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ECL ENGLISH COURSE

INTERMEDIATE English as a crucial language.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

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Acknowledgments Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary – Electronic Edition. Version 1.1. Courtney, Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Fisk English Course – Books – Basic one / two, Book four, Book five, Book six, Advanced two, Free Conversation. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms. Swan, Michael and Walter, Catherine – How English Works – A Grammar Practice Book With Answers. Oxford.

Planned and Prepared by Ricardo Fernandes Marques

Copyright RICARDO FERNANDES MARQUES Rua Antônio Gonçalves 109 Porto Velho São Gonçalo, R.J Brasil

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CONTENTS LESSON ELEVEN

SHORT ANSWERS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.

LESSON TWELVE

MODAL VERBS == MAY, MIGHT,CAN,COULD,SHOULD,OUGHT, MUST AND MUSTN`T PHRASAL VERBS ( IN/ OUT )

LESSON THIRTEEN

TAG QUESTIONS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW. PHRASAL VERBS ( OUT )

LESSON FOURTEEN

PERFECT TENSES == PART I, AND THEIR USAGES. HOW LONG PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )

LESSON FIFTEEN

PERFECT TENSES == PART II, AND THEIR USAGES. PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )

LESSON SIXTEEN HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY SOME / ANY / NO AND DERIVATES PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )

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LESSON SEVENTEEN

IF CLAUSES == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )

LESSON EIGHTTEEN

DIRECT AND INDERECT == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED. PHRASAL VERBS ( BACK /AWAY )

LESSON NINETEEN

RELATIVE PRONOUNS == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. TOO AND SO=ALSO (AFF) EITHER AND NEITHER=ALSO (NEG) PHRASAL VERBS ( OVER )

LESSON TWENTY

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS== ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. PHRASAL VERBS GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES

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LESSON 11

Verb Tenses

Do

I

study

English

every day?

Does

he

speak

German

Did

she

travel to

England

every other day? last night?

Will

you

have

to work

tonight?

Would

they

need

to study

every day?

Are

you

happy

today?

Were

you

tired

yesterday?

Is

she

playing

chess with him

Was

he

doing

his homework

at the moment? last night?

Are

they

going to

buy some food

later?

Were

you

going to

sell those CDs

last week?

Is

there

anybody

at your house

now?

Are

there

many tasks

to do

Will

there

be

Would

there

be

Is

there

going to be

Was

there

going to be

a party at the club an answer for this question? an important game a meeting here

this afternoon? tonight?

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tonight? this evening?

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LESSON 11

Short Answers Yes

you

do.

No

you

don’t.

Yes

he

does.

No

he

doesn’t.

Yes

she

did.

No

she

didn’t.

Yes

I/we

will.

No

I/we

won’t.

Yes

they

would.

No

they

wouldn’t.

Yes

I/we

am./are.

No

I

am not./aren’t.

Yes

I/we

was./were.

No

I

wasn’t./weren’t.

Yes

she

is.

No

she

isn’t.

Yes

he

was.

No

he

wasn’t.

Yes

they

are.

No

they

aren’t.

Yes

I/we

was./were.

No

I/we

wasn’t./weren’t.

Yes

there

is.

No

there

isn’t.

Yes

there

are.

No

there

aren’t.

Yes

there

will.

No

there

won’t.

Yes

there

would.

No

there

wouldn’t.

Yes

there

is.

No

there

isn’t.

Yes

there

was.

No

there

wasn’t.

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LESSON 11

Substitution Drills 1. Do you__________ ____ _____________ every day? 2. Will _______ __________ ___ ________ tomorrow? 3. Will I ____________ ___________ _____________? 4. Would _____ ________ to __________ with ______? 5. Do ____ always_________ to _________ the ______?

Expressions and Useful Phrases I’m damn right / I’m fucking right What the hell are you doing there? Whoever/Wherever/Whenever/Whatever What good would it do? Keep track of # Lose track of To make certain that you know what is happening or has happened to someone or something Take into account = To consider or remember when judging a situation.

Important Note Phrasal Verb A phrase which consists of a verb in combination with a preposition or adverb or both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts: 'Look after', 'work out' and 'make up for' are all phrasal verbs. CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY

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LESSON 11

Exercise 1. Make questions for the answers and answers for the questions in the following dialogue. a. ________________________________________________________________________________?

b. No, I wouldn’t.

b.

How about ____________________________________________________________________?

a. ________________________________________________________________________________

a. Where ________________________________________________________________________?

b. _________________________________________________________________________________

b. After going to _________________________________________________________________

a. Cool! That’s a very nice idea...

a. At what time __________________________________________________________________?

b. _________________________________________________________________________________

a. See you!

b. ___________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 12

Modal Verbs May

I

open the window? open the window? open the window? drive

Can

I

Could

I

Can

you

Could

you

speak English

Should

she

drive less

Must

he

finish

It is too hot here! It is too hot here! It is too hot here! well?

Permission - Formal Permission - Informal Permission - Polite Ability Present or Future Ability Past or Conditional

three months ago? and walk more? all his homework

Recommendation today?

Obligation

Expressing the same idea: Should

Ought to

Must

Have to

Expressing Possibility May Might

Strong possibility- affirmatives and negatives Weak possibility- affirmatives and negatives Possibility-affirmatives, negatives

For questions we use the expression to be + likely Are you likely to travel?

Can Could

and interrogatives (informal) Slight or uncertain possibility.

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It can be a good idea. Can she come here tomorrow? Do you think she can win? It could be a good idea.

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LESSON 12

Yes/No

you

may/may not

Yes/No

you

can/can’t

Yes/No

you

could/couldn’t

Yes/No

I/we

can/can’t

Yes/No

I/we

could/couldn’t

Yes/No

she

should/shouldn’t

Yes/No

he

must/ doesn’t have to(need to)

open the window. open the window. open the window. drive speak English drive less finish

well. three months ago. and walk more. all his homework

today.

Asking Favors Can

Informal

Can you help me with the homework?

Could

Formal

Could I trouble you to open the window?

Prohibition Mustn`t

You mustn`t park your car here!

Substitution Drills 1. _______ he__________ _______ __________ every day? 2. Could she ________ ________ ________ every _______? 3. ________ ______ help her (to) ________ ____ _______? 4. ________ _____ ________ to ________ ______ _______? 5. ________ ________ ___________ _______ __________ ?

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LESSON 12 Expressions Along with / together with = accompany, emphasizes closeness in time or space Instead of = in substitution According to = as stated or in conformity In spite of = in defiance of, notwithstanding Due to / On account of / Because of = idea of cause

How to use them? Too

Very

High degree - intolerable

High degree but tolerable

Phrasal Verbs

Call in Call out Send in Send out Drop in Drop out (of) Push in Push out Stay in Stay out Eat in Eat out Be in Be out Get in Get out

To invite to enter. To shout something loudly. To order to enter. To cause (someone) to go outside. To visit. To fall out / To choose to leave school, etc. To penetrate or cause penetration To make (something or someone) move outwards by pushing it. At home, inside. Not at home, outside. At home, inside. Not at home, outside. At home, inside. Not at home, outside. To enter To leave

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LESSON 12

Exercises 1. Make questions for these answers below. a. ________________________________________________________________________________? He wouldn’t like to eat a lot at the restaurant, because of his health problem. b. ________________________________________________________________________________? He will travel instead of staying in next summer. c. ________________________________________________________________________________? She drops him in every other week. d. ________________________________________________________________________________? Mark changed his mind and won’t drop out of school anymore

2. Give long answers for these questions below. a. Does she eat out every weekend? _____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Is your mother out? _____________________________________________________________________________________ c. Does she like to stay out now and then? _____________________________________________________________________________________ d. How often do you eat out? _____________________________________________________________________________________ e. Why don’t you call her out so that she can help you out? _____________________________________________________________________________________ f. Is he usually in on the weekends? _____________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 13

Tag Questions I

study

Spanish

every day,

don’t I?

