meaning

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of

useful,

ten sub

important, because may

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auxiliaries.

who

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sub-tenses

as

a

needless

NOTES

EDITOR'S

the

that

w

15.

s

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and

he

t

n

as

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"

had

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wings

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iliaries

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as, subjunctives; If he would t" [now]; (6) Further, not only

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sent

present

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e

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subjunctive;

subjunctive as,

");

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forms

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present

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316),

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past.

used;

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frequently

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subjunctive

course

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due;"

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not

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subjunctive

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conjugations

me."

call

for

32

must

pupils

is present

given

less

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TEACHERS

their

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ENGLISH

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t

tense), the

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e

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16.

by

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416,

pars.

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join subordinate

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writer

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conjunctions,

nouns1

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ts

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erbs

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ecedents. an

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17.

some

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18.

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ship

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230

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32

TEACHERS

FOR

NOTES

EDITOR'S

itted. 22.

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23.

two

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d

24.

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other

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verbs.

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dre chi

sentences

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clear

let

and

again,

60.

quite

elementary

teacher

wi

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personate

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31.

mechanical

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28.

are

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127;

truth,

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are

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27.

in

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25.

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ENGLISH

LONGMANS'

a

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verb

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moods, able,

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EDITOR'S

in

aged rning

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an

by

FOR

NOTES

rote

TEACHERS

be

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only

328

while

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of

ory.

32.

is

Analysis

nking

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s

as

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547-551)

pars.

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phic

show

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space,

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The

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ctice

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t

this logic

rrection. aware

glish

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specimens Yet those

that

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of

of

1861,

he

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173,

correct

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fixed

on

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conversation have some should which

are

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exercises

for

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and

beneficial."

purpose

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of

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ing, understand-

be

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the

is

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nciple

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for

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sp

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The

exercise, in the practice

valuable

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a

of

logic

Mason:

INDEX

The

and lute

nouns,

sative

130,

adjectives,

4, 68-70

modifying

phrases,

319

modifying

statements,

91,

clauses,

265-268

ective

elements,

241

ective

pronouns,

eview

sed

126,

as

164

case

129

of, 32-40

es

"

Modifiers

uncts,

see

rbial

clauses,

rbial

elements,

244,

rbial

objective,

93

rbs,

onjunctive,

efinition,

212-215,

267,

from

adjectives,

nterrogative,

143,

48,

217,

as

217 322

307

of, 131,

212

Assertion,

adverbs

Attribute,

239

verbs,

of, 209-215 327

14

in

subjunctive

10-14

mood,

152

187

and

others,

272

of, 211

have,

the

118

229,

be and

shall

97

308

pronoun, 214,

uses,

153,

93,

317

relative

Auxiliary

predicate

307

130-132

name,

of

other

48

istinguished

inds

269-275

of, 216,

comparison

127,

repetition

As,

119,

in, 107

"

269-275

in, 85,

nouns

36,

origin

108,

US

85

of

Articles,

307

107,

pronoun,

with,

pronouns

217,

adverbs,

a

of

Apposition,

nouns,

fdr

of, 285-288

agreement

135

282-284 236-258

sentences,

Antecedent

132

compared,

88

258-278

sentences,

of simple

135

of, not

sed

38

review

43,

30

325

sentences,

of compound

of, 36,

osition

289-295,

of complex

of, 136

articipial,

211

23,

sentences,

of

diagrams,

by

126-128

arsing

46,

230-299

40

pronouns,

211

of, 202-204,

rules

Analysis

of, 132-135

comparison

imiting

me

Agreement,

122

46

of, 44-48

uses

ective

efinition,

of, 217

misuse

138

voice,

inds,

131

pages.

