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PRESENT CONTINUOUS

(we are doing things now, at the moment)

Am I + Ving ? Is he + Ving ? Is she isn’t + Ving Is it Are we aren’t + Ving Are you + Ving ? Are they

I am + Ving

I’m not + Ving

He She It

He She It

We You They

is + Ving are + Ving

I am working.

We You They

I’m not working.

Am I working?

– Yes, I am. - No, I’m not. He is working. He isn’t working. Is he working? – Yes, he is. – No, he isn’t. We are working. We aren’t working. Are we working? – Yes, we are. – No, we aren’t.

Spelling rules Most verbs add + ing study - studying work – working play – playing

If verbs end in

cons. + e e + ing write – writing drive - driving

If verbs end in one vowel + one cons. double cons. + ing swim – swimming run - running

VERBS NOT USED IN CONTINUOUS want ________ like _________ need ________ love ________ prefer ______ hate ________ have (=possess) belong _______ Sorry, I don’t know.

see ________ understand ________ hear ________ forget ___________ know ________ remember _________ mean ________ seem ____________

Do you understand me?

I need your help.

( we do things usually, sometimes, every day ….)

PRESENT SIMPLE I We You They He She It

always often usually sometimes rarely never

+V

always often usually sometimes rarely never

He doesn’t She +Vs It

I We don’t You They

I get up at 7. I don’t get up at 6. Do I get up at 6? – Yes, I do. – No, I don’t.

always often usually sometimes rarely never

+V

always often usually sometimes rarely never

+V

Do I Do we Do you Do they

+V?

Does he Does she Does it

+V?

He gets up at 7. He doesn’t get up at 6. Does he get up at 6? – Yes, he does. – No, he doesn’t.

Spelling rules 3rd person singular Most verbs add

- s

visit – visits play – plays write – writes

If verbs end in

–s/-ss/-sh/-ch/ - x, add

- es

fish – fishes watch – watches dress – dresses

Before the main verb: always _translation_ usually __________ often ___________ sometimes _________ rarely ____________ never ____________ BUT after the verb to be She often arrives late. She is often late.

If verbs end in cons. + y

- ies

fly – flies cry - cries

Remember!

go - goes do - does have - has

We put at the end of the sentence: every day ___________ in the morning __________ every week __________ in the evening __________ every year __________ in the afternoon ________ at night ____________ on Monday ____________ at midday ___________ on Tuesday ___________ at 6 o’clock ______ on Friday morning ___________

It is possible to put the time expression at the beginning of the sentence

I go to the bank every Friday. Every Friday I go to the bank.

PAST SIMPLE

(we did things yesterday, 2 days ago, last week, in 2005 )

(we have just/already done it.)

PRESENT PERFECT

TO BE I He She It We You They

was

were

I He She It

wasn’t

We You weren’t They

I Was he she it we Were you they

Yes, I was./No, I wasn’t.

?

Yes, he was. /No, he wasn’t. Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.

Yes, we were./No, we weren’t.

?

Yes, you were./No, you weren’t. Yes, they were./no, they weren’t

(we did things yesterday, 2 days ago, last week, in 2005 )

TO HAVE I He She It We You They

had

I He She It We You They

didn’t have

Did

I he she have..? it we you they

He had a dog. He didn’t have a dog. Did he have a dog. – Yes, he did. /No, he didn’t.

PAST SIMPLE

I He She It We You They

Ved V2

(we did things yesterday, 2 days ago, last week, in 2005 )

REGULAR & IRREGULAR VERBS I He She It We You They

didn’t + V1

Ved have V3

Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.

I was tired. I wasn’t tired. Was I tired? – Yes. I was. /No, I wasn’t. We were tired. We weren’t tired. Were we tired? – Yes, we were./ No, we weren’t.

PAST SIMPLE

I We You They

Did

I he she V1 …? it we you they

He She It

has

Ved V3

I We You They He She It

Ved haven’t V3

hasn’t

Ved V3

I Ved Have We ..? You V3 They He Ved Has She ..? V3 It

I have done it. I haven’t done it. Have you done it? – Yes, I have. - No, I haven’t. He has done it. He hasn’t done it. Has he done it? – Yes, he has. - No, he hasn’t.

PRESENT PERFECT words Before the main verb: already ___________ just _____________ ever _____________ never ____________

We put at the end of the sentence: recently _______________ yet __________________ today ________________ this week/year __________

I’ve just had dinner. He has never been to China. Have you ever been to Russia? Ann hasn’t had a holiday this year. Have you heard from Tom recently?

PAST SIMPLE words

2 days/weeks/years ago __________ last month/week/year ___________ yesterday ______________ in 2005 _________________ yesterday morning ___________the day before yesterday _________ I played football yesterday. I didn’t play football last week. Did you play football yesterday? – Yes, I did. /No, I didn’t. She went to the cinema last Sunday. She didn’t go to school last Sunday. Did you go to the cinema last Sunday? – Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.

