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Grammar activities p. 10 1. Use the following nouns in plural. Mind that the Indefinite article is not used withnouns in plural, but the definite article can be used both with nouns in plural and insingular. a baby a king a goose a plant the waiter the watch a petal the queen a mouse a lemon a man a dress a peach a woman the sheep a banana a box a tooth a discovery the city a child a brush the analysis the ox a star a crisis a deer a mountain a species the life a tree a nucleus a tomato a thesis a phenomenon 2. Give the singular of the following. heroes feet flies deer donkeys news loaves data thieves nuclei knowledge species 3. Write the plural of the following nouns. 1. child 6. tooth 2. man 7. foot 3. woman 8. radius 4. deer 9. sheep 5. mouse 10. goose

calves oxen hair phenomena criteria men-of-war

11. fish 12. trout 13. editor-in-chief 14. Englishman 15. hypothesis

4. Write the plural of the nouns in bold. 1. Put the specimen on the shelf. 2. I have hurt my foot. 3. This is an English dictionary. 4. Where is the tool? 5. This factory has a good laboratory. 6. The last leaf fell from the tree. 7. The cargo of the steamer consists of different raw materials. 8. His thesis is in the field of chemistry. 5. Put the underlined nouns in the plural. Make all the necessary changes. 1. Where is the dictionary? 2. Put the book into the bag. 3. They are in the laboratory. 1

4. He lost his key. 5. He has got a letter from hid friend. 6. I ’m fond of the novel. 7. The day was rainy. 8. The street is wide. 9. The story is very funny. 10. His paper was not long but interesting. 11. Her conclusion is right. 12. The instrument is in room102. 6. Give the corresponding feminine nouns. A lion a count a tiger a shepherd an actor a host a poet an uncle a man a husband

7. Give the corresponding masculine nouns. A lady a duchess a girl a hen a niece a mother Mrs. Smith a widow a French woman

a brother a grandfather a son a master a baron

a cow aqueen a princess a stewardess

8. Give the corresponding nouns as in the example.Example: nephew-niece mother author wife tiger hero widow son manager waiter master gentleman bride 9. Replace the of -phrase by the noun in the possessive case: The article of my scientific adviser’s. My scientific adviser’s article. The project of the student’s. The student’s project. The equipment of my friend’s. The experiment of the postgraduate’s. Thereport of the speaker’s. The work of the lab-assistants. The car of his brother’s. The photo of the participants. The meeting of the students. 2

The rights of the workers. The instructions of Dr. Brown’s. The life of the peasants. 10. Paraphrase the following phrases using the possessive case. 1. The measuring instruments of our engineer’s. 2. The program of my boss’s. 3. The laboratory of my friend’s. 4. The samples of the experimentator’s. 5. The laws of physics. 6. The computer of our chiefs. 7. The portrait of Mona Lisa. 11. Make sentences as in the example: He’s going to be a detective. 1. He decided to be a biologist. 2. His son wants to be an engineer. 3. Nancy made up her mind to become a lawyer. 4. Mary’s son wants to become an actor. 5. This young man would like to be a theoretical physicist. 6. Ted’s parents want him to become a doctor. 7. Our friend will be a musician soon.

Detectives solve mysteries.

12. Choose the correct variant. 1. Her hair ... fair. A/ is B/ are 2. Can I borrow your scissors? Mine ... not sharp enough. A/ is B/ are 3. Bad news (not/make) people happy. A/ don’t make B/ doesn’t make 4. There ... piece of equipment in this lab. A/ is a B/ is C/ are 5. 1 don’t want ... or help. A/ advices B/ an advice C/ advice 6. I’ve seen some comedies this month. Each ... funnier than the last. A/ was B / were 7. We need three... samples. A/ dozen of B/ dozen C/ dozens 8. Mathematics ... an exact science. A/ is B / are 9. The sunlit... look wonderful. A/ rooves B/ roofs 10. The new device costs four ... dollars. A/ hundred B/ hundreds 11. Julia’s clothes ... in her wardrobe. A/ is B/ are 12. Our team ... the best. A/ is B/ are 13. Our team ... playing well. A/ is B/ are 14. The United States ... a violent history. A/have B/ has 15. ... are made of bronze. A/pence B/ pennies 14. Put the words in italics in the correct column, according to the pronunciation of the possessive ‘s 3

z

A month’s holiday Jane’s assignment The horse’s mouth Joe’s ambition Uncle Toby’s house

s

is

Walsh's car Ann’s project Liz’s composition Jane’s supervisor The government’s duty

The student’s tutor The world’s resources A wasp’s nest A week’s pay

15. Translate these sentences into English. 1. Un grup de ecologişti a numit bicicleta cel mai eficient mijloc de transport pe glob. 2. Nick, colegul meu, e fiul profesorului Brown.3. Conform afirmaţiilor unor savanţi la fiecare şapte zile, de pe planeta noastră dispare câte o specie de vertebrate.4. Teza lui Mike e consacrată unei probleme foarte importante din economia republicii noastre.5. Fenomenele acestea nu pot fi analizate cu aparatul nostru. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ PROGRESS TEST A Choose the incorrect word and correct it. 1. A mail travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Hybrids have one more corn’s ear per plant than the other varieties. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. A few tiles on sky lab were the only equipments that failed to perform well in the outer space. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Each furniture in this display ison sale for half prize. ____________________________________________________________________________ B Write femininenouns Nephew wizard master hero waiter traitor 4

author

king

lion

Write plural formsof the nouns criterion analysis deer stratum thesis datum Write the correct variant The money (are, is, were) on the table. The news (are, were, is) important. He does not need prof. Brown’s (advice, advices). (Mathematic, mathematics) is a very interesting science. We bought two (equipments, pieces of equipment) for our laboratory.

nucleus ox brother-in-law

is are advice Mathematic pieces of equipment

GRAMMAR ACTIVITIES p. 28 1. Fill in the gaps using definite or indefinite articles where necessary. 1. Is ... English easy? 2 ....subjects I like are - history and ethnology. 3 ....book you are reading is mine. 4. We never go to ... laboratory on ... Sundays. 5. ... student must work hard. 6. ... exercise is good for our health. 7. I am from England but I live in ...Moldova 9. ... experiment carried out by my colleagues now. is very difficult. 8. ... college I go to is near ... park. 10. Dr. Smith is ... famous scientist. 2. Use the article a or an. 1.... author 4.... airport 7. ... ant 10.... open university 13. ... arm

