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HAROLD B. LEE LIBRARY BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVCRSSTY PROVO, UTAH

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UNDER THE EDITORSHIP OF •

The

Rev.

CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS,

D.D.

Professor of Theological Encyclopedia and Symbolics Union Theological Seminary, New York

The

Rev.

SAMUEL ROLLES DRIVER,

D.D.

Regius Professor of Hebrew, Oxford

The

Rev.

ALFRED PLUMMER,

Late Master of University

College,

M.A., D.D. Durham

BRIGHAM YOUNO UNIVeflSITY PROVO, UTAH

The International Critical Commentary On

the Holy Scriptures of the Old and

New Testaments EDITORS' PREFACE

THERE

are

written

now

by

before the public

British

many Commentaries,

and American divines, of a popular

The Cambridge Bible for Schools the Handbooks for Bible Classes and Private Students The Speaker* s Commentary, The Popular Commentary (Schaff), The Expositor' s Bible and other similar series, have their special place and importance. But they do not enter into the field of Critical Biblical scholarship occupied by such series of Commentaries as the Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum A. T. ; De Wette's Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum N. T. ; Meyer's Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar ; Keil and Delitzsch's Biblischer Commentar ilber das A. T. ; Lange's Theologisch-homiletisches Bibelwerk ; Nowack's Handkommentar zum A. T. ; Holtzmann's Handkommentar zum N. T Several of these have been translated, edited, and in some cases enlarged and adapted, for the English-speaking public ; others are in or

homiletical

character.

^

J

y

process of translation.

But no corresponding

series

or American divines has hitherto been produced.

by

British

The way

has

been prepared by special Commentaries by Cheyne, Ellicott, Kalisch,

Lightfoot,

Perowne, Westcott, and others;

and the

time has come, in the judgment of the projectors of this enterprise,

when

scholars

it

in

Commentary

is

practicable to

the

production

combine of

that will be abreast of

and in a measure lead

its

van.

a

British

critical,

modern

and American comprehensive

biblical scholarship,

The International Messrs.

T.

&

Critical Commentarv

Charles Scribner's Sons of

New

York, and

Messrs.

T. Clark of Edinburgh, propose to publish such a

series

New

of Commentaries on the Old and

Testaments, under the editorship of Prof. C. A. Briggs, D.D., D.Litt., in America, and of Prof. S. R. Driver, D.D., D.Litt., for the Old Testament, and the Rev.

Alfred Plummer, D.D.,

for the

New

Testament, in

Great Britain.

The Commentaries

will

be international and inter-confessional,

from polemical and

and

will

will

be based upon a thorough

be

free

critical

ecclesiastical

They

bias.

study of the original texts

They

of the Bible, and upon critical methods of interpretation. are designed chiefly for students

written in a compact style.

and clergymen, and

Each book

will

still

be

be preceded by an

Introduction, stating the results of criticism upon

ing impartially the questions

will

it,

and

discuss-

The

remaining open.

details

of criticism will appear in their proper place in the body of the

Commentary.

Each

section

of the Text will

with a paraphrase, or summary of contents. of textual and philological criticism distinct

will,

be introduced

Technical details as

a

from matter of a more general character

Old Testament the possible, so as to

;

and

The History of Interpretation of the Books with, when necessary, in the Introductions, with

and Archaeological questions, Theology, are included

in

as

series.

will

be

critical

Historical

well as questions of Biblical

the plan of the Commentaries, but

not Practical or Homiletical Exegesis.

a uniform

the

be serviceable to students not acquainted with

notices of the most important literature of the subject.

stitute

in

exegetical notes will be arranged, as far as

Hebrew. dealt

be kept

rule,

The Volumes

will con-

Critical

The International

Commentary

ARRANGEMENT OF VOLUMES AND AUTHORS THE OLD TESTAMENT The Rev. John Skinner, D.D., Principal and Professor ol Old Testament Language and Literature, College of Presbyterian Church [Now Ready. of England, Cambridge, England.

GENESIS.

EXODUS. The

Kennedy, D.D.,

Rev. A. R. S. University of Edinburgh.

LEVITICUS.

J. F.

Stenning, M.A., Fellow

MUMBERS.

The Rev. G. Mansfield College, Oxford.

DEUTERONOMY. fessor of

Rev.

Wadham

Buchanan Gray, D.D.,

College, Oxford.

Professor of Hebrew, {_JVow

The Rev.

S.

Hebrew, Oxford.

JOSHUA. The

of

Professor of Hebrew,

Ready.

R. Driver, D.D., D.Litt., Regius Pro\Now Ready.

George Adam Smith, D.D., LL.D.,

Principal of the

University of Aberdeen.