He

speaks

French

doesn’t he?

She

traveled

to Australia

every other day, last night,

didn’t she?

You

will

have

to work

tonight,

won’t you?

They

wouldn’t

need

to study

every day,

would they?

You

are

busy

today,

aren’t you?

You

weren’t

tired

yesterday,

were you?

She

is

playing

was

doing

at the moment, last night,

isn’t she?

He

wasn’t he?

They

are

going to

later,

aren’t they?

You

were

going to

last week,

weren’t you?

There

is

somebody

now,

isn’t there?

There

are will

this afternoon, tonight,

aren’t there?

There

many tasks be

chess with him his homework buy some food sell those CDs at your house to do

There

would

be

There

is

going to be

There

was

going to be

a party at the club an answer for this question, an important game a meeting here

won’t there? wouldn’t there?

tonight,

isn’t there?

this evening,

wasn’t there?

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LESSON 13

Yes/No

you

study / don’t study

Spanish

every day.

Yes/No

he

speaks / doesn’t speak

French

Yes/No

she

traveled / didn’t travel

Yes/No

I/we

will / won’t

have

to Australia to work

every other day. last night. tonight.

Yes/No

they

would / wouldn’t

need

to study

every day.

Yes/No

I/we

am - are / am not - aren’t

busy

today.

Yes/No

I/we

was - were / wasn’t - weren’t

tired

yesterday.

Yes/No

she

is / isn’t

playing

Yes/No

he

was / wasn’t

doing

Yes/No

they

are / aren’t

going to

at the moment. last night. later.

Yes/No

I/we

was - were / wasn’t - weren’t

going to

Yes/No

there

is / isn’t

somebody/anybody

Yes/No

there

are / aren’t

many tasks

chess with him his homework buy some food sell those CDs at my house to do

Yes/No

there

will / won’t

be

Yes/No

there

would / wouldn’t

be

Yes/No

there

is / isn’t

going to be

Yes/No

there

was / wasn’t

going to be

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a party at the club an answer for this question. an important game a meeting here

last week. now. this afternoon. tonight.

tonight.

this evening. 14

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LESSON 13

Substitution Drills 1. He________ ___________ yesterday, ___________ ___________? 2. She ___________ ______________, ___________ _____________? 3. You ______________ meat, ________________ ______________? 4. ______ ________ to England ________ _______, _______ _____?

Phrasal Verbs

Figure out Find out Pick out Put out Throw out Turn out Work out Help out Try out Make out Come out Look out Run out of Break out of Check out

To calculate. To understand. To discover. To choose. To select. To extinguish fire. To turn off lights. To put (something or someone) outside. To produce. To cast out. To get rid of (something or someone). To result. To find a solution. To understand. To succeed. To result. To calculate. To exercise. To help. To test. To experiment. To understand (something or someone). To decipher. To come outside. To be published. To be expressed in speech. To reach a result. To be careful (usually in the imperative form). To leave a place by running. To lack something. To escape from. to examine something or get more information about it in order to be certain that it is true, safe or suitable

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LESSON 13 Special Tag Questions I am right, Close the door, Don’t forget, Sit down, Let’s have a party,

aren’t I? will you? will you? won’t you? shall we?

Informal questions / requests often use negative sentence + question tag. You can’t lend me some money, can you? After imperatives, we can use WON`T YOU? to invite people to do things, and WILL / WOULD / CAN / CAN`T /COULD YOU? (Informal) to tell or ask people to do things. After negative imperative we use WILL YOU? After Let’s we use SHALL WE? We use THEY to refer to nobody, somebody and everybody (and no one etc.). We use non-negative tags after NEVER, NO, NOBODY, HARDLY, SCARCELY, LITTLE. We use IT in question tags to refer to NOTHING. Old and Useful Sayings “All is well that ends well.”

“All that glitters is not gold.”

“A good example is better than a sermon.”

“When poverty comes in the door, love flies out the window.”

“Money is the root of all evil.”

“There’s no smoke without fire.”

“Many hands make light work.”

“Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.”

Half a loaf is better than no bread.”

“Birds of a feather flock together.”

Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases Look out you don’t get robbed. = Be carefull not to get robbed. One’s cup of tea = What one likes. E.G. Soccer is not my cup of tea. On the tip of one’s tongue. = To be about to say something. E.G. Wait, Wait! I have got his name on the tip of my tongue. On purpose = Intentionally # By chance = not intentionally. E.G. Do you think he did that on purpose? Be cut out (for) = To be suited for, have talent for E.G. I’m not cut out for this kind of work. I prefer something lighter. By the looks of things… = According to what I can see… E.G. By the looks of things, long skirts are coming in again Come in = Become fashionable / seasonable

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LESSON 13

Exercises 1. Make sentences with tag questions for these answers below. a. _________________________________________________, ______________________________? Yes, I am cooking tonight. b. ________________________________________________, _______________________________? Yes, he is a lovely little boy. c. ________________________________________________, _______________________________? No, she didn’t work hard last night. d. ________________________________________________, ______________________________? Of course!

2. Complete the sentences below with the right tag questions. a. The policeman came to school yesterday, ______________________________________? b. The teacher broke his leg last weekend, ________________________________________? c.

She likes to play with you, ___________________________________________________?

d. Joanne doesn’t like to work here, ______________________________________________? e.

He will ask her out next time he sees her, _____________________________________?

f.

He would enjoy going out with us, ___________________________________________?

g. Everybody’s here, ______________________________________________________________? h. You’re never happy, ____________________________________________________________? i. There’s no milk, _______________________________________________________________? j.

Nothing matters, ______________________________________________________________?

k. She hardly spoke, _____________________________________________________________? l. There’s scarcely enough time, _________________________________________________? m. You never wrote her a letter, ___________________________________________________?

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ECL ENGLISH COURSE LESSON 14

18 Don’t be so worried about these little things. You’ll see they are not so difficult.

The Perfect Tenses Part I Have

you

worked

hard

lately?

Has

he

gotten

good grades

recently?

Have

you

sold

your car?

# 1. Pres. Perf. Something that started in the past and comes up to the present. # 1. Pres. Perf. 3rd person singular. # 2. Pres. Perf. Indefinite Past Time. # 2. Pres. Perf. 3rd person singular.

Has

he

moved?

Have

you

eaten

Has

he

traveled

a lot

today?

this month?

Have

you

been

studying hard

Has

she

been

doing her homework?

this semester?

Pres. Perf. Cont. Something that started in the past and comes up to now. It is also used to give emphasis. Pres. Perf. Cont. 3rd person singular.

Past Perf. Used when we want to refer to a past action that happened before another one. Past Perf. 3rd person singular.