2. ... young researcher 5.... new airport 8. ... fast auto 11.... bright idea 14.... device

3.... funny incident 6. ... achievement 9.... kind angel 12. ... elephant 15.... assumption

3. Use the article a or an: say what one calls a student of physics, astronomy, etc. A student of physics is .... A student of physics is a physicist. A student of astronomy is ... . A student of biology is ... . A student of ethnography is ... . A student of law is ... . A student of physiology is ... . A student of ethnology is .... A student of programming is .... A student of mathematicsis ... . A student of astrophysics is ... . A student of anthropology is ... . 5

A student of genetics is .... A student of ufology is ... . A student of psychology is ... . A student of environment is ... . 4. Rewrite the following general statements using singular nouns. Make sure that theverbs agree with their subjects. Engineers must know informatics very well. An engineer must know informatics very well. 1. Laboratories should be equipped well. 2. Automobiles should be kept in good repair. 3. Bats locate insects by means of sonar. 4. Diplomats should, if possible, be multilingual. 5. Physicists study a great deal. 6. Elephants can be dangerous. 5. Rewrite the following general statements using plural nouns. A bicycle is a convenient means of Bicycles are a transportation. transportation. 1. A secretary should be proficient in different kinds of work. 2. A sportsman needs to remain calm under pressure 3. A conference requires careful planning. 4. A rock is composed of minerals. 5. A potato is rich in starch. 6. An omelette is made of eggs and other ingredients.

convenient

means

of

6. Paying attention to the rules for the use of the with proper nouns, fill in the gaps with the or leave them empty, as appropriate. __Isle of Man lies in ____Irish Sea. The Isle of Man lies in the Irish Sea. Part of__ New York City is situated on Part of New York City is situated on Long ___Long Island. Island. ___Dniester is a beautiful river. ___Hawaiian Islands are in the middle of _____Pacific Ocean. ___Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah. ____ London lies on _____Thames river. ___ Suez Canal connects ____Mediterranean Sea with ____Red Sea. ____ Lake Huron and _____Lake Erie are two of _____Great Lakes. ____ Calcutta lies north of____ Bay of Bengal. 6

____North Sea separates British Isles from ___ Norway and ____Denmark. ____ Bay of Biscay lies to the west of _____France. ____ Orkney Islands are in the north of _____Scotland. ____ Anticosti Island lies in ____ Gulf of St. Lawrence. Part of Sahara Desert lies in ____ Algeria. Gerry, one of ___Johnsons, lives on _____Belleview Street. ___ Mount Kilimanjaro is south-east of____ Lake Victoria. 7. Fill in the gaps using the indefinite or zero article in the following set expressions. to be in ___ prison, to be ___ success, to have ____rest, to go to __ school, to be in ___ hospital, to be at _____table, to go for__ walk,

to give smb. ____lift, to go to market, to catch___ cold, to go to ____town, to be on board___ plane, after ____work, to be in ___ good health.

8. Fill in the gaps using the necessary article. 1. Professor Jones,___man who discovered____new drug, refused to give__press-conference. 2. It is known that___ Russian symbolists were strongly influenced by their Frenchcontemporaries. 3. In this section we shall deal briefly with___development of ____English literaturein ___ eighteenth century. 4. Plant physiologists study___ laws regulating____development of plants. 5. heavier___ floating body,greater weight of liquid it will displace. 6. ___ history of radar is ____long one. 7. For___ ancients very large numbers such as those of___ stars in ____sky or__ fish in _ _ sea were “incalculable”. 8. To encourage research work,____degrees of bachelor of Letters and Bachelor ofScience were set up in Oxford in 1895,___Doctorate of Philosophy in 1917. 9. __name “electronics” is known to be derived from ___word “electron”,__ electron itself being___ basic unit of negative electricity and all electric currents consisting of electrons in motion. 10. Northern areas are rich in___ polar bear, polar fox, whale and many other species. 9. Underline the most suitable option. a) Helen doesn’t like the / - cream cakes sold in a/the local bakery. b) The / -hand ball is fast becoming a/the popular sport worldwide. c) We could see that the /- Alps were covered in the / - snow. 7

d) It’sa / - long time since I met a / - lovely person like you! e) Diana has a / - degree in the / - engineering from the / - University of London. f) At the / - present moment, the / - man seems to have the / an uncertain future. g) The I - problem for the /-to day 's students is howto survive financially. h) The / - French enjoy spending holidays in the / - countryside. i) Please do not turn on a/the water-heater in a/the bathroom. j) Sue bought a/the Picasso I was telling you about the / - last week. 10. In each space put a/an or the, or leave the space blank. a) She was ... first woman to cross .....Atlantic in ......canoe. b) Go down .....High Street and turn right in to ......Mill Road. c) Please let me carry ....shopping. It’s .....least I can do. d) I don’t like .....milk in ...... coffee. e) At .....end of ...... busy day ,........sleep is ...... best tonic. f ) ....James Joyce I knew wasn’t ...... novelist and wasn’t ...... Irish either. g) We’ll go for .....walk if ...........sun comes out. h) This is ......last time I do you ........favour for a while. i) I'm staying in ......Hilton so you can leave me ......message. 11. There are ten extra appearances of the in the following text. Underline them. The word processor and the calculator are without a shadow of doubt here to stay,and in the many respects our lives are the much richer for them. But the teachers andother academics are claiming that we are now starting to feel the first significant waveof their effects on a generation of the users. It seems nobody under the age of 20 canspell or add up any more. Even several professors who are leading universities havecommented on the detrimental effect the digital revolution has had on the most intelligentyoung minds in the country. The problem, evidently, lies with the automatic spellcheck now widely available on the word processing software. Professor John Silver ofthe Sydney University, Australia, said: “Why should we bother to learn how to spellcorrectly, or for that matter to learn even the most basic of the mathematical sums,when at the press o f a button we have our problem answered for us. The implicationsare enormous. Will the adults of the future look to the computer to make the decisionsfor them, to tell them who to marry or what the house to buy? Are we heading for a future individual incapable of the independent human thought?” 12. Correct the errors in these sentences. It’s not a first-class accomodation unless it It’s not first-class accomodation unless it has has a private bathroom. a private bathroom. 2. On this record twins play piano duet. 3. The halfway through meal werealised what waiter had said. 4. If the Mrs. Hillier phones, say I’m away on a trip. 5. There is a wonderful scenery in eastern part of Turkey. 6. Cocker spaniel is one of the most popular pet dogs. 8

