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• Waris Arslan

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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SECOND EDITION SUB Hamburg

A/587142

PEU GHOSH Assistant Professor Department of Political Science Lady Brabourne College Kolkata

PHI Learning New Delhi-110001 2012

Contents

Preface 1.

The Discipline of International Relations—Meaning, Evolution, Nature and Scope

xv 1-18

Introduction 1 Meaning of International Relations 2 Evolution of the Study of IR 4 Nature of International Relations 12 Scope and Subject Matter of IR 14 Exercises 16 References 16 2.

Theories and Approaches to the Study of International Relations Introduction 19 The Liberal Approach 20 Criticisms 23 Political Realism 24 E.H. Carr and Realism 26 Morgenthau and Realism 27 Neo-Realism 28 Criticisms 29 Pluralism 31 Criticisms 34 Marxist Approach and the Modern World System Theory 34 Basic Assumptions of Marxian Approach 55 World System Theory 37 Immanuel Wallerstein and His World System Theory 38 Johan Galtung and His Structural Theory of Imperialism 39 The Indian Approach: North Over South 40 Criticisms 41

19-52

VI

Contents

Systems Theory 41 Criticisms 44 Communications Approach 44 Criticisms 45 Decision-Making Theory 45 Criticisms 46 Feminism in International Relations 47 Criticism 49 Exercises 49 References 50 3.

International System and the Role of Actors and Non-State Actors Introduction 53 The International System 54 Actors in International System 54 States as Actors 55 Elements of Statehood 56 The People 56 Territory 56 Government 57 Sovereignty 57 National Power 59 Elements of National Power 61 National Interest 65 Crisis of Territorial State 66 Non-State Actors in International Relations Inter-State Governmental Organizations (IGOs) Inter-State Non-Governmental Actors 71 Intra-National Actors 73 Increasing Role of Non-State Actors 74

Exercises References 4.

69 70

76 76

Balance of Power Introduction 78 Balance of Power 79 Meaning 80 The Prerequisites for Balance of Power 82 Characteristics of Balance of Power System 82 Techniques/Devices and Methods 83 Criticism 86 Relevance of Balance of Power 88 Collective Security 90

Exercises References

53-77

93 93

78-94

Contents 5.

Foreign Policy—Concepts and Techniques Introduction 95 Definitions of Foreign Policy 96 Objectives of Foreign Policy 97 Determinants of Foreign Policy 99 External Determinants 102 Techniques of Foreign Policy 103 Diplomacy 103 Foreign Policy and Diplomacy 104 Functions of Diplomacy 105 Traditional and New Diplomacy 108 Features of Traditional Diplomacy 108 Features of New Diplomacy 109 Types of New Diplomacy 111 Diplomacy as a Technique of Foreign Policy 115 Propaganda 117 Techniques of Propaganda 119 Efficacy of Propaganda in Conducting International Relations Military Power as a Technique of Foreign Policy 123

Exercises References 6.

95-130

120

128 128

Cold War and Evolution of Post-Cold War World Introduction 131 Meaning 132 Origin of Cold War 132 Causes of Cold War 133 Phases of Cold War 135 1946-1949 135 1949-1953 136 1953-1959 137 1959-1962 140 Towards Temporary Thaw—Detente 140 Detente—Meaning 140 Causes of Detente 141 Implications of Detente 144 Certain Uncertainties and End Of Detente 145 End of Detente Beginning of New Cold War 146 Causes of New Cold War 146 End of Cold War: The New Detente 147 End of Cold War 148 International System in the Post-Cold War Era 149

Exercises References

vii

151 151

131-152

Vlll

7.

Contents

The Third World Introduction 153 Decolonization and Emergence of the Third World Causes for Decolonization 155 Concept of the Third World 158 Features of the Third World 160

Exercises References 8.

