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Esse tia G r in U e

A self-study reference and practice book for elementary students of English with answers

THIRD ED ITIO N

Raymond Murphy

a v CAMBRIDGE

UNlVERSITY PRESS www.cambridge.org

CAMBRIDGE

UNIVERSITY

PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521675802 © Cambridge University Press 2007

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written perrnission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1990 Second edition 1997 Third edition 2007 11th printing 2011 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN

978-0-521-67580-2 Edition with answers 978-0-521-67581-9 Edition without answers 978-0-521-67543-7 Edition with answers and CD-ROM 978-0-521-67544-4 CD-ROM for Windows (single user) 978-0-521-67545-1 Network CD-ROM (30 users) 978-3-12-539538-1 K1ett edition with CD-ROM 978-3-12-539536-7 K1ett Edition

Cambridge University Press has no responsibi1ity for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

Contents Thanks Vll To the student To the teacher

Vll1

x

Present 1 am/is/are 2 am/is/are (questions) 3 1 am doing (present continuous) 4 are you doing? (present continuous questions) 5 1 do/work/like etc. (present simple) 6 1 don't (present simple negative) 7 Do you ? (present simple questions) 8 1 am doing (present continuous) and 1 do (present simple) 9 1 have ... and I've got ... Past 10 was/were 11 worked/got/went

etc. (past simple) 12 1 didn't ... Did you ... ? (past simple negative and questions) 13 1 was doing (past continuous) 14 1 was doing (past continuous) and 1 did (past simple) Present peljéct 15 1 have done (present perfect 1) 16 I've just ... I've already ... 1 haven't ... yet (present perfect 2) 17 Have you ever ... ? (present perfect 3) 18 How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4) 19 for since ago 20 1 have done (present perfect) and 1 did (past) Passive 21 is done was done (passive 1) 22 is being done has been done

(passive 2)

Vetbjorms 23 be/havel do in present and past tenses 24 Regular and irregular verbs Futute 25 What are you doing tomorrow? 26 I'm going to ... 27 wiIlI shaIl 1 28 will/ shall 2 Modals, imperative etc. 29 might 30 can and could 31 must mustn't

don't need to

IF YQU ARE NOT SURE WH1CH UN1TS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUJDE ON PAGE 271

¡ii

32 should 33 1 have to 34 Would you like ... ? I'd like ... 35 Do this! Don't do that! Let's do this! 36 1 used to

There and it 37 thcre is there are 38 there was/were there has/have 39

been

there will be

It ...

Auxiliary verbs 40 41

1 arn, 1 don't etc. Have you? Are you? Don't you? etc. 42 too/ either so am 1 / neither do 1 etc. 43 isn't, haven't, don't etc. (negatives)

Qucstiol1S 44 is it ... ? have yon .. , ? do they ... ? etc. (questions 45 Who saw yon? Who did you see? (questions 2) 46 Who is she talking to? What is it like? (questions 3) 47 What ... ? Which ... ? How ... ? (questions 4) 48 How long does it take '" ? 49 Do you know where .. , ? Reponed speech 50 She said that ...

1 don't

know what '"

He told me that .. ,

-ing and to ... 51 work/working go/going do/doing 52 to ". (1 want to do) and -ing (1 enjoy doing) 53 1 want you to ." 1 told you to .. , 54 1 went to the shop to ... Co, get, do, make and haue 55 go to ." go on ... 56 get 57 do and make 58 have

go for ...

go -ing

Pronouns al/d possessives 59 l/me he/him they/them etc. 60 my /his/their etc. 61 Whose is this? It's mine/yonrs/hers etc. 62 I1me/my/mine 63 myself/yourself/themselves etc. 64 -'s (Kate's camera / my brother's car etc.)

iv

;

etc.

1)

A and the 65 ajan 66 67 68 69 70

train(s) a bottle a cake / a/ an and the .,.

bus (es) (singular and plural) / sorne water (countable/uncountable 1) sorne cake / sorne cakes (countable/uncountable the

71

go to work

2)

go home go to the cinema 1 hate exams (narnes of places)

72 I like music 73

the...

Determiners and pranauns 74

this/that/these/those

75 one/ones 76 77 78 79 80

81 82

83 84

sorne and any not + any no none not + anybody/anyone/anything nobody/no-one/nothing somebody / anything/ nowhere etc. every and aIl all most sorne any no/none both either neither a lot much many (a) Iittle (a) few

Adjectives and adueibs 85 old/nice/interesting

etc. (adjectives) quickly /badly / suddenly etc. (adverbs) old/older expensive / more expensive older than .. , more expensive than ... 89 not as ... as 90 the oldest the most expensive 91 enough 92 too 86 87 88

l;f/ord arder 93 94 95 96

He speaks English ver y we1l. (word order 1) always/usually/often etc. (word order 2) still yet already Give me that book! Give it to me!

Conjunaions and clauses 97 and but or so beca use 98 When ... 99 If we go . If you see .. , etc. 100 If I had . If we went .. , etc. a thing that/which ... (relative clauses 1) 101 a person who 102 the people we met the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2)

v

Prepositions

103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113

in April on Monday at 8 o'dock for until since from .,. to before after during while in at on (places 1) in at on (places 2) to in at (places 3) under, behind, opposite etc. up, over, through etc. on at by with about afraid of , good at etc. of/at/for etc. (prepositions) + -ing listen to , look at etc. (verb + preposition)

Phrasal verbs

114 go in, fall off, run away etc. (phrasal verbs 1) 115 put on your shoes put your shoes on (phrasal verbs 2)

Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7

Active and passive 243 List of irregular verbs 244 Irregular verbs in groups 245 Short forms (he's / I'd / don't etc.) 246 Spelling 248 Phrasal verbs (take off / give up etc.) 250 Phrasal verbs + object (put out a fire / give up your job etc.)

Additional exercises Study guide

252

271

Key to Exercises 283 Key to Additional exercises Key to Study guide 313 Index

vi

251

310

315

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 271.

Thanks For their help in producing this third edition of Essential Grarnmar in Use, 1 would like to thank Liz Driscoll,]essica Roberts and Alison Sharpe. I would also like to thank the teachers and reviewers from various countries who provided me with feedback on the previous edition. Illustrations by Kate Charlesworth, Richard Lisa Smith, Ian West and Simon Wil1iams

Deverel1, Gil1ian Martín, Roger

Penwill,

Design by Kamae Design

vii

To the student

(working without a teacher)

This is a grammar book for elementary students of English. There are 115 units in rhe book and each unit is about a different point of English granunar. There is a list of units at the beginning of the book

Contents

----------------------------~

Thanks vii To thc student 10 thc teachcr

vui x

Pf¡'SO!l

1 am/Is/arc 2 am/Is/arc {qucsuous) I arn doing {prL"1iCIH continuous) are yon doil1g? (prcsent COllriIlUOU~qucstion ..) 1 do/work/Iikc ere. (prescnt simple) I dou't. (prcscnt simple nLpüve) Do you ... ? [prcscnt simple qucstions) 1 arn doing (prcscut conrinuous) -a nd 1 do (prcsent sanple) 1 have ... and ¡'ve gOL

iContents¡ . Do not study all the units in order from beginning to end. Ir is better to choose the units that you need to do. For example, if you have a problem with the present perfect (J halle been, he has done etc.), study Units 15-20.

o

••

Use the Contents or the Index (at the back of the book) to find the unit (or units) that you need.

If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Study guide at the back of the book.

-¡ji

I'_''''~L

1J1.nal_

CI'1!Ii~

DI ..........,.

'~""'"T_'~. 110.......

J,~

\.\~

p,. ...." "\.IIIIIn 1:'t.¡.

_

"1"--.. 1.1\ i__

h....... ~""~

C ..

1lIo'bu

"' ......

.,'l;r;,_

e __

,\..!.EII;~I\:oo, ~b.i.I

~\acIT.n. eh,,'

J!l,iu>1'1I\'hoI

~!

n.o.'_ A,,'n::o;,

_

....'

[)~)I!.,,·

'.'i,o.iJ_

11.:"

~"!"''''''''il''''''f'¡'_ U"_"';~¡1()'

'"' :Z",

,..,

....

...

::

........

:;:--

,_,,_

There are a150 Additional exercises at the back of the book (pages 252-270). There is a list of thcsc exercises on page 252.

CD Rom You can buy this book with 01' without a CD Rom. On the CD Rom there are more exercises on all the units, and these are different from the exercises in thc book. There are also more than 600 test questions.

, ..,

----....,., .....'.-~-

It-.-

.. _

......__

1)......

---

';¡¡;¡¡¡;--........ I .......

~--

ix

lo the teacher The most important

features of this book are:

O It is a grammar

book. It do es not deal with other aspects of the language. learners. It does not cover areas of grammar which are not normal1y taught at elementary level. O lt is a reference book with exercises. It is not a course book and is not organised O It is for elementary

progressively. O It is addressed

Orqanlsation

to learners and intended

for self-study.

of the book

There are 115 units in the book, each one focusing on a particular area of grarrunar. The material is organised in grammatical categories, such as tenses, questions and articles. Units are not ordered according to diíficulty, and should therefore be selected and used in the order appropriate for the learner(s). The book should not be worked through from beginning to end. The units are listed in the Contents and there is a comprehensive Index at the end of the book. Each unit has the same format consisting of two facing pages. The grammar point is presented and explained on the left-hand page and the corresponding exercises are on the right. There are seveu Appendices (pages 243-251) dealing with active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms (contractions), spelling and phrasal verbs. It might be useful for teachers to draw students' attention to these. At the back of the book there is a set of Additional exerdses (pages 252-270). These exercises provide 'mixed' practice bringing together grammar points from a number of different units (especialJy those concerning verb forms). There are 35 exercises in this section and there is a fulllist on page 252. Also at the back of the book there is a Study guíde to help students decide which units to study - see page 271. Finally, there is a Key (pages 283-309) for students to check their answers to alJ the exercises in the book. An edition without the Studv guide and Key is available for teachers who would prefer it for their students.

Level The book is for elementary learners, i.e. learners with very little English, but not for complete beginners. It is intended mainly for elementary students who are beyond the eady stages of a beginners' COlme. It could also be used by low-intermediate learners whose grammar is weaker than other aspects of their English or who have problems with particular áreas of basic grarnmar. The explanations are addressed to the elementary learner and are therefore as simple and as short as possible. The vocabulary used in the examples and exercises has also been restricted so that the book can be used at this leve!. Using the book The book can be used by students working alone (see To the student¡ or as supplernentary course material. In either case the book can serve as an elementary grammar book. When used as course material, the book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or rernedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help and practice.

x

In sorne cases it may be desirable ro use the leíi-hand pages (presentatíon and explanation) in class, but it should be noted that these have been written for individual study and reference. In most cases, it would probably be better for teachers to present the granunar point in their preferred way with the exercises being done for homework. The left-hand page is then available for later reference by the student, Sorne teachers may prefer to keep the book for revision and rernedial work. In this case, individual students or groups of students can be directed to the appropriate units for self-study and practice.

eo Rom The book is sold with or without a CD Rom. This contains further exercises on al] the units in the book, as well as a bank of more than 600 test questions from which users can select to compile their own tests. The CD Rom is also available separately.