7. There is going to be fog and a cold weather all the next week. 8. 1 spent very interesting holiday at the Lake Coniston in England. 9. We are against war in general, so of course we are against war like this betweensuperpower and developing country. 10. The burglaries are definitely on increase. 13. Choose the correct implication for each of these sentences. 1. Let’s see a movie tonight. a. We have already decided which movie to see. b. Let’s choose a movie. 2. You have some reports to show me, don’t you? a. I’m sure that you have these reports. b. 1 don’t know whether you have these reports or not. 3. Did the professor say anything about exams? a. I am asking about any exam. b. 1 am asking about a specific exam. 4. Please give me a red pen. a. Any pen would be fine. b. I have a specific pen in mind. 5. We should prepare a poster for the symposium. a. We have a specific poster in mind. b. We hadn't decided what poster to prepare. 14. Fill in the gaps using the definite or indefinite articles where necessary. 1 . __ dog is _____ only thing on earth that loves you more than you love yourself.(J. Billings) 2 . ____ accountanti s ______man who is hired to explain that you didn’t make ___money you did ( Anonymous). 3. ____ actor’s _____guy who, if you ain’t talking about him, ain’t listening. (MarlonBrandt) 4 . ____ equalityi s _____ lie. _ _ women are better(Anonymous). 5 . ____ Birds do it,_____ bees do it; even educated fleas do it. Let’s do it. Let’sfall in ____love(Cole Porter). 6 . 1 always pass on _____good advice. It is the only thing to do with it. It is never anyuse to oneself (Oscar Wilde). 7 .____ diplomat is _____person who can tell you to go to hell in such a way that youactually look forward to ____ trip (Caskie Stinnett). 8. Save____ water, shower with_____friend (Anonymous). 9. Treat____ work of art like _____ prince; let it speak to you first (ArthurSchopenhauer). 10. When I was____ boy of fourteen, my father was so ignorant 1 could hardly standto have____ old man around. But when 1 got to be twenty one, I was astonished at howmuch he had learned in seven years ( Mark Twain). 11. A banker is ____ man who lends you____ umbrella when _____weather is fair,and takes it away from you when it rains (Anonymous). 12. Writing about____ art is like dancing about____ .architecture. 9

13 . ____ diplomacy is the art of saying “nice doggie” until you can find _____ stone(Wynn Catiin). 14. California is ____ great place_____if you happen to be _____ orange (F. Allen). 15. Fill in the gaps with a/an, or the, or leave the space blank in the following proverbs. 1. __ bad workman blames his tools. 2. Practice is ____ best master. 3. No man is ____ prophet in his own country. 4. Necessity is ____ mother of invention. 5. Misfortunes come on horseback and go away on foot. 6. Learn wisdom by ____follies of others. 7. ____ exception proves_____rule. 8. Charity begins at____ home. 9. All work and no play make Jack ____ dull boy. 10 . ____ money often unmakes_____men who make it. 11. Where there’s ____ will, there’s _____way. 12. When____ poverty comes in at _____door, love flies out at _____window. 13. Make hay while____ sun shines. PROGRESS TEST Fill in the gaps with a/an or the, or leave the space blank. 1. Everyone knows that____ climate of most of Canada differs greatly from that of____ British Isles, though large parts of Canada are in much_____ same latitude. 2. ___plant put in _____ dark place will live for_____while on _____ food it hasstored up in its roots.3. Dr. White has collected ____ lot of data on _____ economic situation of __Netherlands. 4. Susan did not find____ computer program she was looking for.5. How much does it cost to stay at ____ Grand Hotel?6. Such____ sophisticated device!7. He wrote two monographs: one - in the field of ____ solid state physics, _other deals with ____ informatics.8. Geological research institutes study_____lot of problems such as_____ volcanology, _geology of ore deposits and others.9. Last year Pete was admitted to __________ Oxford University.10. Air pollution is ____ result of ______ man’s use of chemicals.11. ___ turtle can swim 5.000 kilometers a year.12. He got bronchitis and was taken to ____ hospital which is situated in _____forest.13. He knows____ history of French revolution very well.14. ____ other day Dad was invited to ______ school to see ____headmaster. 15. ____ Lake Baikal is _____deepest in _____world.16. Every morning during breakfast bagpipes are played outside____ Queen’s diningroom in ____ Buckingham Palace.17. ____ Institute of Chemistry is in ______Academy Street.18. Although____ north of Scotland is called_____Highlands, the mountains aren’t high there, ____ Ben Nevis is _____highest peak.19. Dr. Brown gave me ____ very good advice.20. ____ academician Albu was appointed_____director of _____ Institute of _____Genetics. 21. We should help ____ poor and _____unprotected.22. She likes not only playing____ piano, but also playing_______ tennis.

GRAMMAR ACTIVITIESpag. 40 1. Give the comparative and superlative degrees:

good

beautiful

thin 10

hot nice pleasant many old strong exiting easy

cold few bad young little far clever fresh

hard interesting long small great cheerful big short

2. Make up sentences using the following word-combinations:

an open-minded teacher a dark-skinned person a quick-minded post-graduate a narrow-minded chap a broad-shouldered man a well-known scientist a widespreadbacterium a strong-willed person an out-of-date equipment 3. Answer these questions using much or much more

Is this computer also expensive? It is much more expensive 1. Are the salaries there as high as at your Institute? 2. Is the light made by a lasermore intense than ordinary light? 3. Is he as old as Dr. Nash? 4. Is this metal also light? 5. Did Robin return so late too? 6. Did Helen come so early? 7. Our new laboratory islarger, isn’t it? 8. Jane is also experienced, isn’t she? 9. Is this cottage as convenient asthe old one? 10. Are you sure these reagents will be better? 11. Would an expandabletable be more convenient? 12. Is this river deeper than the Thames? 4. Rewrite the following sentences as comparisons, using the comparative form ofthe adjective, and the word than. For each sentence, use the word or words given inthe parentheses as the second part of the comparison.

