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Liquid Penelrant T~ng Methqd

Questions & An.ers Book Second Edition Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SN./T-TC-1A • Book D Levels 1, 11 and 111 Review Questions

J

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

ii

• Copyright © 20 I O by The American Socicty for Nondcst ructive Testing. The American Society for Nondcstruct ive Testing, Inc . (ASNT) is not respon sible for the authenti city or accuracy of information herein. Published op ini ol1s and statcmcnts do not necessarily reflect the ap in ion of ASNT. Products or services that are adverti sed or mcntioned do nol ca rry the endorsement 01' recommcndation of ASNT. No part of thi s publication may be reproduced or tran smitted in any fonn, by means e lcctronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording 01' otherwise, without the expressed prior written

penniss ion ofThe American Society for Nondestructive Test ing, Ine. IRR SP, NDT Handbook, rhe NDT Technician and www.asnl.org are trademarks ofThe American Soeiety for Nondestructive Testing, lnc. ACCP, ASNT, Level fII Sludy Guide, Materials Eva/uafion, NOlldestructive Tesling Handbook, Researcll in Nondestructive Eva/ualion and RNDE are registered trademarks ofThe American Society fOI" Nondestru ctive Testing, Inc. first printing 1996 scco nd printing w ith revis ions 02/03 third printing 08/06 fOUl1h printing w ith corrections 03/09 Second edition first printing 1/11 Errata, ifa va ilable for th is printing, may be obtained from ASNT's web site, www.asnt.org. ISBN- 13: 978- 1-57 11 7-2 14-3 Printed in th e United States of America Publishcd by: Thc American Socicty for Nondestructivc Test ing, Inc. 17 11 Arlingate Lane Columbus, OH 43228-0518 www.asnt.org Edited by: Ass isted by:

Cy nthia M. Leeman , Educational Materials Supervisor Bob Conklin, Educat ion al Matcrials Editor

Tim Jon es, Senior Manage r of Publication s

ASNT Mission Statemellt: ASNT e.'(ists lo create a saJer \Vorld by promoting lile proJessioll and tecl/J1ologies oJ flondestructive testfJlg.

•

lIi

Contents Acknowledgments

iv

Recommended References

v

Reference Usage

vi

Level I Questions

1

Level 11 Questions

17

Level 111 Questions

27

iv

Acknowledgments ASNT wishes to thank those who assisted with the update 01 this edition 01 the Supplement

to Recommended to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method. The lollowing contributors assisted with the review 01 this book including updating old questions, writing new questions, updating relerences:

Gina Caud ill Karl Fogleman William Milan David Moore Ron Oravec Luis Paya no Robert Plu mstead Sam Robinson

v

Recommended References Liquid Penetrant Testing Method The following references were used in formulating the questions conta ined in this book. The fol lowing references were used in formu lating the questions contained in this book. A. *

Tracy, Noel A., technical editor, Patrick O. Moore, editor, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 2, Liquid Penetrant Testing, COlu mbus, OH, Ameri can Society for Nondestructive Testi ng, Inc., 1999.

B. *

Badger, Duane, Liquid Penetrant Testing Classroom Training Book, COlumbus, OH, American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.

C.*

Metals Handbook, ninth ed ition, Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control, Volume 17, Metals Park, OH, American Society for Metals. 1989.

* Avai lable from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Each question found in this book is fol lowed by letter(s) and page number(s) indicating the specific recommended reference where the answer may be found. For example:

28. The term used to define the tendency of certa in liquids to penetrate into small openings such as cracks or fissures is: a. b. c. d.

saturation capi llary action blotting wetting agent C.21

In th is example, the letter "c" refers to Reference C in the list aboye and "21" is the specific page in Reference C where the answer to the question is located.

*

Available frcm The American Society far Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

vi

)

Reference Usage Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Reference A: Total = 207 Levell 93 Levelll 60 Levellll 54 Reference B: Levell Level 11 Levellll

Total = 24

15 8 1

Reference C: Levell Level 11 Levellll

Total

=

1

1 O

O

Level I Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

Level I Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method l.

Whieh one of the following eonditions will affeet the rate and the extent a liquid penetrant will elller cracks, fissures and other small openings?

