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Cold War

Origins of the Cold War (1945-49) A. Early Hostilities during WWII (tension between US and USSR) i. Different ideologies/civil war

Business Religion Media Elections Social life

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Communism Govt, spreading wealth Not allowed Censored, govt-run radios and tv Only communist party Govt is involved in every aspect of life

Capitalism Private, making as much $$ as they want Allowed Personal freedom Different parties People have freedom in life – to compete, succeed

Conflicting ideologies started competing for followers 1918-21 : Civil War ravaged Russia o Lenin doesn’t have control over USSR o Allied power (BR and US) not happy o GE turned to western front to fight o Allied powers felt betrayed by communist Russians  Tried to get rid of comm right after ww1  Ever since comm began, allied powers did not like comm.  distrust

ii. Shifting Alliances/appeasement/league of nations 

Stalin allies with Hitler o US and Western EU did not trust him then  RU doesn’t trust west o Because of relations of allied powers with H  RU felt west had prejudice towards Communist Soviet o Blocked them from joining LON  Thus, no faith in alliances iii. Delayed assistance 

3 years before D-Day (27 mil die in USSR while US & BR doesn’t do anything)

US & USSR Superpowers 

Due to military strength – atomic bomb/ economically strongest/ politically strongest (many allies)

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Cold War

Conferences 1. Tehran Conference, 1943

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2. Yalta Conference, Feb 1945 o Happened in USSR o BIG THREE = CHURCHILL, ROOSEVELT AND STALIN  Experienced veterans  Roosevelt –very sick, died soon after  Wanted democracy and liberty  Trusted Stalin  Churchill – strong-anticommunist  Doesn’t trust Stalin  Worried about future EU and doesn’t want expansionist USSR  Stalin – strong racist against GE  Punish and destroy GE Discussions o Germany  To be run as one  Policies collectively decided by allies  ‘temporary’ governing o State of War  GE on verge of being defeated  2nd front opened o Poland  USSR took ½ of Poland  in exchange for ‘free elections’  Poland’s borders move West and take territory from GE  ‘London Poles’ – Polish members who ran to London to be safe  Tried to oversee matters from far  Some Poles wanted them to govern again  However, there are the comm Lublin Poles o Causing internal struggle  Fought amongst themselves  USSR did not help because if they did, Warsaw would be liberated and become democratic  Thus, 300 000 died while Stalin did nothing to stop it

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Cold War o

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Eastern EU  ‘free elections’ everywhere and Stalin agrees to this o Japan  Stalin agreed to go to war with Japan  As ‘reward’, demanded territory o United Nations  US, Br and USSR members  Ensure security Conclusion! o Agreement on UN o Soviet agreement to join war against JP o Signed ‘Declaration of Liberated Europe’ – free elections

Developments between Yalta and Potsdam 

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Roosevelt died, Truman takes over o Inexperienced o More aggressive and tough Churchill not re-elected, Clement Atlee takes over War in EU over USSR still all over Eastern EU Day after Potsdam, USA successfully tested its first atomic bomb o BR being told about it but didn’t tell Stalin (Stalin, however, already knew)

3. Potsdam Conference, July 1945  Generally bad-tempered conference, no compromise  Stalin, Clement Atlee and Truman  Held in GE Discussions 

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Germany o Agreed to disarm, demilitarize, de-Nazify  Couldn’t agree how o Soviets took reparations from other zones  West – 25% of industrial  East – agriculture/ got food Poland: o Truman doesn’t agree with borders established at Yalta o Also doesn’t agree the ‘Lublin Poles’ running govt o Everyone thinks Stalin just wants more terrirtory  Stalin insists it’s for security - protection from GE like WW1 and WW2

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Cold War 

Eastern EU o Red army stays there  Truman worries Stalin takes over them o ‘Percentage Agreement’  Between C & S – on their influence on Eastern EU o Japan  Did not encourage Soviets to join war  USA bombs JP – Hiroshima & Nagasaki o United Nations  Power of veto for all