John is a fast worker. (I am) John is a faster worker than I am. Mary is a good physicist. (Tom) Mary is a better physicist than Tom. 1. Dr. Smith is a competent scientist. (Dr. Taylor) 2. He has a strong voice now. (he used to 11

have) 3. He is an efficient worker, (that one is) 4. We are having a hot summer, (you are) 5. She is a good doctor, (her friend is) 6. He has a big book, (you have) 7. They have new devices, (we have) 8. He took an early train. (I did) 9. She is a bad translates (her colleague is) 10. This car moves with astonishing speed, (that car does) 5. Use the adjectives in the parentheses in the superlative degree.

1. Sarah is the _________student in the group, (bad) 2. He is the _________boy in the college, (lucky) 3. This is the _________book I have ever read, (good) 4. That is the ________ painting in the museum, (valuable) 5. Yesterday was the _________day o f the year, (hot) 6. This movie is the _________. (entertaining) 7. He is the _________man in the village, (brave) 8. Summer is usually the _________time of the year, (dry) 9. He is the _scientist in our research team, (talented) 10. This is the _____________route into town, (direct) 11. This library is equipped with _________equipment, (sophisticated) 6. Rewrite each of the following sentences, changing the positive form of the adjectiveto the superlative form using the definite article. Use the words given in the parenthesesas the second part of the comparison.

That is an interesting design, (he could find)

That is the most interesting design he could find.

1. This is an old apparatus, (in the laboratory) 2. That is a large store, (in the city) 3. This is a cool evening, (we have had this week) 4. He is a prolific writer. (I know) 5. This is a fine view, (in the area) 6. That is a bustling street, (in town) 7. This is a dusty road. (I have ever walked along) 8. That was a bad storm, (we have had for ten years) 9. This is a long river, (in the country) 10. This is an urgent issue, (discussed at the seminar) 7. Use the proper form of the adjectives.

1. A. How do you like Smacker’s Sweet Orange Marmalade, Mrs. Johnson? B. I thinkit’s (delicious). It’s much (delicious) that the marmalade 1 usually buy. 12

A. We agree withyou, Mrs. Johnson. We think Smacker’s Orange Marmalade is (delicious) marmalade in theworld. 2. The rivers in America are much (big) than those in England. _______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. The island of GreatBritain is (small) than Greenland. ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the name of the (high) mountain in Asia? _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. TheEnglish Channel is (wide) than the Strait of Gibraltar. _________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 6. Russia is a very (large) country._____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 7. Which is (large): the United States or France? ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. The London underground is the (old) inthe world. ________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 8. Rewrite the sentences, adding whatever nouns or phrases are necessary in order to make the comparison logically correct.

The price of oil is higher than coal.

The price of oil is higher than the price of coal. The average rainfall in September is the same The average rainfall in September is the same as February. as the average rainfall in February. 1. The vegetation of Europe differs from North America. 2. The taxes in Singapore are lower than Canada. 3. The invention of the clarinet occurred more recently than the flute. 4. The speed limit in residential areas is lower than uninhabited areas. 5. The grammar of English is simpler than Chinese. 6. The climate of California is somewhat similar to Greece. 7. The boiling point of oil is higher than water. 9. Place the adjectives (articles, pronouns...) given in the parentheses before the accompanying nouns, arranging the adjectives in the correct order. Make sure that the general descriptive adjectives are separated from one another by commas.

fossils (Devonian, three, white, small) box (brass, square, heavy) 1. belt (green, beautiful, leather, a) 2. hood (dry, his, warm) 3. actors (old, two, Shakespeare, famous) 4. heads (glass, round, blue, tiny) 5. baby (lively, her, six-month-old)

three small white Devonian fossils heavy square brass box

13

6. dress (satin, a, white, long) 7. steps (narrow, cement, ten) 8. basement (cool, damp, the) 9. wolfhounds (Russian, two, grey, huge) 10. carvings (delicate, sandalwood, three) 10. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement.

My aunt lives in ____ house. A) a big old brown wood C) a big wood brown 1 have a daughter. A) six-months-old C) six-month-old Welcome to conference. A)seventh annual C) the annual seventh James grew up in neighborhood. A) a lower-middle-class C) lower-middle-class The main suspect is a woman. A) Caucasian tall middle-aged C) middle-aged tall Caucasian We stayed in hotel. A) a Victorian old interesting C) an interesting Victorian old My brother has a car. A) ten year-old C) ten-year-old Frank is selling tickets to the ball. A) fireman’s annual eleventh C) eleventh annual fireman’s The robber was wearing trench coat. A) an old tattered black wool C) a black old tattered wool

B) an old brown big wood D) a big brown old wood B) six-month old D) six month-old B) annual seventh D) the seventh annual B) the lower-middle-class D) a lower middle-class B) tall middle-aged Caucasian D) Caucasian middle-aged tall B) an interesting old Victorian D) an old interesting Victorian B) ten-years-old D) ten-year-olds B) annual eleventh fireman’s D) fireman’s eleventh annual B) a black wool tattered old D) a tattered old black wool

11. Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the construction in which the comparative form of the adjective is repeated.

The water grew increasingly warm.

The water grew warmer and warmer.

1. The climate change is getting increasingly alarming. 3. We became increasingly uneasy. 4. Manufacturing companies were becoming increasingly large. 5. The weather grew increasingly bad. 6. The compilation of accurate statistics is 14

becoming increasingly necessary. 7. Methods of diagnosis are becoming increasingly accurate. 8. Their contribution to the project became increasingly important. 9. Standards are becoming increasingly high. 10. They became increasingly optimistic. 12. Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the construction in which thecomparative form of the adjective is repeated.