4.

a. an ¡ron castiog b. ao aluminum fcrgiog c. a part macle from a porous plastic material d. a part macle from a nonporous material

a. the harclness of the specimen being tested b. the surface condition of the specimen being tested c. the color of the penetrant d. the conductivity of the specimen being tested A.i62

2.

AII of the following parts can be tested by the liquid penetrant method exeept:

A.35

s.

Whieh of the following is a eommonly used classification for penetrant?

Whieh of the following diseontinuities can be found by the penetrant test method? a. b. c. d.

a. post-emulsifiable penetrant

b. nonferrous penetrant

a surface crack a subsurface crack an internal inclusion none of the above

c. chem ical etch penetrant

A.35

d. nonaqueous penetrant A.43

6. 3.

A generally aeeepted method for removing excess nOI1water-washable penetrant is:

Whieh of the following is generaUy the more acceptable method for c1eaning parts prior to penetrant testing? a. b. e. d.

a. repeatedly dipping the test speeimen in a c1eaner

sand blasting wire brushing grinding vapor degreasing

b. soaking the test specimen in hor detergent water c. blowing the excess penetrant off the

A.i67

surfaee of the part with eompressed

7.

aIr

d. wiping and eautiously cleaning the test specimen with a c1eanerdampened cloth A.45

AII of the following methods are commonly used to c1ean parts prior to penetrant testing except: a. b. c. d.

vapor degreasing liquid solvent power wire brushing alka li ne cleaner A.i70

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Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

8.

Cutting oils may be effectively removed from parts before penetrant testing by: a. b. c. d.

12. Subsurface discontinuities can be best detected by: a. the post-emulsification penetrant method b. the visible dye penetrant method c. the fluorescent) water-washable penetrant method d . none of rhe ahove

preheating vapor degreasing washing with water all of th e above A.170

A.S

9.

The mast common type of contaminant in fluorescent penetrant fluid is: 13.

a. b. c. d.

metal filings oil detergents (from c1eaning) water

Water-washable penetrants may be applied by: a. b. c. d.

A.1.03

brushing spraying dipping all of the above 8 .14

lO.

Ult rav iolet light. with a proper functioning filter in place. used for fluorescent penetrant inspection can

14.

cause permanent damage to: a. b. c. d.

human tissues human eyes hum an blood cells none of the aboye

a. carefully apply th e penetrant over the surface b. completely remave the paint c. thoroughly wash the surface with a detergent d . wire brush the surface to roughen the smooth surface coating of paint

A.78

11.

AII of the following basic inspection princi pIes apply to the vis ible penetrant methods excepl: a. the penetrant must enter the discontinuity in order to form an indication b. indications glow wh en illuminated with an ultraviolet light c. a longer penetration time is required for smaller discontinuities d. if the penet rant is washed out of the discontinuitYl an indicat ion wil! not be formed by that discontinuity

rhe first step in candlleti ng a liquid penetrant test on a sllrface that has been painted is to:

A.174

15.

When using a post-emulsification penetrant, it is necessary to apply the emulsifier: a. b. c. d.

before applying the penetrant after the water-wash operation after the dwell time has e1apsed after the development time has e1apsed A.43

A.36

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Level I Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

16.

When conducting a water-washable ¡iquid penetrant test, the wet developer is applied :

20.

a. imm ediately after the penetrant has been applied b. immediately befare th e penetrant is applied c. after removal of th e penetrant

Usually, the most desirable method of removing excess water-washable penetrant after the dwell time is by lising: a. a low pressure coarse water spray b. water and brush c. a solid stream of water

d. water and clean rags A.49

d. after removal of the emulsifier A.34

2 l. 17.

The term used to describe the action of a particular developer in soaki ng up the penetrant in a discontinuity, so as to cause the maximum bleedo ut o f the

a. b. c. d.

liquid penetrant for increased contrast and sensitiv it y, is known as:

a. b. c. d.

blotti ng capillaryac tion conce ntration attraction

22.

Using an ultraviolet light lamp with a cracked filter or without the filter in place can cause damage to human eyes beca use the lamp emits: a. b. c. d.

brushi ng swabbing dipping spray ing 8 .i8

A.38

18.