Had

they

already painted

the house

when you arrived?

Had

she

left

home

when you arrived?

Had

you

been

Had

she

been

# 3. Pres. Perf. Used with periods of time not finished at the moment of speaking. The action may repeat or continue. # 3. Pres. Perf. 3rd person singular.

working out

when she arrived?

trying to hide this secret

when you found out the truth?

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Past Perf. Cont. Used when we want to refer to a past action that was completed or interrupted before another one. It is also used to give emphasis. Past Perf. Cont. 3rd person singular.

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ECL ENGLISH COURSE Be happy! Give it a Try. Don’t be so pessimistic!

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LESSON 14

Yes/No

I/we

have / haven’t

worked

hard

lately.

Yes/No

he

has / hasn’t

gotten

good grades

recently.

Yes/No

I/we

have / haven’t

sold

my/our car.

Yes/No

he

has / hasn’t

moved.

Yes/No

I/we

have / haven’t

eaten

Yes/No

he

has / hasn’t

traveled

Yes/No

I/we

have / haven’t

been

studying hard

Yes/No

she

has / hasn’t

been

doing her homework.

Yes/No

they

had / hadn’t

already painted

the house

when I/we arrived.

Yes/No

she

had / hadn’t

left

home

when I/we arrived.

Yes/No

I/we

had / hadn’t

been

Yes/No

she

had / hadn’t

been

working out trying to hide this secret

when she arrived. when I/we found out the truth.

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a lot

today. this month. this semester.

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LESSON 14

Substitution Drills 1. Had _______ ______ ________ before _________ ____ ______? 2. Has _________ ______________ ____________________ lately? 3. _______ you ___________ _____________ books ___________? 4. We ________ ___________ a__________, __________ _______? 5. They _______ had ___________ ___________, haven’t _______? How long have you worked here? How long have you worked here?

I’ve worked here for three months. I’ve worked here since January.

Old and Useful Sayings “Water dripping day by day wears the hardest rock away.”

“Where there’s a will there’s a way.”

“Don’t put the cart before the horse.”

“Don’t bite off more than you can chew.”

“Beauty lies in lover’s Eyes.”

“Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.”

“Handsome Is as handsome does.”

“Like father like son.”

“Money doesn’t grow on trees.”

“First come, first served.”

Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases For good = Forever. Kick (a) habit = To stop, break off a habit. Put one’s foot into it = To say something stupid and embarrassing. Be a steal = Something sold very cheaply; be a great bargain. Be Greek to = To be incomprehensible. Build castles in the air = To plan things which will probably not succeed, daydream. Come off it! = Stop lying, joking, or being pretentious. Waste one’s breath = To speak without result.

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LESSON 14 Present Perfect Usage Have you ever fallen in love? This is the best food I have ever eaten. Yes I have already fallen in love. No I haven’t fallen in love yet. No I have never fallen in love. Yes I have just fallen in love

Used in questions – Uncommon things or in affirmatives to emphasize. Used in affirmative answers to confirm an “ever” question or to emphasize. Used when the answer is negative but there is intention of doing. Used when the answer is negative and there’s no intention of doing. Used to say that something happened now, very soon, or very recently

Phrasal Verbs Send on

Send off/away

Keep on

Keep off

Stay on

Stay off

Get on Get off

Jump on Jump off

To send something from someone's old address to their new one (to / for)To write to an organization or place to ask them to send you something: I've sent off for a catalogue. We had to send off to Ireland for a replacement part. To continue doing something without stopping, or to do it repeatedly. To not go onto an area, or to stop someone or something going onto an area. To stop something touching or harming someone or something. To not eat, drink or use something that can harm you, or to stop someone else from doing this; To continue to be in a place, job or school after the other people who were with you have left. = To keep off - to not eat, drink or use something that can harm you. To continue to be at a distance from something. To continue not to attend, (something such as school). To go onto a bus, train, aircraft or boat. To continue doing something, especially work. To leave a train, bus or aircraft. to leave a place, usually in order to start a journey. To criticize someone as soon as they have done something wrong or said something that you disagree with. To leave a place or something with a springing movement. To start ( military)

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LESSON 14

Exercises 1. Make questions for these answers below. a. ________________________________________________________________________________? No, he hasn’t been there yet. b. ________________________________________________________________________________? He has brought those new tapes for you. c. ________________________________________________________________________________? They have read that book because of the paper they are preparing. d. ________________________________________________________________________________? She has been there lots of times this month. e. ________________________________________________________________________________? They have been trying to fix the bus since morning. f. ________________________________________________________________________________? He had already come back from London when she decided to ask him to bring some books for her. g. ________________________________________________________________________________? I had been running for thirty minutes when you called me out. h. ________________________________________________________________________________? She has been reading that book for more than three months. i. ________________________________________________________________________________? Traveling abroad is what I have ever wanted. j.

________________________________________________________________________________?

I have never tried to do something illegal.

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LESSON 14

2. Give long answers for these questions below. a. What has she just done? _____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Where have you been lately? _____________________________________________________________________________________ c. Why had she sold the furniture before phoning you? _____________________________________________________________________________________ d. How long have you been talking over that problem with that girl on the phone? _____________________________________________________________________________________ e. Have you ever had to do something you really hated? What? Why? _____________________________________________________________________________________ f. Have you already had lunch? _____________________________________________________________________________________ g. Where have you been running these days? _____________________________________________________________________________________ h. What had she done before you told her the truth? _____________________________________________________________________________________ i. Have you ever had an affair? ____________________________________________________________________________________ j.

Have you ever thought about living abroad? Where?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 14

3. Complete the text below with the appropriate verb tense. A long time ago, on a distant land there _____________ a man who _____________ beyond the woods. He ______________ to be the wisest wizard in that old world. Once he ______________ to_______________ with an old and powerful dragon. He ____________ never ____________ a creature as dangerous and wicked as the sevenhead dragon. Many powerful and wise knights _______________ already ______________ to _____________ the Beast before him, but none ___________________. He ______________ himself for the great battle. He _________________ the great wizard book. Merlin, himself, ___________________ him a visit in order ___________ ______________ his sorceries ______________, believing that it could be helpful. After some moons the Day finally ________________. He could not _______________ what he ________________ inside his heart, in his soul. The dragon ____________ ______________ to ________________ his head and ______________ his viscera. It _______________ almost a week and after storms, thunders and groans the victor _____________ ________________ tall in the middle of the battlefield. For those who _________________ the winner____________ the wizard, I’m so sorry __________ _________________ the winner was the seven-head dragon.

That’s a real ending. We must try to face the truth. Life is not a fairy tale. We must bear in mind life is made of victories and defeats. Be prepared for both of them.

To manage

To feel

To try

To reveal

To fight

To have

To face

To live

To claim

To prepare

To read

To pay

To come

To give away

To defeat

To swallow

To smash

To hide

To be

To promise

To be

To take

To stand

To believe

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LESSON 15

The Perfect Tenses Part II

What

will

you

have done

Whom

would

you

have gone with have happened to the book?

What

may

by the end of the year? if they had invited you for the party? it is not here on the desk.

you

have talked to?

she

have left her purse?

Strong probability or Conclusion of a past action.

might

have happened to him

if he had jumped out of the window?

What

could

have happened

if you hadn’t turned down that proposal?

Where

should must

Possibility in the past weaker than MUST HAVE.