153-162 154

162 162

Non-Aligned Movement Introduction

163-185

163

NAM: Genesis 164 Major Objectives of NAM 166 Growth of the Movement—From Bandung to Sharm el-Sheikh 167 Prelude: The Bandung Conference (1955) 168 First NAM Summit, Belgrade (Yugoslavia), 1-6 September 1961 168 Second NAM Summit, Cairo (Egypt), 5-10 October 1964 169 Third NAM Summit, Lusaka (Zambia), 8-10 September 1970 170 Fourth NAM Summit, Algiers (Algeria), 5-9 September 1973 171 Fifth NAM Summit, Colombo (Sri Lanka), 16-19 August 1976 172 Sixth NAM Summit, Havana (Cuba), 3-9 September 1979 174 Seventh NAM Summit, New Delhi (India), 7-12 March 1983 174 Eighth NAM Summit, Harare (Zimbabwe), 1-7 September 1986 175 Ninth NAM Summit, Belgrade (Yugoslavia), 4-7 September 1989 175 Tenth NAM Summit, Jakarta (Indonesia), 1-7 September 1992 175 Eleventh NAM Summit, Cartagena (Colombia), 18-20 October 1995 176 Twelfth NAM Summit, Durban (South Africa), 2-3 September 1998 176 Thirteenth NAM Summit, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 20-25 February 2003 777 Fourteenth Ministerial Conference of NAM, Durban (South Africa) (Mid-Term Review), 17-19 August 2004 177 Fourteenth NAM Summit, Havana (Cuba), 15-16 September 2006 177 Fifteenth NAM Summit, Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt), 11-16 July 2009 178 Structure and Organization 178 Contribution of NAM 181 Relevance of NAM in Contemporary International Relations 182

Exercises References 9.

184 184

Neo-Colonialism Introduction 186 Imperialism: An Overview 187 Neo-Colonialism: Concept 191 Difference between Colonialism and Neo-Colonialism Mechanisms of Neo-Colonialism 193 Political Devices 193

186-204

191

Contents Foreign Aid 194 Multinational Corporations (MNCs) Treaties and Agreements 196 Arms Trade 796 Transfer of Technology 796 Cultural Device 797 Demand for NIEO 197 Fate of NIEO Proposal 200

Exercises References 10.

IX

195

203 203

Regional Arrangements and their Role in International Relations Introduction 205 Regionalism and Integration in International Relations 206 Functionalism 206 Neo-Functionalism 208 Prominent Regional Organizations 211 European Union (EU) 211 The Three Pillars 213 Stages of European Integration 214 The Institutions of European Union 275 African Union (AU) 218 The Organs of the AU 279 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 221 The OPEC Management 222 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 224 Purposes and Goals 224 Organization of American States 225 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 226 Objectives of the Association 227 Principles 228 General Provisions 228 List of SAARC Summits 228 First Summit: 7-8 December 1985 228 Second Summit: Bangalore, 16-17 November 1986 229 Third Summit: Kathmandu, 2-4 November 1987 229 Fourth Summit: Islamabad, 29-31 December 1988 229 Fifth Summit: Male, 21-23 November 1990 250 Sixth Summit: Colombo, 21 December 1991 230 Seventh Summit: Dhaka, 10-11 April 1993 230 Eighth Summit: New Delhi, 2-A May 1995 230 Ninth Summit: Male, 12-14 May 1997 257 Tenth Summit: Colombo, 29-31 July 1998 257 Eleventh Summit: Kathmandu, 4-6 January 2002 257 Twelfth SAARC Summit: Islamabad, 2-6 January 2004 232 Thirteenth Summit: Dhaka, 12-13 November 2005 232

205-242

X

Contents Fourteenth Summit: New Delhi, 3-4 April 2007 2J2 Fifteenth Summit: Colombo, 1-3 August 2008 233 . Sixteenth Summit: Thimpu, 28-29 April 2010 233 Evaluation 234 Association of South East Asian Nations 234 Objectives 235 Fundamental Principles 235 Structures and Mechanisms 235 ASEAN Plus Three Meeting 236 Asia-Europe Meeting 236 ASEAN-Russia Summit 237 Achievements 237 Recent Issues and Concerns 240

Exercises References 11.