JUDGES. ogy,

The Rev. George Moore, D.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Theol-

[Now

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

SAMUEL. The

Ready,

Rev. H. P. Smith, D.D., Professor of Old Testament of Religion, Meadville, Pa. [Now Ready,

and History

Literature

KINGS. The Rev. Francis Brown, D.D., D.Litt., LL.D., President of Hebrew and Cognate Languages, Union Theological

and Professor

New York

Seminary,

CHRONICLES.

City.

The Rev. Edward

Hebrew, Yale University,

New

EZRA AND NEHEMIAH. The fessor of

York

Old Testament

L.

Curtis,

Rev. L.

D.D.,

Professor of

[Now

Haven, Conn.

W. Batten,

Ready,

Ph.D., D.D., Pro-

Literature, General Theological Seminary,

New

City.

PSALMS.

The Rev. Chas. A. Briggs, D.D., D.Litt., Graduate Fro. Theological Encyclopaedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York. [2 vols. Now Ready fessor of

PROVERBS. The Rev. C. H. Toy, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew. [Now Ready, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. JOB.

The Rev.

brew. Oxford-

S.

R. Driver, D.D., D.Litt.

Regius Professor of He-

The International Critical Commentary ISAIAH. fessor of

Chaps. I-XXVII. The Rev. G. Buchanan Gray, D.D., ProHebrew, Mansfield College, Oxford. \_N^(nu Heady.

ISAIAH.

Chaps.

The Rev.

XXVIII-LXVI.

A.

S.

Peake, M.A., D.D.,

Dean

of the Theological Faculty of the Victoria University and Professor of Biblical Exegesis in the University of Manchester, England.

JEREMIAH. The

Rev. A. F. Kirkpatrick, D.D., Dean of Ely, sometime Regius Professor of Hebrew^, Cambridge, England.

The Rev. G. A. Cooke, M.A., Oriel Professor of the InterpreHoly Scripture, University of Oxford, and the Rev. Charles F. BuRNEY, D.Litt., Fellow^ and Lecturer in Hebrew^, St. John's College, EZEKIEL.

tation of

Oxford.

The Rev. John P. Peters, Ph.D., D.D., sometime Professor Hebrew, P. E. Divinity School, Philadelphia, now Rector of St. Michael's Church, New York City. DANIEL.

of

AMOS AND HOSEA. W.

R. IIarper, Ph.D., LL.D., sometime President [Now Ready.

of the University of Chicago, Illinois.

MICAH. ZEPHANIAH, NAHUM, HABAKKUK, OBADIAH, AND JOEL. John P. Smith, University of Chicago; W. Hayes Ward, D.D., LL.D.,

Prof.

Editor of The Independent, New York; Prof. Julius A. Theological Seminary, New York,

ZECHARIAH TO JONAH. Smith and

Prof. J. A.

ECCLESIASTES.

RUTH,

Bryn

Prof.

Mawr

[Now

Ready,

H. G. MiTCHELL, D.D., Prof. John P.

Bewer.

ESTHER. The Rev. L. B. ford Theological Seminary. cal Literature,

Prof.

Bewer, Union

{In Press,

Paton, Ph.D., Professor

George

of

Hebrew, Hart-

[Now

Ready.

A. Barton, Ph.D., Professor of Bibli\_Now Ready.

College, Pa.

SONG OF SONGS AND LAMENTATIONS.

Rev.CHARLEsA.

Briggs, D.D., D.Litt., Graduate Professor of Theological Encyclopaedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York.

THE NEW TESTAMENT ST.

MATTHEW.

Lecturer in

ST.

ment

The Rev. WiLLOUGHBY

C.

Allen, M.A., Fellow and

Theology and Hebrew, Exeter College, Oxford.

MARK.

[Now

Ready.

Gould, D.D., sometime Professor of New TestaINmv Ready. P. E. Divinity School, Philadelphia.

Rev. E. P.

Literature,

The Rev. Alfred Plummer, D.D., sometime Master of [^^ Ready. University College, Durham.

ST. LUKE.

The International ST.

JOHN. The

Critical

Very Rev. John

Commentary

Henry Bernard,

D.D., Dean of

St.

Patrick's and Lecturer in Divinity, University of Dublin.

HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS. The Rev. William Sanday, D.D., LL.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, Oxford, ana the Rev. WlLLOUGHBY C. Allen, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew, Exeter College, Oxford. Rev. C. H. Turner, D.D., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and the Rev. H. N. Bate, M.A., Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of London.

ACTS. The

ROMANS. The Rev. William Sanday, D.D., LL.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, and the Rev. A. C. Headlam, M.A., D.D., Principal of King's College, London. \Now Ready. I.

CORINTHIANS. The

Right Rev.

of Exeter, and Rev. University College, Durham.

Lord Bishop

CORINTHIANS. The

II.

Tutor

in the University of

Rev.

Arch Robertson,

Alfred Plummer, D.D.,

Dawson Walker,

D.D., LL.D.,

Master of \No'w Ready,

late

D.D., Theological

Durham.