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Cold War

1945-47: Soviet Takeover of Eastern EU 1946: Long Telegram 1946: Iron Curtain Speech 1947: Truman Doctrine 1948: Marshall Plan/Comecon (1949) 1948-49: Berlin Blockade and Airlift 1949: Formation of NATO 1955: Warsaw Pact

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Cold War

Policy of Containment (POC) in Asia

 Korean War  China  Japan  Taiwan  Vietnam War

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Cold War

Korean War (1950-53) Background 

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Russo-JP war in 1905 o JP won o Humiliating for USSR  Gained territory = KOREA!  Kept it as their bread basket and took all raw materials from them  Koreans RAWWRRR!!!  But they remain under JP until end of WW2 After WW2, Korea free o Because of USSR and US o Stalin then tried to take Korea

Aug 6, 1945 – First A-bomb dropped Aug 8, 1945 – RU soldier sent to fight Aug 9, 1945 – Second A-bomb dropped

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Red Army soldiers went into the North Korea and Americans come in by boat – taking South o Liberating Korea – making JP surrender Americans then decided to divide Korea into two o 38th parallel – line dividing Korea o Stalin agrees with this o Reasons  Korea needed help after being occupied for so long  US & USSR occupies it  ‘temporary’ o Problem?  South – agriculture  North – industry  Less likely to work together

Aug 14, 1945 – JP Surrender 

North Korea o Happy to be liberated by RU o Liked Comm

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Cold War

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o Stalin nationalises industry  Korean-state owned industries o Land reforms – equal for everyone o Elections – Comm Koreans in power and ALL JP eliminated o Leader? KIM IL SUNG South Korea o US poorly prepared  Leaves JP there  Military units took charge – unpopular amongst people  US did not want to be there long – get UN to take over  This keeps Korea divided  US have puppet leader: RHEE

1948 – 2 countries officially created  

Democratic Republic of Korea (North) Republic of Korea (South)

Americans and Russians leave. Kim then wants to take power of the whole country. 1949:    

Berlin blockade done China becomes comm USSR develops A-bomb US not interested in Korea o This makes Stalin feel confident

1950:   

N Korea attacks S Korea Kim has Stalin’s support (provide weapons) But Stalin doesn’t publicly get involved

NSC-68:    

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Report written by an American Purpose: increase military spending in US Saying USSR very well-armed Beginnings of Arms Race o Report ignored at first o Soon realised comm takeover Report = extremely exaggerated 8

Cold War 

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Nonetheless, report passed o Increased military spending o Became more aggressive Next level of POLICY OF CONTAINMENT

America develops tactic – goes to UN for help   

UN countries agreed to get involved in Korea 16 nations create coalition to fight BUT majority of soldiers were American, led by general Douglas McArthur

Stages 1. N Korea invade S Korea  Takes almost all over 2. Americans come in, close to 38th parallel and enters enemy’s territory 3. US strong – push N Korea past 38th parallel  McArthur then becomes confident about winning 4. Chinese come to Korea to help N Korea, pushing S Korea back

McArthur then insists on dropping A-bomb on China – this causes everyone to be worried. Truman disagrees and said use DIPLOMATIC PRESSURE. McArthur said Truman weak.

1951: Truman fires McArthur 1952-3: Fighting continues  

Americans fighting a stalemate N and S Korea both militarised their borders at 38th parallel

1953: UN proposes an armistice  

Negotiates peace treaty Problem? Both sides very difficult to negotiate with and didn’t sign peace treaty

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Cold War

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In the end, o o o o o

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US felt like they won with Policy of Containment but failed to push back communism Koreans :/ USSR – lost some prestige China and N Korea felt that Stalin could’ve done more Unknown war: no one really knew the purpose of war  However!  JP benefitted from war o US helped rebuild JP as they used it as base BUT 10 million died and Korea destroyed!!!!!!