Cond. Perf. Unreal past situation or Criticism (You might have told me about that!). Possibility in the past weaker than MUST HAVE. Cond. Perf. Slight or uncertain possibility in the past. Unreal past situation. Criticism (You could have helped me!) Recommendation (past action)

What

Whom

Fut. Perf. Used to describe an action which, at some time in the future, will be past or completed. Cond. Perf. Unreal past situation

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LESSON 15

I / We

will

have

graduated

by the end of the year.

I / We

would

have gone with

Martha

if they had invited me / us for the party.

It

may

have fallen

behind the desk.

Have you already checked it out?

He

might

have

broken his leg

if he had jumped out of the window.

I / We

could

have lost

lots of money

if I / we hadn’t turned down that proposal.

I / We

should

Jaime’s sister.

She

must

have talked to have left her purse

inside my car.

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LESSON 15

Phrasal Verbs

Switch on

Switch off

Turn on

Turn off

Put on

Put off

To use a switch to change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Switch the TV on. If someone switches on a particular emotion or behavior, they suddenly start to feel or behave in that way, but usually not sincerely. To use a switch to change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Switch the TV off. To stop giving your attention to someone or something. To change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Turn the TV on. To interest or excite you, especially sexually: Short girls really turn me on. To change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Turn the TV off. To stop someone feeling interested or excited, especially sexually. To cover part of the body with clothes, shoes, make-up or something similar. To make a device operate, or to cause a device to play something, such as a CD or video, by pressing a switch. To pretend to have a particular feeling or way of behaving which is not real or natural to you: Why are you putting on that silly voice? If people or animals put weight on, they become heavier. To decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date. To tell someone that you cannot see them or do something for them, or stop them from doing something, until a later time. To take someone's attention away from what they want to be doing or should be doing.

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LESSON 15

Phrasal Verbs

Go on

Go off

Call on

Call off

To start operating. To continue or move to the next thing. To talk in an annoying way about something for a long time. To start talking again after a pause. INFORMAL something that you say to encourage someone to say or do something. To continue or pass. Used when encouraging or asking someone to do something. Something that you say in order to agree to do or allow something that you did not want to do or to allow before: "Are you sure you don't want another slice of cake?" "Oh go on then, but just a small one. If a light or a machine goes off, it stops working. If a bomb goes off, it explodes. If a gun goes off, it fires. To happen in a particular way: The protest march went off peacefully with only two arrests. UK If food or drink goes off, it is not good to eat or drink any more because it is too old. If a warning device goes off, it starts to ring loudly or make a loud noise. To become worse in quality. To leave a wife, husband or partner in order to have a sexual or romantic relationship with someone else. To visit someone for a short time. To use something, especially a quality that you have, in order to achieve something. (sth off) To decide that a planned event, especially a sports event, will not happen, or to end an activity because it is no longer useful or possible. To order a dog, or sometimes a person, to stop attacking someone or something.

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LESSON 15 Position of Prepositions We generally place the preposition directly before its object; however, sometimes it may be placed at the end of the sentence. Take a look at the examples: What do you want it for? I don’t know what he needs it for. What will I write about? Which house did you go to? Whom is the girl Mark is talking to?

Old and Useful Sayings “Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.” “All is fair in love and war.” “Better late than never.” “You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.” “Never look a gift horse in the mouth.” “It's no use crying over spilt milk.” “The road to hell is paved with good intentions.” “It never rains but it pours.”

Complete the following questions with the suitable clauses. 1. Could he________________________ if he hadn’t broken his leg? 2. Would _________________________________if I had called you? 3. Will _______________________________________ by December? 4. What should ______________________________ last night before going to bed?

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LESSON 15

Exercises 1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right verb tense. a. Come on! Why don’t you just _________________ __________________ the meeting?

b. Why did she refuse to ________________________ ___________________ her cigarette?

c. I can’t believe we have just _______________ ___________ __________ gasoline again!

d. She told me she had already _____________ __________ what happened that night.

e. I can’t believe! You have __________________________ ________________________ a lot!

f. Don’t forget to ______________________ ______________ the car before you buy it!

g. Have you been __________________________ ________________________ this summer?

h. Hey! Jane has just finished preparing something in the kitchen. It’s better to ____________________ it ___________________.

i. How often do you _____________________________ ________________________________?

j.

When was the last time you _____________________________ __________ somebody?

k. How long have you_________________________ ________________________ doing this?

l. Where did you ______________________________ __________ these beautiful flowers?

m. Well at least it ________________ _________ to be a good solution for that problem.

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LESSON 15

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then create sentences. a. PUT ___________________________________________________________________________

b. CALL __________________________________________________________________________

c. PUT ____________________________________________________________________________

d. TURN __________________________________________________________________________

e. MAKE__________________________________________________________________________

f. STAY___________________________________________________________________________

g. TRY ____________________________________________________________________________

h. GO _____________________________________________________________________________

i. SEND __________________________________________________________________________

j.

RUN ___________________________________________________________________________

ON

OFF

OUT

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IN

OUT OF

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LESSON 16

The Countable and Uncountable nouns

How many

books

do you

read

a month?

How much

beer

do you

usually drink

on the weekends?

How many

brothers or sisters

do you

have?

How much

money

does she

have in her pocket?

How many times

a month

do you

go to the beach?

do you

spend

when you go to the beach?

do you

usually buy

a month?

do you

work out

a day?

How much

How many How long

CDs

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LESSON 16

I / We

I / We

lots of books a lot of books a few books few books two books a lot (just) a little little two cans of beer

read

usually drink

have I / We don’t have

She

has

doesn’t have I / We

I / We

go to the beach

spend

don’t spend

I / We

usually buy don’t buy

I / We

work out

a few. few. none. many. brothers or sisters. lots of money a lot of money (just) a little little two bucks much money once twice three times lots of money a lot of money (just) a little little two bucks much money lots of CDs. a lot of CDs. a few CDs. few CDs. two CDs. many CDs.

a month.

on the weekends.

Many is mainly used in negatives and questions. Much is mainly used in negatives and questions.

in her pocket.

a month.

when I / we go to the beach.

(a month)

for two hours

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In this case it’s more common to omit the time expression.

a day.

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LESSON 16

Complete the following questions. 1. ___________ ___________ cars ________________________? 2. ___________ ___________ time ________________________? 3. ___________ ___________ times _______________________? 4.

How much _________________________________________?

5.

How many _________________________________________?

Indefinite Pronouns Some

Somebody or Someone

Something

Somewhere

Any

Anybody or Anyone

Anything

Anywhere

No

Nobody or No one

Nothing

Nowhere

Affirmative sentences. Questions, when we expect a positive answer. Offers. General questions. Negative sentences, with verbs in the negative form. Affirmative sentences.* Negative sentences, with verbs in the affirmative form. Yes I have some plans for tonight.

Do you have any plans for tonight?

No I don’t have any plans for tonight. No I have no plans for tonight.

Would you like some help?

Oh! I’d love to.

Could you bring me some water?

Sure!

Some

Any*

No

A PART OF SOMETHING. I like some Italian restaurant. (Not all of them.) NOT IMPORTANT WHICH. I like any Italian restaurant. (All of them.) NOT ANY. I like no Italian restaurant. (I don’t like Italian food / cuisine.)