241 241

The United Nations and International Relations Introduction 243 Birth of the UN 244 Purposes and Principles of the UN 245 Membership 248 Organs of the United Nations 248 The General Assembly 248 Composition 249 Sessions 249 Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly 250 Commissions 257 Advisory Commission 257 Working Groups 257 Open-Ended ad hoc Working Groups 252 Councils 252 Governing Councils 252 Panel 252 Functions and Powers 252 Amendment of the Charter 255 Elective Functions 256 Voting in General Assembly 256 Evaluation 257 The Security Council 257 Composition 257 Sessions 258 Voting in the Security Council 258 Subsidiary Bodies of the Security Council 259 Functions and Powers 260 Evaluation 264 The UN Secretariat and The Secretary-General 264 Secretary-General 264

243-294

Contents Appointment 265 Functions and Powers 265 Secretariat 267 Duties of the Secretariat 268 Evaluation 268 The Economic and Social Council Composition 277 Voting 277 Functions and Powers 277 Evaluation 273 The Trusteeship Council 274 •Composition 275 Functions and Powers 276 Voting 276 Evaluation 276 The International Court of Justice Membership 277 Composition 277 Jurisdiction 278 Voluntary Jurisdiction 278 Compulsory Jurisdiction 279 Advisory Jurisdiction 279 Evaluation 281

Revision of the UN Charter 281 Reform of the UN 282 United Nations and Peacekeeping

XI

271

277

286

UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations 288 List of UN Peacekeeping Operations (1948-2008) 289 Evaluation 292

Exercises References

293 293

12. Disarmament and Arms Control

295-310

Introduction 295 Meaning and Concept 296 Major Arms Control Agreement Since 1960 299 Disarmament and the United Nations: Strengthening Peace and Security through Disarmament 307 Problems of Disarmament 309 Exercises 309 References 310 13. Globalization Introduction 311 Concept of Globalization Features of Globalization

311-319 312 312

Xll

Contents

Effects of Globalization 313 Globalization and the Sovereignty of the State Exercises 319 References 319 14.

317 \

Development and International Relations

320-332

Introduction 320 Concept of Development 321 Sustainable Development 326 Principles of Rio Declaration 328 Exercises 332 References 332 15.

Human Rights

333-341

Introduction 333 Evolution 333 The UN and Human Rights 336 The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Mandate 340 Mission Statement 340 . Exercises 341 References 341 16.

Terrorism Introduction 342 Terrorism: A Threat to International Peace and Security International Terrorism: An Overview 345 State-Sponsored Terrorism 346 Cyber-Terrorism 347 Narco-Terrorism 347 Combating Terrorism 348 Exercises 350 References 350

17.

International Law, International Morality and World Public Opinion Introduction 352 International Law 352 Definitions of International Law 354 Sources of International Law 354 Scope of International Law 356 Is International Law a Proper Law? 357 International Morality 360 Role of International Morality 360

339

342-351 342

352-364

Contents World Public Opinion Exercises 363 References 364 18.

361

Indian Foreign Policy

xiii

\

365-395

Introduction 365 Basic Objectives 366 Evolution of India's Foreign Policy: 1947-Present 369 Foreign Policy under Jawahar Lai Nehru: The Formative Years 369 Lai Bahadur Shastri to Indira Gandhi—The Consolidation Phase 371 Lai Bahadur Shastri (1965-1966) 577 Indira Gandhi (1966-1977) and (1980-1984) 372 The Janata Party (1977-1979): Good Neighbourly Policy 375 Rajiv Gandhi (1984-1989): The Globalization Spree 375 V.P. Singh (December 1989-1990) 377 Narasimha Rao (1991-1996): The Phase of Liberalization 378 I.K. Gujral (1997-1998): The Gujral Doctrine 379 A.B. Vajpayee (1998-2004): The Pokhran Explosion 557 Dr. Manmohan Singh (2004-2009) and (2009-): The Nuclear Deal 382

Exercises References

394 394

19. Environment and International Relations

396-407

Global Initiatives, Conferences and Summits Relating to Environment Since 1972 397 Some International Conventions on Environment and Environment Related Matters 404 Conventions regarding Regulation of Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Chemicals 404 Conventions relating to Nuclear Safety 405 Features of Kyoto Protocol, 1997 405 Exercises 407 References 407 Index

409^tl5