The temperature seemed to rise increasingly The temperature seemed to rise higher and high. higher. 1. The sky is growing increasingly dark. 2. The grass is becoming increasingly green. 3. The situation is getting increasingly bad. 4. Their opponents are becoming increasingly aggressive. 5. The mist became increasingly thick. 6. His singing is becoming increasingly good. 7. The trees are growing increasingly tall. 8. The soil is becoming increasingly dry. 9. The time remaining grew increasingly short. 10. Deforestation is becoming increasingly dangerous. 13. Complete each of the following sentences by filling in the gaps with the subjectivecase of the personal pronoun indicated in the parentheses, followed by the form ofSimple Present of the verb to be which agrees with the pronoun.

I am as intelligent as _________. (he, him) I am as intelligent as he is. They are not socurious as _________. (are, They are not so (as) curious as we are. we) 1. We are as proud as ______ . (they, them) 2. Henrietta is not as silly as _________. (your, you) 3. They are as confident as _________. (her, she) 4. Amanda is as surprised as _________. (I, me) 5. I am not so patient as _________. (he, him) 6. Ray is as competent as _________. (them, they) 7. Dan is as eager to attend the conference as _________. (we, us) 8. You are as quick-witted as _________. (she, her) 9. Leonora is just as beautiful as _________. 15

(me, 1) 10. This scientist is not as versatile as _________. (she, her) 14. Join these sentences using the pronoun one.

a) This novel is interesting.

That novel is interesting, too.

1. This workshop is important for me. 2. Thisissue is challenging. 3. This proposal is exciting. 4. This text-book is good. b) This article is interesting.

That workshop is important for me, too. That issue is challenging, too. That proposalis exciting, too. That text-book is good, too. The article you gave me last This article is as interesting week is interesting, too. as the one you gave me last week. The report Dr. Smith gave yesterday was long, too. The picture you showed me last week was good, too. The film we saw last Sunday was interesting, too. The text wetranslated yesterday was difficult, too.

1. Dr. Day’s report is long. 2. Thispicture is good. 3. This film is interesting. 4. This text is difficult.

This novel is as interesting as that one.

15. Using Simple Past of the verbs shown in the parentheses, change the followingphrases into sentences in which the adjectives are used as predicate adjectives.

the beautiful music (to sound) 1. the sour lemon (to taste) 2. the rough surface (to feel) 3. the reasonable argument (to sound) 4. the delicious pie (to taste) 5. the awkward silence (to become) 6. the sweet roses (to smell) 7. the confident scientist (to look).

The music sounded beautiful.

16. Use the correct word in the parentheses in the following dialogs.

I

II

A. I like your new laboratory equipment, Dr. Lin. A. Yes, it looks very (expensively, expensive).

B. Oh, do you? Thank you. B. Really? It was not expensive. It is secondhand.

A. Is it? It does not look (secondhand, secondhandly). It looks (brand new, brand newly). C. It feels (coldly, cold) in this laboratory. D. Does it? 16

D. Yes, it is. It’ll feel (warmly, warmer) in a minute. III G. 1 like the new regulation. It sounds (reasonably, H. Does it? It does not seem reasonable). (reasonably, reasonable) to me. It seems (stupid, stupidly). IV I. Listen to my new subwoofer, Eduardo. Does it J. Yes, it sounds (fine, finely) to me. sound (good, well)? I. I think the bass is too loud. J. No, it sounds (perfectly, perfect). It sounds (good, well). V K. Have you changed your perfume? L. Yes, why? Do you like it? K. Yes, it smells (terrifically, terrific). What is it? L. It’s “Rosalie” by Devlon. K. It smells (expensively, expensive). Is it? L. I don’t know. It was a present. K. A present? Who gave you perfume? L. Andrew. My friend Andrew. C. Yes, really cold. Is the heater on?

17. Learn the following idiomatic comparisons. as bold as brass as brave as a lion as brown as a berry (usually said of a person who is very sunburnt) as busy as a bee as clear as a bell (for a sound, e. g. a person’s voice) as clear as crystal as clear as day (for things seen or understood) as cold as ice as cool as a cucumber (for a person who doesn’t lose his head) dead as a door-nail deaf as a post dry as a bone dry as a dust (usually said o f a book, a talk, a lesson) drunk as a lord as easy as A.B.C. as firm as a rock as green as grass as happy as the day is long as hard as iron as heavy as lead as hot as fire as hungry as a hunter as light as a feather as like as two peas as mad as a hatter 17

as old as the hills as quick as lightning as regular as clockwork as sharp as a needle as strong as a horse (for work) as strong as a lion (for fighting) as weak as water as wet as a drowned rat as white as snow as happy as a dog with two tails as fit as a fiddle as poor as a church mouse as cold as exwife’s heart as dark as the inside of a wolf as welcome as a wet shoe. 18. Complete the following idiomatic comparisons:

(a) as brown as - as white as - as dry as - as clear as - as cold as - as firm as - as easy as - as dead as - as strong as (b) - as water - as the hills - as a lion - as a drowned rat - as lightning - as a hatter - as two peas - as clockwork - as the day is long - as a post - as a fiddle - as a church mouse 19. Translate these sentences into English.

1. Astăzi e maicald ca ieri. Putem duce copiii la plimbare. 2. Petru m-aîntrebatcât am plătitpentrutelevizor, şi a spuscă mi-a mers, pentrucăacesta e 18

unuldintrecelemaibunetelevizoare. 3. El zice că această odaie e mai comodă decât cealaltă. 4. Eaare un serviciudestul de interesant. Mi se pare că e maiinteresantdecâtacelpe care laavutanultrecut, ea nu trebuiesă se scoaledevreme. 5. L-am rugatpe lector săvorbeascămairarşinoi am avutposibilitateasăfacemnotiţeasupralecţiei. 6. Aceste problem suntmultmaidificiledecâtcelerezolvate la şedinţatrecută. PROGRESS TESTpag. 47 Choose the correct answer. 1. In the past,_________residents of the Americas were called American Indians. A earlier В as early as С the earliest D earliest 2. It is generally true that the lower the stock market falls,_________ . A higher the price of gold rises. В the price of gold rises high. С the higher the price of gold rises. D rises high the price of gold. 3. In Great Britain all the lakes are of fresh water, and all bodies of water_________to be called lakes are connected with the sea by means of rivers. A enough large В large С larger D large enough 4. It was estimated that_________one hundred thousand men participated in thegold rush of 1898. A approximate В more С the most D as many as 5. Although we often use “speed” and “velocity” interchangeably, in a technicalsense, “speed” is not always_________“velocity” . A similar В the same as С as D similarly 6. The narrower the lens diameter,________ the depth of field. A the greater B more great C the more great D the greatest 7. The MX i s _________ rocket with an 8.000-mile range larger than that of theMinuteman. A a four-stages B four-stages C a four-stage D a four stage Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. 1.One object will not be the same weight than another object because the gravitational attraction differs from place to place on the Earth’s surface. ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Because a felony is more bad than a misdemeanor, the punishment is more severe,and often includes a jail sentence as well as a fine. 19

