• Author / Uploaded
• MarioRubio

• Categories
• Onomástica
• Lingüística
• Morfología Lingüística
• Sintaxis
• Gramática

Citation preview

Hello, Mr. James? This is Don Barnes, the president of Greater Electric. I'm calling about your plans for the new factory. I'm interested in discussing the matter with you. Can we make an appointment for lunch instead of meeting at my office? Do you mind if I invite my bank manager, too? It's impossible for me to make any decision about the project unless I have his approval.Please call me this afternoon. I'll be in meetings all morning. I'll talk to you later. Goodbye.

- Could you give this to Mr. Block? It's very important. - I'm sorry. Mr. Block's at the New York office today. - Oh, I see. Well, will he be here this afternoon? - No. He's going to be in New York all week. - Then could you fax it to him? - Sure. I'll send it right away. MAS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): MUST

USO: Se utiliza para hablar de una necesidad, obligación o responsabilidad fuerte de hacer algo. Con frecuencia existe muy poca diferencia entre MUST y HAVE TO (consultar Módulo 2) En el inglés formal escrito, MUST se utiliza en avisos públicos acerca de reglas o reglamentos oficiales. Must también puede emplearse para expresar seguridad acerca de una situación debido a hechos o circunstancias existentes. AFIRMATIVO

FORMA: [SUJETO + MUST + VERBO...] EJEMPLOS: "I have a terrible toothache; I must go to the dentist." "We must try to help Nicky; she's our oldest friend." "All workers must wear safety helmets in work areas!" "Jack must be on his way. There was no one home when I called his apartment." NEGATIVO

USO: Tanto en el inglés oficial como en el informal empleamos la forma negativa MUST NOT (con frecuencia abreviada como MUSTN'T) para hablar acerca de algo incorrecto o prohibido. Recuerda que no es igual a la forma negativa de HAVE TO, que sólo significa que algo no es necesario. FORMA: [SUJETO + MUST + NOT (MUSTN'T) + VERBO...] EJEMPLOS: "You mustn't pull the dog's tail, dear; he'll bite you." "We mustn't forget to pay back that loan." "Workers must not smoke in work areas!" PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

USO:

Se utiliza para preguntar si algo es necesario u obligatorio. La forma interrogativa de HAVE TO significa lo mismo y es más habitual. PREGUNTAS SI/NO

FORMA: [P: MUST [A: Yes, No,

+ + +

SUJETO SUJETO SUJETO

+ + +

VERBO...?] MUST NEEDN'T]

EJEMPLO: "Must I go to school today, Mom?" "Yes, you must." PREGUNTAS - WH

FORMA: Acerca del SUJETO de la oración: [Wh-Word + MUST + VERBO...?] ABOUT REST OF SENTENCE: [WH-WORD + MUST + SUBJECT + VERBO...?] EJEMPLOS: "What must happen before we can leave?" "When must you take the test?" "Next Friday."

MAS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): HAD TO

AFIRMATIVO

USO: Se utiliza para hablar de la necesidad, obligación y responsabilidad en el pasado. HAD TO es el pasado tanto de HAVE TO como de MUST. FORM: [SUJETO + HAD TO + VERBO...] EJEMPLOS: "I had to stay up all night to write this paper!" "We had to run to catch the train." NEGATIVO

USO: Se utiliza para hablar acerca de algo que no era necesario u obligatorio en el pasado. FORMA: [SUJETO + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + HAVE TO + VERBO...] EJEMPLOS: "Monday was a holiday, so I didn't have to go to work." "I didn't have to study Latin in high school." PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

USO: Se utiliza para realizar preguntas sobre tareas y obligaciones en el pasado. PREGUNTAS SI/NO

[Q: DID + SUJETO + HAVE TO + VERBO...?] [A: Yes, No,

+ +

SUJETO (pronombre) SUJETO (pronombre)

EJEMPLO: "Did you have to borrow money to buy the car?" "Yes, we did." PREGUNTAS -WH

Acerca del SUJETo of the sentence: [PALABRA-WH + HAS/HAD/HAD TO+ VERBO...?] Acerca del RESTO de la oración: [WH-WORD + DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB...?] EXAMPLES: "Who had to wash the car this week?" "What did you have to do to get the loan?" "I had to fill out a form for the bank."

+ +

DID. DIDN'T]

MAS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): MUST NOT/DON'T HAVE TO

USO Aunque MUST y HAVE TO tienen significados parecidos en oraciones afirmativas, no pueden intercambiarse en las negativas. MUST NOT (MUSTN'T) se utiliza para indicar que algo está prohibido o no permitido. DON´T HAVE significa "no es necesario hacer algo" EJEMPLOS: "You mustn't run in here; this is a hospital." "You don't have to run; the bus is waiting for you."