Extra notes:  

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DOMINO THEORY – refers to communism spreading in Asia SEATO formed - to fight communism in Asia o Caused China to be diplomatically isolated o Taiwan well-protected Korean War o US stopped policy of containment o INSTEAD, uses Eisenhower’s policy of ‘massive retaliation’ – use of nuclear arms o Proved UN capable to taking action US military expenditure – from 13 billion to 50 billion per year

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Cold War

Korea (success + failure in POC)   

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Success in P.O.C. Failure in “roll back” of communism Cost US alot o $$ o Deaths  Thus, not popular back home Military spending UP! = beginnings of arms race

Japan (success in POC) 

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US wanted to destroy JP after WW2 o Changed mind o Scared if JP weak, they’d fall to communism o Thus, made JP allies US actions o Punished military leaders of country o Created new constitution – increased democracy o Made JP anti-comm, as a threat to China  ‘red purge’ = eliminated all comm from govt o Used JP as base  Thus, helped JP rebuild – economically and militarily Successful!!!!!! o Strong military o Strong economy – ‘economic miracle’ o JP traditionally more conservative o JP allowed US to do anything to help

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Cold War

Taiwan (success in POC) 

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When Mao takes over China, Comm defeated nationalists o Nationalist escape to Taiwan o Fortify island from China o US did not really care  Realised Taiwan not comm o Taiwan = only official Chinese state (acknowledged by west) o Sent US fleet to protect them Eisenhower threatened China to use nuclear power if China attacked Taiwan o China backed down o Thus, ‘brinkmanship’ = scaring them= worked Success in P.O.C.

Vietnam (failure) – 1955-75 

Cambodia + Laos + N Vietnam = Indo China (under FR) o JP went here and took over in WW2 o After ww2, Indo China liberated and JP left  Thought they were free but FR wanted them back  Indo Chinese people :/ cause they fought for their freedom

Ho Chi Minh – set up Viet Minh (fought against colonialism + JP) 1946-54: Vietnamese continued to fight against FR   

Communism appealed to these countries as they were anti-colonialism US tried to help FR get Vietnam back – give $$ Viet Cong (fought against America, were pro-Communist and hated Diem)

At the beginning,   

Kennedy sent 400 US advisors to Vietnam and increased to 1600 o E.g. of POC Ho Chi Minh – turned to communism Military aid sent to FR to defeat Viet Minh 12

Cold War o

E.g. of POC

Geneva Accords (1954) 

Ends war between Vietnam and FR o FR withdraws from Indo China o Temporarily divides Vietnam = 17th parallel o Ho controls north (comm)

1955 – BEGINNINGS OF WAR (unite north and south)

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US attempts at stopping comm o Established SEATO  Met together if there’s an armed attack  Laos and Cambodia included, despite defying geneva accords o US sent aid of million dollars to Diem (south leader) o More US advisors sent o Democratic leader in south o Gave training to Vietnamese armies to prevent war BUT despite all this... o Diem – unpopular, corrupted, refused to give ‘free elections’ o US agreed not to hold elections  Confirm Ho Chi Minh would win  Ensure comm did not spread  Kennedy = ‘flexible response to Communism’  Strategic Hamlets Program – get rid of Vietcongs in South  Encourage Diem to intro unpopular reforms  Introduces ‘green berets’ – special US fighters o

Did all this to prevent war and hope people would be won over by Diem

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Cold War

Uprisings in Eastern EU 

When Stalin takes over Eastern EU, he: o Established one-party rule o Nationalisation of enterprise o Established 5-yr plans o Collectivization’ o Intergration of economy o Social and ideological control o Censorhip o Suppression of religious freedom o Political purges

Uprising in GE (1953)    

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1953, Stalin dies First uprising behind Iron Curtain Difficultly in USSR finding leader  power vacuum 1956, Khrushchev becomes leader o Total opp of Stalin o De-Stalinized the country o Gave secret speech in Politburo  Denounced Stalin – reveal truth o “There are different roads to communism”  Shows his flexibility + openness + less radical GE starts going on strike against East GE leader Problems in E GE o Mass exodus to West o USSr told Ulbricht to be more lenient Red Army comes in and suppresses strike o Embarrassing – showed people didn’t want communism