____________________________________________________________________________ 3. The more important theorem of all in plane geometry is the Pythagorean Theorem. ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. As many like 100 billion stars are in the Milky Way. ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Since the Earth is spherical, the larger the area, the worser the distortion on a flat map. ____________________________________________________________________________ 6. The oxygen concentration in the lungs is highest than that of the blood. ____________________________________________________________________________ 7. In this situation one should choose a less evil. ____________________________________________________________________________ 8. Englishmen usually say that their wives are their good halves. ____________________________________________________________________________ 9. A ninety-years-old professor delivered an exciting lecture on gerontology. ____________________________________________________________________________ 10. Prof. White was pleased because the students learned the valuablest informationon the new project. ____________________________________________________________________________ 11. Public ownership was farther developed in the debate that led to the formulationof a new law. ____________________________________________________________________________ 12. It is impossible to view Picasso’s Guernica without feeling badly about the fateof the people portrayed. ____________________________________________________________________________ GRAMMARA CTIVITIESpag 58 I. Give the correct form of the pronouns in the parentheses:

1. I want ... (he) to lend .....(I) a few books. 2. I don’t expect...... (she) to be backbefore 6 o ’clock in the evening. 3. I asked ......... (she) to introduce......... (I) to Professor Smith. 4. Try to make ...... (she) change her mind. 5. She needs........... (he) tohelp ......(she). 6. We consider.........(you) to be our best friends. 7. What do youwant............... (we) to do? 8. Iwant............. (she) to check the results of the experiment. 2. Choose the correct form of the pronouns in the parentheses:

I. Whose manuscript is this? - It’s (my, mine). 2. Here is (her, hers) paper. 3. He is repairing(our, ours) installation. 4. Are these keys (your, yours)? 5. I haven’t found those articles of(your, yours). 6. This is (our, ours) car, but that is (their, theirs). 7. This doesn’t look like (my,mine) hag: it must be (her, hers). 8 .1 see that you have lost (your, yours) pencil, perhaps she canlend you (her, hers). 9. (She, her) proposal was adopted unanimously. 3. Insert -self pronoun:

I. Me mended his player ……….......2. She wrote the letter ................... 3. The play is ratherinteresting; we’ve seen it ………..... 4. Who typed the paper for you? - I did it ………... 5. In somecanteens we have to serve ………….. 6. They switched the light off and found ……….... in the dark.7. I don’t quite understand you. Will you explain ……………...? 8. They find it easy to express .................inEnglish. 9. We always enjoy ……………….. at their parties. 20

10. Who will build your garage? – Ishall build it ……………... II. He asked me about his glasses, but he had left them in the lab …………... 4. Put in suitable reflexive pronouns.

1. No one can repair this device, so we’ll have to do it _____________.2. Mary always cuts her hair______________, and it always looks great.3. Robert _____________is quite friendly, but the rest of his family is very cold.4. Did you know that the Morrises built their house_____________?5. I don’t trust anyone else to do my accounts: I always do them __________.6. I only saw the gardens, but the palace______________ was closed.7. China ____________ was then divided into several kingdoms. 5. Put in myself, etc., each other or me, you, etc.

1. We decided to buy new reagents ___________. 2. He fore leaving Eric’s office, the robbers tied up and pulled out all the phone wires. 3. Christine and I always take ___________ to lunch onour birthdays.4. Please don’t help me with this experiment. I'd rather do it ____________ 5. Did you ask Alice whether Dr. Adams had phoned_____________ yet?6. Don’t just stand there shouting at _______________ to do something!7. I’ve just got up. Can I phone you hack when I’ve made______________ a cup of tea? 8. I've never met John, but we’ve been writing to ______________for over a year now.9. The necklace _____________ wouldn’t normally be valuable, but it belonged to Queen Elizabeth I, so it will certainly bring a very high price. 1. You cannot be sure that she got the message unless you asked______________ . 6. Use these instead of it and it instead of these and make all the necessary changes.

It is an inevitable result. These are inevitable results. I. It is a peculiar approach. 2. It is a favorable condition. 3. It is a convincing result. 4 These are reliable data. 5. It is a convenient method. 6. These are normal conditions. 7 It is a useful procedure. 8. These are important findings. 9. These are interesting studies. 10. It is a reliable method. 11. It is an important question. 12. These are satisfactory results. 13. These are successful investigations. 14. It is an interesting paper. 15. It is an inevitable conclusion.

These are good results. It is a good result.

8. Use that instead of this, those instead of these.

This paper is interesting to astronomers. That paper is interesting to astronomers. I. This method is useful for plasma studies. 2. These data are important for further research. 3. This information is valuable to biologists. 21

4. These problems are interesting to many scientists. 5. This approach is useful for our studies. 6. This finding is significant. 7. This research is interesting from many points of view. 8. This information is valuable to designers. 9. Each other or selves?

1. Hilary and June write to ______every week.2. Agnes and Pat have bought _________ a flat in Rome.I. Do you and your wife tell ___________ everything?4. You will all need photos of __________ for your membership cards.5. We’ve promised______ to telephone if one of us is going to be late home.6. We’ve decided to give ___________ a really nice holiday this year. 10. Put in words and expressions given below with or without one(s). big grey leather long sunny up-to-date red woollen sharp unsweetened

new solid practical

Example: What computers would you like to have in your lab? Modem ones. 1. I’ve lost my jacket. It’s a _______________ .2. What kind of juice is that?_____________. 3. Which devices do you use?____________.4. She doesn’t sell used cars, only____________. 5. What sort of holiday are you having this year? A __________ .6. 1 don’t want pretty shoes, but ________________.7. Hand me a knife, will you? A _______________ .8. There’s my suitcase, the______________________ ! 11. For each of the following sentences, fill in the gaps with the interrogative pronounwho or whom.