Essential Grammar in Use Third Edition This is a new edition of Essential Crammar in Use. The differences and the second edition are:

o The book has been redesigned O There

this edition

with new colour iUustrations.

is one new unit (Unit 35) and sorne reorganisation, different numbers from the previous edition.

so that most units have

O There

are many (usually minor) revisions to the explanations,

O There

are two new pages of Additíona/ exercises (pages 252-270).

D

between

examples and exercises.

There is a new Study guidc at the back of thc book to hclp users decide which units to study.

D

There

is a new CD Rom

with further exercises to accompany

the book.

xi

am/is/are I'm not married.

My name is Lisa.

My favourite colour is blue.

I'm a student.

My favourite sports are football and swimming.

My father is a doctor and mv mother is a journalist. LISA

positive 1 he she it we you they

negati lle am

(I'm)

is

(he 's) (she's) (it's)

are

I he she it

(we're) (you're) (they're)

we you they

am not

(I'm not)

is not

(he's not (she's not (it's not

01' 01' 01'

(we're not (you're not (they're not

are not

01' 01' 01'

he isn't) she isn't) it isn't) we aren't) you aren't) they aren't)

'----------y---'

short [orms

stiort jorm O I'm

cold. Can you close the window, please? 32 years old. My sister is 29. Steve is ill. He's in bed. My brother is afraid of dogs. It's ten o'clock. You're late again. Ann and I are good friends. Your keys are on the tableo

O I'm O

O O O O

l'm tired, but I'm not hungry. O Tom isn't interested in politics. He's interested in music. O Jane isn't a teacher. She's a student. O Those people aren't English. They're Australian. O It's sUllny today, but it isn't warrn.

O

that's = that is

there's = there is

here's

=

here is

O Thank you. That's very kind of yOU. O Look! O

12

There's Chris. 'Here's your key.' "Thank you.'

am/is/are (questions)

---i>

Unit 2

there is/are _,. Unit 37

a/an -- Unit 65

short forms _,. Appendix 4

Exercises 1.1

Unit 1

Write the short form (she's 1 she is sh..e.:'~ 2 they are ....

1.2

.

I we

aren't etc.),

3 it is not .. 4 that is

Write am, is or are. 1 The weather ....J~..... nice today. 2 l not rich. 3 This bag.. . heavy. 4 These bags . heavy.

1.3

Steve 15 ill. .tl~'? .....in bed. I'rn not hungry, but .. . thirsry. Mr Thornas is a very old mano 98. These chairs areri't beautiful, but . . cornfortable. The weather is nice today. warrn and sunny. ' late.' 'No, I'm noto I'rn early!' Catherine isn't at horne. at work. ' your coat,' 'Oh, thank you very much,'

Look at Lisa's sentences 1 (name?) 2 (fromr) 3 (age?) 4 (jobi')

1.5

in 1A. Now write sentences

My . l...

about yourself.

5

(favourite colour or colours?) My .. 6 (interested in ... ?) 1.

1 ..

1 ....

....

...

Write sentences for the pictures. Use: afraid

1

angry

cold

$b.~'? l:}1k~k-!:i,

2 They .. 1.,6

5 Look! There .. Carol. 6 My brother and 1 good tennis players. 7 Emily at horne. Her children at schoo1. 8 1 .. a taxi driver. My sister a nurse.

Complete the sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1.4

5 1 am not 6 you are not ..

hungry

hot

thiFsty

3 He .....

5

4

6

Write true sentences .. positive or negative. Use is/isn't or are/aren't. 1 2 3 4 5 6

... oOl.tJS.;\'1.:~ ...~ºLJ(}.clcty.,.oO.

(ir / hot today) (it / windy (my hands (Brazil / a (diamonds (Toronto /

OY

.Ifs

J:'1ot,!;(¡~,

today) 1t / cold) My very big country) / cheap) in the US)

Write true sentences,

positive or negative. Use l'm Il'm noto

7 (tired)

8 (hungry)

l'm

.ti!.:e4,. ...

or

['m l'1ot

med.

1 .....

9 (a good swirnmer) 10 (interested in football) _.".Additional exercise 1 (paqe 252)

13

am/is/are (questions) question

positive 1

am

he she it

am

is

is

What's your name?

l? ~

you married? )

.l/Are

he? she?

.

~ \~H-O-W-o-Id-a-r-e-y-o-u ?~. )

we you they

are

are

we? you? they?

Are you a student?

o 'Am I late?' 'No, you're on time.' O 'Is your mother at home?' 'No, she's out.' O 'Are your parents at home?' 'No, they're out.' O 'Is it eold in your room?' 'Yes, a little.' O Your shoes are niee. Are they new? We say: O Is she at home? / Is your rnother at home? inot Is at home your mother?) O Are they new? / Are your shoes new? (not Are new your shoes?) Where

... ? / What

... ? / Who

... ? / How

... ? / Why ... ?

O Where

is your mother? Is she at home? are yOll from?' 'Cariada.' 'What colour is your ear?' '!t's red.' 'How old is Joe?' 'He's 24.' How are your parents? Are they well? These posteards are niee. How much are they? This hotel isn't very good. Why is it so expensive?

O 'Where O O O O O

what's = what is who's = who is O What's the time? O Where's Lucy?

how's

=

where's = where is that man? O How's your father? how is

O Who's

Short answers 1 amo

Yes,

he she it we you they

I'm

is. No,

he's she's it's

my sw.t.

noto

or

No,

we're you're they're

are.

he she it

isn't.

we you they

aren't.

o 'Are you tired?' 'Yes, I am.' O 'Are you hungry?' 'No, I'm not, but I'm thirsty.' O 'Is your friend English?' 'Yes, he is.' O 'Are these your keys?' 'Yes, they are.' O 'That's my seat.' 'No, it isn't.'

14

am/is/are

--'>

Unit 1

questions

--'>

Unit 44

what/whieh/how

--+

Unit 47

Exercises 2.1

Unit 2

Find the right answers for the questions. ~-----------------A London. B No, I'm noto e Yes, you are. D My sister. E Black. F No, it's black. G In your bago H No, she's American. 1 Very well.

1 Where's the camera? 2 Is your car blue? 3 Is Linda frorn London? 4 Am I late? 5 Where's Ann from? 6 What colour is your bag? 7 Are you hungry? 8 How is George? 9 Who's that wornan?

2.2

Make questions 1 2 3 4 5

6 7

8 9

2.3

8 9

••

Complete the questions.

your parents? .. the bus stop? .. . your children? .. these oranges? . your favourite sport? ......the rnan in this photograph? ................. your new shoes?

6 7

u

u

•••••••••••••••••••••••••

Use What ... 1 Who ... 1 Where ... / How ....

H()vv ...~.e,

4 5

They're very well . At the end of the street . Five, six and ten . i:1.50 a kilo . Skiing . That's my father. Black.

Write the questions.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9

.W1'1#-)s ~Cl('(.L nO;l'l1e-? (name?) (American?) (how old?) (a teacher?) (married?) (wife a Iawyerr) (fram?) (her name?) (how old?)

Write

Paul. No, I'rn Australian. I'rn 30. No, I'rn a lawyer. Yes, I amo No, shes a designer. She's Italian. Anna. She's 27.

short answers (Yes, I amo 1 No, he isn't. ete.).

1 Are yOl! married? 2 Are yOl! thirsty? 3 Is it cold today? -?

3 4 5 6 7

Is...HO'0r ..rl)otne:r ....~ ...~O'.0le-... (is / at home / your mother) . u? ......A re, ..!jq{Ar...p0{ eJ1P? ...!-J. e.l+..... (your parents / are / well) .......... .... .? (interesting / is / your job) ........................................................................ ? (the shops / are / open today) .. ... . .... ..... u? (from / where / you / are) .................................... ? (interested in sport / you / are) ................................................................ ? (is / near here / the post office) ? (at school / are / your childrcn) . . ? (you / are / late / why) ......... ?

3

2.5

G

with these words.

1 2

2.4

1 2

N()J I)t:n.

Additional exereises 1-2 (paqes 252-53)

not,

.

4 Are yOLlrhands cold? 5 Is it dark now? 6 Are you a teacher?

u...

15

I am doinq (present continuous)

She's eating. She isn't reading.

It's raining. The sun isn't shining.

The present continuous is: am/is/are + doing/eating/running/writing I

am (not)

he she it

is (not)

we you they

I'm working.

D

Maria is reading a newspaper. She isn't eating. (or She's not eating.) The phone is ringing.

D D

are (not)

D D

am/is/are

etc.

D

D

-ing

They're running. They aren't waJking.

I'm not watching

TV

We're having dinner. You're not Jistening to me. (orYou aren't The children are doing their homework.

+ -ing = something is happening

Jistening

... )

110UJ:

1"rn w()r:k:inrg slhe·s weating. ,11

has

they~re pfay'ing {ootbaU

l'"m not watching eelevision past D D D D D D

[uture

norv

Please be quieto I'm working. (= I'rn working now) Look, there's Sarah. She's wearing a brown eoat. (= she is wearing it now) The weather is niee. It's not raining. 'Where are the children?' 'They're pJaying in the park.' (011 the phone} We're having dinner now. Can I phone you later? You can turn off the television. I'rn not watching it.

' l'rtl_Ylot, 2 Are you wearing a watch? 3 Are you eating something?

-- Additional exercise 3 (page 253)

,

4 Is it raining? 5 Are you sitting on the floor? 6 Are you feeling well?

19

I do/work/like etc. (present simple)

They're looking at their books. They read a loto

He's eating an ice-cream. He likes ice-cream.

They read / he likes / 1 work etc. = the present simple: I/we/you/they

read

like

work

live

wateh

do

have

he/she/it

reads

likes

works

lives

watehes

do es

has

Remembcr: he works / she lives / it rains etc. O 1 work in a shop. My brother works in a bank. inot My brother work) O Luey lives in London. Her parents live in Scotland. O It rains a lot in winter. 1 have --;> he/she/it has: O John has a shower every day.

