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Mechanical Engineering

Answer the following questions 1. What is mechanical engineering? 2. What is the concern of mechanical engineering? 3. What are the fields in which mechanical engineering involves? 4. What are the specializations of mechanical engineer work on? 1. 2.

5.

Reading Strategies Before you read, make your own questions about what you think about the topic. Read the whole text of the passage. 3. Highlight the key sentence and topic of each paragraph to point out events or ideas. 4. Make a brief note of the main idea and organization/structure of the passage on your scrap paper while you read. It is better for you to not try to understand every word.

6. 7.

After reading, retell or summarize the text. Focus on the important points, and support them with relevant details. Feel free to look back into the text to check your summary.

Let’s read.

Definition of Engineering: Mechanical Engineering One of the oldest and broadest areas of Engineering activity, mechanical engineering, is concerned with machinery, power, and manufacturing or production methods. Mechanical engineers design and manufacture machine tools – the machines that make machines – and machinery and equipment for all branches of industry. For example, they designs turbines; printing presses; earth-moving machinery; food processors; air conditioning and refrigeration systems; artificial hearts and limbs, and engines for aircraft, diesel locomotives, automobiles and trucks, and public transportation vehicles. Their machines move and lift loads, transport people and goods, and produce energy and convert it to other forms. In the power specialty, mechanical engineers are involved in the design, production, and operation of hydraulic turbines for driving electric generators of boilers, engines, turbines, and pumps for the development of steam power. They design and operate power plants and concern themselves with the economical combustion of fuels, the conversion of heat energy into mechanical power, and the use of that power to perform useful work. In heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, mechanical engineers provide controlled conditions of temperature and humidity in homes, offices, commercial buildings, and industrial plants. They develop equipment and systems needed for the refrigeration of foods and the operation of cold storage warehouses and ice manufacturing plants. Mechanical engineers work closely with industrial engineers and managers in many fields of manufacturing, designing imaginative machinery and systems that yields great economies in production. Mechanical engineers may also be found working in marine engineering, designing machinery for boats, naval vessels, and merchant ships; in the automotive industry designing and manufacturing automobiles, trucks, and buses; and in the aerospace industry working in the design of new aircraft and spacecraft. Looking to the future, mechanical engineers are expected to be in great demand as new industries emerge and old industries take advantage of development in automation, the use of computers, and new sources of energy.

Guess the Meaning of the Following Vocabulary 1. earth-moving machinery ______________________________________________________________ 2. processors ______________________________________________________________ 3. combustion ______________________________________________________________ 4. warehouses ______________________________________________________________ 5. demand ______________________________________________________________

Mechanical Engineers Design, build and test machines, engines and other mechanical devices as a mechanical engineer. Whenever you buy or use almost any product, you can be sure that a mechanical engineer was involved in making it.

Job Options Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering fields. That’s because a mechanical engineer’s work varies by industry and by the type of work. For example:  A mechanical engineer working at a tool company may design and build the automated machines used to assemble products. These automated machines are the tools that other engineers need for their work. Such machines might be used to build products such as automobiles, computers, lamps, cell phones and stereos. A machine tool engineer is an example of this type of mechanical engineer.



Or, a mechanical engineer working at an automotive company might be using the tools and machines built by others to manufacture parts or products sold by the company. An automotive design engineer is an example of this type of mechanical engineer.

Specialties Because mechanical engineers work with machines, they may specialize in manufacturing, or making products, materials, or creating special metals, woods and composites from raw materials that others use in manufacturing, robots used in manufacturing, plant engineering and maintenance systems, power-producing machines such as internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines, elevators and escalators, heating, refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Tools Mechanical engineers use computers daily to perform complex mathematical computations, simulate new designs, change existing designs by using CAD/CAM – Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) – mechanical engineers can turn a design into a manufactured product. College Coursework If you major in mechanical engineering in college, you will study dynamics and statics, strength of materials, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, solid mechanics, pneumatics, hydraulics, applied thermodynamics, and control theory. You also must be able to understand and apply concepts from chemistry and electrical engineering. Robotics Engineering

The field of robotics engineering is a sub field of mechanical engineering. Robotics engineers design robots and develop new applications for them for use in a wide range of industries. With new possibilities for robotics due to advances in the computer sciences, robotics engineering is growing rapidly. From production line robots to experimental robotics for the medical, military, and automotive industries, the future of robotics engineering will certainly offer a range of opportunities for professionals entering the field.

VOCABULARY Actuator Algorithm

: a mechanical device for moving or controlling something : a procedure for solving a problem, especially in mathematics

Assembly Line

Automation Design Kinematics force Mechatronics

or computing : an arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in direct line until the product is assembled : an apparatus, a process, or a system operate automatically : to create, fashion, or execute according to a plan : a science that deals with motion apart from considerations of mass and

: combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering Prototype : an original model for a new design Robot : a device that automatically performs complicated, often repetitive tasks Service Robot : assists human beings, typically by performing a job that is dirty, dull, distant or dangerous. Service robots typically are autonomous and/or operated by a build in control system, with manual override options. Industrial Robotics: the study, design, and use of robot systems for manufacturing Robotics : a technology dealing with the design, construction, and operation of robots in automation

Assignments 1. Complete the viewing log based on a video interview with a robotics engineer from Motoman Corporation in Dayton, Ohio. You can download this video from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umNfDhi0kB0

2. Create fifteen-minute group presentations on emerging technologies in the field of robotics engineering based on the following research topics:  Self Transforming Robotic Planetary Explorers http://scripts.mit.edu/~robots/robots/projects/old_projects/niac/index.html 

High Speed Rough Terrain Vehicle

http://scripts.mit.edu/~robots/robots/projects/old_projects/darpa/index.html  Microbots for large Scale Planetary and Sub-Surface Exploration http://scripts.mit.edu/~robots/robots/projects/microbots/index.html  Space Robotics System http://scripts.mit.edu/~robots/robots/projects/jaxa/index.html  Robotic Fly http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/06/fearing/home.html

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You can find your own topic other than the suggested topics above

3. Each group member should bring their completed Research Road Map to the next class meeting to work on their group presentations. 4. Use PowerPoint for your presentations and include images of their research topic.

AFTER PRESENTATION: STUDY THE FOLLOWING

SENTENCES AND DETERMINE WHAT THREE ELEMENTS WHICH

CONSTRUCT THE SENTENCES

i.e.:

No Sentences 1 Mechanical engineers design and manufacture machine tools – the machines that make machines – and machinery and equipment for all branches of industry. No Sentences 2 Mechanical engineers design and manufacture machine tools – the machines that make machines – and machinery and equipment for all branches of industry. 3 Their machines move and lift loads, transport people and goods, and produce energy and covert it to other forms. 4

5

In the power specialty, mechanical engineers are involved in the design, production, and operation of hydraulic turbines for driving electric generators of boilers, engines, turbines, and pumps for the development of steam power. They develop p equipment and systems needed for the refrigeration of foods and the operation of cold storage warehouses and ice manufacturing plants

Element 1 Mechanic al engineeri ng

Element 2 is concerned

Element 1

Element 2

Element 3  One of the oldest and broadest areas of Engineering activity  with machinery, power, and manufacturing or production methods. Element 3 







6

Mechanical engineers may also be found working in marine engineering, designing machinery for boats, naval vessels, and merchant ships



Civil Engineering

Answer the following questions 1. What is civil engineering? 2. What are the specialties of civil engineering? 3. What is a civil engineer? 4. What would you study to become a civil engineer? 5. What types of projects do civil engineers work on? Let’s read.