modifying

case,

ectives,

refer to the

244

86,

nominative,

ract

ve

of, 36,

uses

an,

numbers

wiU, 158,

15,

186,

173, 197

199,

304

INDEX

8

,

after, 84, 93

cases

of, 188-191

conjugation of 9, 32

parts

t,

as

lj

n,

of, 191-197

conjugation

and

rdinals,

se,

subject,

Compound

elements,

Compound

sentences,

diagramming

nominative

of address,

nominative

86

exclamation,

of

160

objective, 87-93, 85,

of appositives,

93,

107

auses,

cases

283 coordinate, in apposition, 261,

.

clauses

221 221

309

212-215,

adverbs,

283

clauses,

conjunctions, 144

after,

of, 165, 145,

passive,

220

142-145

verbs,

participles 266

2

322

Copulative

26^-275

adverbial,

57,

adverbial

Coordinating

258

adjective, 265-268

242

249

259-264

noun,

259,

introduced,

how

subordinate, 260,

Dare,

200

Dative

267

case,

lective

nouns,

67

Declarative

number

of, 74,

203

Defective

lon,

56

of, 58,

Coordinate

of, 210

185-201

correlative,

of, 220,

267,

adverbs

282-284

of verbs,

Conjunctive

94-97

28

if, 154

without

of, 55, 220,

uses

250,

272

kinds

of, 300

rules

or

position

97,

226,

150

214,

86

85,

\

of, 295

introducing

86

23^240-

258

of, 291-295

definition,

absolute,

nominative

83,

of, 258-278

analysis

Conjunctions, 81-86

nominative,

243-249

83.

sentences,

Conjugation

93

81

possessive,

Complete

with

fee, 84,

definition,

predicate,

Conditions,

128

after

use,

of, 200

use

for, 312

rules

Complete

diagramming

conjugation

pitals,

*-

322

230,

uses,

other

119

pronoun,

relative

object, 88, 246

Complex

174-176

144,

19,

of, 9-14,

uses

Complete

314

mma,

mmon

mmon

mmon

mparative

313

adjectives,

126

67

nouns,

degree,

132,

mparison

of

mparison

of adverbs,

mplement,

216

adjectives, 132-135

239,

241

216,

217

319

sentence,

verbs,

Definite

article,

Degree,

adverbs

of comparison,

77

gender,

91,

24

198-200 130

of, 210 132

Demonstrative

adjectives,

Demonstrative

pronouns,

122 126

Descriptive

adjectives,

Descriptive

adjective

Determinative 266

127

clauses,*

adjective

2

clauses

INDEX

ramming

of 325

295,

ct

289-

sentences,

91

object,

201

of, 200,

uses

ents

226,

compound, "

psis,

atic

"