Spellíng

(--;>

Appendix 5):

-es after -s / -sh / -eh: -y --;> -ies: also:

pass --;> passes study --;> studles do -

does

u-y go -

--;>

tries goes

We use the present simple for things that are true in general, or for thíngs that happen sometimes or a11the time: O 1 like big cities. O Your English is good. You speak very well. O Tim works very hard. He starts at 7.30 and finishes at 8 o'clock in the evening. O The earth goes round the sun. O We do a lot of different things in our free time. O lt costs a lot of money to build a hospital. always/never/often/usually/sometimes + present simple O Sue always gets to work early, inot Sue gets always) O 1 never eat breakfast. tnot 1 eat never) O We often go away at weekends. O Mark usually plays football on Sundays. O 1 sometimes walk to work, but not ver)' often.

I don't ... (negative) Unit 6 Do you ... ? (questions) ~ Unit 7 always/usually/often etc. (ward arder) Unit 94 -,>

20

-,>

I am doing and I do

->

Unit B

Exercises 5.1

Write these verbs with -s or -es. 1 (read) 2 (think)

5.2

she he

go

1 . ti~.P~::;. 2 They ....

3

3 (By) 4 (dance)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

.

5 (have) 6 (finish)

she . it ..

live

play

sleep

the piano. .. in a very big house. a lot of fruit.

4 5 6

..

.................... tennis. . to the cinema a loto . seven hours a night.

dose

cost

cost

Jike

like

meet

-speak-

open

teach

wash

Maria .....~:p~s .... four languages. The shops in the city centre usually '. .. at 9 o' dock in the mor ning. The City Museum . . at 5 o' clock in the evening. Tina is a teacher. She . . mathernatics to young cbildren. My job is very interesting. l. . a lot of people. Peter's car is always dirty. He never .. . it. Food is expensive. It . . a lot of money. Sboes are expensive. They . ...... a lot of money. Water... . at 100 degrees Celsius. Julia and I are good friends. l.. . hcr and she . . me.

Write sentences from these words. Use the right form of the verb (arrive or arrives etc.).

?~E::

1 (always / early / Sue / arrive) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5.5

it he.

Complete the sentences. Use: boiJ

5.4

r~-94&.

Complete the sentences about the people in the pictures, Use: eat

5.3

Unit 5

0:L\oJ~? ..0r.r.L:Y.~s. ...@l.\J.

.

(to the cinema / never / 1 / go) l .. (work / Martina / hard / always) (like / chocolate / children / usually) (Iulia / parties / enjoy / aIways) (often / people's narnes / 1 / forget) (television / 'lirn / watch / never) (usually / dinner / we / have / at 7.30) Genny / always / ni ce clothes / wear)

Write sentences about yaurself. Use always/never/often/usually/sometimes. 1 2 3 4 5

(watch TV in the evening) (read in bed) l. (get up before 7 o'dock) (go to work/school by bus) (drink cofTee in the morning)

J

t,{sy~.~

~.~

IV .i.-\'].tI:l.?:.~X.~9,

.

21

I don't ... (present simple negative) The present simple negative is don't/doesn't

+ verb:

He doesn't like his jobo

She doesn 't drink coffee.

positive 1

we you they he she it

------------------------~

negative work like do have

1 we you they

works likes do es has

he she it

don't (do not)

doesn't (do es not)

work like do have

o 1 drink coffee, but 1 don't drink tea. O Sue drinks tea, but she doesn't

drink coffee.

O You don't work very hard. O We don't watch television

very often. is usually nice. It doesn't rain very often. O Gary and Nicole don't know rnany people. O The weather

Remember: I/we/you/they he/she/it

don't ... doesn't ...

O 1 don 't like [ootbal!.

o He doesn't like football.

o 1 don't like Fred and Fred doesn't like me. (not Fred don't like) O My car doesn't use much petrol. (not My car dori't use) O Sometimes

he is late, but it doesn't happen very often.

We use don 'ti doesn't + ¡,ifinítive (don't like I doesn't speak I doesn't do etc.): O 1 don't like washing the car. 1 don't do it very often. O Sarah speaks Spanish, but she doesn't speak Italian. inot doesn't speaks) O Bill doesn't do his job very well. tnot Bill doesnr his job) O Paula doesn 't usually have breakfast. (not doesn't ... has)

22

I do/work/like

etc. (present simple)

--?

llnlt 5

Do you

oo'

? (present simple questions)

--?

IJnit 7

Exercises 6.1

Unit

Write the negative. 1 play the piano very wel!. Jane plays the piano very well, They know my phone nurnber. We work very hard, He has a bath every day. 6 You do the sarne thing every day,

1 2 3 4 S

6.2

6

5tudy

, 4:o.rl p.~J:l1~. p~() jane . They

.y.~nLI-!~.· .....

.

the information and write sentences with like. 1

Be,Y\

0:Y.l4 ?9ph~

~~. ~?~

m.1A.:::>.k· ..

Kate. .

classical music.

BENAND

6.3

SOPHIE

KATE

1 classical music?

yes

no

2 boxing?

no

yes

3 horror films?

yes

no

. .

3

2 3 4 5

I often

or

I don't .., very often . .9~·....

or

.....,!".I:!.~y.ey: ..,.w.GlJQ'l

,IY,.."

or

(go to the theatre) (r ide a bicycle) (eat in restaurants) (travel by train)

sentences, Al! of them are negative. Use don't/doesn't + these verbs:

Complete the cost 2 3 4 5 6 7

or

. . ' 4Qr.l ..!'J.~t;9.1.IY...y~~ "... , p:ft:en. I,\l.~ .. TY, ,.

1 (watch TV)

6.5

?•

2 Ben and Sophie Kate . L

Write about yourself. Use:

I never...

6.4

You

go

know

-read-

see

use

wear

1 buy a newspaper every day, but sometimes 1 ,... MY\'~, rw4 ' it. Paul has a cal', but he . ... it very often. Paul and his friends like films, but they .. .""" to the cinema very often. Amanda is married, but she ,. .. . a nng. 1 ""... " . much about politics. I'rn not interested in it. The Regent Hotel isnt expensive. Ir ""'",,,,,,,,,,,.,,,, ,. ""'"much to stay there. Brian lives very near us, bur we . ,. """" him very often.

Put the verb

into the correct form, positive

OF

negative.

Margaret. sp~?" .. four languages - English, French, German and Spanish. (speak) 1" don't. .."" like ." ,.,',my jobo Irs very boring. (like) 'Where's Martin?' 'I'm sorry. 1 ,... ..........",.' (know) Sue is a very quiet persono She . . very mucho (tal k) Andy . ' a lot of tea. It's his favourite drink. (drink) , I . It. (believe) 6 It's not true! l. 7 That's a very beautiful picture. l. " it very mucho (like) ........meat. (eat) 8 Mark is a vegetariano He,

1 2 3 4 5

23

Unit

7

• A

I

Ii iI.

? (present simple questions]

We use do/ does in prcsent simple qucstions:

question

positiue 1 we you they

work Iike do have

he she it

works likes does has

1 we you they

do

he she it

does

work? like? do? have?

Study the word order: do/does

Where How often What How rnuch

Do Do Does do do does does

+ subjea + injinitive you your friends Chris your parents you this word ir

work live play live? wash mean? cost

on Sundays? near here? tennis? your hair? to By to Rome?

Questions with always/usually/often:

What

Do Does do

you Chris you

always often usually

have phone do

breakfast? you? at weekends?

What do you do? = What's your job? O 'What do you do?' '1 work in a bank.' Remember: do l/we/you/they does he/she/it ...

o Do they like music?

."

D

Does he like music?

SIIO!'t unsu/ers

Yes,

I1we/you/they he/she/it

D D D O

do.

No,

does.

don't.

I/we/you/they he/shelit

doesn't.

'Do you play tennis?' 'No, 1 don't.' 'Do your parents speak English?' 'Yes, they do.' 'Does Gary work hard?' 'Yes, he does.' 'Does your sister live in London.' 'No, she doesn't.'

I do/work/like etc. -- Unit 5

I don't .., (negative) -- Unit 6

questions -- Units 44-47

Exercises 7.1

Write questions with Do ... ? and Does ... ? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

llike chocolate. How about you? 1 play tennis. How about you? You live near here. How about Lucy? Tom plays tennis. How about his friends? You speak English. How about your brother? 1 do yoga every morning. How about you? Sue oftcn goes away, How about Paul? 8 1 want to be famous. How about you? 9 You work hard. How about Anna?

7.2

7

Unit ...P9....(19l:'....kik f( ..cJ:1.90l01:e you .. Lucy ..

u

?.

.....................

.......... ? ? ? ? ? ? ?.

. .

?.

....

Make questions from these words + do/does. Put the words in the right order. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12

'Nnllfe: 4P..!j.91,A,(PI.'Y:~~$. ~Y

-';>

running

-';>

lying etc.)

-';>

Appendix 5

+ -ing (past):

was/were

pvesent

past

I'm working (now). O It isn't raining (now). O What are you doing (now)? O

was/were _,. Unit

/ líe

10

I was doing

I was working at 10.30 last night. O lt wasn't raining when we went out. O What were you doing at three o'clock? D

and I did [past continuous

and simple) _,. Unit 14

and thc

Exercises 13.1

Unit

look at the pictures. Where were these people at 3 o'cloek yesterday afternoon? what were they doing? Write two sentences for each picture.

RACHEL

jACK KATE

at home watchTV

1 .

g~ª

~~ ~

b.Qt:f1~ ...

?h~

in his car drive 1iJ{)§

~GI,l:Q1ÍJ':1g

2 Jack and Kate .. 3 Tim . 4 5 6 And you? I ...

13.2

TRACEY

TIM

at the cinema watch a film

13

And

l'vlRAND MRS HALL

at the station wait for a train

in the park

walk

IV. . . They .

Sarah did a lot of things yesterday moming. look at the pictures and complete the sentences. 1 At 8.45 ... $11~. ""Gt$ .,,"C!§.n.0g .. n.~.W, 7.30 - 8.10 8.30 - 9.00 7.10 - 7.25 2 At 10.45 she ..... 3 At 8 o' clock 4 At12.10

...

5 At 7.15

.

6 At 9.30 ....

13.3

1 2 3 4

5

13.4

if necessarv,

Complete the questions. Use was/were -ing. Use what/where/why (you/live).. (you/ do) (ir/rain) (Sue/ drive) (Tim/wear)

Wht:.:r€:- w~e,. .!dP~ lj,y0g..

in 1999? at 2 o' clock? when you got up? so fast? a suit yesterday?

In London. 1 was asleep. No, it was sunny, Because she was late. No, a T-shirt and jeans.

look at the picture. You saw Joe in the street yesterday afternoon. Write positive or negative sentences, Joe

1 (wear / a jacket) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

What was he doinq?

\:t~...IiJ~!,,'t liJ~ln9

Gtj~l!,L.

(carry / a bag) (go / to the dentist) (eat / an ice-cream) (carry / an urnbrella) (go / home) (wear / a hat) (ride / a bicycle)

37

I was doing (past continuous) and I did [past simple)

He stopped reading.

