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• Daniel Pfeifer

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Identifying the Syntax of the Greek Participle Daniel J. Pfeifer

Identify the participle

Parse the participle

Does the participle have an article?

Yes

No

Inspect the nouns near the participle

Yes

Attributive

Is the participle in adj position with a noun?

Inspect the nouns near the participle

No

Substantival

Yes

Is the participle genitive, working with a genitive noun?

Genitive Absolute

Inspect the verbs near the participle

Yes

Periphrastic Construction

Attributive

Substantival

Genitive Absolute

No

Periphrastic Construction

Is the participle working with indicative form of εἰμί?

No

Adverbial

Adverbial

Attributive

Identify the participle

Parse the participle

Does the participle have an article?

Yes

No

Inspect the nouns near the participle

Yes

Attributive

Is the participle in adj position with a noun?

Inspect the nouns near the participle

No

Substantival

Yes

Is the participle genitive, working with a genitive noun?

Genitive Absolute

Inspect the verbs near the participle

Yes

Periphrastic Construction

Attributive

Substantival

Genitive Absolute

No

Periphrastic Construction

Is the participle working with indicative form of εἰμί?

No

Adverbial

Adverbial

Attributive Translation

Identify the participle

Parse the participle

Does the participle have an article?

Yes

Inspect the nouns near the participle

Yes

Is the participle in adj position with a noun?

Examples: (note relative time) ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ λέγων τῷ ὀχλῷ ἐστίν . . . The man who is speaking to the crowd is . . . ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ εἰπὼν τῷ ὀχλῷ ἐστίν . . . The man who spoke to the crowd is . . . ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ λέγων τῷ ὀχλῷ ἦν . . . The man who was speaking to the crowd was . . . ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ εἰπὼν τῷ ὀχλῷ ἦν . . . The man who had spoken to the crowd was . . .

Attributive

Adjectival Position Adj-1: Art-Adj-N Adj-2: Art-N-Art-Adj Adj-3: N-Art-Adj (This is common with ptcps)

Attributive

Substantival

Genitive Absolute

Periphrastic Construction

Adverbial

Substantival

Identify the participle

Parse the participle

Does the participle have an article?

Yes

No

Inspect the nouns near the participle

Yes

Attributive

Is the participle in adj position with a noun?

Inspect the nouns near the participle

No

Substantival

Yes

Is the participle genitive, working with a genitive noun?

Genitive Absolute

Inspect the verbs near the participle

Yes

Periphrastic Construction

Attributive

Substantival

Genitive Absolute

No

Periphrastic Construction

Is the participle working with indicative form of εἰμί?

No

Adverbial

Adverbial

Substantival Translation

Identify the participle

Parse the participle

Does the participle have an article?

Yes

Inspect the nouns near the participle

Is the participle in adj position with a noun?

No

Substantival

Attributive

Substantival

Examples: (note relative time) ὁ λέγων τῷ ὀχλῷ ἐστίν . . . The one who is speaking to the crowd is . . . ὁ εἰπὼν τῷ ὀχλῷ ἐστίν . . . The man who spoke to the crowd is . . . ὁ λέγων τῷ ὀχλῷ ἦν . . . The one who was speaking to the crowd was . . . ὁ εἰπὼν τῷ ὀχλῷ ἦν . . . The one who had spoken to the crowd was . . .

Genitive Absolute

Periphrastic Construction

Adverbial

Genitive Absolute

Identify the participle

Parse the participle

Does the participle have an article?

Yes

No

Inspect the nouns near the participle

Yes

Attributive

Is the participle in adj position with a noun?

Inspect the nouns near the participle

No

Substantival

Yes

Is the participle genitive, working with a genitive noun?

Genitive Absolute

Inspect the verbs near the participle

Yes

Periphrastic Construction

Attributive

Substantival

Genitive Absolute

No

Periphrastic Construction

Is the participle working with indicative form of εἰμί?

No

Adverbial

Adverbial

Genitive Absolute Translation

Identify the participle

Parse the participle

Does the participle have an article?

No

Inspect the nouns near the participle

Yes

Is the participle genitive, working with a genitive noun?

Genitive Absolute

Examples: Καί εὐθύς ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος παραγίνεται Ἰούδας . . . (Mark 14:43) And immediately, while he was still speaking, Judas came. Καί εὐθύς αὐτοῦ λαλήσαντος παραγίνεται Ἰούδας . . . And immediately, after he spoke, Judas came. Καί αὐτοῦ λελαληκότος παραγίνεται Ἰούδας . . . And when he had spoken, Judas came. Attributive

Substantival

Genitive Absolute

Periphrastic Construction

Adverbial

Periphrastic Construction

Identify the participle

Parse the participle

Does the participle have an article?

Yes

No

Inspect the nouns near the participle

Yes

Attributive

Does the participle agree with a noun?

Inspect the nouns near the participle

No

Substantival

Yes

Is the participle genitive, working with a genitive noun?

Genitive Absolute

Inspect the verbs near the participle

Yes

Periphrastic Construction

Attributive

Substantival

Genitive Absolute

No

Periphrastic Construction

Is the participle working with indicative form of εἰμί?

No

Adverbial

Adverbial

Periphrastic Construction Translation

Identify the participle

Parse the participle

Does the participle have an article?

No

Examples: ἐστε λαλοῦντες . . . you are speaking ἦτε λαλοῦντες . . . you were speaking ἐσεσθε λαλοῦντες . . . you will be speaking ἐστε λελαληκότες . . . you have been speaking ἦτε λελαληκότες . . . you had been speaking ἐσεσθε λελαληκότες . . . you will have been speaking

Inspect the nouns near the participle

Is the participle genitive, working with a genitive noun?

No

Inspect the verbs near the participle

periphrastic tense Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

construction present of εἰμί imperfect of εἰμί future of εἰμί present of εἰμί imperfect of εἰμί future of εἰμί

Attributive

+ + + + + +

present participle present participle present participle perfect participle perfect participle perfect participle

Substantival

Yes

Is the participle working with indicative form of εἰμί?

Periphrastic Construction

Genitive Absolute

Periphrastic Construction

Adverbial

Adverbial

Identify the participle

Parse the participle

Does the participle have an article?

Yes

No

Inspect the nouns near the participle

Yes

Attributive

Does the participle agree with a noun?

Inspect the nouns near the participle

No

Substantival

Yes

Is the participle genitive, working with a genitive noun?

Genitive Absolute

Inspect the verbs near the participle

Yes

Periphrastic Construction

Attributive

Substantival

Genitive Absolute

No

Periphrastic Construction

Is the participle working with indicative form of εἰμί?

No

Adverbial

Adverbial

Adverbial Translation

Identify the participle

Parse the participle

Examples: ἔρχεται προσευχόμενος. He goes while he is praying. ἦλθε προσευχόμενος. He went while he was praying. ἔρχεται προσευξάμενος. He goes after he prayed. ἦλθε προσευξάμενος. He went after he prayed. main verb Future

Does the participle have an article?

Inspect the nouns near the participle

present participle "While" + future continuous will be eating Present "While" + present continuous is eating Imperfect "While" + past continuous was eating Aorist "While" + past continuous was eating Perfect "While" + perfect continuous have been eating

Attributive

No

Is the participle genitive, working with a genitive noun?

aorist participle "After" + present eating "After" + simple past eating "After" + past perfect had eaten "After" + past perfect had eaten "After" + past perfect had eaten

Substantival

No

Inspect the verbs near the participle

Is the participle working with indicative form of εἰμί?

No

Adverbial

Genitive Absolute

Periphrastic Construction

Adverbial