_______ has been notified? For_______ did you buy the flowers? 1. ____________are we expecting? 2. To ______ did he give the letter? 3. ________is at the door? 4. ____________was awarded the prize? 5. __________________ did he tell it? 6. ___ answered the question correctly? 7. ______ docs she like the best? 8. _______would be the most suitable person for the job?

Who has been notified? For whom did you buy the flowers? 9. For_______ are they waiting? 10. _______ has been informed of the situation? 11. _______ can we ask? 12. _______will be ready by eight o ’clock? 13. _________is watering the flowers? 14. ___________did you photograph? 15. _______ attended the meeting?

12. For each of the following sentences, underline the relative clause.

The substances, which are on the table, have been analysed today. 1. The new appliances, which are quite expensive, will be on sale next week. 2. The picture, which is hanging on the wall, was painted by our friend.3. The people, who own the hotel have a great deal of business experience. 4. His uncle, who sings in the choir, is my music teacher. 5. The building, which is in excellent repair, is over two hundred years old. 6. The door, that is open leads to the study.7. My friend, who is coming for a visit, is anxious to meet you. 8. Did you see the exhibition which was held here last week? 22

13. Complete each sentence with one suitable word.

1) There is one person to ............................... I owe more than I can say.2) It was the kind of an accident for ............................... nobody was really to blame. 3) ................................leaves last should turn off the lights.4) Mary was late for the seminar yesterday,...............................was unusual for her.5) At 6.00, ..................................was an hour before the plane was due, thick fog descended.6) I don’t know............................... told you that, but they were wrong.7) The first time I saw you was ............................... you answered the door.8) Mrs. Brown was the first owner..................................dog won three prizes in the same show. 9) I’ve just spoken to Sally,............................... sends you her love. 14. Insert the preposition of and the definite article wherever required.

I. Most - students prefer English to other languages. __________________________________ 2. Most - clerks of the office wanted to go on holiday in summer. ________________________ 3. Most- flowers bloom in spring. ________________________________________________ 4. Mosttulips are in full bloom now. ______________________________________________ 5. Most - children like sweets. ___________________________________________________ 6. Most - children behaved well. _________________________________________________ 7. Most - Englishmen like gardening. _____________________________________________ 8. In most-countries traffic keeps to the right. ______________________________________ 9. Most - famous people were persistent. __________________________________________ 10. Most - actors arc publicity-conscious.__________________________________________ 15. Put in most people or most of the people.

1. _____________________enjoy talking about themselves.2. _____________________who wanted to see the match were disappointed.K I know ____________________ in our street.4. _________________________like music.5. I think fishing for sport is wrong, but_______________________ would disagree.6. ____________________on the train had no tickets. 7. He gets on with______________________ .8. _________________at the party were colleagues of Jan's. 16. Answer these questions. Use both or neither.

I. Have they passed the examination? __________________________________________ 2. Were they admitted to the University? __________________________________________ 3. Arethey studying at Cambridge? __________________________________________ 4. Were they expelled? __________________________________________ 5. Did they graduate with honours?__________________________________________ 6. Will they apply for the job? __________________________________________ 7. Do they qualify for the job? __________________________________________ 8. Do they specialise inelectronics? __________________________________________ 9. Have they made any important discovery? _______________________________________ 10. Have the students taken up a new research?______________________________________ 17. Put the necessary words (somebody, something, anybody, anything, nobody,nothing).

1. There is__________ wrong with the printer. 2. __________opened the windowagain! 3. __________can stop him when he is in love. 4. Would you like __________ to drink? 5. Hello! Is __________at home? I'm afraid there is ___________in. 6. I have__________to add. 7. Has___________read your thesis? 8.__________ can do this complicatedwork. 23

18. Fill in the gaps with some, any, no.

I. Unfortunately, he has …... information. 2. She wanted ...... stamps, but there werenot …... in the machine. 3. He returned home, without…... money. 4. She didn’t answer allthe letters because she had …... time. 5. Do you have ….... small change? - Hardly ….... 6. I'vegot …... nice ideas. 7. Have you got ….... friends? 8. We shall find ….... way out, 1 am sure.9. There are …... mistakes in your test. - Mistakes? I can’t find ……. ! 10. There are …... newprojects under way in our Institute. 19. Insert something, anything, nothing or everything.

I. Can you tell me …………... about this plant? 2. Give me ………….... to put on. I feel cold. 3. Cats cansee……………... in the dark. 4. Is there ………………... interesting in the programme? 5. Think hard, please……………….... youCan remember will be helpful. 6. There is …………….... to worry about……………….... will be all right. 7. This childcannot speak yet, but he understands………….... 8.1 see ………………. at the far end of the corridor, but I don’tmake out what it is. 9. Is there ………………... we can do for you? 10. Will you be so kind as to do ………………….. forme? 11. We can leave now,………….... is ready. 20. Paying attention to the grammatical structure, complete each of the followingsentences by filling in the gaps with another, other, the other, others or else, as appropriate.

Shall wediscuss__________problem today? The__________ guests have already arrived. Five of the books were returned on time, but three___________were overdue. Who__________took part in the conference? 1. I want to borrow _______book from the library. 2. Three people moved out, and two __________moved in. 3. Who__________ knows the secret? 4. There are several __________possibilities. 5. Where _____should I look? 6. Some students enjoyed the film, but ______ did not. 7. He lives on the __________side of the lake. 8. I have _____________idea. 9. ________people soon followed her example. 10. I am working at three annual projects: one is in the field of economy, ______________in physics, and _____________ in psychology.

Shall we discuss another problemtoday? The other guests have already arrived. Five books were returned on time, but three others were overdue. Who else took part in the conference?

