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• Łukasz Walaszczyk

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High-rise RC monolithic and prefabricated frame buildings a presentation by Łukasz Walaszczyk Faculty of Civil Engineering KBI, semester III

First classification

[1]

Classification of concrete tall building structural systems by Fazlur Khan (1969)

First classification

[1]

Classification of concrete tall building structural systems by Fazlur Khan (1969) Fazlur Rahman Khan • a Bangladeshi-American structural engineer and architect • initiated important structural systems for skyscrapers. • "The Father of tubular designs for high-rises" [6]

Modern classification When the major part of the lateral load resisting system is located: • within the interior of the building –> interior system • at the building perimeter

–> exterior system

Interior Systems

Rigid Frames (Moment Resisiting Frames) • Consist of horizontal and vertical members • Members rigidly connected together in a planar grid form. • Resist load primarily through the flexural stiffness

[7]

[8]

Rigid Frames (Moment Resisiting Frames) Efficient Height Limit

20 m

Advantages

+ Provide flexibility in floor planning + Easily moldable [7]

Disadvantages

- Expensive formwork - Slow construction

Building Examples

Ingalls Building (Cincinnati, USA, 16 stories, 65 m, year 1903) [8]

Rigid Frames (Moment Resisiting Frames) Efficient Height Limit

20 m

Advantages

+ Provide flexibility in floor planning + Easily moldable

Disadvantages

- Expensive formwork - Slow construction

Building Examples

Ingalls Building (Cincinnati, USA, 16 stories, 65 m, year 1903)

[9]

Shear Walls • Most popular systems used to resist lateral forces caused by wind and earthquakes • Treated as vertical cantilevers fixed at the base

[10]

Shear Wall - Frame Interaction Systems Frame structure

Efficient Height Limit

70 m

Advantages

+ Effectively resists lateral loads

Disadvantages

- Interior planning limitations due to shear walls

Building Examples

311 South Wacker Drive (Chicago, USA, 75 stories, 284 m, year 1990)

Shear wall structure

[1]

Shear Wall - Frame Interaction Systems Efficient Height Limit

70 m

Advantages

+ Effectively resists lateral loads

Disadvantages

- Interior planning limitations due to shear walls.

Building Examples

311 South Wacker Drive (Chicago, USA, 75 stories, 284 m, year 1990)

[11]

Outrigger Systems Shear Cores + Outriggers (+ Belt Trusses) + Concrete Composite (Super) Columns

• Outriggers reduce the overturning moment in the core that would otherwise act as pure cantilever • They transfer the reduced moment to the outer columns

[12]

[1]

Outrigger Systems Shear Cores + Outriggers (+ Belt Trusses) + Concrete Composite (Super) Columns Efficient Height Limit

150 m (for steel + concrete combination)

Advantages

+ Effectively resists bending by exterior columns connected to outriggers extended from the core

Disadvantages

- Outriggers interfere with the usable space - Nonrepetitive nature of the structural framing (affects erection process)

Building Examples

Jin Mao Building (Shanghai, China, 88 stories, 421 m, year 1990)

[12]

Outrigger Systems Shear Cores + Outriggers (+ Belt Trusses) + Concrete Composite (Super) Columns Efficient Height Limit

150 m (for steel + concrete combination)

Advantages

+ Effectively resists bending by exterior columns connected to outriggers extended from the core

Disadvantages

- Outriggers interfere with the usable space - Nonrepetitive nature of the structural framing (affects erection process)

Building Examples

Jin Mao Building (Shanghai, China, 88 stories, 421 m, year 1990)

[13]

Interior Systems - Summary

[1]

Exterior Systems

Framed Tube • Closely spaced columns and deep spandrel beams • Rigid connection throughout the exterior frames • Shear lag effect

[1]

[14]

Framed Tube Efficient Height Limit

60 m

Advantages

+ Efficiently resists lateral loads by locating lateral systems at the building perimeter

Disadvantages

- Shear lag hinders true tubular behavior. - Narrow column spacing obstructs the view.

Building Examples

Water Tower Place (Chicago, USA, 74 stories, 262 m, 1975)

[14]

Braced Tube Efficient Height Limit

100 m

Advantages

+ Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in the diagonal members + Wider column spacing possible compared with framed tubes + Reduced shear lag

Disadvantages

- Bracings obstruct the view

Building Examples

Onterie Center (Chicago, 58 stories, 174 m, year 1983)

[15]

Bundled Tube • Instead of one tube, a building consists of several tubes tied together to resist the lateral forces

• the individual tubes could be of different shapes

[1]

Bundled Tube Efficient Height Limit

110 m

Advantages

+ New architectural forms possible + Reduced shear lag

Disadvantages

- Interior planning limitations due to the bundled tube configuration

Building Examples

Carnegie Hall Tower (New York, USA, 62 stories, 230.7 m, 1991)

[16]

Tube in Tube • An external and internal shear wall core act together in resisting the lateral loads

• The floor diaphragms connecting the core and the outer tube transfer the lateral loads to both systems

[17]

Tube in Tube External Framed Tube + Internal Core Tube Efficient Height Limit

80 m

Advantages

+ Effectively resists lateral loads by producing interior shear core - exterior framed tube interacting system.