Irregular verbs Infinitive be [bi:] become [bıˊkʌm] begin [bıˊgın]

bring [brıŋ] build [bıld] burn [bɜ:n] buy [bai] catch [kæʧ] choose [ʧu:z] come [kʌm] cost [kɒst] cut [kʌt] do [du:] draw [drɓ:] dream [dri:m] drink [drıŋk] drive [draiv] eat [i:t] fall [fɓ:l] feed [fi:d] feel [fi:l] nd] forget [fəˊget] forgive [fəˊgıv] freeze [fri:z] get [get] give [gıv]

hang [hæŋ] have [hæv] hear [hıə] hit [hıt] hurt [hɜ:t] keep [ki:p]

Past Simple (V2) became began [bıˊgæn] blew [blu:]

Past Participle (V3) been [bi:n] become [bıˊkʌm] begun [bıˊgʌn] blown [

brought [brɓ:t] built [bılt] burnt [bɜ:nt] bought [bɓ:t] caught [kɓ:t]

brought [brɓ:t] built [bılt] burnt [bɜ:nt] bought [bɓ:t] caught [kɓ:t]

came [keim] cost [kɒst] cut [kʌt] did [dıd] drew [dru:] dreamt [dremt] drank [dræŋk]

come [kʌm] cost [kɒst] cut [kʌt] done [dʌn] drawn [drɓ:n] dreamt [dremt] drunk [drʌŋk] driven [ˊdrıvn] eaten [ˊi:tn] fallen [ˊfɓ:ln] fed [fed] felt [felt] fought [fɓ:t] found [faʊnd] n] forgotten [fəˊgɒtn] forgiven [fəˊgıvn]

was[wɒz] were [wɜ:]

fell [fel] fed [fed] felt [felt] fought [fɓ:t] found [faʊnd] flew [flu:] forgot [fəˊgɒt] fo got [gɒt] went [went] grew [gru:] hung [hʌŋ] had [hæd] heard [hɜ:d] hit [hıt] held [held] hurt [hɜ:t] kept [kept]

got [gɒt] given [ˊgıvn] gone [gɒn] hung [hʌŋ] had [hæd] heard [hɜ:d] hit [hıt] held [held] hurt [hɜ:t] kept [kept]

Translation

Infinitive

lead [li:d] leave [li:v] lend [lend] let [let]

Past Simple (V2) knew [nju:]

Past Participle (V3)

led [led] left [left] lent [lent] let [let]

lose [lu:z]

led [led] left [left] lent [lent] let [let] la lit [lıt] lost [lɒst]

mean [mi:n] meet [mi:t]

meant [ment] met [met]

meant [ment] met [met]

put [pʊt] read [ri:d]

put [pʊt] read [red]

ring [rıŋ]

rang [ræŋ]

run [rʌn]

ran [ræn] said [sed] saw [sɓ:]

put [pʊt] read [red] ridden [ˊrıdn] rung [rʌŋ] risen [ˊrızn] run [rʌn] said [sed] seen [si:n]

see [si:] sell [sel] send [send] set [set] shoot [∫u:t] shut [∫ʌt] sing [sıŋ] sit [sıt] sleep [sli:p] speak [spi:k] spell [spel] spend [spend] stand [stænd] sweep [swi:p] swim [swım] teach [ti:ʧ] tell [tel]

lit [lıt] lost [lɒst]

sent [sent] set [set] shook [∫ʊk] shot [∫ɒt]

sent [sent] set [set]

shut [∫ʌt] sang [sæŋ] sat [sæt] slept [slept]

shut [∫ʌt] sung [sʌŋ] sat [sæt] slept [slept]

spelt [spelt] spent [spent] stood [stʊd] swept [swept] swam [swæm] took [tʊk] taught [tɓ:t]

spelt [spelt] spent [spent] stood [stʊd] swept [swept] swum [swʌm]

shot [∫ɒt]

taught [tɓ:t]

Translation

Infinitive think [θıŋk] understand [,ʌndəˊstænd]

Past Simple (V2) thought [θɓ:t] threw [θru:] understood [,ʌndəˊstʊd]

Past Participle (V3) thought [θɓ:t]

Comparative

Superlative

(add - er)

(add the -est)

longer bigger happier

Past Simple (V2)

the longest the biggest the happiest

Past Participle (V3)

wore [wɓ:] won [wʌn]

Translation

worn [wɓ:n] won [wʌn] written [ˊrıtn]

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

in

on

under

in front of

behind

Positive

between

next to

ADJECTIVES. Degrees of comparison. Long adjectives

Short adjectives long big happy

Infinitive wear [weə] win [wın]

understood [,ʌndəˊstʊd]

QUESTION WORDS What [wɒt]________ Who [hu:]_______ When [wen] ________ Where [weə]______ Why How [hɑʊ] _______ How old _______________ How much [mʌʧ]_________ How many [ˊmænı] _______ What colour [ˊkʌlə] _______ What time

Positive

Translation

Comparative

Superlative

(more + adj)

(the most + adj.)

above

Irregular adjectives Positive

Comparative

Superlative

popular

more popular

the most popular

good

better

the best

careful

more careful

the most careful

bad

worse

the worst

little

less

the least

old

older elder

the oldest the eldest

Spelling rules 1. If one- syllable adjectives ends in a single vowel and a consonant (except -w), we double the consonant and add –er or –est.

big – bigger – the biggest, fat – fatter – the fattest 2. If a two- syllable adjective ends in –y before a consonant, we change “–y” to “-i" and add –er or –est happy – happier – the happiest, busy – busier – the busiest

3. With some common two- syllable adjectives we can either add “-er” and “-est” or use “more” and “the most”:

p o l i t e , s t up i d , c o m m o n , s i m p l e , ha nd s o m e , g e nt l e , na r r o w , p l e a s a nt etc.

!

MUCH - MANY Many – before countable nouns many friends, many apples Much – before uncountable nouns much sugar, much money

in negative sentences and questions

!

I have a lot of friends. + Do you have many friends? ? I don’t have many friends. – There are a few apples on the table. I have a little money with me.

A FEW - A LITTLE A few – before countable nouns a few friends, a few apples A little – before uncountable nouns a little sugar, a little money