The phone rango

Jack was reading a book.

He answered phone.

the

What happened? The phone rango (past simple) What was Jack doing when the phone rang? } (past continuous) He was reading a book. . What did he do when the phone rang? He stopped reading and answered the phone.

}

(past simple)

Jack began reading bifore the phone rango So when the phone rang, he was reading. the phone rang I

he started

past simple O A: What did you do yesterday morning? B: We played tennis. (frorn 10 to 11.30)

start

finish

10o'r/ock

11.30

he answered the phone I

past continuous O A: What were you doing at 10.30? B: We were playing tennis. start 10 o'clock

;( were play¡ng urifinr:_,hed aaien

we

we played

complete action (= frorn begínning to end) Did you watch the film 011 television last night? It didn't rain while we were on holiday.

O Jack read a book yesterday. O

D

o Jack was reading a book when the phone rango O Were you watching teJevision when I phoned you? D It wasn't raining when I got up.

O I started work at 90'clock and finished at 4.30. At 2.30 1 was working. O It was raining when we went out. (= it started raining before we went out) O I saw Lucy and Steve this morning. They were waiting at the bus stop. D Kelly fell asleep whilc she was reading.

38

I did (past simple)

->

lInits 11-12

;(

I was doing (past continuous)

->

llnit

13

while

-l>

Unit 105

Exercises 14.1

14.2

Look at the pictures. Put the verbs in the correet form, past eontinuous

or past simple.

1

Lucy ,,,.,,b.rºk,~.....(break) her arm last week. It .. . (happen) when she . ... (paint) her room. She ".. . (fall) off the ladder.

2

The train .. (arrive) at thc station and Paula ... (get) off. Two friends of hers, jon and Rachel, ..... ......(wait) to meet her.

3

Yesterday Sue . ........... (walk) aloug the road when she .. "" (meet) james. He. . (go) to the station to catch a train and he ........................................ (carry) a bago They . . (stop) to talk for a few minutes.

Put the verb into the past continuous 1

A:

B: 2

1\:

B: 3 A: B: 4 A: B: S A: B: 6 A: B: 7 A: B: 8 A: B:

9 A: B:

10 A: B: A:

--;>

Unít 14

or past simple.

What hl~~ HCltA M~9. (you/do) when the phone .....X~g .... (ring)? . ..hlGt?. li;J~.i.rt9 ..... (watch) television. Was Jane busy when you went to see her? Ves, she .. . (study). What time ..... . (the post / arr ive) this morning? 1t . ........(come) while 1 . . (have) breakfast. Was Tracey at work today? No, she . .... (not/go) to work. She was ill. How fast . .................... (you/drive) when the police ............ (stop) you? I'lTI not sure, but 1 . ... (not/ drive) very fasto .............(your tea m / win) the football match yesterday? The weather was very bad, so we . ............" . . (not/play). How . (you/break) the window? We .. .. (play) football. l. .. (kick) the ball and it . . (hit) the window . ..............(you/see) jenny last night? Yes, she .... ... (wear) a very nice jacket. What .... ....... (you/do) at 2 o'clock this morning? 1 was asleep. . (lose) my key last night. 1. How ... . (you/get) into your room? ......(climb) in through a window. 1

Additional exercises 14-15

(pages 257-58)

39

I have done (present perfect 1)

His shaes are dirty.

He is cleaning his shoes,

He has cleaned his shoes. (= his shoes are clea n now)

They are at home.

They are going out.

They have gone out. (= they are not at horne

has cleaned I we you they he she

+ past participlc):

/ have gone etc. is the present pelject (have cleaned finished started lost done been gone

have ('ve) have not (haven't)

has ('s) has not (hasn 't)

ir

110W)

have

1 we you they

has

he she it

cleaned? finished? started? lost? done? been? gone?

} regular verbs

} irreoular veros

t

past patticipie Regular

verbs

The past participle is -ed (the same as the past simple): clean

Irregular vetbs

-+

1 have cleaned

finish -

Wit

have fiwished

The past participle is not -ed. Sometimes the past simple and past participle buy

-+

I Ilougbt

/ I llave 9iOUght

1 broke / I haye breken i~feO I it has fallen

-+

-+

she has, starred

are the sarne:

have _. 'be had ¡ he has had

Sometimes the past simple and past participle break (aH -

start

are different:

see - yOI.il S'3W g:QJ -+ fhey went

¡ you nave seen 1 [hey ha .. !: :gone

We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result nou/: O I've lost my passport. (= I can't find my passport nou/¡ O 'Where's Rebecca?' 'She's gone to bed,' (= she is in bed now) o We've bought a new car. (= we have a new car now) O It's Rachel's birthday tomorrow and I haven't bought her a presento (= I don't have a present for her now¡ 'Oh, where has he gone?' (= where is he I/OW?) O 'Bob is away OIl holiday.' O Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it? (= do you need it nOHJ?)

40

present perfect++

Uníts 16-19

present perfect and past simple

>»

Unít 20

irregular verbs

v>

Unit 24, Appendix 2-3

Exercises 15.1

Unit 15

Look at the pictures. What has happened? Choose from the box.

go to bed close the door

clsan his fail down

befo re

5h085

stop raining have a shower

now

1

2 She.

3 They ..

4

It .

5

He. 6

15.2

Complete the sentences with a verb from the box. break invite

buy read

decide see

~ not/see

forget take

go teil

go nor/tell

'Can I have a look at your newspaper?' 'Yes, I '\(~ @l§hffi with it.' I . so me new shoes. Do you want to see them? 'Where is Liz?' 'Shes not here. She out.' I'rn looking for Paula. you her? Look! Somebody that window. 'Does Lisa know that you're going away?' 'Yes, I her.' I cari't find my umbrella. Somebody. .. it. 'Where are my glasses?' 'I don't know. I. . them.' I'rn looking for Sarah. Where . ......she ? I know that wornan, but I . her name, Sue is having a party tonight. She . a lot of people. What are you going to do? .. you . ;; A: Does Bill know about the meeting tomorrow? B: I dori't think so. I. . him, 'No, I. 14 'Do you want this magazine?' . it, thanks.'

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

41

I've just . I've alreadv ... I haven't . yet [present perfect 2) Tve just

...

just = a short time ago O A: Are Diane and Paul here? B: Yes, they've just arrived. O A: B: O A: B:

Are you hungry? No, I've just had dinner. Is Tom here? No, I'rn afraid he's just gone. (= he has just gone) They have just

I've already already O A: B:

arrived.

...

= before you expected / before I expected

What time are Diane and Paul corning? They've already arrived. (= before you expected)

O It's only 9 o'clock and Anna has already

gone to bed. (= before I expected) O A: B:

1 haven't

Jon, this is Ernma. Yes, I know. We've already

meto

... yet / Have you ... yet?

yet = until now We use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end. yet in negative sentences (1 haven't ... yet) O A: Are Diane and Paul here? B: No, they haven't arrived yet. (but B expects Diane and Paul to arrive soon) O A: Does James know that you're going away? B: No, I haven't told him yet. (but B is going to tell him soon) O Silvia has bought a new dress, but she hasn't worn it yet.

The film hasn't

yet in questions (Have you ... yet?) O A: Have Diane and Paul arrived yet? B: No, not yet. We're stiU wairing for them. O A: Has Nicole started her new job yet? B: No, she starts next week. O A: This is my new dress. TI: Oh, it's nice. Have you worn it yet?

42

present perfect _,. llnits 15, 17-20

word order _,. Unit 94

still, yet and already _,. Unit 95

started

yet.

Exercises

Unit 16

1 Th%j\.~j~?t.r&:rwffi. 2 He .. 16.2

Complete the sentences. Use already + present perfect, What time is Paul arriving? Do your friends want to see the film? Don't forget to phone Tom. When is Martín going away? Do yOll want to read the newspaper? When does Sarah start her new job?

2 3

4 5 6 16.3

3 They ..... 4 The race .

!:k'? ..IM!~

..t:trr~Y~ ....

No, they

ir.

1

He. 1. She

sentence with just (TIley've just ... I She's just ... etc.) or a negative sentence with vet (They haven't .., yet I She hasn't ....yet etc.),

Write a

'.&iFri .. aNI I

(the bus / go)

(she / go / out)

(the train / leave)

....~,h~.,.,r0:5.~J...99Y1e. ...9~t, H~t.,. The bus. 4

now

(he / open / it)

16.4

Write questíons with 1 Your fiiend has got a " "...H.~Y~, l;J9!A. 2 Your friend has some yOll . 3 Your friend must pay

?w.~

5

now

6 afew minutes

110W

(it / stop / raining)

yet. new jobo Perhaps she has started it. You ask her: .HO~r.., n~ ...jº~..H~V.. new neighbours. Perhaps he has met thern. You ask him: her phone bilL Perhaps she has paid it. You ask her:

4 T01l1 was trying ro sell his car. Perhaps he has sold it. You ask a friend about Tom:

43

Have yo U eve r ,., ? (present perfect 3)

Have you ever been to Japan?

We use the present peifect (have been / have had / have played a time from the past until now - for example, a persons life:

etc.) when we talk about

Have yon 'Bver been ¡l¡oJ~pan? -------

time ¡ro In the past until now

------1

past

110UJ

o 'Have yOL!been lo Frailee?'

'No,1 haven't.' to Canada, but I haven't been to the United States. Mary is an interesting persono She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places. I've seen that wornan before, but 1 cari't remember where. How many times has Brazil won the World Cup? 'Have you read this book?' 'Yes, I've read it twice.' (twice = two times)

O I've been O O O O

present perject

+

ever (in questions) and never:

O 'Has Ann ever been

to Australia?' 'Yes, once.' (once = one time) 'Have you ever played golf?' 'Yes, 1 playa lot.' O My sister has never travelled by planeo o. I've never ridden a horse. o 'Who is that man?' '1 don't know. l've never seen hirn befare.'

O

gone and been tUJO

weeks later

Hc's away. He's gone

to Spain. Bill has gone to Spain. (= he is in Spain now)

Bill has been to Spain. (= he went to Spain, but now he is back)

Compare: O 1 cari't find Susano Where has she gone? (= where ís she now?) O Oh, hello Susan! 1 was looking for you. Where have you been?

44

present perfect __,.Units 15-16,

1B

present perfect and past simple

->

Unit 20

Unit 17

Exercises 17.1

You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you ever ... ? Write the questions.

Helen .tI~Xf( .. 1:1C1(,< ... e.Xey ..b~ ...!:9. ...~CI\'14t?l'i? .. H0.-X~,,!:ll)l.t..~X~ ..P~~ ggLf? Have ...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(London?) (play / golt?) (Australia?) (lose / your passport?) (fly / in a helieopter?) (win / a raee?) (NewYork?) 8 (drive / a bus?) 9 (break / your leg?)