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LESSON 16

Exercises 1. Make questions using how much our how many for these answers below. a. ________________________________________________________________________________? He sold lots of old books last week. b. ________________________________________________________________________________? He doesn’t have much money. c. ________________________________________________________________________________? I’ve spent lots of time doing the exercises. d. ________________________________________________________________________________? Mark likes just a little sugar in his coffee. e. ________________________________________________________________________________? Hugh spent ten dollars buying new pencils.

2. Give long answers for these questions below. a. How many times have the policemen come here this week? _____________________________________________________________________________________ b. How much has she spent lately? _____________________________________________________________________________________ c. How many hours do you usually spend to come here by train? _____________________________________________________________________________________ d. How much is it? _____________________________________________________________________________________ e. How much did it cost? _____________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 16

Phrasal Verbs

Go up

Go down

Turn up

Turn down

Bring up

Bring down

To move higher, rise or increase. To reach as far as something: The path going up to the back door is very muddy. To move down to a lower level or place. to reach or go as far as: Its roots can go down three metres. When the sun goes down, it moves down in the sky until it cannot be seen any more. To be reduced in price, value, amount, quality, level or size. If a computer system goes down, it stops working. If an event such as a crime or a deal goes down, it happens. (on)SLANG To use the tongue and lips to touch someone's sexual organs in order to give pleasure.(with) = come down with To arrive or appear somewhere, usually unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned. If something that you have been looking for turns up, you find it unexpectedly. If a better situation or an opportunity to do something turns up, it happens or becomes available unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned. Turn sth/sb down to refuse an offer or request. To care for a child until it is an adult, often giving it particular beliefs. To start to talk about a particular subject. To cause someone in a position of power to lose their job. To reduce the level of something.

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LESSON 16

Phrasal Verbs

Get up

Get down

Come up

Come down

Break up

Break down

To wake up and get out of bed, or to tell or help someone to do this. To stand up. To organize a group of people to do something. If the wind gets up, it starts to grow stronger. If something gets you down, it makes you feel unhappy and dissatisfied. To write something, especially something that someone has said. To swallow. (to) To start to direct your efforts and attention towards something. To move towards someone. To be mentioned or talked about in conversation. If a job or opportunity comes up, it becomes available. To happen, usually unexpectedly. When the sun or moon comes up, it rises. If information comes up on a computer screen, it appears there. (against) To have to deal with a problem. (to) To reach the usual or necessary standard. (with) To suggest or think of an idea or plan. To fall and land on the ground. If a price or a level comes down, it becomes lower. INFORMAL to feel less excited after a very enjoyable experience. If a person comes down from a drug, they stop feeling its effects. (on) To punish or criticize a person or activity very strongly. (with) To start to suffer from an illness, especially one that is not serious. To divide something into many pieces. If someone who is talking on a mobile phone is breaking up, their voice can not fully be heard. (with) If a marriage breaks up or two people in a romantic relationship break up, their marriage or their relationship ends. If a machine or vehicle breaks down, it stops working. If a system, relationship or discussion breaks down, it fails because there is a problem or disagreement. To be unable to control your feelings and to start to cry.

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LESSON 16

Exercises 1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right verb tense. a. Now that Andrew’s parents died, who will _________________ him ______________?

b. Why did she ____________________________ ________________________ that proposal?

c. I can’t believe we have just _____________________ _______________, I’m still sleepy!

d. Hey asshole! ____________________ _______________ ____________what you’re doing!

e. I can’t believe! You _______________________ __________________ _______________ her!

f. Don’t forget to get a coat or you may ______________ ___________ _________ a cold!

g. Do you know why the boss is upset with you? Yeah! I haven’t________________ ________________ ____________ good results lately.

h. When was the last time this washing machine __________________ _____________?

i. When was the last time you _________________ ____________ __________ somebody?

j.

Can you hear what he is speaking? Yeah! Oh I can’t. Could you please ______________________ it __________________ for me?

k. The food didn't ________________________ ____________ __________ my expectations

l. Some people didn’t like my book. Well at least they didn’t ____________________ _____________ _____________ me.

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LESSON 16

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then create sentences. a. COME _________________________________________________________________________

b. COME __________________________________________________________________________

c. TURN __________________________________________________________________________

d. TURN __________________________________________________________________________

e. GET ____________________________________________________________________________

f. GET_____________________________________________________________________________

g. BRING_________________________________________________________________________

h. GO _____________________________________________________________________________

i. BREAK ________________________________________________________________________

j.

BREAK ________________________________________________________________________

UP

UP WITH

DOWN

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DOWN WITH / ON / TO

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LESSON 17

Future Possible If you meet him tomorrow,

What will you do?

If she is late,

What can we do?

If it rains,

Where can we go?

What are you going to do

if he calls you tonight?

Where can we go

if we don’t have any money?

Do you think she may get worse

if she doesn’t take the medicines?

Present Unreal If you had lots of money

What would you do?

If you received a strange phone call

What would you do?

If they studied hard

What could happen to them?

Where would you take her to

if you could ask her out?

How late would you wake up

if you didn’t have to work?

Do you think they might work there

if they spoke good English?

Past Unreal If you hadn’t missed the party

Whom would you have flirted with?

If she hadn’t broken up with you

Where could you have taken her to?

If he hadn’t stopped drinking

What could have happened to us?

What would she have done

if she had seen you with that girl?

Where could you have gone

if you hadn’t woken up so late?

Do you think he might have won

if he had bet?

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LESSON 17

Future Possible If I / we meet him tomorrow,

I / We will invite him for the party.

If she is late,

We / You can do nothing.

If it rains,

We / You can / may go to the movies.

I’m going to make things clear

if he calls me tonight.

We / You can go nowhere

if we / you don’t have any money.

I think she may / can die

if she doesn’t take the medicines

Present Unreal If I / we had lots of money

I / We would travel around the world.

If I / we received a strange phone call

I / We could call the police.

If they studied hard

They could / might get better grades.

I / We would take her to heaven

if I / we could ask her out.

I/ We would wake up at about 9:00 A.M

if I / we didn’t have to work.

Oh! I think they might / could work there

if they spoke good English.

Past Unreal If I /we hadn’t missed the party

I /we Would have flirted with everything in a skirt.

If she hadn’t broken up with me

I could have taken her to Paradise.

If he hadn’t stopped drinking

We could / might have died.

She would have slapped me

if she had seen me with that girl.

I / We could have gone to the zoo

if I / we hadn’t woken up so late.

Oh! I think he might / could have won

if he had bet.

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LESSON 17

Exercises 1. Complete the sentences below with the right clause. a. If_______________________________________________________, I will buy new clothes.

b.

If________________________________________________, she would give him a chance.

c. If___________________________________________________, they could have gone there.

d. If____________________________________________________, we would have helped her.

e. If__________________________________________________, I would tell you everything.

f. If_______________________________________________, he won’t trouble you anymore.

g. If she is here, ___________________________________________________________________.

h. If they came here more often, __________________________________________________.

i. If he had paid attention to her, _________________________________________________.

j.

If they had finished the project, ________________________________________________.

k. If I worked out more often, _____________________________________________________.

l. If you are feeling lonely, ______________________________________________________.