understood

209,

107,

adjectives,

Indefinite

article,

Indefinite

pronouns,

questions,

263

261,

236 153 322

92, 121,

127,

of,

302-

77

gender,

160 156-160

17,

of, 160

omission

of to, 18,

subjects

of,

in

160

perfect

Inflection,

re

tense,

tense,

175

-Ing,

202

of verbs,

in, 170

ending

words

Interjections, definition, 76-81 77

eminine,

77

319

Intransitive

167-170

subject,

241

from

istinguished from

participles,

receded

by

nouns

168,

ense

arts

ses

252

of

tive adje

140

verbs,

134

of adverbs,

Irregular

216

of, 107,

uses

179-183

verbs,

261

of, 172

of, 185-188

conjugation 32

of, 11, of, 11-14,

omission

se

24,

comparison,

Like,

e,

sentences,

Irregular

It,

303

120-122

98

169

169,

pronouns,

Inversion,

and

possessives,

212

48,

adverbs,

Interrogative

case,

nds,

adjectives, 127

^interrogative Interrogative

77

tive

s

Interrogative

77

asculine,

61

of, 60

uses

ommon,

of, 221,

260

uses

Limiting

of, 230

adjectives, 127,

Logical

subject,

Manner,

adverbs

107,

261

174-176

of, 154

302

104,

pronouns,

of personal

173

172,

159

of, 157,

uses

103

re

euter,

case,

objective

of, 172

tense

of, 78-81

person,

der,

212

160

ormation

t

91,

phrase,

modifiers

309,325

nine

123

147,

Indirect

Infinitives,

26

correction

syntax,

130

mood,

object,

253

128

elements,

Indirect

a

e

26,

Indefinite

Infinitive

sentences,

etives,

sentences,

178

148,

260

242

amatory

Imperative

110

pronoun,

rgements,

284

250,

Words

see

mood,

Indicative

of, 278

lassification

Imperative

Independent

236

of sentences,

32

Masculine

gender,

of, 210 77

128

INDEX

0

y,

asurement,

time,

etc.,

difiers,

82, 83,

48,

case

case

complete,

of

how

88,

122,

217,

243

ods

st,

306

147-155,

of verbs,

of, 90

of, 199

93

denoting,

nouns

use

and

conjugation

200

91,

position

of, 91

minative

Order

77

86 "'

259-264

5

of

319

318,

after

apposition,

jective

case

of

of

42,

12

etc,,,Q3

time,

preposition,

of

the

87,

138,

144

subject, or

166

take

ica pre

adjectiv

242 .