1 7.2

Write sentences

about Helen, (Look at her answers in Exercise 17 .1.)

1 (NewYork)

..~h(>/:') b~

2 (Australia) She ... 3 (win / a raee) . 4 (fly / in a helieopter)

I;{).

N~ ...'(9rk.

No, Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No,

never. many times. once. never. a few times. never. twice. never. Yes, once.

~.~.

..

Now write about yourself. How often have you done these things? 5 6 7 8

(New York) r (play / tennis) (drive / a lorry) (be / late for work or sehool) .

17.3 Mary is 65 years old. She has had an interesting

Marf!!: 1

~ne.

h'oflve be write d travel meet

life. What has she done?

a11over the world many dltlerent jobs ten books

a lot of interesting things a lot of interesting people married three times

~% .rr~!1 dM:WeyltjO'Ds:., ..

~t:l§ ..

2 She .

3 4 5

6

17.4

Write gone or been, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Bill is on holiday at the momento He 's gO.Ylf:,. to Spain. 'Where's Jane?' 'She's not here. r think she's ..... . . to the bank.' Helio, Sue. Where have you . ? Have you to the bank? 'Have you ever . . . to Mexieo?' 'No, never.' My parents areri't at home at the moment. They've out. There's a new restaurant in town. Have you . . to it? Rebeeea knows Paris well. She's . . there many times. Helen was here earlier, but 1 think she's . . now

~ Additional exercises 16, 1B (pages 258-59,

260)

45

How Ilong have you ... ? (present perfect 4) Jane is on holiday in Ireland. She is there now, She arrived in Ireland on Monday. Today is Thursdav, How long has she been in Ireland? She has been in Ireland

J sincehMonday. lfor

t ree days.

Compare is and has been:

She is in Ireland

is

=

present

now.

Sil€' has be en ifl h:elandl

has been

=

present peifec!

{i

now

i\lIonday

T/llIrsday Compare:

present peifect simple (have been / have lived / have

present simple

known Dan and Kate are rnarr ied. Are you married? Do you know

Lisa?

I know Lisa. Vicky lives in London, I have a car.

present continuous I'm learning

etc.)

They have been married for five years. (not They are married for five years.) How long have you been married? (no! How long are you married?) How long have you known her? (nor How long do you know her?) I've known her for a long time. inot I know her for ...) How long has she Iived in London? She has Iived there all her life. How long have you had your car? I've had it since April. present peifec! continuous

German.

David is watching

TV

It's raining.

for and since ~ llnits 19, 104

(have been

+ -ing)

How long have you been learning German? tnot How long are you lear ning Gerrnan?) I've been learning German for two years. How long has he been watching TV? I-Ie's been (= He has been) watchingTV since 5 o'c1ock. It's been (= It has been) raining all day.

Exercises 18.1

Unit 18

Complete these sentences.

.. Ul 1re IanuoJ SI hctS been ..... 111 . 1re Id' .1 J ane 1S . le an S111ceM on d ay. 2 1 know Lisa. 1 \'lo..,.'(~ k..'I101Y'YI her for a long time. . married since 1999. 3 Sarah and Andy are married. They . ...... il! for the last few days. 4 Brian is ill. He .... . there for a long time. S We live in Scott Road. We .... 6 Catherine works in a bank. She. in a bank for five years. 7 Alan has a headache. He a headache since he got up this morning. ....... English for six months. 8 I'm learning English. 1 ... •

18.2

u

Make questions with How long ... ? 1 2

3 4 S

6 7

Jane is on holiday. Scott and Judy are in Brazil. 1 know Amy. Diana is learning Italian. My brother lives in Cariada. I'm a teacher. It is raining.

.. H_oW .. L9t.19. hº,'.? How long .. How long .. .

s.ne- t>~YI.

0'11

you ..

...

n.9~ .

? .

.

?.

? ? ... "'

........ .

..

?.

?

18.3

Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with: for ten minutes

1 2 3 4 S 6

.. Tb~ ho..v~ ...be&~ She. They. The sun .. She ... He

a11day since he was 20

a11her Jife since Sunday

ti'li:l!r.U?4:. fur. ~ !1~s.,

18.4 Whkh is right? J Mark -lWes- / has lived in Cariada since April. (has lived is right) 2 Jane and 1 are friends. 1 know / {'ve known her very well, 3 Jane and 1 are friends. 1 know / I've known her for a long time. 4 A: Sorry I'rn late. HO\v long are you waiting/ have you been waiting? B: Not long. Only five minutes. _::;Martín works / has worked in a hotel now. He likes his job a lot. 6 Ruth is reading the newspaper. She is reading / She has been reading it for two hours. 7 'How long do you ¡¡ve / have yOll lived in this house?' 'About ten years.' 8 'Is that a new coat?' 'No, 1 have / {'ve had this coat for a long time.' 9 Tom is / has been in Spain at the moment. He is / He has been there for the last three days.

47

• smce

for

ago

for and since We use for and since to say houi long: D

for three days. Jane is in Ireland. She has bcen there. { d smce Mon ay.

We use for + a period of time (three days / two years etc.):

We use since + the start of the period (Monday / 9 o'clock etc.): start C!f {he petiod

.~

for three days Monday

Tuesday

Monday

I Wednesday

past

since Monday

1------'-

now

110fIJ

for three days an hour a week a month five years

smce ten minutes two hours four weeks six months a long time

Monday 90'clock 24 July January

1985

Wedrresday

12.30 Christmas I was ten years old we arr ivcd

-------~ D

Richard has been in Canada for six months. (11Ot since six months)

o Richard has been in Cana da since ]anuary. (= frorn january to now)

D

We've been waiting for two hours. inot since two hours)

O

We've been waiting since 9 o'clock. (= fram 9 o'clock to now)

D

I've lived in London

D

I've Iived in London years old.

for a long time.

since 1 was ten

ago ago

before now: Susan started her new job three weeks ago. (= three weeks before now) O 'When did TOlTl go out?' 'Ten minutes ago.' (= ten minutes befare now) D I had dinner an hour ago. D Life was very different a hundred years ago. We use ago with the past (started/did/had/was etc.). =

D

Compare ago and for: D Whcn did Jane arrive in Ireland? She arrived in Ireland three days ago. D

48

How long has she been in Ireland? She has been in Ireland for three days.

present perfect + for/sínce

_,. Unit 18

from/until/since/for

~ Unit 104

for and during _,. Un.it 105

Exercises 19.1

Unit 19

Write for or since. 1 Jane has been in Ireland f>.mC&.. Monday. 2 Jane has been in Ireland for three days. 3 My aunt has lived in Australia . 15 years. 4 Jennifer is in her office. She has been there . .. 7 o' dock. 5 India has been an independent country . ... 1947. 6 The bus is late. We've been waiting .. . 20 minutes. 7 Nobody lives in those houses, They have been ernpry many years. 8 Michael has been ill . . a long time. He has been in hospital u

19.2

•

October.

Answer these questions. Use ago. 1 When

was your last meal? was the last time you 3 When did you last go to the 4 When was the last time yOll 5 When was the Jast time yOll 2 When

19.3

were ill? cinema? were in a car? went on holiday?

Complete the sentences. Use for or ago with these words. 1 Jane arrived in Ireland . thr:~ .~s. .%19., .. 2 Jane has been in Ireland ... f9r:. /:I:1re& ~?, 3 Lynn and Mark have been married ... 4 Lynn and Mark got married ..... 5 Dan arrived . 6 I bought these shoes . 7 Silvia has been learning English .. 8 Have you known Lisa ..

19.4

~------------------~

(three days) (three days) (20 years) (20 years) (an hour) (a few days) (six months) (a long time)

u.

Complete the sentences with for or since, 1 (Jane is in IreJand - she arrived there three days ago) ... -)®.~ h¡g;,.~.~n lr.t Ir~4 f()r tnX0. ~?, . 2 (Jack is here - he arrived 011 Tuesday) Jack has, 3 (It's raining - it started an hour ago) It's been . 4 (I know Sue - 1 first met her in 2002) I've . 5 (Claire and Matthew are married - they got rnarried six months ago) Claire and Matthew have .. 6 (Liz is srudying medicine at university - she started three years ago) Liz has. 7 (David plays the piano - he started when he was seven years old) David has ..

19.5

.

u

Write sentences about yourself. Begin your sentences with: I've lived 1 2

I've been

I've been learning ...

:1,~y?c",Wte4 Lt1... ,t\1.Lf,.,..t9.\oJI":l :fur",tJ1r:~& ..,!:l~?"

I've known .,.

I've had ...

...

3 4 5 -'" Additional exercises 16-18

(pages 258-60)

49

I have done (present perfect) and I did (past) With aJinished

time (yesterday

/ last week etc.), we use the past (arrived/saw/was

etc.):

+ finished time

past

restuday

yesterday. last week. at 3 o'clock. in 2002. six months ago.

We arrived

tasi week

si~ months age fitlished

¡ílme

past

110W

Do not use the present perfect (have arrived / have done / have been etc.) with a finished time: o. 1 saw Paula yesterday. tnot 1 have seen) o. Where were you on Sunday afternoon? (notWhere have you been) o. We didn't have a holiday last year. (notWe haveri'r had) o. 'What did you do last night?' '1 stayed at home.' o. William Shakespeare Iived from 1564 to 1616. He was a writer. He wrote many plays and poems. Use the past to ask When ... ? or What time ... ?: o. When did yOll buy your computer? (not When have you bought?) o. What time did Andy go out? (not What time has Andy gone out) Compare: present pe~fe[t

past

o. 1 have lost 111ykey.

o. 1 lost my key last week.

(= 1 cari't find it now)

o. Ben has gone home.

o. Ben went home ten minutes

ago.

(= he isn't here now)

o. Have you seen Kate?

o. Did you see Kate on Saturday?

(= where is she now?) _.

time until

,-

finished time

/10W

post

now

o. Have you ever been to Spain?

-------1

past

no¡,¡;

o. Did yOl! go to Spain last year?

(= in your Jife, until nO1/))

o. My fiiend is a writer. He has written

o. Shakespeare wrote many plays and

many books.

poems.

o. The letter hasn't arrived yet. o. We've lived in Singapore for six years. (= we live there

50

110W)

past simple -.> Units 11-12

present perfect

->

llnits 15-18

O

The letter didn't

arrive

yesterday.

D

We Iived in Glasgow for six years, but now we live in Singapore.

Unit 20

Exercises 20.1

Complete

3 4 5

Are these sentences

Put the verb in the present

..

five minutes ago. . last week. ......at 5 o' dock. on Friday. yesterday.

are wrong. [The verbs are underlined.)