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LESSON 17

2. Make If-Clause questions for these answers below. a. ________________________________________________________________________________? I will do my best. b. ________________________________________________________________________________? She would help me with this. c. ________________________________________________________________________________? He would have tried to call off the meeting. d. ________________________________________________________________________________? They can help people. e. ________________________________________________________________________________? I would never hurt you.

3. Give long answers for these questions below. a. What would you do if your girlfriend/boyfriend cheated on you? _____________________________________________________________________________________ b. What would you have done if you had had money 10 years ago? _____________________________________________________________________________________ c. Where will you go on your next vacation if you have money? _____________________________________________________________________________________ d. What would you do if you lost your job? _____________________________________________________________________________________ e. Where could you have gone if your friends had called you? _____________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 17

Phrasal Verbs

Climb up Climb down

Sit up

Sit down

Add up

Grow up

Hurry up Speed up Think up Hold down

Fall down

Let down

To go up. To change your opinion or admit that you were wrong (over). To sit with a straight back. To stay awake and not go to bed although it is late. To show interest or surprise: The news that he was getting married really made her sit up. To move your body so that the lower part of it is resting on a seat or on the ground. Add (sth) up to calculate the total of two or more numbers. Add up to sth (AMOUNT) to become a particular amount. To have a particular result or effect: It all added up to a lot of hard work for all of us. (Person)To gradually become an adult. (City) If a town or city grows up in a particular place or way, it develops there or in that way. hurry (sb/sth) up To move or do things more quickly than normal or to make someone do this. To happen or move faster, or to make something happen or move faster. To produce a new idea or plan. To invent. Hold sb/sth down to keep someone or something in a particular place or position and to stop them from moving. Hold sth down to keep something, especially costs, at a low level. To fall to the ground. To fail. To not be good at something in comparison with another thing: I'm quite good at speaking Chinese, but I fall down on the written work. Let (sb) down (DISAPPOINT).

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LESSON 17

Phrasal Verbs

Make up

Cut down

Slow down

Set up

Set down

Start up

Catch up

Settle down

Look down on

To invent. To prepare. To Complete. To replace. (for) To compensate for. To make a tree or other plant fall to the ground by cutting it near the bottom. (on) To reduce. To become slower, or to make someone or something become slower. To be less active and relax more. To arrange for an event or activity to happen. to formally establish a new company, organization, system, way of working, etc. To establish someone or yourself in a business or position: After he left college, his father set him up in the family business. To prepare something for use, especially by putting the different parts of it together. To write or print something, especially to record it in a formal document. If a vehicle sets down a passenger, it stops so that the passenger can get out. If a business or other organization starts up, or if someone starts one up, it is created and starts to operate. If a vehicle or engine starts up, or someone starts it up, it starts to work. (with) To reach someone in front of you by going faster than them. To reach the same quality or standard as someone or something else. (in) To become familiar with a place and to feel happy and confident in it. To start living in a place where you intend to stay for a long time, usually with your partner. To become quiet and calm, or to make someone become quiet and calm. To despise, consider someone inferior.

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LESSON 17

Exercises 1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right verb tense. a. Now that Andrew passed the exams and I flunked, I think I won’t___________ _______________ __________ him.

b. Lea needs money. Why doesn’t she ____________ _________ ________ her expenses?

c. I can’t believe she _____________________________ ______________________ that story!

d. She is the kind of girl who likes to ______________ __________ _________ poor boys.

e. The car didn’t ____________________________ ______________________ this morning!

f. I went to the doctor and he told me ________________ ______________ _____________.

g. I’ve got to _______________ __________ something really good to increase the sales.

h. Hey! ______________________________ _______________________ or we’ll miss the bus!

i. Mr. Smith asked us to _______________________________ _____________ production.

j.

Have you finished _______________________________ _______________ the numbers?

k. I’ll never __________________________________ you ________________________________!

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LESSON 17

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then create sentences. a. GROW ________________________________________________________________________

b. MAKE _________________________________________________________________________

c. THINK _________________________________________________________________________

d. CATCH _________________________________________________________________________

e. SIT _____________________________________________________________________________

f. CUT ____________________________________________________________________________

g. BRING_________________________________________________________________________

h. SLOW__________________________________________________________________________

i. LET ____________________________________________________________________________

j.

CLIMB _________________________________________________________________________ UP

DOWN

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LESSON 18

Direct and Indirect Speech Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

He said: “I work hard every day.”

He said he worked hard every day.

He said: “I don’t work hard every day.”

He said he didn’t work hard every day.

He said: “I played soccer yesterday.”

He said he (had) played soccer the day before.

He said: “I didn’t play soccer yesterday.”

He said he (hadn’t) didn’t play(ed) soccer the day before.

She said to me: “I will travel tomorrow.”

She told me she would travel the following day.

She said to me: “I won’t travel tomorrow.”

She told me she wouldn’t travel the following day.

She said: “I’m going to travel tonight.”

She said she was going to travel that night.

She said: “I’m not going to travel tonight.”

She said she wasn’t going to travel that night.

She said: “I was going to buy a car.”

She said she was going to buy a car.

She said: “I wasn’t going to buy a car.”

She said she wasn’t going to buy a car.

He said: “I’m studying now.”

He said he was studying that moment.

He said: “I’m not studying now.”

He said he wasn’t studying that moment.

He said: “I was studying.”

He said he had been studying.

He said: “I wasn’t studying.”

He said he hadn’t been studying.

He said: “I’ve studied a lot.”

He said he had studied a lot.

He said: “I haven’t studied a lot.”

He said he hadn’t studied a lot.

She said: “I’ll have finished it by afternoon.”

She said she’d have finished it by afternoon.

He said: “I can drive.”

He said he could drive.

He said: “I can’t drive.”

He said he couldn’t drive.

He said: “I must study hard.”

He said he had (needed) to study hard.

He said: “I don’t have (need) to study hard.”

He said he didn’t have (need) to study hard.

He said: “It may be a good idea!”

He said It might be a good idea!

He asked me: “will you come tonight?”

He asked me if I would come that night.

He asked me: “what are you doing?”

He asked what I was doing.

He asked: “Close the door!”

He asked to close the door.

He said to me: “Don’t close the door!”

He told me not to close the door.

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LESSON 18

Tense Changes Simple Present

Simple Past

Simple Past

Simple Past or Past Perfect

Future

Conditional

Immediate Future

Future in the Past

Future in the Past

Future in the Past

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Future Perfect

Conditional Perfect

Can

Could

Must

Had to / Needed to

Don’t have to(need to)

Didn’t have to (need to)

May

Might

Questions (with a question word)

The Question word + an Aff. or Neg. structure, according to the previous question.

Questions (with no question word)

If or Whether + an Aff. or Neg. structure, according to the previous question.

Affirmative imperative

To + verb( Infinitive )

Negative imperative

not to+ verb( Negative infinitive )

Might

Might

Could

Could

Should/ought to

Should/ought to

Would

Would

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

Yes/no questions are reported with if or whether.

The driver asked if/whether I wanted to go downtown.

It’s preferable to use whether before or, especially in a formal style.

I enquired whether she was coming by road or by air.

Tenses don’t change after present, future or present perfect reporting verbs, because there’s no important change of time.