of intransitive

verb,

166

adverbs,

verbs,

nouns

i

adjectives,

of, 166

copulative

165,

244

161-167

as

used

249

52, 91, 219

242,

164

modifying

of, 91 a

43,

169

phrases,

modifiers

of, 91

modifiers

ject

160

93

complement, a

208

nouns,

be

may

of measurement,

ject

126,

87-93

infinitive,

an

207,

42 verbals, be used as

are

be, 93

before by

case,

interrogative

and 125

Participles,

may

jective

220

adjectives,

Participial

adjectives, 128

meral

relative

Participial

202-204

72

singular,

108

pronouns,

Participial

72-76

plural,

101

164

184,

verb,

84,

nouns,

of verbs,

71-76

a

323

232,

200

pronouns,

of, 99-101

mber,

1

125,

136

adjectives,

of

adjectives, 38

review

220,

of prepositions,

of, 104 as

217,

of personal

of, 71-76

used

108,

101,

of adverbs,

66-70,

person

111

207,

of, 76-81

number

21

200

/Parsing, 84, of

definition,

of

-

of, 81-97

kinds,

98,

v

1-6

gender

58,

86

clauses,

case

16, 36,

of, 1

128

Ourself,

85

of exclamation,

uns,

inflection

of words,

Ought,

be, 84

of address,

un

238

pronoun,

Ordinals,

86

apposition,

322

225

81-86

case,

absolute,

by

92,

229

retained,

as

89

87,

substantive,

gender,

after

found,

indirect,

One,

uter

246

88,

of transitive past,

163

verbs,

verbs,

167

163,

166

INDEX

ime

172

of,

s

Prepositions,

161

resent,

s

ive

voice,

14,

of

156

163

participle,

175

tenses,

on,

103

a

pronouns,

used

reflexively,

ase

elements,

29,

of, 50,

of, 209

ral

number

of

sessive

after

case, a

dicate,

base,

97,

103

95,

319

nominative, noun,

dicate

pronoun,

160,

165

intensive, 120-122

109

Proper

110

125

319

102-111,

112-119 of, 131

of, 124

of, 27-29

adjectives, nouns,

Punctuation,

127

1, 66

rules

of, 313-315

260 239,

247

Questioning

84 144,

143,

dicate

143,

indefinite

and

reflexive,

Proper

243-249

dicate

positional

ments, enlarge-

containing

complement,

119

113,

30

27-32,

usefulness

dicate

122

of, 125

personal,

repetition

238

clause,

175

107,

of,

of, 108,

relative,

303

dicate

207

of verbs,

or

parsing

116

adjective,

174

tense-forms,

interrogative,

dicate

175

adjective,

review

83,

172,

94-97

97

or

172

161,

tense,

parts

172

J22, 123

22

complete

tense,

emphatic

of, 94r-97,

writing

Present

132

pronouns,

relative

perfect

72-76

nouns,

pronouns,

of personal

Present

156,

demonstrative

preposition,

apposition,

participle,

definition,

adverbs

degree,

Present

classification

ce,

itive

infinitive,

307

160

91

prepositional,

Present

Progressive

218

140,

antecedents

242

participial,

of, 131

repetition

Pronouns,

109

236

infinitive,

ases,

102-111

27-32,

91

219

of,

Principal

202

184,

verb,

sonal

of

172,

tenses,

uses

infinitive,

14

adverbs,

of, 220

parsing position

176

fect

by

249

177

138,

perfect

past

145,

verbs,

13,

from

of, 52,

object

copulative

318

52,

list of, 218

207

ive

of, with

219

distinguished

61-63

9, 202

of verbs,

and

definition,

40

defined,

rincipal,

composition 140,

verbs,

of speech,

everally

331

143

phrases,

160,

165

Questions,

24,

sentences,

indirect,

121,

260 91

Quotation

marks,

314

252

127,

212

INDEX

lexive

ular

Strong

178

verbs,

ative

adjective which,

ative

pronouns,

112-119,

indefinitely,

used

ained

object,

iews,

61,

es

99,

118

Subordinate

285

of punctuation,

311,

of spelling,

of

312

of adverbs,

103

person,

micolon,

313

ntence,

analysis

declarative, defined,

251-257

of, 23,

26 26,

interrogative,

in

253

24,

252

Than,

15,

173,

199,

That,

The, of, 198

chief

sentences,

diagrams

auxiliary

mood,

236-258

of, 289-291

number,

177

voice,

17

mood,

subjunctive

72

153,

of

the 320

as

122,

of, 116,

as

conjunctive expletive,

used

Third

person,

Thou,

uses

260

36

article,

They,

231,

132

adverb,

as

305

272

as

There,

200

172

171-178,

222, uses

199,

can,

and

of verbals,

289

auxiliary,

subjunctive

ngular

the

of verbs,

236-258,

conjugation

mple

mood,

passive

of may

of, 22

as

in the

321

304

ould,

imperative

of, 300-302

rules

in the

exclamatory,

as

302-309,

178

of, 289-295

all,

of,

correction

Tenses,

22

simple,

299

291

diagramming

parts

Syntax, 84,

24

imperative,

216

325

282-284

compound,

134

of, 135

false,

258-278,

complex,

221

133

adjectives, 133,

uses

"

cond

degree,

313-315

301

use,

27

237^238^

Superlative

301

259,

conjunctions,

Substantive,

300

321

322

306,

Subordinating

case,

1^3, 187

clauses,

283,

312

of agreement,

of

204,

135,

124,

of, 152,

in, 177,

tenses

306

149-154,

mood,

auxiliaries

300-302

capitals,

governing

Subjunctive

250

of syntax,

237

substantive, 125

160

of, 98

position

of, 119,

parsing

infinitive,

an

of

115

of,

omission

for

119

118

compound,

of, 82-84

modifiers

117,

of, 114,

83

22,

of, 81

case

of, 113

antecedents

cases

322

179

verbs,

Subject,

128

312

rules of, 311,

Spelling,

109

pronouns,

adverb,

213,

209

indefinitely,

106

103

of, 29,

105,

186

2

333

INDEX

e,

etc.,

measurement,

adverbs

of, 209

case

be

may

by

made

participles

sitions, of prepo-

166

of this

book,

323

"

Voice

of verbs,

Weak

verbs,

understood of, 301

rules

42,

156-170 241,

242

167-170

gerunds,

156-160

objects

of, 241,

parsing

of, 207

as

interrogative

as

relative

138

Will,

with

subjects,

202-204

of, 185-201

conjugation

142-145

copulative,

17

intransitive,

140

pronoun,

ending

in

170

-ing,

25,

understood," 154,

both

as

nouns

and

38

nouns,

as

adjectives and

verbs,

and

adverbs

184, Yes,

202-204

principal

of,

parts

of, 207

You

no,

etc.,

and

ye,

48, uses

39

prepositions,

53-55

number

272

and

"