Pi4 ..Hq~.. :5:~

....

perfect or past.

He. ~o;..:;;. (l,jru.;.te.n (write) many books. (not/have) a holiday last year. . (play) tennis yesterday afternoon. . (you/ go) to bed last night? (you/ ever/meet) a famous person? The weather .... . (nor/be) very good yesterday. Kathy travels a loto She . . (visit) many countries. L. . (switch) off the light before going out this morning. 1 live in New York now, but 1 . ..... (live) in Mexico for many years. 'What's Canada like? Is it beautiful?' '1 dori't know. l. . (non/be) there.'

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

20.4

OK? Corred the verbs that

{'ve lost my key. 1 can't find it. Have you seen Kate yesterday? I've finished my work at 2 o' dock. I'rn ready now. {'ve finished my work. What time have yOll finished your work? Sue isn't here. She's gone out. Steves grandmother has died two years ago. Where have you been last night?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ti

20.3

Ves, ... l ~~ .. h~. Yes, 1 . Ves, they Ves,

Have you seen Kate? Have you started your new job? Have your friends arrived? Has Sarah gone away? Have )TOl) worn your new suit?

1 2

20.2

the answers to the questions.

My friend is a writer. We. dJ.4n't;, b~v€: l. What time.

Put the verb in the present perfect or past,

H~'!~..l-:lo~....~y~r.. be&t1 ...... (you/ ever/be) to Florida? 1 A: ........ B: Yes, we . ..~e.flt...(go) there on holiday two years ago. ............. (you/have) a good time? A: .... (be) great. B: Yes, it .... 2 A: B: A: B:

Where's Ajan? Ves, he .. And Rachel? 1 dori't know. 1

3 Rose works in a factory. Before that she ..

.......

....... (you/see) him? (go) out a few minutes ago.

...........

".

(nct/see) her.

She. ..

(work) there for six rnonths. ........... (be) a waitress in a restaurant . Slle (work) there for two years, but she ... ..

(not/ enjoy) it very mucho 4

-i>

Do you know Martin's sister? .... (see) her a few times, but 1 ... B: L to her, (never/speak) .........(you/ ever/ speak) to her? ............ (rneet) her at a parry last week. She's very nice. A: Yeso 1 A·.

AdditionaJ exercíses 19-23. 29-31

(pages 260-62. 265-67)

51

is done

was done (passive 1): The office is cleaned

every day.

The office was cleaned

Compare

yesterday.

active and passive:

Somebody

cleans

The office Somebody

the office

ís cleaned cleaned

The office

every day,

the affice

was cleaned

every day.

(passive)

yesterday.

yesterday,

(active]

(active] (passive)

The passive is:

past participie present simple past simple

am/is/are was/were

(not)

+

cleaned invented injured

done built taken

etc.

The past participle ofregular verbs is -ed (cleaned/damaged etc.). For a list of irregular past participles (done/built/taken erc.), see Appendix

2-3.

O Butter

is made from rnilk. are imported into Britain. O How often are these rooms cleaned? O 1 am never invited to parties. O Oranges

O This house O O O

O

was built 100 years ago. These houses were built 100 years ago. When was the telephone invented? We weren't invited to the party last week. 'Was anybody injured in the accident?' 'Yes, two people were

taken

to hospital.'

was/were born O 1 was born in Berlin in 1989. (not 1 arn born) o 'Where were yOl1 born?' 'In Cairo.'

+ by ... The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876. (= Alexander O 1 was bitten by a dog a few days ago. O Do yOll like these paintings? They were painted by a friend of mine.

passive

O

is being done I has been done --) Unit 22 active a nd passive --) Appendix 1

irreqular veros --) Unit 24, Appendíx 2-3

Bell invented

by --) Unlt 111

ir)

Exercises 21.1

Unit 21

Write sentences from these words. Sorne of the sentences are questions. Sentences 1-7 are present, (the office / clean / every day) (these rooms / clean / every day?) (glass / make / from sand) (stamps / sell / in a post office) (this room / not / use / very often) 6 (we / allow / to park here?) 7 (how / this word / pronouncer) 1 2 3 4 5

.....Th.e:...()ff~ ..i§....~.e4 ....... A.r.I?: .. #:1~s~.X()()fl:l? ..~e4

...e:y~~y...

Units 44-46

How long does it take ... ?

--,>

Unit 48

which one(s)

--,>

Unit 75

Exercises 47.1

Write questions 1 2 3 4 S 6

47.3

Unit 47 with what.

w.n.(l.,~

(make?) .. rYl:¡¡J:;:?-: ~?..i.:tL . (kind?) .... ~.?J;, ..ki:r.4 .9f.joP' ...cW.. Y9lA.. V;J~tI (colour?) What .. (time?) .....get up? (type?) (kind?)

I've got a new TV set. 1 want a jobo I've got a new sweater. 1 got up early this morning. 1 like music. r want to buy a car.

Write what/which/who. 1

\oVnoJ:

is that man's name?

2 ...W/:1.l4:1 way shall we go? Left or right? 3 You can have tea or coffee. do you prefer? 4 ' day is it today?' S This is a nice office. is yours?

47.4

Complete the questions

.

'Friday.' desk

6 7 8 9 10

.... is your favourite sport? is more expensive, meat 01' fish? ..... is older, Liz or Steve? . kind of carnera have you got? A: I've got three cameras. B: carnera do you use most? 11 . nationality are you?

with How + adjective or adverb (high/long

..tl.9.N ..~.~n is Mount Everest?

4 S 6

... is it to the station? ... is Helen? do the buses run? . is the water in the pool? .......... have you lived here?

Write questions

with How .,. ?

2

3

47.5

1 2 3 4 5

etc.) .

Nearly 9000 metres. It's about two kilometres She's 26 . Every ten minutes. Two metres. N early three years.

from here.

.......H9)'J ....!;.nMD ....t.o.....Arr.?~r.~

..? ..

2

3 4

48.2

How long does it take to do these things? Write full sentences, 1 fly from your city / country to London ....... 1b. w.k~?..g..¡() .. nplA.r? W..J~ frO.JY.I Ml1f.ki4 !;p 2 fly from your city / country to N ew York

~(m49r.t.: .

3 study to be a doctor in your country 4 walk fmm your horne to the nearest shop 5 get frorn your home to the nearest airport

48.3

Write questions with How I.ong did it take ... ? 1 2 3 4 5

48.4

(Jane found a job.) (1 walked to the station.) (Tom painted the bathroom.) (1 learnt to ski.) (They repaired the computer.)

Read the situations

Ho.~.Lo.!:19 .. 4L4:.. it:.

:I;(,\.,lq~.

n~1,:9. Jirl4

'l.jp¡'L

you ... . ..

. ..

.

.

.. ..

and write sentences

with It took ....

1 1 read a book last week. 1 started reading it on Monday. 1 finished it three days later. .....lt ..tqO.~ 01!?..t;I1r.e& ..4a..g~ ~ r.~ tl'1e: bp9~.: . 2 We walked home last night. We left at 10 o'dock and we arrived home at 10.20. 3 1 learnt to drive last year. 1 had my first driving lesson in january. six months later. 4 Mark drove to London 5 Lisa began looking

yesterday.

He left home at 7 o' dock

1 passed my driving test

and got to London

at 10.

for a job a long time ago. She got a job last week.

6 f;JIrite a sentence about yourse!f

107

Do you know where ? I don't know what etc. We say:

Where

is Paula?

~ but

Do you know where Paula is? (not Do you know where is Paula?)

In the same way we say: 1 knOW} 1 don't know where Paula is. Can yOll tell me

Compare: Who are those people? How old is Nicole? What time is it? Where can 1 go? How much is this camera? When are you going away? Where have they gone? What was Kate wearing? Questions with do/does/did

Iml

Do you know Can you tell me

1 know 1 don't know 1 don't remember

who those people are how old Nicole is what time it is where 1 can go how much this camera is when you're going away where they have gone what Kate was wearing

(present simple and past simple)

Where

does be Uve. ? I

but

Do you know where

he Uves ? (l1ot Do you know where does he live?)

Compare: How do aeroplanes Ay? What do es Jane want? Why did she go home? Where did 1 put the key?

but

Do you know how aeroplanes ~------~--------~ 1 don't know whatJane wants

1 don't

remember 1 know

fíy

?

why she went home where 1 put the key

Questions beginning Is ... ? / Do ... ? / Can ... ? etc. (yes/no questions) Compare: Is Jack at home? Have they got a car? Can Brian swim? Do they live near here? Did anybody see you?

but

Do you know

if oy

1 don't

know

whether

Jack is at horne they've got a car Brian can swim they live near here anybody saw you

You can use if or whether in these sentences: O Do you know if they've got a car? OY Do yOtl know whether they've got a car? O 1 don't know if anybody saw me. or 1 don't know whether anybody saw me.

108

by _,. Ullits 21, 63, 109

ation _....,Ullits 103, 106-107

preposition + -ing _,. Unit 112

?

r-------

Exercises 49.1

Answer these questions with I don't know where/whell/why 1 2

3 4 5 6

49.2

Do yOl! know I1Clf.'J. ~QEW.~S. .Jly (How do aeroplanes By?) 1 don'c know ., (Where does Susan work?) Do yOLlremernber .,. , (What did Peter say?) 1 don't know . (Why did he go home early?) (What time does the meeting begin?) Do you know. (How did the accident happen?) 1 dori't remember .. '

"""" ,

..,

" ?

.""".,., ? """""'. ?

Do you know what time-is-it-z' it is? (Do you know what time it is? is right) Why are you / you are gOlng away? 1 don't know where are they / they are going. Can yo1.1tell me where is the muse1.1m / the m1.1se1.1mis? Where do von want / VOl! want to go for your holidays? Do you know what do elephants eat / elephants eat? 1 don't know how far is it / it is from the hotel to the station.

(Have they got a car?) (Are they rnarried?) (Does S1.1eknow Bill?) (Will Gary be here tomorrow?) (Did he pass his exam?)

",I?.o. ,.i1t),!A .~Y,\.o.~... iJ. Do yo1.1know ',""" . . ...... .....

Write questions beqlnninq Do you know 2 3 4 5 6 7

(Where is Paular) (Is she working today?) (What time does she start workj') (Are the shops open tomorrow?) (Whel'e do Sarah and Tim live?) (Did they go to jane's party?)

.I;h,w)y~ 90::..~.

~L

?

P9 !Jo,!A,.kY,l9\':!

1 (What does Laura want?)

49.6

~.I1.er:e_ t:n,~''(~,.9o.n~.

Write questions with Do you know if ...? 1 2 3 4 5

49.5

(where) J...

w

phone .