Disadvantages

- Interior planning limitations due to shear core

Building Examples

One Shell Plaza (Houston, USA, 50 stories, 218 m, year 1971)

[18]

Diagrid • The main difference with respect to conventional exterior-braced frame structures is that almost all the conventional vertical columns are eliminated • They carry shear by axial action of the diagonal members, while conventional tubular structures carry shear by the bending of the vertical columns and horizontal spandrels

[19]

Diagrid Efficient Height Limit

60 m

Advantages

+ Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in the diagonal members.

Disadvantages

- Expensive formwork - Slow construction

Building Examples

O-14 Building (Dubai, UAE, 23 stories, 102 m, year 2009)

[20]

Superframes • A superframe is composed of megacolumns comprising braced frames of large dimensions at building corners • Those are linked by multistory trusses at about every 15 to 20 stories

[21]

Superframes Efficient Height Limit

100 m

Advantages

+ Could produce supertall building

Disadvantages

- Building form depends to a great degree on the structural system

Building Examples

Parque Central Tower (Caracas, Venezuela, 56 stories, 221 m, year )

[22]

Exterior Systems - Summary

[1]

Prefabrication

[5]

Prefabricated elements in high-rise buidlings Advantages: High speed of construction Minimization of labour cost (industrialized contruction) Better quality control, higher durability than in-situ concrete

Prefabricated elements in high-rise buidlings Disadvantages: × Joints problem – easy assembly vs. strength and durability × More crane time needed for assembly on tall buildings × Repetitive character of precast elements influences building shape – unattractive form

Prefabricated elements in high-rise buidlings In recent high-rise projects two developments can be distinguished:

• Tube structure – precast elements in the facade provide structural stability • Core structure (for transparent facades) – all columns, floors and facade elements can be prefabricated, but the core is still cast in situ

Prefabricated elements in high-rise buidlings

[23]

Het Strijkijzer, Hague, Netherlands, 132 m, 2005 Tube structure composed of precast concrete elements

[24]

Carlton, Almere, Netherlands, 120 m, 2010 Apart from the core all structural elements are prefabricated

Examples of precast elements in high-rise buidlings

Household shelter

Three-tier columns

[5]

Rubbish chute

Facade panel

Thank you for attention

References LITERATURE: 1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

Mir M. Ali, Kyoung Sun Moon, Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects, Architectural Science Review Vol. 50.3, pp 205-223, Sydney 2007 http://sydney.edu.au/architecture/documents/publications/ASR/Structural%20Developments%20in%20Tall%20 Buildings.pdf Mir M. Ali, Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin Mao, Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 1, No.1 (2001) 2-14, Melbourne 2001 http://www.ejse.org/Archives/Fulltext/200101/01/20010101.htm K.V. Tolsma, Precast concrete cores in high-rise buildings, Delft 2010 http://repository.tudelft.nl/assets/uuid:8ca752db-477f-4d8c-8f9a16330ed51b31/Precast_concrete_cores_in_high-rise_buildings.pdf GEM Nexus Community, GEM Building Taxonomy, access: 11.15.2015 http://www.nexus.globalquakemodel.org/gem-building-taxonomy/overview/ M. Y. L. Chew, Construction Technology for Tall Buildings, Singapore 2009

PICTURES: 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/FRKhan.jpg http://www.nexus.globalquakemodel.org/gem-building-taxonomy/overview/images-1/lfm_diagram_charleson_1/image_preview http://www.nexus.globalquakemodel.org/gem-building-taxonomy/overview/images-1/lfm_1/image_preview http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Ingalls_building_cincinnati_2006.jpg http://www.nexus.globalquakemodel.org/gem-building-taxonomy/overview/images-1/lwal_diagram_charleson_1/image_preview http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/311_South_Wacker_Drive_060528.jpg http://civildigital.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Tall-building-with-conventional-outriggers-and-belt-truss.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Jin_Mao_Tower.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_Tower_Place_060527.jpg http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/CAI/Images/200804/OnterieCenter-Aug08-008a.jpg http://therealdeal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/152-west-57th-st.jpeg http://khan.princeton.edu/images/khanOneShell2.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/OneShellPlaza.jpg https://justinhirose.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/05_hotelaureliaa_120211.jpg http://www.e-architect.co.uk/images/jpgs/dubai/o_14_tower_n041012_10.jpg http://www4.kke.co.jp/stde/en/consulting/images/shanghai6.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Caracas_Central_Park_2.jpg http://i56.tinypic.com/qouee0.jpg http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4082/5436310544_16f20c944c_b.jpg