CIVIL ENGINEERING Civil engineering affects many of our daily activities: the buildings we live in and work in, the transportation facilities we use, the water we drink, and the drainage and sewerage systems that are necessary to our health and well-being (see Fig. 2.1). Civil engineers: *

Measure and map the earth's surface.

* Design and supervise the construction of bridges, tunnels, large buildings, dams, and coastal structures. * Plan, lay out, construct, and maintain railroads, highways, and airports. * Devise systems for the control and efficient flow of traffic. * Plan and build river regulation and flood control projects. * Provide plants and systems for water supply and sewage and refuse disposal.

Civil is a very broad branch of engineering, and it includes at least seven major specialized areas of practice: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Structural engineering. Construction engineering and management. Transportation engineering. Geotechnical engineering. Hydraulic and water resources engineering. Environmental engineering.

Figure 2.1 Geodetic engineering, a branch of Civil Engineering, involves measuring and mapping the earth's surface. (Courtesy of the Georgia Tech News Bureau.)

7. Geodetic engineering. The largest specialty within Civil Engineering, structural engineering is concerned with the design of large buildings, bridges, tanks, towers, dams, and other large structures. These engineers design and select appropriate structural components (e.g., beams, columns, and slabs) and systems to provide adequate strength, stability, and durability. A large fraction of civil engineers work in the construction industry, building the facilities that other engineers and architects design. The task of construction engineers is to utilize and manage the resources of construction (the vehicles, equipment, machines, materials, and skilled workers) to produce with timeliness and efficiency the structure or facility envisioned by the designer. Transportation engineers are concerned with the planning and layout of highways, airports, harbors and ports, and mass transportation systems. They plan and design transportation terminals and devise and operate systems for the control of vehicular traffic. Geotechnical engineers are concerned with the structural behavior of soil and rock. They analyze earth support systems and design foundations, earth walls, and highway and airport pavements. Hydraulic and water resources engineers are concerned with the flow of water through ditches, conduits, canals, dams, and estuaries. They use their special knowledge of fluid mechanics to design dams, irrigation systems, municipal water works, and drainage and erosion control systems. Environmental engineers are concerned with solid waste management, air and water pollution, and control of pesticides and radiological hazards. They design and oversee the operation of water treatment and sewage treatment plants and measure and monitor pollutants in the air, on land, and in lakes and streams. Geodetic engineers measure and map the earth's surface. They locate precisely property and building lines and survey the locations, elevations, and alignment of engineering projects. Civil engineers work with construction companies, manufacturing companies, power companies, and with consulting engineering firms. Many opportunities for civil engineering employment exist in city, county, and state engineering departments and in the various agencies of the federal government.

Civil Engineers: Plan, design, construct and maintain structures as a civil engineer. Have you ever wondered who builds our buildings, roads, tunnels, bridges, airports, dams and reservoirs – even our sewage systems? Civil engineers, of course! Civil engineering is a broad field that encompasses the planning, design, construction and maintenance of fixed structures, or public works, as they relate to earth, water or civilization and their processes, the altering of geography to suit human needs, civil engineering: one of the oldest engineering fields.

Think about ancient Rome. You’ve probably seen pictures of Rome’s magnificent architecture such as the Roman Colosseum and the Pantheon. But the Romans also were some of the earliest civil engineers. For example, the Romans were some of the first to build roads throughout their empire; and built beautiful and functional aqueducts, a system of bridges and canals, used to redirect and bring water into cities. Originally, there were only two fields of engineering: military and civil. All fields of engineering today have evolved from civil engineering. There are several major specialties within civil engineering namely construction and structural engineering – buildings, bridges and tunnels, water resources – river control, irrigation, swamp draining, water supply and sewage disposal, Environmental engineering – preservation and cleanup Transportation engineering – highway and railroad building and repair, and traffic control Geotechnical engineering – earthworks: soil mechanics and foundations. In terms of academic degrees and licensing, if you want to become a civil engineer in the United States, you must earn a four-year bachelor of science (BS) or bachelor of engineering (BEng) degree in civil engineering. After graduating from college, you must become a licensed professional engineer (PE) to do any civil engineering work affecting the public, or to represent yourself legally as a civil engineer. (taken from http://www.futuresinengineering.org./what.php?id=5)

Answer the following questions using complete sentences. 1. The Ancient Romans were some of the earliest civil engineers. What were two of their innovations? 2. During the Industrial Revolution, there were two types of engineers. What were they? 3. When was the first professional society of engineers formed? Main Idea Fill the blank box with the main idea of each paragraph in the passage

Vocabulary Aqueducts

: a system of bridges and canals, used to redirect and supply cities with safe water

Construction Engineering : directs building of bridges, tunnels, dams, and super structures Water Resources : refers to rivers, irrigation, water supply, and sewage disposal Environmental Engineer : directs preservation and cleanup of water and the natural landscape Transportation Engineer: directs highway and railroad building and repair, and traffic control projects Geotechnical Engineer : directs earthwork, soil mechanics, and foundation projects BS : bachelors degree in science BEng : bachelors degree in civil engineering (a four-year college degree) Structural design : A process of applying engineering mechanics to create a functional, economic, and safe structure for the public Retaining wall : a structure that holds back earth materials Structural analysis : set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and predict the behavior of structures Hydraulic Engineering : the field of engineering concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water. Structural Engineering : a subfield of civil engineering that deals with the design of any structural systems whose purpose is to support and resist various loads

Assignment  



 

Complete the Assumptions on students’ log column based on their knowledge of civil engineering. Log your observations as you view an eleven-minute video interview with a construction engineer from Dayton, Ohio retrieved from http://www.futuresinengineering.org. You are assigned to collect, analyze, and describe information concerning with what an engineer does retrieved from Engineering Your Future Web site “What is Engineering?” page at http://www.futuresinengineering.org and The American Society of Civil Engineers Website at: http://www.asce.org/history/seven_wonders.cfm#chunnel. Do a research homework assignment in group researching the seven wonders of the modern world. Present the result of your assignment in a group presentation.

Industrial Engineering There is one rule for the industrialist and that is: Make the best quality of goods possible at the lowest cost possible, paying the highest wages possible. --Henry Ford

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING? Industrial engineering, in its current form, began in the early 20th century, when the first engineers began to apply scientific theory to manufacturing. Factory owners labelled their new specialists 'industrial' or management engineers. Industrial engineering is commonly defined as the integration of machines, staff, production materials, money, and scientific methods. While many current industrial engineers do still deal in these areas, the scope of their work has become more general. Today's industrial engineers work in many more settings than just factories; in recent years, fields like energy and IT have become particularly reliant on the skills of industrial engineers. These flexible professionals may also be employed by: 

Hospitals and other health-care operations



Transportation



Food processing

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Media



Banking



Utilities

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Local, regional and national governments

The college degree in industrial engineering is very diverse and, compared to other engineering disciplines, very people-oriented. Budding industrial engineers learn to plan, design and implement complex systems for a given industry. They do this by taking into account every conceivable variable, from budgets to machine capabilities to human imagination and error. Online degree programs in industrial engineering are increasingly

available to working engineers who want to advance their careers without sacrificing valuable income and work experience by attending school full-time. In a nutshell, industrial engineering majors learn to use engineering and scientific principles to design, manufacture, or improve systems that involve both goods and services. Industrial engineers deal with how products are created, the quality of those products, and the cost of making the products. Industrial engineers also deal with the design and workings of the factories that make products. They design the workstations, automation, and robotics for systems all along the supply chain. Industrial engineers are often highly involved in any managerial aspects of modern businesses. These duties range from floor manager all the way up to CEO. In addition, industrial engineers are concerned with employee safety and workplace environments. They balance the implementation of responsible processes with the other requirements of making a product or providing a service of high quality. In today's global marketplace, industrial engineering is fast becoming international engineering. Global boundaries are diminishing, requiring industrial engineers to be fluent in foreign languages and customs. International travel could very well be the norm for engineers, as companies expand and conduct more and more business with foreign governments.