Exercises 54.1

Unit 54

Write sentences beginníng I went 10 .... the post otlice

the café the chernist

+

the supermarket

Choose from the boxes.

buy sorne food get sorne medicine

get sorne starnps meet a friend

......1.....~e.~t.l:Q ....t}1.e: ...P9.?~...(jffig..... l:Q.._ge,!:, ...?()~ e....?~t:n..p.s ,..... 2 1 went . 3 4

54.2

Complete the sentences. Choose from the box.. to get sorne fresh air to open this door

to read the newspaper to see who it was

1 I turned on the television ....Jo

2 Alice sat down in an arrnchair 3 4 5 6

54.3

Do 1 need a key . I went for a walk by the river . I knocked on the door of Davids room. The doorbell rang, so 1 looked out of the window

..... ?

....

I went to the shop t9. ge.b. .º"'. ~9:'J?PCl:p.~ l 'm very busy, I haven't got time ..... 1 phoned Ann . I'rn going out . 1 borrowed sorne money ....

Write to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

54.5

I'\~.s

....

Use your own ideas to finish these sentences. Use to .... 1 2 3 4 5

54.4

w..?J9:1. tI1e,

to wake him up to watch the news

01"

foro

1 went out t:.~.(QK P9~.~.~~s..~ .bG\Y.~L a car?' 'No,

.. I

2 '

58.2

Unit 58

she can't drive.' He can't open the door. . a key. a cold last week. He's better now. What's wrong? a headache? We wanted to go by taxi, but . . enough money. Liz is very busy. .... much free time. .......any problems when you were on holiday? 0...00

•••

•

o.

What are these people doing? Choose from the list: a bath

1

bl'eakfast

a cup of tea

dinner

Th~!Ú~.n,\v.0g ~.retl,k:f6t?t ....

a good time

a rest

4 They . 5 6

2 She . 3 He ...

58.3

(I / not / have) (Lisa / have?) (he / not / have) (Gary / have) (you / have?) (we / not / have) (she / not / have) (you / have?)

What do you say in these situations?

Use have,

1 Emily is going on holiday. What do you say to her before she goes? J.1rbY~...CI,.. J:1k&.i'1Q~I .... 2 You meet Claire at the airport. She has just got off her planeo Ask her about the flight . .....P~. -UQ0 ... h~y~ ...rb ..99o.4..f49nt? ... 3 Tim is going on a long trip. What do you say to him before he leaves? 4 It's Monday morning.

You are at work.

Ask Paula about her weekend.

5 Paul has just come home after playing tennis with a friendo Ask him about the game. 6 Rachel is going out this evening. 7 Mark has just returned

58.4

What do you say to her before she goes?

from holiday. Ask him about his holiday.

Complete the sentences, Use have/had and choose from the list. an accident 1 2 3 4 5 6

a glass of water

a look

a walk

a party

something

We Y.1~ d.:.. pCY.:hf.. a few weeks ago. We invited 50 people. 'Shall we . )' 'No, I'm not hungry' I was thirsty, so I .. 1 like to get up early and ... before breakfast. Tina is a very good driver. She has never .... Theres something wrong with the engine of my car. Can you .

to eat

.. at it?

127

lIme

they/them etc.

he/him

People

1 me

subject object

we us

subjec:

'i:)D

1 we yOll he she they

1 knowTom. We knowTom. You know Tom. He knows Ton!. She knows Tom. They know Tom.

Tom Tom Tom Tom Tom Tom

knows knows knows knows knows knows

she her

he him

you you

me. uso you. him. her. them.

objeet me us yOll him her them

Things les nice .

subjec! objea

it it

they them

o 1 don't want this book. You can have it. O 1 don't want these

books. You can have them. O Diane never drinks milk. She doesri't like it. O 1 never go to parties. 1 don't like them. We use me/her/them etc. (object) after a preposition (for/to/with ete.): o This letter isn't for me. It's for yOll. O Who is that woman? Why are you looking at her? O We're going to the cinema. Do you want to come with us? O Sue and Kevin are going to the cinema. Do yOl! waut to go with them? O 'Where's the newspaper?' 'You're sitting on it,' give it/them to ... : O 1 want that book. Please give it to me. O Robert needs these books. Can you give them

128

my/his/their etc.

->

Unit 60

to him, please?

Give me that book / Give it to me

--?

Unit 96

they thern

Exercises

Unit

59

59.1 Complete the sentences with him/her/them. 1 1 don't 2 1 don't .3Id'k on t 4 1 don't

knowthose girls. Do you know . know ~man. Do you know .. h cnow _!_S>2~ peop 1e. D o you k now know David's wife. Do you know .

~n~.? tx,(I""l P

tjl)//i1 r . ...

? ? P'

,le..Y

~ ~ ~~~:~ ~~~:: ~~a~~:~ea~~'nt~06:l~:~I~:ow

.... ?

'~

.. ?

7 1 dori't know the wornan in the black coat. Do you know .....

59.2

Complete the sentences, Use I/me/you/she/her etc. l 1 want to see her, but .... :;.hec.... doesn't want to see 2 They want to see me, but .. 3 She wants to sec hirn, but .... .......... ~ .... --+-u.~y(.. n, ", 4 \Vie want to see t h em, b ut .........,.... I 5 He wants to see us, but ..... . VVt2...... ... ...... 6 They want to see her, but ... 7 1 want to see thern, but .. .. i~C~I 8 You want to see her, bu t. . /i"'.[¿_

±(ZwVV:

59.4

Write sentences

beginning

1 ..... dori't want to see .. .'.. doesn't want to see d'on t want to see "" ..-.·--.""" ' LA _::, r . .~ I edon't want to see .... .... ,~Vk-'..... dcesn 't want to see . tf\~~V.\ dori't want to see . .~:.\.~ doesri't want to see .... ~ l:\

K~Y.. .

J

s-lI¡.

59.3

'. fYl~

L

..

I like ... I don't like ... or Do vou like ... ? I

1 1 dori't eat tomatoes. I M~'tlik~ t:t1~ 2 George is a very nice mano 1 like . 3 This jacket isri't very nice. 1 don't . 4 This is my new caro Do ... S Mrs Clark is not very friendly. 1 ... 6 These are my new shoes.

..

Complete the sentences, Use Ilme/he/him

etc.

?

1 Who is that woman? Why are you looking at J1,ey? 2 'Do you know that man?' 'Yes, 1 work with .... 3 Where are the tickets? 1 can't find 4 1 cari't find my keys. Where are ? S We're going out. You can come with 6 I've got a new computer. Do you wanr to see . 7 Maria likes music. . plays rhe piano. 8 1 don't like dogs. I'rn afraid of . 9 I'm talking to yOll. Please listen to . 10 Where ís Anna? 1 want to talk to . 11 You can have these CDs. 1 dori't want . ..... doesn't like .... 12 My brother has a new job, but ..

. very mucho

59..5 Complete the sentences, 1 need that book. Can yOll. .9~1(_~,tJ;,Jp .fYl.~. He wants the key. Can you give ..... She wants the keys. Can yOll . 1 want that letter. Can you ... They want the money. Can you . 6 We want the photographs. Can yOLJ

1 2 3 4 S

? .

?

? ? ........... ?

129

my/his/their etc.

we you he she they

it

-------~

my our your his her their

We You He She They

~

its

Oxford

1 like

We use my/your/his

m}' hands OUt

(:Jl()th~s

like like likes likes like

my our your his her their

house. house. house. house. house. house,

(= it) is famous for its university.

etc.+ noun:

hh new cal' your best fdend

her parents 'tbeir room

his/her/their

MRAND

ANDY

DONNA

kIRS LEE

her car ~ (= Donnas car) ~

his bicycle

their son

her husband (= Donna's

his sister

their

daughtcr

his parents

their

children

11I!lSOand)

ber c!11i11clren (= Donna's . .chi'ldrerl)

its and it's its it's (= it is)

130

Oxford is famous for its university. 1 like Oxford. It's a nice place. (= lt is a nice place.)

mine/yours etc. _,. Unit 61

I/me/my/míne

-+

Unít 62

Exercises 60.1

Unit

Complete the sentences in the same way. 1 I'm going to wash Jp.!d..uh"!l.4? 2 She's going to wash 3 We're going to wash u ,,"'"

60.2

1 He

uu ..

'" u, ,....

... _

.5!

'uu, parents. parents, , parents.

6 John. 7 Do you live .. 8 Most children

u

? .

Look at the family tree, and complete the sentences with his/her/their.

CARY

=

PI-lILlP

7111;[

LAURA

EJ'vl,VIA

=

STEVE

1 1 saw Sarah with ",h~ .".",husband, Philip. 2 1 saw Laura and Steve with , 'u, ,children. 3 1 saw Steve with . ,'u.. wife, Laura. 4 1 saw Gary with , brother, Tim. 5 1 saw Laura with . brother, Tim. 6 1 saw Sarah and Philip with . u """.", son, Tim. 7 1 saw Laura with . U"uu parents, 8 1 saw Emma and Robert with , . uuu,parents.

ROBERT

Write my/our/your/his/her/their/its. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

60.5

4 He's going to wash ... u...... 5 They're goiug to wash .. 6 Are you going to wash , ,'u, "u?

I+.y~?, N,@, b.~?,p.€.I.!~)1,b?

SARAH

60.4

hands. "" ",'.

Complete the sentences in the sarne way. 2 They live with "" 3 We., 4 Jane lives .

60.3

60

Do you like HO(A.r job? 1 know Mr Watson, bur 1 don't know , ... ,... wife. Alice and Tom live in London. son lives in Australia. We're going to have a party. We're going to invite all , , fi·iends. Anna is going out with , , friends this evening. 1 like tennis. It's,.. ' ...."",.,favourite sport. 'Is that .. car?' 'No, 1 haven't got a car.' 1 want to phone Maria. Do yOll know ,.. '" , '" phone number? Do you think most people are happy in ,. ......jobs? I'm going to wash , ""'" hair before 1 go out. This is a beautiful tree. """ leaves are a beautiful colour . John has a brother and a sister, . brother is 25, and ,.. sister is 21.

Complete the sentences. Use mylhi,s/their etc. with these words: coat

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

homework

house husband key name 11if.:, 'ob 1t's not very in teresting. Jim doesri't enjoy U" J 1 can't get in. 1 haveri't got . , Sally is married. """" works in a bank. Please take off, , ,and sit down. 'What are the children doing?' "They're doing .. 'Do you know that man?' 'Ves, but 1 don't know ,. 'uuuu,"'U'Uuuuuuuuu"uu, . We live in Barton Street. , ,.,.,." .."""" is at the end on the left.

131

Whose is this? lt's mine/yours/hers

we you he she they

_,. _,. _,.

_,.

_,. _,.

_,. _,. _,. _,. _,.

my our your his her their

_,.

rnrne ours yours his hers theirs

It's my 1t's our It's your It's his 1rs her It's their

It's It's It's It's It's 1t's

money. money. money. money. money. money.