When conducting a liquid penetrant test using a pos t-emulsifiable visible dye penetrant, the generally accepted method for applying the wet developer is by:

Which of the following characterist ics does not apply to liqui d penetrant testing? a. thi s metho d ca n accurately measure the depth of a crack or discontinuity b. this method can be used for on-site testing of large parts c. this method can be used to find shaBow surface discontinuities d. this metho d ca n be made mo re or less sensitive by using different penetrant materials

black light ultraviolet light infrared light none of the above A.77

19.

The term used to define the period of ti me in which the test part is covered with penetrant is: a. b. c. d.

8 .24

23.

Which of the fo llow ing discontinuities is most likely to be missed due to improper rinse techniques?

a. b. c. d.

waiting time soak t ime (drain time) penetration time (dwell time) bleed in time A.34

a forging lap deep pitting shallow and broad discontiouities the riose techn ique will not affect the detectio n of discontinuities A.5

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Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

24.

Which of the following surface conditioos could have a detrimental effeer 011 a liquid penetrant test? a. b. c. d.

28.

a wet surface a rough weld an oily surface all of the above

a. after the required penetrant dwell time has elapsed b. before the application of ao emulsifier if a post-emulsifier penetrant is used c. by means of a steam cleaner d . ooly when water-washable penetrants are used

A.163

25.

Liquid penetrant testing is capable of detecting:

A.49

a. subsurface intergranular stress corros ion cracking discontinuities b. di scontinuities open to the surface c. subsurface discontinuities d. lack of fllsion (subsllrface)

29.

as long as the penetrant dwell time half the penetrant dwell time the same as the developer time only as long as necessary to remove the interfering background

Ultraviolet Iight equipment is required when penetrant testing by: a. b. c. d.

the fluorescent penetrant method the visible dye pe netrant method the nonfluorescent penetrant method all of the above

A.49

J

30.

A.45

27.

When using a post-emulsifiable penetrant. the emulsifier time should be: a. b. c. d.

A.34

26.

The ter m used to define the tendency of certain liquids to penetrate into small openings such as cracks or fissures is: a. b. c. d.

t) jo
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Level II Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

r

The prime purpose of the ultraviolet light for fluorescent penetrant inspection is to:

48.

When improper processing causes inspection difficulties, what should the inspector do?

53.

¡;t

magnify indications b. make the indications visible c. develop indications d. speed up inspection

swab parts with a salvent b. use a correct bleedback procedure ~. erase nonrelevant fluorescence d. reprocess the part 3.

A.226

A.151

49.

Why is it adv isable to have an ultrav iolet light installed at the wash station?

54.

a. to check the effec tiveness of the wash cycle b. to speed the bleeding of penetra~'t out of defects c. so inspection can be done without drying parts d. to determine if parts have beeo covered with penetrant

Which of the following is most likely to render the post-emulsification test ineffective? 3.

the penetrant time is too lo ng

b. the developing time is too long c. the em ulsifyin g time is too long d . none of the above A.51

A.223

SS.

50-. Developer powder should always be:

Dry developer should be applied: a. so th at a heavy coat of developer CQvers all sur faces b. so that a light dusting covers all sur faces to be inspected c. with a dry paint brush d. by dipping

a. highly Auoresce nt b. app lied wet c. colorless d. eve nly applied A.55

51.

When viewing parts, fluorescent

A.56

56.

background may indicate: a. poor wash ing b. insufficie nt emulsifyi ng time (postemulsification method ) c. porous material and coating d. all of the above

Which factor would apply in determining the dwell time required for the penetrant to be effective? a. b. c. d.

type of disco ntinu ity sought shape of part size of part surface roughness

A.48

52.

In the absence of a written acceptance criteria, rejection or acceptance of parts sho uld be based on the: a. inspector's educat íon b. design of the part and its intended appl ication c. appropriate penetrant standard d. selection of the penetrant

A.138

57.

The part is an aluminum forging. Description - the indication is sharp, halfmoon shaped, not deep. It is called: a. b. c. d.

alap center ¡ine porosity a heat treat crack a fa lse indication A.147

A.154

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24

Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

58.