21. Fill in the gaps with (a) little - (a) few.

I. Add …….. drops of olive oil to the salad. 2. Could you lend me….... dollars until tomorrow? 3. ………… people came to the party, but it was still fun. 4. Why do so ………. English people speak German? 5. If I were you I would use ….... salt in my food. 6. Can I have …….. more red wine,please? 7. Had results showed that….... progress was made by the students. 8. Susan 24

was very shy and made ……….. friends at college. 9. Very …………. women become judges. 10. …….... greatbiologists of the last filly years have not worked at Naples. 22. Insert few, a few, little or a little:

I. At night there are…………... people in the street. 2. So far he has made …………. progress. 3. I saw ………..foreign scientists in the lecture-hall. 4. You need ……... rest, you’ve been working sincemorning, 5. On a cloudy night there are…….... stars in the sky. 6. You’ve put …... sugar in my tea, it's not sweet. 7. Mary wants to knit a dress for herself, but she has ….... wool. 8. In summer there are ………... rooms available in the hotels at the sea-side. 9. There is …….. liquid inthe vessel. Go and buy some. 10. This year…..... new laws have been adopted. 23. Put in of or nothing (-).

Dear Ann, Well, some ________ our luggage has arrived, so things could be worse. I’ve got the books and papers, but I’ve lost most _________ my clothes. I haven't got any ________ socks at all,and I'll have to buy some more ________jeans, but at least I’ve got enough ______ underwear for the week. (They don’t sell it here. I don’t think they wear it.) I’m going to buy a few ______ those woollen shirts that you like, and one ________ the big coats that we looked at. They have got no _______ shoes in my size, unfortunately, and none - the jackets suit me.Anyway, I’m not alone. Everyone _______ us has lost something, in fact, three _____people have got no _____ luggage at all. Well, as they say, into each _________ life a little _________ rain must fall. See you on the 17th.Mary 24. Grammar in proverbs. Identify the type of the pronouns in the following proverbs.

I. By doing nothing we learn to do it. 2. He that comes first to the hill, may sit where he will. 3.It takes all sorts to make the world. 4. Love conquers all. 5. Love me, love my dog. 6. Roll my log, and I’ll roll yours. 7. So much to do, so little done. 8. Take care of the pennies and the pounds will take care of themselves. 9. To know everything is toknow nothing, 10. So many men, so many minds. Progress test, pas 64 Choose the correct answer.

1. But - seems to us today to be a hackneyed truth was by no means trivial four centuriesago. (A) which (B) that (C) what (D) who 2. _________fuel that is used today is a chemical form of solar energy. (A) Most of (B) The most (C) Most (D) Almost the 3. Although the Ojibwa Indians fought frequently with the Sioux, they didn’t have __________ with early white settlers. (A) much contact (B) lots contacts (C) many contacts (D) large contact 4. Although southern California is densely populated,___________ live in the northernpart of the state. (A) a little people (B) a few the people (C) few people (D) a little people 25

5. At Woolworth’s first five-and-ten-cent store,___________ more that a dollar. (A) neither items cost (B) items not cost (C) items none costing (D) no item costs 6. There are three kinds of solar eclipses:one is total,another is annular, and ________. (A) the another is partial (B) the partial is other (C) other is partial (D) the other is partial Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

1.Many heavy work that was once done by hand can now be done more easily with the help of compressed air. ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. When there isa few money remaining after all expenses have been paid, we saydial a small economic surplus or profit has been created. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Only a little early scientists, such as Macon, Copernicus, and Bruno, believed thatthe principles underlying the physical world could be discovered and understood throughcareful observation and analysis. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Almost the plants known to us are made up of a great many cells, specialized to perform different tasks. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Madness ofjealously in Othello caused his possessor to destroy the woman whichrepresented everything in the world for him. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 6. The tropical rain forest is natural recycle, provider and protector for ours planet, as it supports the ecosystem in the world. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 7. One of my roommates studies engineering, the other studies business, and the other studies computer science. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 8. These spectra bear a rather close relationship with these of binary zinc-blende compounds. ____________________________________________________________________________ GRAMMAR ACTIVITIES, pag 70 1. Head the following dates, rooms, and telephone numbers.

07.08.07 11.10.06 03.07.99 17.05.98 28.01.05 26

Room 124 Room 328 Room 27 Room 479 Room 249 0724021 302748 2840067 0340693 6070964 2. Read the following numerals as ordinal and cardinal.

ordinal

cardinal

3 7 9 11 13 15 19 20 26 18 31 6 54 93 287 64 128 546 974 12 1026 765 3. Write in words the following sums according to the patterns. Make up your own examples:

30 + 13 = 43 52 + 7 = 59 66 + 2 = 68 47 - 9 = 38 100 - 20 = 80 79 - 5 = 74 40 x 3 = 120 8 x 8 = 64 27

32 x 5 = 160 36 : 4 = 9 120 : 6 = 20 88 : 8 = 11 4. Write in words the following ordinal numerals:

the 7th_____________________________________________________________________ the 9th____________________________________________________________________ the 27th____________________________________________________________________ the 126th____________________________________________________________________ the 20th____________________________________________________________________ the 66th____________________________________________________________________ the 70th____________________________________________________________________ the 348th____________________________________________________________________ the 50th____________________________________________________________________ the 43th____________________________________________________________________ 5. Read and write in words the following percentage:

8%____________________________________________________________________ 24%____________________________________________________________________ 3%____________________________________________________________________ 27%____________________________________________________________________ 94%____________________________________________________________________ 148%____________________________________________________________________ 2%____________________________________________________________________ 296%____________________________________________________________________ 947%____________________________________________________________________ 202%____________________________________________________________________ 37%____________________________________________________________________ 7%.____________________________________________________________________ 6. Head and write in words the following years:

1066____________________________________________________________________ 1812____________________________________________________________________ 974____________________________________________________________________ 2007____________________________________________________________________ 1947____________________________________________________________________ 1344____________________________________________________________________ 1992____________________________________________________________________ 1970____________________________________________________________________ 2004____________________________________________________________________ 1211____________________________________________________________________ 348____________________________________________________________________ 2002____________________________________________________________________ 7. Write these numbers in English:

1. 0.78__________________________________________________________________ 28

2. 23704506 (telephone number) _____________________________________________ 3. 9 April________________________________________________________________ 4. 3/8___________________________________________________________________

29