Wc use my/your ctc.+ noun (my hands / your book O My hands are cold. O Is this your book? .0 Helen gave me her umbrella. O It's their problem, not our problem.

etc.

mine. ours. yours. his. hers. theirs.

ctc.):

We use mine/yours etc. without a noun: O Is this book mine or yours? (= my book or your book) O 1 didn't have an umbrella, so Helen gave me hers. (= her umbrella) O It's their problem, not ours. (= not our problem) O We went in our car, and they went in theirs. (= their car) You can use his with or without a noun: O 'Is this his camera or hers?' 'It's his,' a friend of mine

/ a friend of his / sorne friends of yours

etc.

O 1 went out to meet a friend of mine.

inot a friend of me) O Tom was in the restaurant with a friend of his. inot a friend of him) O Are those people friends of yours? inot friends of you) Whose

... ?

D Whose

book is this? (= Is it your book? his book? my book? etc.)

You can use whose O Whose

Whose o Whose Whose

132

with or without a noun:

money is this?

is this?

shoes are these? are these?

my/his/their etc. -- Unit 60

It's mine. They're john's.

I/me/rny/mine -- Unit 62

Kate's camera/ rny brother's ear -> Unit 64

Exercises 61.1

5 It's their house. lt's . 6 They're your books. They're . 7 They're my glasses. They're 8 It's his coat. It's .

lt's their/thcirs- problem, not -eH~1 ours. (their ami ours are right) This is a nice camera. Is it your/yours? That's not my/rnine umbreIla. My/Mine is black. Whose books are tbese? Your/Yours or my/nune? Catherine is going out with her/hers friends this eveniug. My/Mine room is bigger than her/hers. They've got two children, but I dori't know their!theirs Llames. Can we use your washing machine? Our/Ours isn't working.

Complete these sentences. Use friend(s) of mine/yours etc. J 2 3 4 5 6 7

61.4

It's your money. It's ... !:lº~r$.... It's my bago [t's.. It's our car. It's .. They're her shoes. They're .

Choose the right word .. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

61.3

61

Complete the sentences with mine/yours etc. 1 2 3 4

61.2

Unit

Lwent to the cinema with a fr~t14 (Jf.m.i.n~ They went on holiday with some fri&n4s of t;I-:le4'? She s going out with a fríend . We had dinner with sorne 1 played tennís with a . Tom is going to meet a .. Do you know those people? Are they ....

................•?

Look at the pictures, What are the people saving? .......'M10?1:: C4r.

133

I/melmylmine YOlA gixe me yOlAr pf1o\'1e \'1lAmber) Gtl'\Gl I'U, gixe yOlA mine..

1 etc. (~Unit 59)

rne etc. (~ Unit 59)

my etc. (~

Unit 60)

mine etc. (~ Unit 61)

1 know Tom.

Tom knows me.

It's nly car.

lt's mine.

We knowTom.

Tom knows uso

Its our car.

lt's ours.

You know Tom.

Tom knows you.

Irs your caro

lt's yours.

He knows Tom.

Tom knows him.

It's his car.

It's his.

She knows Tom.

Tom knows her.

It's her car.

It's hers.

They know Torrl.

Tom knows thern.

It's their car.

It's theirs.

Study these examples: O 'Do you know that man?' 'Yes,I know him, but 1 can't rernernber his name.' O She was very pleased beca use we invited her to stay with us at our house. O A: Where are the children? Have you seen them? B: Ves, they are playing with their friends in the park. O That's my peno Can you give it to me, please? O 'Is this your umbrella?' 'No, it's yours.' O He didn't have an umbrella, so she gave him hers. (= she gave her umbrella to him) O I'm going out with a friencl of mine this evening, (not a friend of me)

134

myself/yourself etc. -- LJnit 63

Give me that book / Give it to me -, Unit 96

Exercises

Unit

62

2

Ves,

J J:)1pl>,! nl{!1, bLA:G J ~1

rernerrbey

Ves, I know .. remember ..

.hics Y!.GlJll~

.

, but 1 can't

4

Yes,I .....

...., but .

1 ..

622

, but

We invited her to ?t~. ¡.yil:t1 ..~.s He invited us to stay with . They invited me to stay with . 1 invited them to stay . She invited us to stay Did you invite him .

O-t.. (/(Ar .

1'lQu..SE'at his house. . house. house. .. house. house?

. .

Complete the sentences in the same way. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

62.4

.

Complete the sentences in the same way. 1 2 3 4 5 6

62.3

Ves, [ . names.

no}

.n~:?

1 gave him ... 1'i1!:\ ... address, and .. 9Q.,YE'- !"ll~ 1 gave her !Yl!:Laddress, and she gave me .. He gave me .J:t~? address, and 1 gave We gave them . . adclress, and they gave . She gave him . . .. address, and he gave . You gave us .. .........address, and we gave .. They gave you . .. address, and you gave .

Write him/her/vours etc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Where's Amanda? Have you seen her , Where are my keys? Where did 1 put . ' This letter is for Bill. Can you give it to . .... ? We dori't see .... neighbours mucho They're not at home very often. '1 can't fmd my peno Can r use. " 'Ves, of course.' We're going to the cinema. Why don't you come with ? Did your sister pass... . exams? Sorne people talk about ... ..jobs a11the time. Last night 1 went out for a meal with a friend of .... u

u.u

•••

uu..

135

myse'lf/yourself/themselves etc.

They're enjoying themselves.

He's looking at himself me him her

--i>

he she

--i>

you

--i>

--i>

--i>

you --i>

we they

us them

--i> --i>

myself himself herself

--i> --i>

{ yourself yourselves

--i> --i>

ourselves themselves

o 1 looked at myself in the mirror. O He cut himself with a knife. O She fel! off her bike, but she didn't hurt herself O Please help yourself (orle person} O Please help yourselves. (tllJO or more people) O We had a good holiday. We enjoyed ourselves. O They had a mee time. They enjoyed themselves.

Compare: me/him/them ~

1Ji¿

She

myself/himself/

etc. is looking at him.

~

di[ferent people

~

o You never talk to me. O 1 didn't pay for them. O 1'111 sorry. Did 1 hurt you?

He

themselves

etc.

i5 looking at himself. the same person

rf\tJ.

";'

~

o Sornetimes 1 talk to myself. O They paid for themselves. O Be careful, Don't hurt yourself

by myself / by yourself etc. = alone: O 1 went on holiday by myself. (= 1 went alone) O 'Was she with friends?' 'No, she was by herself' each other O Kate and Helen are good friends. They know each other well. (= Kate knows Helen / Helen knows Kate) O Paul and I live near each other. (= he lives near me / 1 live near him) Compare each other

and -selves: SUE

TIAI

O Tim and Sue looked at each

other. (= he looked at her, she looked at him)

136

me/him/them etc. -- Unit 59

o 'I'im and Sue looked at themselves. (= he looked at himself, she looked at herself)

.

.'

Exercises 63.1

Unit

Complete the sentences with myself/yourself

etc.

1 He looked at . hi,ryl:;~L . in the mirror. 2 I'rn not angry with you. I'm angry with .... 3 Karen had a good time in Australia. She enjoyed . 4 My friends had a good time in Australia. They enjoyed S 1 picked up a very hot plate and burnt ..... 6 He never thinks about other people. He only thinks about 7 1 want to know more about you. Tell me about 8 Coodbye! Have a good trip and look aíter . .

63.2

63.4

Write sentences with by rnyself

I

1 2 3 4 S 6

When I saw him, he . Don't .... L. My sister ... Many people

I went 011 holiday alone, When I saw him, he was alone, Dori't go out alone, I went to tbe cinema alone. My sister lives alone. Many people live alone.

63

.

H.'

••...•.••••.•.••.••.•.••.•••••••••••

(one person}

! (two peop/e)

by yourself etc.

J

t!~)1t())1

11()~

l:>~ Jl"!j.:;.~f.

Complete the sentences. Use: each

other

or

ourselveslyourselveslthemselves

or

us/you/them

~ .Qth~. Who are those people? Do you know . therr .... ? YOLlcan help Torn, and Torn can help you. So yOH and Tom can help . Theres food in the kitchen. If you and Chris are hungry, yOH can help .. We didn't go to Emily's party. She didn't invite. . . When we go 011 holiday, we always enjoy . Mar)' and Jane were at school rogether, but they never see .. now. Diane and I are very good friends. We've known . . for a long time. 'Did you see Sarn and Laura at the party?' 'Yes, but I didn't speak to Many people talk to .. when they're alone.

1 Paul ami 1 live near 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10

H

H

137

I

-'s (Kate's camera

rny brother's car etc.)

MY BROTHER

Kate's camera (her carnera)

the manager's office (his 01" her office)

my brother's car (his car)

We norrnally use -'s for people: O 1 stayed at my síster's house. (not the house of my sister) O Have you met Mr Black's wife? (not the wife of Mr Black) O Are yon going to jarnes's party? O Paul is a rnan's name. Paula is a wornan's name. You can use -'s without a noun after it: O Sophie's hair is longer than Kate's, (= Kate's hair) D 'Whose umbrella is this?' 'It's my rnother's,' (= my rnother's umbrella) O 'Where were you last night?' '1 was at Paul's,' (= Paul's house) friend's

and friends"

my fr ierrd's house = one friend (= his house or her house)

my friends' house = two or more [riends (= their house)

We write 's after friend/student/mother etc. (singulal): my mother's car (one mother) my father's car (onefather)

We write ' after friends/ students/ parents etc. (plural): my parents' car (tlIJO parents)

We use of ... for things, places etc. : D Look at the roof of that building. inot that building's roof) O We didn't see the beginning of the film. inot the film's beginning) D What's the name of this village? O Do you know the cause of the problem? O You can sit in the back of the caro O Madrid is the capital of Spain.

138

mine/yours etc,

---,>

Unit 61

whose '" ? -- Unit 61

-'s (he's

I

Kate's etc.l

---,>

Appendlx 4.5

Exercises 64.1

Unit

look at the family tree. Compilete the sentences HELEN

~.'.

~I

=

jtRMN 11

ti SARAH

.JAMES

PAUL

DANIEL

Helen They Sarah Sarah

64.2

and Brian are married. have a son, James, and a daughter, Sarah. is married to Paul. and Paul have a son, Daniel.

look at the pictures and answer the questions.

ANDY

.JANE

1

~

~

Whose is this?

about the people in the family. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Brian is . Hete'l1's .. husband. Sarah is Daniel's rr()#:l~ Helen is James is Sarah's James is Sarah is Helen is Daniel's Sarah is James's Paul is Paul is Daniel's . Daniel is ....

DLANE

ALICE

And this?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8