The part is a 13 mm (0.5 in.) thick aluminum plate with a V fusian weld . Description - the indicatían appears as a straight lineoThe indicarian is: a. b. c. d.

62.

Which of the following is a disco ntinuity that might be found in rolled bar stock? a. blowhole b. shrinkage lap c. crack or seam d . lack of penetration

shrinkage nonrelevant a quench crack

A.129

lack of fusion A.142

63. 59.

The part is an aluminum cast ing.

Description - rhe casting has a very complex designoIn ene section, there is a

fIat area having a thickness Df 32 mm (1.3 in.). In the center of this area is a round seclion. 51 mm (2 in.) thick and 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter. There are linear indications about one-half rhe distanee around the base where it joins ¡nta the thin section. The indicatian is called: a. b. c. d.

a. indications due to part geometry or part design configurations b. nonmagnetic indications c. multiple indications d. nonlinear indications 8.21

64.

dross hot tear microshrinkage porosity

Wh ich of lhe statements below best states the danger of using sandblasting for cleaning surfaces to be penetrant tested?

a. the discontinuities may be closed b. oil contam inants might be sealed in the discontinuities c. the sand used in the sandblasting operation may be forced in to the discontinuity d. the sandblast ing operation may introduce discontinuities in the part

8.63

60.

The term nonrelevant indication is used to describe certain types of penetrant testing indications. Which of the following would be a typical nonrelevant indication?

Shrinkage cracks are usually found in what areas of a casting?

a. thín sections only b. heavy sections only c. at abrupt changes in thickness d. no longer a problem

8.13.14 A.128

65.

61.

Which of th e followi ng is a discontinuity that might be found in a forging?

a. b. c. d.

A continuous linear indicatian can be caused by wh ich of the fo llowing discontinuities?

a. b. c. d.

shrinkage crack lap hot tear casting lamination

porosity slag inclusions pitting cracks A.133

A.129

pg9

b

"179

009

Level 11 Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

66.

Which of the following could be a source o f false indications o n a test speci men? a. penetrant

011

a. a forging lap b. a crater crack c. grinding cracks

inspector

c. contamination of dry or wet developer w ith penetrant

d . no nmetallic internal inclusions

d. all of the above

A.7

A.i66

A crack type discontinuity will generally appear as: a. a round indicatio n b. a continuous line, either straight or

jagged c. a straight, single sol id line d. random round or e10ngated holes A.i33,i34

P89

qL9

Which of the following discontinuities would be impossible to detect using a ¡iquid penetrant test?

the test table

b. penetrant on the hands of the

67.

68.

P99

25

26

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Supplement to Recommended Practíce SNT-TC-IA (Q&A Book): Uquíd Penetrant Testíng Method

Level 111 Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

~

Level 111 Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method l.

Chemical cleaners are often used for very dirty, greasy parts. If used:

4.

a. the surface must be subsequently cleaned with a salvent cleaner b. the surface must be thoroughly rinsed free of any residue c. heat must be used to eosure the removal of any detergents fram surface openings d. the surfaces must be subsequently cleaned with a volatile salvent c1eaner

a. b. c. d.

5.

Generally, vapor degreasing is considered to be one of the best methods of preparing a part for liquid penetrant inspection beca use:

A.~69

When penetrant is applied to parts by dipping, the parts should be:

A.205

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A.4S

6.

a. left in the tank during the entire dwell time b. set aside untiI the dwell time is up c. placed on a rack designed to return any excess drainage to the dipping station d. placed in the alkaline solvent rinse tank immediately

P9

The mast desirable objectives governing the cleaning operations when removing surface penetrant are to remove: a. little penetrant from defects and leave a minimal of residual penetrant remaining on the surface b. litlle penetrant from a defect and leave no residual penetrant remaining on the surface c. no penetrant from defects and leave a minimal of residual penetrant on the part surface d. no penetrant from defects and leave no residual penetrant on the part surface

a. the solvent vapor removes all petroleum based materials b. it totally removes all surface contaminants c. the method is easily adapted to virtually any size of the part d. the solvent vapor removes all inorganic soils

3.

low viscos ity high viscosity medium viscosity viscosity is not important A.S6

A.~65

2.