Uprising in Poland (1956)    

Began with a strike Gomulka: preferred by Polish, wanted to come to power Red army about to attack BUT Gomulka talked him into letting him be in power o 1st time USSR compromise Successful for both side

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Cold War Uprising in Hungary (1956)  

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Similar to Poland I. Nagy wanted to come to power o Becomes more radical by  Allowing diff political parties  Withdraw red army  Defy warsaw pact o Red army comes in and put down this uprising o I. Nagy executed US doesn’t do anything to help = failure of POC

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Cold War

Berlin Wall Background  

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Mainly young and skilled E Berliners left West Berlin – propaganda & spies o US flaunting capitalism o US spies in East Berlin Khrushchev o Wants to take over all of Berlin o Keeps insisting and threatens to do various things o Berlin = source of tension o No one wanted to start a war OR appear weak Reasons Khrushchev did this: o Fear that W. GE rearms with nuclear weapons o Failures of E GE economy o Pressure from Ulbricht Khrushchev dropped ultimatum

Geneva Summit (1959) – no agreement on GE Parris Summit (1960) – cancelled because USSR shot American U2 spy plane. No agreement

Khrushchev tires to meet with JFK after Einsenhower  

JFK – young and inexperienced Believed he could then get Berlin

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JFK = ‘Flexible Response” o Spending more $$ on conventional forces o Build more nuclear bombs o Continue with CIA o Give economic acid o Continue negotiation with USSR

Vienna Summit (1961) - Kennedy and Khrushchev meet for first time

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Cold War

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Kennedy: o Bay of pigs invasion – failed to overthrow comm leader in Cuba Khrushchev renewed his ultimatum on Berlin o Kennedy turns it down

o “Berlin is an island of freedom in a Communist sea” o “...a beacon of hope behind the Iron Curtain” o

US military spending UP!

THE WALL   

In one day, 40 000 people leave E Berlin So 13th Aug 1961, border of Berlin, barbed wire erected Wall – all around W Berlin enclose

Meaning of wall 

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For Khrushchev o Comm propaganda fail o Managed to regain control over situation & Ulbricht For Ulbricht o Helped him consolidate Comm control in GDR Berliners

o “front line of Cold War”

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Cold War

Arms Race 

Massive retaliation o Idea by US govt when they had A-bombs + H-bombs o Used these to threaten other countries o Extreme solutions to small problems

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Space race o Tech developing for space

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Missile gap o US and USSR felt like there was a huge gap in weaponary o Basically, feat of being behind  So both continuously built more

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Deterrent o Stop violence and avoid war

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Mutually assured destruction (MAD) o Threaten in extreme measures o Both destroyed

Arms Race of who had it first: US US USSR USSR USSR US US

A-bomb H-bomb ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missiles) Satellites (sputnik) 1st man in space ABMs (anti-ballistic missiles) MIRVs (multiple independent re-entry vehicle)

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Cold War

U2 Incident  

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1960 Under Einsenhower, he wanted to spy on USSR o US wanted “open skies” over USSR o Illegal to fly over other countries to spy About 4 years before, CIA sent U2 planes to take close-up pictures o USSR left them as they had no missiles Gary Powers o USSR managed to shoot him down US lied about GP but Khrushchev exposed him o Big embarrassment  TENSION!!!! Another characteristic of CW = spying!

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Cold War

Cold War Historiography In accordance with the _____________ view, 

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Orthodox: o Stalin and Communism were responsible to Cold War o It was expansionist Revisionist: o Emerged from Americans o US didn’t realise how weak USSR was and how much stronger they were o Americans had economic boom AND nuclear monopoly o Stalin was just being defensive Post-revisionist: o Cold war = result of mutual misunderstanding and overreactions due to fear from both sides o USSR’s need for security o Defensive measures by one power were often seen as offensive by the other

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