CAREER EDUCATION

IN INDUSTRIAL

ENGINEERING

Due to the fact that career options are nearly limitless for industrial engineering majors, they must get a well-rounded education. This requires the study of: 

Computer systems



Mathematics



Statistics



Design



Management

In addition, it is wise for the industrial engineering major to focus on the physical and social sciences, including economics.

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING COURSEWORK Students entering into an industrial engineering degree program should expect to enrol in many of these types of classes: 

Engineering Economy



Manufacturing Processes



Operations Research



Simulation



Industrial Cost Control

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Robotics and Automation



Inventory Control

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Facility Design

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Organizational Management

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Quality Control

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Human Factors

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Methods & Work Measurement

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Production Control

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On-Campus and Online Degree Programs in Industrial Engineering

Although some campus and online colleges offer associate's degrees in industrial engineering technology, most careers in the field of industrial engineering require a bachelor's degree at minimum. Since the field is so specialized, and since proper training and education are vital to the safety of so many people, a bachelor's degree is usually required for entrylevel positions. Online degrees are rarely available at this level, since so much hands-on training is required. A bachelor's degree generally takes four years to complete. Courses typically include core engineering classes available to all disciplines in addition to specialized industrial engineering classes. A Master of Science in Industrial Engineering is a higher level of education for the engineer who already possesses a bachelor's degree. A master's degree often focuses more specifically on certain areas of industrial engineering. Online master's degrees in industrial engineering are becoming more popular, particularly among working engineers who want to apply their newfound knowledge on the job. To reach the highest levels of theory and research in industrial engineering, you may choose to pursue a PhD. A doctorate will open the door to careers in college or university teaching and research. PhD programs are research-intensive, and their completion time varies but is not usually less than five years. The industrial engineering major can prepare a student for a careers as an industrial engineer, systems analyst, production control manager, quality control manager, operations research analyst, industrial cost control manager, manufacturing engineering manager, systems designer, or plant manager, among others. After graduate work in industrial engineering (the MS or PhD), a professional may work as an engineering scientist.

WHAT CAN

YOU DO WITH A

COLLEGE MAJOR

IN INDUSTRIAL

ENGINEERING?

Career options for aspiring industrial engineers Industrial engineers determine the most effective way to use the basics of any production people, machines, materials, information, money, and energy - in order to make a product or provide a service. Some of the most productive and successful professionals in the industrial engineering field share many of these common traits: 

Oral and written communication skills



Organizational ability

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Computer literacy



Creativity

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A knack for designing and improving systems

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Mathematics ability

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Problem solving

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People skills

The industrial engineer provides the key to achieving the performance goals of ownership or management. Unlike engineers in other specialties, the industrial engineer is primarily concerned with increasing productivity through the management of people, the methods of organization and the available technology. In order to solve problems encountered in product manufacturing and service industries, industrial engineers must study the product and its requirements. They use mathematical models to figure out production requirements and to design manufacturing and information systems. They develop and manage systems that aid in financial planning for individual products. This is also an effective method of cost analysis. Industrial engineers design financial systems and improve, upgrade, and reconfigure these systems. Those engineers on the management track may also develop wage, payroll, and salary administration systems and other job performance and evaluation systems. These engineers are so deeply involved with every nuance of the corporate system that they are often the best source for overall company evaluation. Health and safety engineers are very similar to industrial engineers. They both deal with the entirety of a production process. Health and safety engineers promote worksite safety and corporate health by applying models and systems of the industrial process. These engineers must be able to recognize and then diffuse hazardous situations before they come to pass. In addition to manufacturing and service industries, industrial engineers apply their knowledge to a variety of industries and positions. An industrial engineering major might work as a:

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Management Engineer: The management engineer is primarily responsible for the systems and procedures that make employees more effective, individually and as a unit.



Ergonomist: An industrial engineer who is concerned with the proper tool usage and health systems that prevent stress and injury.

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Operations Analyst: Responsible for integrating people and machines effectively and safely.

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Quality Engineer: Measures, tests and ensures the quality and safety of products or services.

Industrial engineering graduates might find themselves working on projects like these: 

Designing the admissions procedure at a hospital.



Discovering a new way to assemble a product that will prevent worker injury.

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Representing a company in the design and construction of a new plant.

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Performing motion and time studies.

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Developing prototype units for the cellular phone car adapter market.

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Simulation modeling.

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Developing a hardware protection program for spacecraft.

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Developing a supplier quality program.

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Implementing lean manufacturing concepts.

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Developing and launching a complete material handling system.

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Developing the conceptual layout of a dockyard and ship repair facility.

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Working on a medical device to treat sleep apnoea.

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Representing manufacturing and purchasing concerns on a design team.

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Teaching industrial engineering courses.

These are just a few areas in which businesses use industrial engineers. In essence, when a company functions at the highest level of productivity, an industrial engineer probably designed and implemented the systems that brought the company to that point. SALARY EXPECTATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS According to a 2006 study by the United States Department of Labor, the median annual salary of industrial engineers was $68,620. Most professionals reported earning

between $44,790 and $84,850, although the highest 10 percent earned more than $100,000 per year. CERTIFICATION AND LICENSURE No national licensing body certifies industrial engineers. Most employers rely on the solid training that graduates receive during their degree programs. Instead, most licensing and certification is reserved for the products designed and developed by industrial engineers. Since an industrial engineer can effectively function in any field, s/he must conform to the certification bodies that oversee his or her particular specialty. Some states do require additional licensing as an engineer. Consult your local statute and licensing boards for more information. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING ASSOCIATIONS 

Association for Manufacturing Excellence (AME)



The Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT)

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Human Factors and Ergonomics Society



National Association of Industrial Technology (NAIT)

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Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME)

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Institute of Industrial Engineers

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Board of Certified Safety Professionals

Student Survey

Name ____________________________ Class _____________________________

Date __________________ Period _________________

Directions: Answer the following questions. Make a complete statement for each question. 1) What is an industrial engineer? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2) What would you study to become an industrial engineer? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3) What type of projects do industrial engineers work on? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4) Do civil engineers work primarily alone or in teams with other specialties? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 5) What courses in high school will be important for future in industrial engineering? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 6) Can you name any projects in your community that would have been developed by an industrial engineer? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 7) What math and science disciplines do engineers rely on? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 8) Is college necessary for a career in industrial engineering? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

Student Viewing Log Name ____________________________ Class _____________________________

Date __________________ Period _________________

Directions: Record your assumptions about the filed of Industrial Engineering. While viewing the video list the new information you learned in the appropriate column Industrial Engineering

1) What is an industrial engineer?

Assumptions

What I learned

2) What would you study to become an industrial engineer?

3) What type of projects do industrial engineers work on?

4) Do industrial engineers work primarily alone or in teams with other specialties?

5) What courses in high school will be important for future in industrial engineering?

6) Are industrial engineering projects generally collaborative, or does one person usually do the planning and execution of the project.

Research Road Map Group Members: Research Topic:

Date: Class: Period:

Water Resources Engineering

Answer the following questions 1. What is water resource engineering? 2. What are the specialties of water resources engineering? 3. What would you study to become a water resources engineer? 4. What types of projects do water resources engineers work on?

Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering Water resources engineering is the quantitative study of the hydrologic cycle -- the distribution and circulation of water linking the earth's atmosphere, land and oceans. Surface runoff is measured as the difference between precipitation and abstractions, such as infiltration (which replenishes groundwater flow), surface storage and evaporation. Applications include the management of the urban water supply, the design of urban storm-sewer systems, and flood forecasting. Hydraulic engineering consists of the application of fluid mechanics to water flowing in an isolated environment (pipe, pump) or in an open channel (river, lake, ocean). Civil engineers are primarily concerned with open channel flow, which is governed by the interdependent interaction between the water and the channel. Applications include the design of hydraulic structures, such as sewage conduits, dams and breakwaters, the management of waterways, such as erosion protection and flood protection, and environmental management,

such as prediction of the mixing and transport of pollutants in surface water. Hydroelectric-power development, water supply, irrigation and navigation are some familiar applications of water resources engineering involving the utilization of water for beneficial purposes. More recently, concern for preserving our natural environment and meeting the needs of developing countries has increased the importance of water resources engineering. Civil engineers play a vital role in the optimal planning, design and operation of water resource systems. Job opportunities in hydrology and water resources are quite varied. Positions are available in large and small consulting firms, and at all levels of government (municipal, provincial and federal). Particularly in Quebec, due to its abundant water resources, hydrology has played an important role in the social and economic development of the province.

Vocabulary        

Precipitation : rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to or condenses on the ground. Infiltration : surreptitiously and gradually enter or gain access to (an organization, Replenishes : restore to a former level or condition. Evaporation : turn from liquid into vapour. Sewer : an underground conduit for carrying off drainage water and waste matter. Sewage : waste water and excrement conveyed in sewers. Conduits : a channel for conveying water or other fluid Municipal : related to a town or district that has local government

Answer the following questions 1. What is water resource engineering? ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. What are the concerns of water resources engineering? ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 3. What is hydraulic engineering? ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 4. What are the applications of water resources engineering?

______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Civil Engineering Civil engineering affects many of our daily activities: the buildings we live in and work in, the transportation facilities we use, the water we drink, and the drainage and sewerage systems that are necessary to our health and well-being (see Fig. 2.1). Civil engineers:

Figure 2.1 Geodetic engineering, a branch of Civil Engineering, involves measuring and mapping the earth's surface. (Courtesy of the Georgia Tech News Bureau.) 

Measure and map the earth's surface.  Design and supervise the construction of bridges, tunnels, large buildings, dams, and coastal structures.  Plan, lay out, construct, and maintain railroads, highways, and airports.  Devise systems for the control and efficient flow of traffic.  Plan and build river regulation and flood control projects.  Provide plants and systems for water supply and sewage and refuse disposal. Civil is a very broad branch of engineering, and it includes at least seven major specialized areas of practice:  Structural engineering.  Construction engineering and management.  Transportation engineering.  Geotechnical engineering.  Hydraulic and water resources engineering.  Environmental engineering.  Geodetic engineering.

The largest specialty within Civil Engineering, structural engineering is concerned with the design of large buildings, bridges, tanks, towers, dams, and other large structures. These engineers design and select appropriate structural components (e.g., beams, columns, and slabs) and systems to provide adequate strength, stability, and durability. A large fraction of civil engineers work in the construction industry, building the facilities that other engineers and architects design. The task of construction engineers is to utilize and manage the resources of construction (the vehicles, equipment, machines, materials, and skilled workers) to produce with timeliness and efficiency the structure or facility envisioned by the designer. Transportation engineers are concerned with the planning and layout of highways, airports, harbors and ports, and mass transportation systems. They plan and design transportation terminals and devise and operate systems for the control of vehicular traffic. Geotechnical engineers are concerned with the structural behavior of soil and rock. They analyze earth support systems and design foundations, earth walls, and highway and airport pavements. Hydraulic and water resources engineers are concerned with the flow of water through ditches, conduits, canals, dams, and estuaries. They use their special knowledge of fluid mechanics to design dams, irrigation systems, municipal water works, and drainage and erosion control systems. Environmental engineers are concerned with solid waste management, air and water pollution, and control of pesticides and radiological hazards. They design and oversee the operation of water treatment and sewage treatment plants and measure and monitor pollutants in the air, on land, and in lakes and streams. Geodetic engineers measure and map the earth's surface. They locate precisely property and building lines and survey the locations, elevations, and alignment of engineering projects. Civil engineers work with construction companies, manufacturing companies, power companies, and with consulting engineering firms. Many opportunities for civil engineering employment exist in city, county, and state engineering departments and in the various agencies of the federal government.

Civil Engineering Plan, design, construct and maintain structures as a civil engineer. Have you ever wondered who builds our buildings, roads, tunnels, bridges, airports, dams and reservoirs – even our sewage systems? Civil engineers, of course! Civil engineering is a broad field that encompasses the planning, design, construction and maintenance of fixed structures, or public works, as they relate to earth, water or civilization

and their processes, the altering of geography to suit human needs, civil engineering: one of the oldest engineering fields. Think about ancient Rome. You’ve probably seen pictures of Rome’s magnificent architecture such as the Roman Colosseum and the Pantheon. But the Romans also were some of the earliest civil engineers. For example, the Romans were some of the first to build roads throughout their empire; and built beautiful and functional aqueducts, a system of bridges and canals, used to redirect and bring water into cities. Originally, there were only two fields of engineering: military and civil. All fields of engineering today have evolved from civil engineering. There are several major specialties within civil engineering namely construction and structural engineering – buildings, bridges and tunnels, water resources – river control, irrigation, swamp draining, water supply and sewage disposal, Environmental engineering – preservation and cleanup. Transportation engineering – highway and railroad building and repair, and traffic control. Geotechnical engineering – earthworks: soil mechanics and foundations. In terms of academic degrees and licensing, if you want to become a civil engineer in the United States, you must earn a four-year bachelor of science (BS) or bachelor of engineering (BEng) degree in civil engineering. After graduating from college, you must become a licensed professional engineer (PE) to do any civil engineering work affecting the public, or to represent yourself legally as a civil engineer. (taken from http://www.futuresinengineering.org./what.php?id=5)

Vocabulary           

Aqueducts : a system of bridges and canals, used to redirect and supply cities with safe water Construction Engineering : directs building of bridges, tunnels, dams, and super structures Water Resources : refers to rivers, irrigation, water supply, and sewage disposal Environmental Engineer : directs preservation and cleanup of water and the natural landscape Transportation Engineer : directs highway and railroad building and repair, and traffic control projects Geotechnical Engineer : directs earthwork, soil mechanics, and foundation projects BS : bachelors degree in science BEng : bachelors degree in civil engineering (a four-year college degree) Structural design : A process of applying engineering mechanics to create a functional, economic, and safe structure for the public Retaining wall : a structure that holds back earth materials Structural analysis : set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and

 

predict the behavior of structures Hydraulic Engineering : the field of engineering concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water. Structural Engineering : a subfield of civil engineering that deals with the design of any structural systems whose purpose is to support and resist various loads

Assignment  







 

Complete the Assumptions on students’ log column based on your knowledge of civil engineering. Log your observations as you view an eleven-minute video interview with a construction engineer from Dayton, Ohio retrieved from http://www.futuresinengineering.org. Collect, analyze, and describe information concerning with what an engineer does retrieved from Engineering Your Future Web site “What is Engineering?” page at http://www.futuresinengineering.org and The American Society of Civil Engineers Website at: http://www.asce.org/history/seven_wonders.cfm#chunnel. Do a research homework assignment in group researching the following topics: 1. The Channel Tunnel 2. The CN Tower 3. The Empire State Building 4. The Golden Gate Bridge 5. Itaipu Damn 6. Netherlands North Sea Protection Works 7. The Panama Canal Use the Civil Engineering Research Road Map to guide your research. Groups should also conduct internet searches to look for additional information from other reliable Web sources. Each group will present their research topic to the class the following class period.