With all other factors the same when removing penetrant from the surface by spray water wash, penetrant in a crack would be harder to remove if it has:

qT

The best method of removing the excess water-washable penetrant is to: a. imrnediately irnmerse the part in the water rinse tank b. use water running directly from a tap c. boH in hot water or steam spray d. use a hose and nozzle with a coarse spray A.42

27

28

Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

7.

When removing excess post-emulsifiable penetrant in a production situation involving relatively large irregularly shaped parts, you may use a:

11 : Removal of residual penetrant or

a. coarse spray b. strong wate r blast c. cornmercial salvent d. hot water immersion

a. where it could interfere with subsequent processes or with service b. where it could provide a contrasting background c. where ir could assist in the emulsification of the penetrant bleedout d. where it couId assist in the lattice structure breakdown

A.42

8.

)

developer materials by a suitable postcleaning technique is advantageous in which of the following cases?

The sensitivity of wet developers can be

seriously impaired:

A.180

a. when the developer temperature is greater than the ambient temperature b. when the thickness of the coat ing beco mes too heavy c. if the corrosion inhibitors are added to the developer d. if the surface of the part is polished

12.

a. b. c. d.

A.55

9.

When is a nonaqueous wet developer generally preferred?

false penetrant indications a contrasting background corrosive action proper surface tension A.178

a. when the dryer oven temperatu re is aboye 12 1 °C (250°F) b. when it is essential to use the most sensitive developers c. when using a fluorescent penetrant on an as-cast surface d. when using a fluorescent penetrant on a wire brushed weld

13.

Post-cleaning should be performed: a. as soon as possible if the material is susceptible to corrosion b. afrer several hours because the drier the materials are) the easier they can be wiped off c. with the part warm to enhance th e solubility of penetrant material d. w ith the part chilled to cause the mater ials to lose their cohesion

A.93

10.

Post -cleaning is particularly impo rtant where residual penetrant or developer materials may combine with other materials in ser vice to produce:

The best method of drying after the application of a wet developer is normally:

A.H8

a. blotting the sur face gently with absorptive paper toweling b. all owing the part to dry slowly at or sl ightly below the ambient temperature c. rapid drying with a normal room temperature air blast d. drying with circulating air at a maxi mum of71 oC (160 °F) A.384

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Levellll Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

14.

Ocular fluorescence should be considered when arranging ultraviolet Iights for testing, because direct or reflected ultraviolet light shining ioto the inspector's eyes:

17.

a. the excess penetrant removal is accomplished by water spray .; b. they usually exhibit higher sensitivity to tight cracks c. the overall test time is shortened d. their sensitivity is easier to control

a. couId cause tissue clamage b. is harmless and of no consequence c. even though temporary, can become extremely an noying and may impair inspector effectiveness d. even though annoying. it will not ¡mpair inspector effectiveness

A.36,37

A.6i

15.

18.

Residual acids and chromates are detrimental to the fluorescent processes because: a. the fluorescent dyes may be decomposed, resulting in weak or faint test indications b. acids and oxidizing agents react with the fluorescent dyes only in the presence of water c. acids and oxidizing agents react with the fluorescent dyes only in the presence of emulsifiers which are contained in water-wash penetrants d. emulsifiers neutralize the effects of the acids and chromates

'.

When compared to other methods, which of the ¡tems below are disadvantages of water em ulsifiable visible dye methods? a. degree of sensitivity to acidity and alkalinity b. portability 'c. test time d. requirements of ordinary light A.66,67

19.

The type ofpenetrant to be used on an investment casting should be: a. water-washable visible dye for maximum sensitivity and waterwashability b. solvent removable because of size and shape c. post -emulsifiable fluorescent foc maximum sensitivity and waterwashability d. solvent removable for greater visibility

A.i03,i04

16.

Which of the following is an advantage of post-emulsifiable methods Qver waterwashable methods?

Due to the nature of penetrant material, most methods have which of the followi ng adverse effects on operator health?