person

11

21

adjectives and

of, 9, 202

95,

260,

223,

201,

as

as

30

236

"

used

199,

of, 198

Words

verbs,

179

15, 173,

auxiliary,

elements,

Words

of, 207

parsing

120

pronoun,

of, 116

Word

Words

of, 146-155

moods

as

128,

in questions,

irregular,

127

of, 116

conjugation

8

definition,

122

interrogative

as

260

221,

pronoun,

adjective,

inflection

of,

agreement

227

120

7, 19,

active,

116-118

uses,

interrogative

Who,

120

pronoun,

conjunction,

inflection

161-167

124

interrogative as

124

pronoun,

as

128

pronoun,

of

Whether,

as

7, 138-208

parts

interjection,

of, 172

tenses

bs,

as

Which,

242

of, 42,

participles

adjective, 127,

as

indefinite

as

17,

infinitives,

182

summary

of, 165,

complements

138

as

"

Words

bals,

see

words,

of, 138

voices

What, "

Understood

,

use

of, 163,

-scheme

139

transitive,

219

140,

of, 171-178

tenses

139

verbs,

of, 204r-206

review

158

18,

omitted,

nsitive

93

denoting,

23

in predicate,

required

nouns

of

178

regular,

318

of, 29,

106

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This speller teaches There interest. is constant spelling through variet in the presentation insure est, inte in drill, and to further of new words and lesson been the lessons have the purposely and words short and made Tne deadening the spellin very effect of approaching carefully graded. lesson each introducing day by sometimes in the same is avoided t way be learned from to in connection the quotations words standard with letters from men women; sometimes authors and and model celebrated from in connection elliptical exercises classic fables and proverbs with an through the study of a picture. not infrequently

VOCABULARY The

AND

ARRANGEMENT

These taught. are ar usage of everyday alone invites fresh to that purposely each word attack and individual. in t They as an are therefore not remembered arranged lace fashion. brought Homonyms mace, are together gin, ace, sin, win, learned Column lists, or after they have been separately. review words brought together an that the are so present associated words arranged lends itself to the formation or of eas which readily relation meaning common

words distributed

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CONTENT is There is developed in a word

BEFORE

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METHOD in this book The method used illustrated lessons) (with model and the text.

MEASURING

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SCALE

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follows Committee the text-book out of the recommendations Historical Association. The first American seventeen chapters of the far back how history have bee the roots of our" and extend what New Ancient World. to The la the the World of contributions down to the cover t chapters of discovery and exploration period

This

ht

lement of Jamestown. in the main been has The treatment any chronological, without attempt, history The ver, to a am any of nation. principal connected give history to in been the to adapt the of sixth-grade material child suc he may sense the historical so that that ay and perspective, acquire interest have feel something an may and of history spirit of the

n

progress

development.

and

AMERICAN

ELEMENTARY

the Seventh

For

BISTORT and

Eighth

AND

GOVERNMENT

Tears

Old World 33 chapters New; dealing with and arranged Appendices: Declaration ence, of Independof history: periods Proclamation Constitution, Topical U. 8. of Emancipation, Table for the Blackboard, Important Dates, Outline by Chapters of Sets Tables; Full Statistical Various Questions, references of and 9 in color; for at of chapter. close eaoh maps reading additional illustrations. half-tone New in black 42 numerous and white; Introduction

in

9

great

Edition.

535

pp.

$1.00.

America to the seek explain leading by its traditions the

its of To-day civilisatio through the pupil various to history States an and understanding appreciation As a result the pupil gets an con uninterrupted and tin problems. ent-day in which history developing the significant of American narrative balance treated, are proper adequately of each period ts characters and to g each. given history is in every United a While this book respect complete of the in addition the or it provides es, necessary all civics national advisable by inserting is done This a certain not merely amount grammar grades. from b two the their or apart connection, combining subjects civics history both In this way two. the are more government and correlating better impressed, taught more cibly remembered. and easily The

authors institutions, of United hs

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