Information Technology (IT) Engineering Watch these videos! a. What is information technology b. Career path of information technology engineers

Before reading the text, answer the following questions. 1. What is Information Technology engineering? 2. What can Information Technology Engineers can do? 3. What drive of computer do you usually use to save your data? 4. What difficulties do you find when saving your data? Let’s read.

TYPES OF DATA BASE What is a database? As you probably know, a database is an organized collection of data used for the purpose of modeling some type of organization or organizational process. It really doesn’t matter whether you’re using paper or a computer software program to collect and store the data. As long as you’re gathering data in some organized manner for a specific purpose, you’re using a computer software program to collect and maintain your data. There are two types of databases found in database management, operational databases and analytical databases. Operational databases are the backbone of many companies, organizations, and institutions throughout the world today. This type of database is primarily used in on-line transaction processing (OLTP) scenarios, that is, in situation where there is a need to collect, modify, and maintain data on a daily basis. The type of data stored in an operational database is dynamic, meaning that it changes constantly and always reflects up-to-the-minute information. Organizations, such as retail stores, manufacturing companies, hospitals and clinics, and publishing houses, use operational databases because their data is an a constant state of flux. In contrast, analytical databases are primarily used in on-line analytical processing (OLAP) scenarios, where there is a need to store and track historical and time-dependent data. An analytical database is a valuable asset when there is a need to track trends, view statistical data over a long period of time, and make tactical or strategic business projections. This type of database stores static data, meaning that the data is never (or very rarely) modified. The information gleaned from an analytical database reflects a point-in-time snapshot of the data. Chemical labs, geological companies, and marketing-analysis firms are examples of organizations that use analytical databases. Analytical databases use data from operational databases as their main data source, so there can be some amount of association between them; nevertheless, operational and

analytical databases fulfill very specific types of data-processing needs, and creating their structures requires radically different design methodologies. Quoted from Database Design for More Mortals TM: A Hands-On Guide to Relational Database Design by Michael Hernandez

Vocabulary backbone (n) basis (n) (be) gathering (v) (be) gleaned (v) flux (n) fulfill (v) maintain (v) manner (n)

: tulang punggung : keperluan : mengumpulkan : diperoleh : aliran : memenuhi : mengawasi : cara

radically (adj) reflect (v) retail stores (n) snapshot (n) tactical (adj) track (v) valuable (adj) purpose (n)

: sama sekali, sangat : mencerminkan : pedagang eceran : pengambilan : menggunakan taktik : merekam : berguna : tujuan

Part A. Main Idea Fill the blank chart with main idea of each paragraph

Part B. Reading Comprehension a. Complete the table below based on the information from the text.

Filed of Use

Operational Database

Analytical Database

OLTP scenarios

OLAP scenarios

Type of Data Organization b. As you read the text, determine the definition of the words below. Number one has been done for you. 1. Database is an organized collection of data used for the purpose of modeling some type of organization or organizational process. 2. OLTP scenario means____________________________________________ 3. OLAP scenario

is________________________________________________ 4. Dynamic data means_____________________________________________ 5. Static data is_________________________________________________ Part C. Enriching Vocabulary Find out the synonym of the underlined word. 1. The purpose of database is modeling some types of organization or organizational process. a. collection c. aim b. belief d. plan 2. Every time we gather data, we get a database. a. Collect c. keep b. Make d. measure 3. By using a computer software, we can store our data. a. buy c. throw b. keep d. collect 4. There are several organizations that use database to modify the daily data. a. repair c. keep b. change d. how 5. In operational database, the data changes constantly all the time, minute by minute. a. continuously all the time c. fast all the time b. smoothly all the time d. well all the time 6. When we need to view statistical data over a long period of time, an analytical data is a valuable asset. a. useless c. hopeful b. useful d. hopeless 7. An analytical data is also used to track trends. a. record c. use b. find d. try

Part D. Sentence Structure Please divide the sentence in each paragraph into some parts like the example given! Par/N o

Phrase 1

1/1

What

1/2

As you probably know

1/3

1/4

Phrase 2

Phrase 3

is

a database

a database

is

organized collection of data used for the purpose of modeling some type of organization or organizational process.

It really

doesn’t

Matter

You

are using

paper or a computer software program to collect and store the data.

As long as you data

are gathering

in some organized manner for a specific purpose,

Connector

whether

1/5

You

are using

a computer software program to collect and maintain your data.

1/6

There

are

two types of databases found in database management, operational databases and analytical databases.

Part E. Students Viewing Log Find out the synonym of the underlined word. Name ____________________________ Class _____________________________

Date __________________ Period _________________

Directions: Record your assumptions about the filed of Information Technology Engineering. While viewing the video list the new information you learned in the appropriate column

Information Technology Engineering

Assumptions

What I learned

7) What is an Information Technology engineer?

8) What would you study to become an Information Technology engineer?

9) What type of projects do Information Technology engineers work on?

10) Can Information Technology engineer do crime?

11) Where can an Information Technology engineer save data and how?

12) Are Information Technology engineering projects generally collaborative, or does one person usually do the planning and execution of the project.

Assignments   

Find information technology article (Topic is free) in internet Make a group consists of 6-7 people and make presentation slides The following week you must present your material in front of the class

Part F. Let’s have fun… a. FILLING AND REPORTING THE DATA Here is a form of Fortuna Yoga and Therapy, and fill the form for yourself.

b. EXPLAINING THE DATA Look at ‘Fortuna Yoga and Therapy’ form. Make a conversation with your friend based on the information you have filled in. The example is provided for you.

Before you move to the lesson, please guess…

Before reading the text, answer the following questions. 1. Do you know Mesopotamia? Where is it? 2. What is the remarkable achievement of Mesopotamia? 3. How was the engineering in Mesopotamia? 4. What are the contributions of Mesopotamian to the world of Engineering? Reading Strategies

   

Before you read, make your own questions about what you think about the topic. Read the whole text of the passage. Highlight the key sentence and topic of each paragraph to point out events or ideas. Make a brief note of the main idea and organization/structure of the passage on your scrap paper while you read.  It is better for you to not try to understand every word.  After reading, retell or summarize the text. Focus on the important points, and support them with relevant details.  Feel free to look back into the text to check your summary. Let’s read. THE MESOPOTAMIANS Significant engineering achievements must be credited to the ancient dwellers of Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, currently the country of Iraq. In this area, the wheeled cart is said to have first appeared. In southern Mesopotamia, at the beginning of recorded history, the ancient and mysterious Sumerian people constructed canals, temples, and city walls that comprised the world’s first engineering works. The land of Mesopotamia was open to attack from the north, east, and west, and its history is a confused record of conquests and occupations by neighboring peoples. The most prominent rulers of ancient Mesopotamia were the Babylonians and the Assyrians. Records inscribed on clay tablets have been discovered and deciphered, providing an insight into life in that area thousands of years ago. These records show as early as 2000 BC, an angle measuring device called the astrolabe was being used for astronomical observations. This instrument, which was based on the 60-unit numerical system used by the Mesopotamians, consisted of a graduated circle and a sighting arm. That system has been retained in time and angle measurements to the present day. The most unusual class of structure left by the Mesopotamians was the ziggurat, a temple tower built in honor of their gods. The ziggurat was a terraced pyramid of brick with staircases, setbacks, and a shrine or chapel at the top. The tower of Babel mentioned in the Old Testament is believed to have been this type of structure. Hammurabi, the great king who ruled Babylonia for 43 years (circa 1850 to 1750 BC) compiled a comprehensive new code of law that bears his name. This famous code provided penalties for those who permitted poor construction practices and is considered to be a forerunner of today’s building codes. The Code of Hammurabi provided an important message dealing with quality assurance and professional responsibility and exacted extremely severe penalties for its branch. It is not surprising that the people who populated the Tigris and Euphrates developed significant irrigation and flood control works.