GALATIANS. The Rev. Ernest D. Burton. D.D., Professor Testament Literature, University of Chicago.

of

New

EPHESIANS AND COLOSSIANS. D.Litt.,

now

The Rev. T. K. Abbott, B.D., sometime Professor of Biblical Greek, Trinity College, Dublin,

[Now

Librarian of the same.

Ready.

PHILIPPIANS AND PHILEMON. The Rev. Marvin R Vincent, D.D., Professor of Biblical Literature, Union Theological Seminary, New York City. [Now Ready.

THESSALONIANS. The Biblical Theology,

Rev. James E. Frame, M.A., Professor Union Theological Seminary, New York City.

of

[/« Press,

THE PASTORAL EPISTLES. The of

Rev.

Walter Lock, D.D., Warden

Keble College and Professor of Exegesis, Oxford.

HEBREWS. The Rev. James Moffatt, D.D., Minister United Free Church, Broughty Ferry, Scotland. ST.

JAMES. The

Rev. James H. Ropes, D.D., Bussey Professor of

Testament Criticism

in

New

Harvard University.

PETER AND JUDE. The Rev. Charles Bigg, D.D., sometime Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. \^N'ow Ready.

THE EPISTLES OF

ST.

and Divmity Lecturer

in

JOHN. The

Rev. E. A. Brooke, B.D., Fellow

King's College, Cambridge.

REVELATION. The Rev. Robert H. Charles, M.A., D.D., sometime Professor of Biblical Greek in the University of Dublin.

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH GEORGE BUCHANAN GRAY VOL.

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The International

Critical

Commentary

A

CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL

COMMENTARY ON

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH I-XXXIX BY

GEORGE BUCHANAN GRAY,

D.D, D.Litt.

PROFESSOR OK HEBREW AND OLD TESTAMENT EXEGESIS IN MANSFIELD COLLEGE, OXFORD

XL-LXVI BY

ARTHUR

PEAKE,

D.D. S. RYLANDS PROFESSOR OF BIBLICAL EXEGESIS IN

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

IN

TWO VOLUMES VOL.

I

INTRODUCTION, AND COMMENTARY ON I-XXVII

NEV^ YORK

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1912

EGYPT SYRIA AND ASSYEIA Scale of English Miles so

so

Modern names

100

(SO

200

350

are in thin type

Cdmborgh t

Londo.i

The Rights of Translation and Reproduction are Reserved

;

.

PREFACE.

This Commentary should have been written by another and all who are in any way familiar with the work of the A. B. Davidson, and conscious of the profound sympathy and penetrating insight that he always brought to the interpretation of Scripture, must regret that he had made no substantial progress with the Commentary, which the editors of this series had entrusted to him, at the time when Christian scholarship and Christian life were left the late Dr.

poorer by his death. After Dr. Davidson's death, the editors, with a view to the speedier completion of this series, decided to make the

Commentary on

Isaiah the

work of two

writers;

and at

undertook the preparation of the Commentary on chs. 1-39. For the present volume I am, then, entirely responsible and, owing to the unequal size of the two main parts of the Book of Isaiah, the conclusion of my work must be held over for the second volume, which will also contain Dr. Peake's Commentary on chs. 40-66, completing the work. their request

I

;

For the general Introduction to the entire book I am though Dr. Peake, who has read it, is in general agreement with it, and in particular with such references as it contains to chs. 40-66. The more special Introduction to those chapters will be written by him, and appear in vol. ii. The second volume will also contain full Indexes to the whole work. also solely responsible,

I

cannot claim, as

1

could in writing V

my

Preface to

;

PREFACE

VI

the Coinvietitary on Numbers, in this series, that the lack of recent Commentaries is in itself sufficient justification publication of a new one. Once again I have been able to avail myself of the learning of Dillmann, with on this occasion the additions or corrections of Kittel but as a commentator on Isaiah, IMifliaan stands far less alone. Like all who have devoted themselves to the study of Isaiah since 1892, I am profoundly indebted to the Commentary of Bernhard Duhm, as my frequent references to him may be left to show frequently agreeing with him, I have also frequently differed from him but often when I have differed, I have differed because In some respects Duhm I first have learnt from him. those seems to me to have led astray who have followed him too closely, and particularly by his line- and strophedivisions but that is only a small offset to the really Marti in brief comgreat service which he has rendered. pass has found it possible to advance frequently beyond Duhm and to his work I have constantly turned, and But to come now nearer home. seldom unrewarded. Two names of Oxford scholars should always be associated with the study of Isaiah: they are those of Robert Lowth (Introduction, § 44) and T. K. Cheyne. The Commentary of the latter at the end of last century for long stood out conspicuous, in the general dearth of good English Commentaries on the Old Testament; it was itself the successor of earlier and valuable works on Isaiah, and it has been succeeded and, in some measure superseded, by his later works, especially (though even for the

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498

a

55

5)

5>

„

55

J5

55

55

55

Ro 224. Ro 1015. 2 Co 6^'. (Mk 1528), Lk

527( = Nah

ii5) >

52I1

54^

55

35

Gal

54^'

55

55

Jn

55^

55

55

56^

}5

55

JJ

55

5920f.