A.344,345

a. penetrants are a hazard due to thei r inorganic base b. penetrant methods include materials which can cause dermatitis if proper precautions are not observed c. penetrant materials contain hallucinogens that can cause a sense of drunkenness d. modern penetrants have been improved to be virtuaUy hazard free

20.

A.71.72

There is a variety of equipment available for precleaning parts prior to penetrant application. Of the following, the recommended method for removing the oil phases, if practical, is: a. b. c. d.

sand or grit blasters solvent or chemical tanks vapor degreasers water detergent washing machines A.i70,i7i

001:

061

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30

Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

2 l.

If modular equipment has been obtained

25.

for a penetrant inspection system using fluorescent post-emulsifiable penetrant

a. able to enter extremely fine surface

openings

and wet developer. the dr yer sho uld be placed: a. b. c. d.

b. highly viscous c. highly volati le d. an inorganic base liqu id

after the developer ta nk before the emulsifie r tank before the developer tank

A.40

after the wash unit A.20S

22.

A good penetrant must be:

26.

Wetting ab ility is measured by the: a. b. c. d.

In a modular equipment system using a water-washable fluorescent penetrant and dr y developer. ultraviolet light should be

specific gravity density cantact angle surface tensio n

available: a. b. c. d.

A.84

al the penetrant station at the wash station

27.

Which of the follow ing functio ns does a

developer perfor m?

al the developer statio n after the oven cycle

a. blots th e penet rant by d rawi ng it o ut

A.203-204

of discontinuities 23.

b. masks out nonrelevant indications c. dries out the surface of the part d. prov ides a noncontrasting backg round

Filters for ult raviolet lights effectively remove:

a. natural white light b. radiation of a wavelength above 300

A.138

11m

c. visible light from the energy given off

28.

by the mercury arc d. fluorescence from the penetrant

When inspecting using fluorescent penetrant methods, an indication will appear as a:

A.112

24.

a. soft white glow aga ins! a gray backg round b. brilliant yellow gree n glolV against a

The use of 100 W spot bulbs with a plai n

fi !ter for color contras t penetrants produces:

wh ite background c. bright yellow green glow against a black backgro und ' d. brill iant yellow green glow against a deep violet blue backg ro und

a. a high intensity narrow beam b. a large amo unt of light over a large

area

A.133

c. does not have a high maximum

intensity in any one area d . is ideal for inspecting large parts A.233

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Level 111 Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

•

29.

33.

A v isible dye indication will usually

Porosity ind ications in ceramics would

appear as a:

appear:

a. bright red glow aga inst a wh ite

a. more intense than porosity indications in metals b. essentially the same as porosity indications in metals c. less intense than porosity indications in metals d. as minute cracks

background b. red color against a gray background

c. red color aga inst a white background d. red color against a glowing white background A.133

A.150

30.

If a n indication rcappears after the original deve loper has bee n rem oved and a nother coat is applied, rhe discontinuity:

34.

When inspecti ng a hard fired ceram ic that is very porous, the best inspection m ethod wOll ld be the:

a. cont.ains a rese rvoir of pe netra nt b. is probably shrinkage c. is most likely porosity d. is most likely a c rack

. a. b. c. d.

A.135

Qp

filtered partide method electrified partide method brinle ena mel method

\VI

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emulsifiable color contrast method

X

A.327

31.

If. upon proper reprocessing, a faint

indicatioll fails to reappear, what could be the cause?

35.

A partia lly welded forging lap wOllld probab ly:

a. it \Vas probably a false indicatio n b. the area has bee n overcleaned c. the indicat ion is probably d ue to a small fl aw

give no indication b. appear as a very thin, continuous line c. appear as a broad, continuolls line d. appear as an intermittent Hne

v

3.

d. reprocessing has resealed the opening

';

,

1J1

A.133 ,134

A.152

36.

32.

A network of interconnecting jagged lines appearing in hard fired, unglazed ceramic

products would be an indication of:

~

A ragged line, of variable width and

num erous branches on castings caused by a difference in cooling rates between thick and thinner sections, wouJd most likely be an indi cat ion of:

a. grinding cracks b. fatigue cracks

a. shr inkage

c. shrinkage cracks d . therm al shock

b. cold shllt c. hot tear d. lap

A.327

B.63

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