It is not surprising that the people who populated the Tigris and Euphrates developed significant irrigation and flood control works. Today, in Iraq, evidence of abandoned canals can still be traced by lines of embankments, lakes, and streams. The Nahrwan, a 400-foot wide canal extended generally parallel to the Tigris River over a distance of 200 miles irrigating an area averaging 18 miles in width. Imposing masonry dams were used by the Mesopotamians to divert small tributaries into the canal. During the reign of King Sennacherib, the Assyrians completed the first notable example of a public water supply. They built A 30-mile-long feeder canal bringing fresh water from the hills of Mount Tas to the existing Khosr River, by which the water flowed an additional 15 miles into Ninevah. At Jerwan, An elevated cut-stone aqueduct was built to carry the open canal over a small stream. This famous structure was 863 feet long, 68 feet wide, and 28 feet at the highest point. It supported a channel that was approximately 50 feet long, 68 feet wide, and 28 feet at the highest point. The channel was underlain by a thick layer of concrete, the first known use of this construction material

A. Vocabulary Builder Context clues: Please find difficult word in the passage, write it down and try to guess the meaning. To guess the meaning, you can probe from the context clues of the sentence. 1. Significant engineering achievements must be credited to the ancient dwellers of Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, currently the country of Iraq.

2. Significant engineering achievements must be credited to the ancient dwellers of Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, currently the country of Iraq. 3. The ancient and mysterious Sumerian people constructed canals, temples, and city walls that comprised the world’s first engineering works. 4. The most prominent rulers of ancient Mesopotamia were the Babylonians and the Assyrians.

Vocabulary 

achievement



Assurance



dwellers



Reign



comprise



Shrine



prominent



Notable



shrine



Underlain



Comprised



Famous



Conquest



Attack



Prominent



Requirements



Retain

 Make your own conclusion on the meaning and pattern of usage of the words achievement, dweller, comprise, assurance, famous, conquest, and reign based on the corpus above.

1. achievement _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 2. dweller _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 3. assurance _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 4. famous

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ __

5. conquest _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 6. reign

_____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

I.

Students are to recognize the main idea of each paragraph in order to check students understanding. Teachers are to provide exercises in which students can identify and write down each main idea in form of sentence. B. Reading Comprehension II. Make a diagram of the main idea and main idea and organization/structure of the passage. For example:  Engineering in the Early Civilizations: The Mesopotamians

a. Significant Engineering Achievement of the Mesopotamians

b. The Code of Hammurabi

The Code of Hammurabi Cause

III.

Effect

Students are to recognize complex sentences from simple sentences, to practice phrase reading so as to avoid reading word by word. Teachers are to provide exercises in which students read sentence, recognize the connector, write simple sentence, and read phrase by phrase. N o 1

Sentence The land of Mesopotamia was open to attack from the north, east, and west, and its history is a confused record of conquests and occupations by neighboring peoples.

2

The most prominent rulers of ancient Mesopotamia were the Babylonians and the Assyrians.

3

Records inscribed on clay tablets have been discovered and deciphered, providing an insight into life in that area thousands of years ago.

4

These records show as early as 2000 BC, an angle measuring device called the astrolabe was being used

Subject

Main Verb

Explanation

for astronomical observations. 5

The tower of Babel mentioned in the Old Testament is believed to have been this type of structure.

6

The ziggurat was a terraced pyramid of brick with staircases, setbacks, and a shrine or chapel at the top.

7

The Code of Hammurabi provided an important message dealing with quality assurance and professional responsibility and exacted extremely severe penalties for its branch.

8

It is not surprising that the people who populated the Tigris and Euphrates developed significant irrigation and flood control works.

9

They built A 30-mile-long feeder canal bringing fresh water from the hills of Mount Tas to the existing Khosr River, by which the water flowed an additional 15 miles into Ninevah.

10

The channel was underlain by a thick layer of concrete, the first known use of this

construction material

IV.

Identify modifying phrases in the sentences above and explain the function of the phrases. Examples: a. Records inscribed on clay tablets. This phrase has the same meaning as “Records which is inscribed on clay tablets.” b. ... providing an insight into life in that area thousands of years ago. This phrase has the same meaning as “which provide an insight into life in that area thousands of years ago. 1. ... 2. ... 3. ... 4. ... 5. ... What you can conclude about the pattern and meaning of modifying clauses that you have listed above? __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

V. Simplify the following sentences into shorter sentences. For example: 

The land of Mesopotamia was open to attack from the north, east, and west, and its history is a confused record of conquests and occupations by neighboring peoples. a) The land of Mesopotamia was open to attack from the north, east, and west. b) The history of the land of Mesopotamia is a confused record. c) The record is about the conquests and occupations by neighboring peoples.

1. Significant engineering achievements must be credited to the ancient dwellers of Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, currently the

country of Iraq. In this area, the wheeled cart is said to have first appeared. In southern Mesopotamia, at the beginning of recorded history, the ancient and mysterious Sumerian people constructed canals, temples, and city walls that comprised the world’s first engineering works. 2. This instrument, which was based on the 60-unit numerical system used by the Mesopotamians, consisted of a graduated circle and a sighting arm. That system has been retained in time and angle measurements to the present day. 3. The most unusual class of structure left by the Mesopotamians was the ziggurat, a temple tower built in honor of their gods. 4. They built A 30-mile-long feeder canal bringing fresh water from the hills of Mount Tas to the existing Khosr River, by which the water flowed an additional 15 miles into Ninevah.

VI. Make your own summary of The Mesopotamians passage. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ VII.

Describe the Picture Below Based on Your Own Knowledge.

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ . Let’s have FUN 6 9

12

13

1

10

2 14 11

7

3

5

4

15

8

Before you move to the lesson, please guess…

Before reading the text, answer the following questions. 5. Do you know Egypt? Where is it? 6. What is the remarkable achievement of Egyptian? 7. How was the engineering in Egyptian? 8. What are the contributions of Egyptian to the world of Engineering?

Let’s read.

THE EGYPTIAN In the ancient Egyptian civilization, expert in planning and construction emerged. These engineering forerunners held top positions as the trusted advisors of the Egyptian kings. The man held this position was a general construction expert who was known as the king. The man who held this position was a general construction expert who was known as the king’s “chief of works”. These ancient engineers or architects practiced the earliest known form of surveying, developed effective irrigation systems and built remarkable edifices of stone. The annual flooding of the Nile created a need for reestablishing land boundaries. To perform these surveys, Egyptian engineers used sections of rope that had been soaked in water, dried and then coated with a wax material to insure constant length. They may have also used primitive surveying instruments, but none has been found. It is known that as early as 3300 B.C., the Egyptians developed and maintained an extensive system of dykes, canals, and drainage systems. A great mass of people populated the narrow fertile valley of the Nile and irrigations works were needed to maintain the large population and exploit the skill of agriculture. The river also served as the principal means of transportation because horses, wheeled vehicles, and roads were unknown in Egypt until about 1785 B.C.