He says he doesn’t like flowers. I’ll tell her your idea is great. The government has announced that taxes will be raised

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LESSON 18

Word Changes Last week

The week before

Next week

The following week/The next week/The week after

Now

Then / That day/right away/At that moment

This morning

That morning

This afternoon

That afternoon

This evening

That evening

Today

That day

Tonight

That night

Yesterday

The day before

Tomorrow

The following/next day

LAST…

THE… BEFORE

NEXT…

THE NEXT/FOLLOWING…

Ago

Before

This/these

That/those

Here

There

Verbs that imply a certain direction may also have to be changed. Examples: come go bring

take

No and Yes are eliminated in indirect speech. Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases How do you like…? = What’s your impression of…? E.G. How do you like our weather?

I think it’s very hot or I find it really hot.

Old and Useful Sayings “Speak of the devil and he appears.” “He put his foot in his mouth.” “A word to the wise is enough.” “Out of sight, out of mind.”

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LESSON 18

Phrasal Verbs

Stay away

Turn away

Get away

Take away Throw away

Give away

Run away

Break away Clear away Die away Put away

To avoid. To keep away. To not go somewhere or near something, or to prevent someone from going somewhere or near something. Turn sb away: to not allow someone to enter a place. To move your face so you are not looking at something. To leave or escape from a person or place, often when it is difficult to do this. To go somewhere to have a holiday, often because you need to rest. (with) To succeed in avoiding punishment for something: If I thought I could get away with it, I wouldn't pay any tax at all. Take sth away: to remove something. To subtract a number. Throw sth away/out:to get rid of something that you do not want any more. Throw sth away: to waste a skill or opportunity. To give sth free of charge. To tell people something secret, often without intending to. To show someone's secret feelings. To leave a place or person secretly and suddenly. (from) To avoid dealing with a problem or difficult situation. Run away (with) sb (FEELING).If a feeling or idea runs away with you, you cannot control it and it makes you behave stupidly:Sometimes my imagination runs away with me and I convince myself that they are having an affair. To escape from someone, free oneself of. To remove things from a table after a meal. (of sound, light, wind) To diminish gradually until it ceases. To put things back in their place.

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LESSON 18

Phrasal Verbs Answer back Fall back (on) Hold back Keep back Think back Look back (on) Take back Turn back

Get back

Send back Give back

Call back

Put back

Bring back

To reply to someone rudely. To make use of sth in an emergency = to turn to someone for help. To control (feelings) To have sth as a secret. To remember. To think about the past. To retract sth said or written. (To begin to) return. To return to a place after you have been somewhere else. get sth back (BE GIVEN) To be given something again that you had before. Get sb back. (ALSO get back at sb) INFORMAL: to do something unpleasant to someone because they have done something unpleasant to you. Get back (to)sth: to start doing or talking about something again. Get back (to) sb: to talk to someone again, usually on the telephone, in order to give them some information or because you were not able to speak to them before. Send sth back: to return something to the person who sent it to you, especially because it is damaged or not suitable. Give sth back: to return something to the person who gave it to you. Call back (RETURN): to return to a place in order to see someone or collect something. Call sb back (TELEPHONE): to telephone someone again, or to telephone someone who called you earlier. Put sth back (REPLACE): to return an object to where it was before it was moved. Bring sth back (RETURN): to return from somewhere with something. (REMEMBER): to make someone think about something from the past. (DO AGAIN): to start to do or use something that was done or used in the past.

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LESSON 18

Exercises 1. Change into indirect (Reported) speech. a. He said: “I like music.” _________________________________________________________________________________ b. She asked them: “What are you going to do this afternoon?” _________________________________________________________________________________ c. They said to me: “We must study hard.” _________________________________________________________________________________ d. She asked me: “Have you studied a lot lately?” _________________________________________________________________________________

2. Change into direct speech. a. She told me she wouldn’t miss this class. _________________________________________________________________________________ b. She asked them if they were able to finish the project. _________________________________________________________________________________ c. They told me to calm down. _________________________________________________________________________________ d. He said he had already painted the house. _________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 18

3. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right verb tense. a. Now that I’m alone I don’t know who I will _________________ __________ _________

b. I’ve been trying to ____________________________ _______________________ my tears.

c. I can’t believe that! Why don’t you __________ __________ ______ your childhood?

d. Hey just a second, I’ve gotta hang up but in a few minutes I’ll ________________ _________ _________you.

e. When you finish reading this book, _____________________________ it ___________!

4. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then create sentences. a. THROW _______________________________________________________________________

b. RUN ___________________________________________________________________________

c. ANSWER______________________________________________________________________

d. CALL __________________________________________________________________________

e. PUT ____________________________________________________________________________

BACK

AWAY

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LESSON 19

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Jane always helps her mother.

She loves cooking.

WHO – People We use to join sentences replacing the subject.

Jane, who loves cooking, always helps her mother. The dog is mine.

It doesn’t like to play.

WHICH – Things and animals. We use to join sentences replacing the subject or the object. In this case subject.

The dog which doesn’t like to play is mine. Joe needs to travel.

His mother won the lottery.

WHOSE – People, things and animals. We use to join sentences replacing the possessive adjective or any other word that indicates ownership.

Joe, whose mother won the lottery, needs to travel. Jane is sad.

I talked to her yesterday.

WHOM – People. We use to join sentences replacing the object.

Jane, whom I talked to yesterday, is sad. The cat is yellow.

I’ve taken care of him since it was born.

WHICH – Things and animals. We use to join sentences replacing the subject or the object. In this case object.

The cat which I’ve taken care of since it was born is yellow. Where, When, What and Why can also be used as relative pronouns. The city where I was brought up is far from here He’ll never forget the day when he got his first job. I couldn’t notice what she did at the party. I can’t understand why she did that.

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LESSON 19 Defining and non-defining relative clauses Relative Clause Defining Nondefinig

Use

Punctuation

Example

provides essential information about the subject or object.; can’t be omitted

without commas

The drivers who were drunk were arrested. (not all, but only the ones who were drunk).

povides additional information about the subject or object; can be omitted withou distorting the meaning.

The green racing car, which is an old model, crashed into the wall. (an old model is irrelevant to the identification of the car.)

between commas

THAT cannot be used in non-defining relative clauses.

Omission of relative pronouns Relative pronouns can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause. The girl who(m) / that I love is cute. The girl I love is cute. The girl who loves me is cute. In this case it cannot be omitted, because who is the subject of the relative clause. WHOSE can never be omitted.

How to use them? “TOO” AND “SO” USED IN SHORT AFF. SENTENCES = “ALSO”

“EITHER” AND “NEITHER” USED IN SHORT NEG. SENTENCES = “ALSO”

She will travel.

She doesn’t like him.

I will too. (or)So will I.

I don’t either. (or) Neither do I.

Old and Useful Sayings “It takes two to make a fight.” “Make do with what you have.” “Don’t wash the family’s dirty linen in public.” “A burnt child dreads the fire.”

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LESSON 19

Phrasal Verbs

Go over Talk over

Look over Think over Run over Jump over Do over

Come over

Get over Knock over Boil over

Fall over

To examine. To discuss a problem or situation with someone, often to find out their opinion or to get advice before making a decision about it. To quickly examine something or someone. To consider carefully. If a vehicle or its driver runs over someone or something, the vehicle hits and drives over them. To jump from one side to another. To redecorate. Do sth over (DO AGAIN). To come to a place, move from one place to another, or move towards someone. To seem to be a particular type of person: I watched the interview and felt he came over as quite arrogant. To recover from. To make fall by pushing or hitting. To flow over the side. If someone falls over, they fall to the ground:She tripped and fell over. Fall over sth/sb (COVER) LITERARY: to cover something or someone: A shadow fell over her work and she looked up to see who was there.