64*

J5

55

5)

55

661^-

2237.

4^^.

645.

Ac if*. Mt 2113= Mk

iii7

1946.

Ro Il26f-. I Co 2^ (free). Ac 749^-. NT,

In addition to these quotations in the

13.

= Lk

the following

quotations from Josephus (B/^ written about 73-75 a.d., and Anf., written about 93 a.d.) and other works of the ist century A.D.

may be

Is i^^

given here referred to Isaiah in Asc. Is

is

191^'*

4428 45I

„ „

432

„

Philo

(first

Anf.

„

Jos.

„

„

Jos. Ant.

„

„

4

„

Mac

xi.

BJm\,

3^;

xiii. I

We may

next

1 81*.

Moses {Quaest.

certain

43)."

Book of The author

which was written about 180 B.c.f praise of famous men (44I-5021) writes thus of Isaiah

(4822-25)

* It

"a

consider the evidence of the

Ecclesiasticus, in his

lo^.

If-.

half of the ist cent a.d.) refers Is i^ to

prophet, the kinsman and friend of 14.

3^^.

.

J

_

would perhaps be arguable, though the point

is

not here put forward

as having any probability, that Jos. refers to an uncanonical pseudepigraphon

whence

Is 19^^

was subsequently incorporated

not only of a or the TO jStjSAi'oj' T?7S avTov

Book

in the present

of Isaiah, but also of his books

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INTRODUCTION

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745-

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unite

divid

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CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES o o

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to

ro .

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ifl

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cj .«—

OH

(A)

t-H

t^ r^ ti

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c3 rn

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CL,

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§ •"^ n..

NO

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M-H

,j_,

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^»-< cna

•

in the

not of the pre-eminence of Israel

among

the nations, or

of the greatness of Israel in numbers and military power. sequently, there

no

is

same

early period of

p. 2) falls

to the ground.

the case for assigning this passage to the 2^^-

Isaiah's activity as

Conand

allusion to the prosperity of Judah,

(Che. Introd.

In the simplest terms, without the pathetic details of Hosea's

Yahweh

and tending His child (Hos ii^^-, esp. v.^), Isaiah places in contrast Yahweh's parental care which had brought Israel to manhood, and Israel's unfilial conduct in casting off the father's authority and disobeying the father's commands. They have rebelled against me] '2 VLJ^D means to picture of

revolt

from one's

training

ruler

authority (cp. "TniD

{e.g.

isy lytJ^D,

K

i

Hos

12^^,

8^)

:

renunciation ^f a father's authority.

A

K

2

here

it is

i^),

/^

ffi (f5i/'W(ra),

X

Ki.,

U {exaltavi),

RVmarg.

§

Di., Du., Che., Marti, al.

AV,

RV

child's

reference to idolatry,

* Ew., Di., Che., Du., Whitehouse, Box.

t

renounce

used of a

(text),

Ges., Cond.

—

—

COMMENTARY ON ISAIAH

lO

which has sometimes been suspected here, would be possible it is very far from certain other ways of rebelling against Yahweh were to rely on Egypt or Assyria (Hos 7^3), or to be unjust, inhumane cp. 59^^^- and the use of the noun ycJ'Q in Am 5^2. moreover, Am. chs. i. 2 are simply a series of illustrations of inhumanity regarded in the light of (cp. Jer 2^- 29 313)^ but

;

;

rebellion against

Yahweh.

3. Israel has not only

been an

unfilial child

of Yahweh, but

has shown himself less intelligent than the animals (cp. Jer S'^) that form part of a household (Ex 20^'^). Ox and ass find their

way

to their stables

;

but Israel cares nothing for Yahweh, nor

owes everything to Him cp. the thought of Dt 32^^, where it is implied that Israel not only did Hos not recognise Yahweh, their true Baal or owner, as the giver of harvest, but attributed the produce of Canaan to the ancient master\ the first word {^^\>) Owner Baals of the land. KXTyo-a/Acvov denotes rov (ffi^), one who has come into possession of anything as, for example, by purchase (cp. Lv 25^^, Zee 11^); the second (^V^) is commonly used of the person to whom Israef] If vv.^ and ^ property belongs {e.g. Ex 21^8, Jg 1922). belong to the same poem, Israel is not the Northern kingdom, but Judah cp. 5^ n. Isaiah, like Amos int 4-9. Israel sinful and suffering. 33-8, follows up the brief saying of Yahweh (vv.2