The engineers of ancient Egypt sought to build the tallest, broadest, and most durable structures the world would ever see their palaces, temples, and tombs were designed as symbols of triumphant and everlasting power. The best known works of the Egyptian builders are the pyramids. The first pyramid was the Step Pyramid Sakkara, built by Imhotep as a burial place for the ruler Zoster in about 2980 B.C. The design of pyramids evolved from tombs known as mastabas, as figure 1.4 illustrates. The ancient Egyptians regarded the King’s tomb as a house where he actually lived after death, and some of the more elaborate mastabas contained several rooms and storage cells where food and weapons were placed in close proximity to the dead ruler and his family Zoser’s Step Pyramid is actually six mastabas, the second built on top of the first, the third on top of the second, and so forth. It Is conjectured that Imhotep may have built the mastabas one on the top of the other to prevent tomb robbers from digging, as they commonly did, into the edifice from the top. Three pyramids still stand on the West bank of the Nile River at Giza as reminders of the outstanding engineering skills of the Egyptians. The largest pyramid, known as the Great Pyramid of Cheops is approximately 481 feet high, and its base covers 13 acres. The pyramid is constructed of more than 2 million block of stone with the average weight of 2.5 tons. Some of the interior blocks weigh up to 30 tons. Herodotus, the Greek historian who visited Egypt in the fifth century BC reported that it took 100.000 men 20 years working in three-month relays to build the pyramid. The stone blocks were floated to the site by a causeway that had been built for that purpose. Using ropes, levers, rollers, wooden sledges, earth ramps, and cooper chisels, The Egyptian workers built the pyramid with precise and exacting engineering standards. The low courses of this remarkable structure are set with joints measuring one ten-thousandth of an inch wide. Glossary: 1. Advisors 2. Expert 3. Edifices 4. Flooding 5. Boundaries

: Penasehat : Ahli : Bangunan besar : Banjir : Batas

6. 7. 8. 9.

Instruments Valley Step Remarkable

: Alat-alat : Lembah : Langkah-langkah : Mengagumkan

Part A. Main Idea Fill the blank box with the main idea of each paragraph in the passage

Part B. Sentence Structure. Please divide the sentence in each paragraph into some parts like the example given! Par/N o

Phrase 1

Phrase 2

Phrase 3

1/1

Experts in planning and construction

emerged

In the ancient civilization

1/2

These engineering forerunners

held

top position as the trusted advisors of the Egyptian kings

1/3

The man who held this position

was

a general construction expert who was known as the king’s “Chief of works”

a general

was known

Connector

who

construction expert 2/1

2/2

as the king’s “chief of works”

These engineering forerunners

held

The man who held this position

was

who top position as the trusted advisors of the Egyptian kings a general construction expert

was known as the king’s “chief of works”. Part C. Let’s have fun… Find seven words that are stated in the text by giving horizontal, vertical, or diagonal lines… S L U A N C I E N T I K S

O S E K Y D D N T C L U V

T R O V O E U I O I E E A

O E B A E U Z P M O O N M

B L P N K R P C B E H U I

N O N Y U E G Y P T I A N

N M I L R A D I W R E I U

O B M O E A X Q A A R O L

P O N N Y I M H O T E P L

E K U N C I X I F T L E A

A F I F S Z S E D D I H H

Part D. Reading Comprehensions Answer the following questions based on the information in the text… 1. When did the Egyptians develop the systems of dykes, canals, and drainage? 2. Are horses known in Egyptian era after 1785 BC? 3. What is the function of the building of Mastabas? 4. What are proves of the outstanding skill of Egyptian engineers? 5. What are the Egyptians achievements stated in the text? Part E. Enriching Vocabularies Match the words with the meaning on the right…

Words a. Maintain

Meanings 1. Believed by others

b. Commonl

2. Hundreds years

y

3. Ancients and too traditional way of life

c. Primitive

4. Place to save goods or as stockpile

d. Causewa

5. Can be said as immortal

y

6. Something usual

e. Insure

7. Keep something to not change

f. Storage

8. Shortcut way, sometimes through swamp

g. Everlasti

9. Guarantee toward something

ng

10.

h. Century

characteristics of life

A process human adapt and create their

i. Civilizatio n j. Trusted

CAREER PATH OF ENGINEERING Before reading the text, please read the following chart and guess what it means.

Before reading the text, answer the following questions. 1. Why do you decide engineering faculty? 2. Please describe your goal after finishing your study in engineering faculty? 3. What will be your dream in ten or twenty years after working in certain area of engineering?

THE CORPORATE LADDER The great majority of engineers are employed by private industrial or business organizations. (See Table 2.2b.) Most of the jobs in engineering are with large corporations. Engineers who work for large companies typically have many career options. The possibilities

include the practice of “hands-on” engineering, proposal writing, marketing of engineering services, and upper echelon management. Table 2.2c percentages of employed engineers by major field and primary work activity, 1984 Primary work activity

Aeronautical/ Astronautical

Chemical

Civil

Electrical/ Electronic

Industrial

Mechanical

Basic research Applied research Development Management of research and management Other management /administration Teaching Consulting Production/inspection Reporting, statistical, Work Computing Other No report Total

0.8 7.5 38.4 20.0

0.7 5.4 31.8 10.3

0.1 2.1 15.0 4.5

0.4 3.9 37.5 14.4

0.2 0.8 17.7 5.5

0.6 2.9 38.2 10.6

11.9

23.7

31.8

16.2

31.3

20.4

2.3 1.6 8.9 4.9

1.3 2.7 17.4 2.9

2.0 15.3 22.0 4.1

2.1 3.5 15.2 3.7

2.7 2.7 28.0 6.5

2.1 2.1 4.5 1.9

2.4 1.3 100.0

2.6 1.2 100.0

1.4 2.1 1.7 1.0 100.0 100.0

3.4 1.2 100.0

2.3 1.5 100.0

Source: U.S. Scientist and Engineers: 1984, Surveys of Science Resources Series, Selected Statistical tables, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.

The immense breadth of corporate activity minimizes the career damage that might result from working in an inappropriate job. The engineer, for example, who finds that by the age of thirty he is bored with the laboratory, can quietly move laterally, if he is inherently qualified, into management or sales. No other option available to the graduating engineers offers quite this degree of flexibility and potential for substantial, even radical, career change. Furthermore, because of the depth and variety of corporate resources, it is possible for the exceptionally promising engineer to climb the corporate ladder while simultaneously working toward post-baccalaureate degrees. Many progressive companies are willing to provide formal university training for young engineers after they have demonstrated their competence and dedication to the firm. Other companies have developed contractual relationships with universities by which employees may take regular courses for university credit in the evenings or during time-off periods during the day. In addition, many corporations perform a broad and on-going educational function by offering in-house training courses taught by the company’s technical staff. The young engineer achieving his or her baccalaureate degree must realize that there is truly no such thing as “business” and no such generic entity as “the corporation.” Companies, even companies producing and marketing highly similar products, differ as much or more than individual human beings differ. Some companies project a relatively conservative image. They tend to promote their employees primarily on the basis of longevity with the firm, and they are more concerned with

what the employee has learned in the company than with what he or she has learned in school. To other companies, experience is not a crucial factor, because they are developing new products and new technologies at such a pace that long-term experience can have little value, State-of-the-art knowledge and the ability to apply it imaginatively are more important. In contrast to the experience-based company, such knowledge-based firms often are in a state of constant evolution, generating for their employees a great deal of excitement, as well as many ulcers. It should be remembered that companies also differ in relatively minor but often personally crucial ways In one company, the weekly cocktail party is an essential ingredient in the corporate continuum;- in another, the public consumption of anything stronger than steam beer is frowned upon. In one company, social groups may be important; in another, outside activities, such as community service, are more valued. One company pays for spouses to go to conventions; another company sends nobody at all. Such wide variations in corporate personality, while confusing to the engineer evaluating the corporate ladder option, are indicative of one of the strengths of this career choice. There is, somewhere, a company for nearly everybody. No matter what your temperamental inclinations, no matter what your interests, no matter what your biases or prejudices, no matter what your preference in clothes and haircuts, there is at least one company—and usually many—where you will feel right at home and be able to work effectively. It is just a matter of finding it. Glossary of words Immense Laterally echelon breadth baccalaureate degree longevity ulcer spouse inclination

: sangat besar : bersifat sama atau setingkat : tingkat kekuasaan : luas atau lebar : lulusan sarjana S1 : jangka, durasi waktu : sariawan, puru, bisul : istri : kecenderungan

Find main idea of each paragraph.  Students are to describe their own ideal goal after completing their study in Brawijaya University.