Expressions In time = early enough. On time = at exactly the right time. For the time being = for now, temporarily Step on one`s toes = To offend someone, to hurt someone`s feelings Otherwise = if not; or else

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LESSON 19

Exercises 1. Join the sentences using a relative pronoun. a. Jane is tired. She works a lot. _________________________________________________________________________________ b. The boy is sick.I need to talk to him. _________________________________________________________________________________ c. Debby is traveling. Her cat died. _________________________________________________________________________________ d. The dog underwent surgery. Its owner is worried. _________________________________________________________________________________ e. Janet became very famous. Her stories are always interesting. _________________________________________________________________________________ f. Phil and Joane bought an old house. They love old things. _________________________________________________________________________________ g. The dress is beautiful. She bought it last week. _________________________________________________________________________________ h. That employee was promoted. He was about to travel on vacation. _________________________________________________________________________________ i. His tie cost a lot of money. It was imported from Italy. _________________________________________________________________________________ j.

The ladder is much bigger. It belongs to John. _________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 19

2. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right verb tense. a. Tina hates her bedroom. I think it`s time to ____________________ it ____________.

b. I’ve been ________________ it __________, but up to now I found no solution to this.

c. I can’t believe you _____________ _________ _______ your test before handing it in!

d. Hey! be careful ________ __________ ___________ ____________ the glass beside you!

e. What were you ______________________ ____________________ on the phone last night?

3. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then create sentences. a. THINK ________________________________________________________________________

b. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________

c. FALL ___________________________________________________________________________

d. GO _____________________________________________________________________________

e. DO _____________________________________________________________________________

OVER

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LESSON 20 Stop loving yourself and work, you fool!!!

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS SUBJECT PRONOUNS

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

I

MYSELF

YOU

YOURSELF

HE

HIMSELF

SHE

HERSELF

IT

ITSELF

WE

OURSELVES

YOU

YOURSELVES

THEY

THEMSELVES

How to use them? We use the reflexive pronouns in three situations: Subject = Object

Emphasis

Preceded by “by” It Means alone or without help

She hurt herself while cooking.

I talked to the director myself.

He traveled to England by himself.

He looked at himself at the mirror They themselves wrote the letter.

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I fixed the car by myself.

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LESSON 20

Exercises 1. Complete the following sentences with the suitable reflexive pronouns and cases a. He ________________________________________________ fixes the meals in his house. b. She would like to live _________________________________________________________. c. They painted their houses _____________________________________________________. d. I don’t like pork ________________________________________________________________. e. We ______________________________________________________should talk to the boss. f. They need to stay awhile ______________________________________________________.

2. Create sentences using the following pronouns: a. She / them / herself. _________________________________________________________________________________ b. He / Her / himself . _________________________________________________________________________________ c. They / us / their / themselves. _________________________________________________________________________________ d. I / my / by myself. _________________________________________________________________________________ e. We / our /by ourselves. _________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 20

Phrasal Verbs

Settle for

Major in Sneak away Carry away

Stand up Wash off Take off

Lay down Carry in Look into Look for Do without Take over Get along with Back up Give up Run into

Turn in Try on

To accept or agree to something or to decide to have something, although it is not exactly what you want or it is not the best: She never settles for second best. To study something as your main subject at university: She majored in philosophy at Harvard. To leave secretly. Also carry off. To take (sth)or (someone) away. To remove: Trash left on the beach during the day is carried away (= removed) at night by the tide. To be in a vertical state or to put into a vertical state, especially (of a person or animal) by straightening the legs. To remove by washing. Take sth off (REMOVE): to remove something, especially clothes. Take off (FLY) phrasal verb. If an aircraft, bird or insect takes off, it leaves the ground and begins to fly. To place (something, someone or oneself) down, as on the ground, furniture, etc. To transport or take something toward the inside of a container, place or area. To investigate.To examine the facts about a problem or situation. To try to find (something or someone, often that is lost). To manage without having something: I can’t do without your love. To assume the responsibility. To be friendly to. To support or help someone. To quit. To stop. To meet by chance.To drive a vehicle accidentally into an object or a person in another vehicle:I had to brake suddenly, and the car behind ran into me.He ran his motorbike into a tree. To go to bed ( to sleep ). To put on a piece of clothing to discover if it fits you or if you like it. ECL ENGLISH COURSE

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LESSON 20

Exercises 1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right verb tense. a. I can’t believe you ____________ ___________ _____________ ________ your parents!

b. You wouldn’t guess who I _________________ ______________ on the bus yesterday.

c. Wherever you go, whatever you do I ____________ always___________ you _______.

d. At what time _______________ you usually _____________________ _______________?

e. What can’t you __________________________________ ____________________________ ?

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then create sentences. a. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________

b. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________

c. LAY____________________________________________________________________________

d. BACK __________________________________________________________________________

e. DO _____________________________________________________________________________

UP

WITHOUT

INTO

FOR

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LESSON 20 GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES: Determ iner the

Ordinal number first

Quality word

Size

Age

Color

Noun

clean

big

young

brown

horse

a

second

attractive

little

old

grey

city

this

27th

handsome

small

antique

blue

ring

that

last

nice

tall

middle-aged

man

these

dirty

short

6-year-old

boxes

those

foolish

under-aged

couples

my

crazy

tiny

your

rich

slender

girlfriend

poor

stout

widower

delicious

huge

unusual

1-month-old

fresh

green

parrot

white

cake

ancient

ship

tender

thin

ham

tough

fat

steak

ripe

red

fruit

odd

boys large

modern

dark

building

immense

old

golden

statue

“Very” – Should be placed before the modifier we wish to emphasize: VERY BIG, VERY OLD, VERY STOUT, VERY TALL, ETC.

Exercise 1. Put the words in parentheses in the correct order: a. When will ____________________________________call back? (young nice that girl) b. Where is________________________sneaking away to?(old man that little white) c. Did _________________dog carry away_____________________meat? (brown big the) (old tough that) d. Why doesn’t________________________________ stand up? (little that parrot green) e. Is this __________________________________ neighbor? ( young our very attractive)

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LESSON 20 GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES: Determiner

Shape

Color

Material

a

Age or Temperature new

odd-shaped

dark

steel

an

cool

square

light

iron

gate

this

hot

rectangular

bluish

gold

watch

that

cold

round

green

silver

chain

these

warm

broad

yellowish

wool

sweater

those

old

narrow

greenish

silk

stockings

our

wide

brownish

synthetic

material

his

flat

reddish

wooden

floor

plastic

dish

leather

coat

nylon

rug

her

Origin Gerund English

Noun knife

German

refrigerator

French

salad dressing

washing

machine

ironing

board

Japanese

car

American

egg beater

Exercise 1. Put the words in parentheses in the correct order: a. Is she going to put on ______________________________________sweater? (hot that wool yellow) b. Why doesn’t he wash off _______________________________spoon? (old soup that greenish) c. Why is she taking off ___________________________ stockings? (light new silk very those) d. When are they going to lay down________________________________________rug? (that brownish new rectangular nylon) e. They couldn’t carry in ______________________________cloth. (cotton that dark)

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