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________

Sentence complexes Students are to recognize complex sentences from simple sentences, to practice phrase reading so as to avoid reading word by word. Teachers are to provide exercises in which students read sentence, recognize the connector, write simple sentence, and read phrase by phrase. Do as in examples in the table. No.

Paragraph and sent.

1.

1/1

2.

1/2

3.

1/3

4.

1/4

Phrase 1 The great majority of engineers Most of the jobs in engineering Engineers who work for large companies

The possibilities

Phrase 2

Phrase 3

are employed

by private industrial or business organizations.

are

with large corporations.

typically have

many career options.

include

the practice of “hands-on” engineering, proposal writing, marketing of engineering services, and upper echelon management.

Con.

WHAT SHOULD I DO… 1. Before you move to the lesson, please see a movie (about a teacher pledge)… 2. Answer the teacher’s questions based on the movie!

Let’s read.

THE IDEAL AND OBLIGATIONS OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS The ideals and obligations of engineering as a profession have been embodied in solemn statements of intention prepared by engineering societies. Members of the National Society of Professional Engineers subscribe to this Creed: As a professional Engineer, I dedicate my professional knowledge and skill to the advancement and betterment of human welfare.

I pledge:  To give the utmost of performance  To participate in none but honest enterprise  To live and work according to the laws of man and the highest standards of professional conduct  To place service before profit, the honor and standing of the profession before personal advantage and the public welfare above all other considerations. In humility and with need for Divine Guidance, I make this pledge. The Ethics Committee of the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development prepared the following statement describing the faith of the engineering: I AM AN ENGINEER. In my profession I take deep pride, but without vainglory; to it I owe solemn obligations that I am eager to fulfill As an engineer, I will participate in none but honest enterprise. To him that has engaged my services, as employer or client, I will give the utmost of performance and fidelity. When needed, my skill and knowledge shall be given without reservation for the public good. From special capacity springs the obligation to use it well in the service to humanity; and I accept the challenge that this implies Jealous of the high repute of my calling, I will strive to protect the interests and the good name of any engineer that I know to be deserving; but I will not shrink, should duty dictate, from disclosing the truth regarding anyone that, but unscrupulous act, has shown himself unworthy of the profession. Since the age of stone, human progress has been conditioned by the genius of my professional forebears. By them have been rendered usable to mankind Nature’s vast resources of material and energy. By them have been vitalized and turned to practical account the principles of science and the revelations of technology. Except for this heritage of accumulated experience, my effort would be feeble. I dedicate myself to the dissemination of engineering knowledge, and especially to the instruction of younger members of my profession in all its arts and traditions. To my fellow I pledge, in the same full measure I ask of them, integrity and fair dealing, tolerance and respect, and devotion to the standards and the dignity of our profession; with the consciousness, always, that our special expertness carries with it the obligation to serve humanity with complete sincerity. Engineering graduates of Canadian universities participate in a ceremony of the Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer. In that ceremony, they subscribe to an obligation written by Rudyard Kipling. Engineers who participate in that ritual wear an iron ring as a symbol and a reminder of their obligation. Glossary:  Ideals : Cita-cita  Obligations : Kwajiban

 

Deep pride Vainglory

: Kebangaan Terdalam : Keangkuhan

 Solemn : Sungguh  Dedicate Mempersembahkan  Knowledge : Pengetahuan  Utmost : Sepenuhya  Honest : Kejujuran  Faith : Kesetiaan

:

 Reservation  Strive  Unworthy  Unscrupulous moral  Expertness

: Pemesanan : Berusaha keras : Tidak berharga : Tidak mengindahkan : Keahlian

Part A. Written Information in the Text Write T (True) if the statement reflects the information in the text and F (False) if it contradicts to the information in the text. N O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

SENTENCE

TRUE/FALSE

An engineer will surrender when they find obstacles The oath is not a must to do by the speaker The engineers will be dishonest in their job The skill and the ability of the engineers must be used for public benefit All the engineers will keep their oath The engineers who participate in that ritual wear an metal ring as a symbol and a reminder of their obligation The one who made the ethic was the Ethics Committee of the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development Engineers are able to work under pressure The Engineers subscribe to an obligation written by Rudyard Kipling before the ceremony Engineers neglect the existence of God in making the oath

Part B. Sentence Structure. Please divide the sentence in paragraph into some parts like the example given!

Par/N o

1/1

Phrase 1

Phrase 2

As a professional Engineer, I

dedicate

1/2

Phrase 3

Connector

my professional knowledge and skill to the advancement and betterment of human welfare.

pledge I:

the utmost of performance a. To give

1/3

in none but honest enterprise b. To participate

1/4

according to the laws of ma and the highest standards of professional conduct

c. To live

and work Part C. Let’s have fun… Find ten words that are stated in the text by giving horizontal, vertical, or diagonal lines… S M H A M H E R R L A L I

U E U S A O F S P U R J G

K M M U L N U O L N I E U

A B I M O O N I E A L A A

W E L F A R E L D M C L N

X R I O H S C M G A E O A

R M T R E E N I E Y A U S

A U Y E R W A D E A A S H

W I I S O E D I G N I T Y

O D F T C L I E N T G K O

N Y B S D G U L A M A R I

S A Y A E A G E R T A R I

Part D. Finding Similar Vocabularies Find the synonym of the bold words with the word in the text 1. I met John yesterday, he has an ability to hypnotize someone 2. Every country has rules which must be done 3. The life of engineer give much benefit to the development of a company 4. Everyone has preference in each food choice 5. I understand who take your positions in this company 6. She create the statue in her company in Malang 7. John’s job is as a manager in a company 8. Next month, my manager will join an international seminar in Moscow 9. My mother used to use blazer to her office 10. An engineer found an icon of early engineering in Mesopotamia Part E. Enriching Vocabularies Match the words with the meaning on the right… Words

Meanings

a. Toleranc

1. To become smaller

e

2. The stating of expressing of something in words

b. Stateme

3. Looking very serious

nts

4. To attention or concern for something or somebody

c. Pledge d. Solemn e. Engage f.

Shrink

g. Integrity h. Ceremo ny

5. To arrange or to employ somebody 6. The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles 7. The willingness or ability to tolerate someone or something 8. Constant or strong love for loyalty to somebody or something 9. A formal act or series of formal act performed on religious or public occasion

i.

Devotion

j.

Regard

10.

a thing given to somebody as a sign of friendship,

love, etc.

Appendix 1 The Judge Oath

Source: Judicial Department of South Carolina

Appendix 2 The Teacher’s Oath

Source: ITE School