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Fundamentals of Psychrometrics Second Edition Don Brandt

SI

International System

A Course Book for Self-Directed or Group Learning

Includes Skill Development Exercises for PDH, CEU, or LU Credits

SDL_cover_SI.indd 1

8/9/2016 9:04:17 AM

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics Second Edition

Don Brandt

A Course Book for Self-Directed or Group Learning

Atlanta

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition A Course Book for Self-Directed or Group Learning ISBN 978-1-939200-32-7 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-939200-33-4 (PDF) SDL Number: 00327 © 2008, 2016 ASHRAE All rights reserved.

ASHRAE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, owned by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of this publication be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any means—electronic, photocopying, recording, or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions. ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.

ASHRAE STAFF ASHRAE Learning Institute

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For course information or to order additional materials, please contact: ASHRAE Learning Institute 1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta, GA 30329

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Karen M. Murray

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Manager of Professional Development

Dear Student, Welcome to this ASHRAE Learning Institute (ALI) self-directed or group learning course. We look forward to working with you to help you achieve maximum results from this course. You may take this course on a self-testing basis (no continuing education credits awarded) or on an ALImonitored basis with credits (PDHs, CEUs or LUs) awarded. ALI staff will provide support and you will have access to technical experts who can answer inquiries about the course material. For questions or technical assistance, contact us at 404-636-8400 or [email protected]. Skill Development Exercises at the end of each chapter will gauge your comprehension of the course material. If you take this course for credit via the ALI online-monitoring system, please complete the exercises in the workbook then submit your answers at www.ashrae.org/sdlonline. To log in, please enter your student ID number and the course number. Your student ID number can be the last five digits of your Social Security number or another unique five-digit number you create when first registering online. The course number is located near the top of the copyright page of this book. Please keep copies of your completed Skill Development Exercises for your records. When you finish all exercises, you will receive a link to submit a course evaluation. Once the evaluation is completed, you will be sent a Certificate of Completion indicating 20 PDHs/LUs or 2.0 CEUs of continuing education credit. The ALI does not award partial credit for self-directed or group learning courses. All exercises must be completed to receive full continuing education credit. You will have two years from the date of purchase to complete each course. We hope your educational experience is satisfying and successful.

Sincerely,

Karen M. Murray Manager of Professional Development

Continuing Education Opportunities from the ASHRAE Learning Institute Self-Directed or Group Learning ASHRAE offers texts for self-study or group training with instructor materials. Texts cover the basics of what practicing engineer needs, and skill development exercises are included to evaluate progress. ASHRAE offers the following course books: Fundamentals of Air System Design Fundamentals of Building Operation, Maintenance, and Management Fundamentals of Heating and Cooling Loads Fundamentals of Heating Systems

• • •

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics Fundamentals of Refrigeration Fundamentals of Steam System Design Fundamentals of Thermodynamics Fundamentals of Water System Design

Each course book includes the following: Clear and concise discussion of the technical topic covered Examples that show how to apply the lesson’s principles Skill development exercises that test students’ ability to apply the newly acquired knowledge and answer sheets to assess progress in learning the material

Those who complete a course receive a certificate designating continuing education (CE) credits. Note that individuals are responsible for contacting their relevant governing body to determine whether an activity qualifies for that body's continuing education credits.

ASHRAE eLearning ASHRAE is a continuing education provider of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI), a third-party certification administrator of U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). Continuing Education (CE) hours earned from ASHRAE courses may be applied toward maintenance of state-licensed professionals (Architects and Professional Engineers) and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design® (LEED®) Green Building Rating System credentials. ASHRAE offers over 130 eLearning courses focusing on specific topics and 18 course packages that cover a topical area and include several related courses. ASHRAE offers the following course packages: AC Design HVAC Systems HVAC Control Systems DDC Controls Small Office Buildings Small Retail Buildings Sustainable Buildings AC and Refrigeration Principles AC and Refrigeration Equipment Fundamentals: Electricity

Electrical System Design Standard 62.1 Standard 90.1 Standard 90.1 for Architects Standard 189.1 for High-Performance Green Buildings Data Center Equipment Load Trends and Planning Data Center Thermal Guidelines Data Center Liquid Cooling

Don Brandt is an ASHRAE member from Phoenix, Arizona, who spent 39 years (4 of them part time) with Trane Co., mostly as a Commercial Sales Engineer and Sales Manager. He was involved in thousands of projects over that time period, including many with large industrial customers that had special HVAC and process applications. Brandt also taught the Trane A/C Clinic series many times to young engineers starting out in the industry. Brandt has also been active in ASHRAE at all three levels of organization—Chapter, Regional, and Society—during this same period. He is a charter member and past president of the Anthracite Chapter in Northeast Pennsylvania. He was the Technical, Energy and Government Activities Committee (TEGA) Regional Vice Chair for Region X, the TEGA Vice Chair and Chair in 2002, Region X Director and Regional Chair from 2002–2005, on the Board of Directors from 2002– 2005, and a member of Standards Committee from 2005–2009 as a Standards Project Liaison Subcommittee (SPLS) Liaison. In 2001 he became a member of Professional Development Committee, moving up to Chair in 2013. He is currently a member of the Energy Targets Multidisciplinary Task Group, a Nominating Member for Region X, and Member of the Appeals Board for Standards. Brandt is a 1974 graduate of Penn State with a BS in Electrical Engineering and an active member of the Alumni Association. In retirement, he is an instructor for the successful ASHRAE HVAC Essentials Course, both Levels 1 and 2, that is held both in the United States and internationally. He also teaches a portion of the Association of Energy Engineers (AEE), Arizona Chapter, Certified Energy Manager (CEM) preparation class held on an annual basis.

Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychrometrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Air Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Volumetric Airflow versus Mass Flow Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Chapter 2: Properties of Moist Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Specific Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Using Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Terminology and Symbols for Psychrometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Chapter 3: Introducing the Psychrometric Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Modern Age of Psychrometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Creating the Psychrometric Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Finding Seven Psychrometric Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Climatic Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Psychrometric Chart for Extended Temperature and Altitude . . . . . 17 Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Chapter 4: Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 The Power of the Psychrometric Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Sensible Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Sensible Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Latent Heat Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Latent Heat Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Total Heat Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Cooling and Humidifying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Heating and Humidifying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Dehumidification and Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

viii

Contents Chapter 5: HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart. . . . . . . . . . 35 Schematic of an Air-Conditioning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Mixing Airstreams—Cooling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Mixing Airstreams—Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Sensible Heat Ratio—Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Sensible Heat Ratio—Cooling with Outdoor Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Psychrometric Process—Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Chapter 6: Psychrometrics in HVAC Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Air-Handling Unit: Heart of the Commercial Air-Conditioning System. . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Psychrometrics of a Cooling Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Psychrometrics of Fan Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Psychrometrics of a Heating Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Humidification Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Chapter 7: Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Constant-Volume and Variable-Air-Volume Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with Reheat. . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with Face and Bypass Dampers on the Cooling Coil. . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Constant-Volume System with Terminal Reheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Constant-Volume Multizone and Dual-Duct Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Variable-Air-Volume Systems for Multiple Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Variable-Air-Volume Systems with Heating VAV Boxes. . . . . . . . . . 66 Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Chapter 8: Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics. . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Heat Recovery Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Energy Recovery Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Air-Side Economizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Water-Side Economizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Supply Air Temperature Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Chapter 9: Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations . . . 87 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Cooling Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Indoor Swimming Pools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Cleanrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

ix

Direct Evaporative Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Indirect Evaporative Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Appendix A: Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air . . . . . . . . . . 101 Appendix B: Dimensions, Units, and Unit Conversion Factors . . . . 105 Appendix C: Climatic Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Appendix D: Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation . . 137 Skill Development Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Preface Psychrometrics is a tool HVAC designers use to determine the amount of moisture in the air and to provide solutions to designers for the ultimate comfort of building occupants. It can be used to size airhandling units; optimize energy performance; identify control sensors for building automation; describe the performance of cooling coils, cooling towers, and humidification equipment; and evaluate heat recovery strategies. Yet the use of psychrometrics and the psychrometric chart is different from designer to designer. Some do not use the psychrometric chart, relying instead on simplified formulas or complex computer simulations. Others use the chart only for special situations, such as indoor swimming pool applications. And some use it as their primary system evaluation tool. This course is meant to cover all of these uses of the psychrometric chart, to have something for all these different backgrounds, and to be an introduction for the young designer who has yet to pick an approach. The course addresses the use of psychrometrics and the psychrometric chart for typical applications and systems and includes some theory. This theory not only sets the basics but also gives students an appreciation of the simplification that the psychrometric chart provides. The psychrometric chart gives a visual description of HVAC design, one that could never be appreciated from formulas alone. This second edition of the psychrometrics self-directed learning (SDL) course was rewritten in an attempt to teach the fundamentals of psychrometrics in about half the time as the previous version. The author has used his 42 years of experience in the HVAC industry as the expertise for the format and content.

Acknowledgments I need to acknowledge a few folks who helped me out on this first publishing adventure of my life. My wife JoAnn was the person who put my scribble into a nice Word document. John Duren, Sales Engineer for MPSW in Phoenix, did various equipment selections that are used in the course. Mick Schwedler and John Murphy from Trane Applications Engineering Department in La Crosse, Wisconsin, were there when I need some technical help and review. And I would like to thank ASHRAE staff for their understanding and help to make this a finished publication.

Introduction to Psychrometrics Study Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to K

understand the basic processes of psychrometrics, K understand enthalpy and volumetric airflow, and K understand the basic formulas of HVAC design.

Instructions Read the material in Chapter 1. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill development exercises without referring to the text.

Introduction Psychrometrics is an analysis tool that HVAC engineers use to provide solutions to comfort issues. These issues can be related to human comfort or process comfort depending on the applications. If the air surrounding us were totally dry, our job as HVAC engineers would be very easy and probably boring. But, because all air we work with contains some amount of moisture in the form of water vapor, our jobs get more complex. The four basic processes that an HVAC system can perform on moist air are as follows: • • • •

Cooling—Lowering the air temperature Heating—Raising the air temperature Humidification—Raising the moisture content in the air Dehumidification—Lowering the moisture content in the air

Note that HVAC processes can also be a combination of the above four basic actions. These combinations include the following: •

Heating and humidification—Increasing the temperature and moisture content of the air at the same time

2

Chapter 1 • • •

Introduction to Psychrometrics Heating and dehumidification—Increasing the temperature and decreasing the moisture content of the air at the same time Cooling and humidification—Decreasing the temperature and increasing the moisture content of the air at the same time Cooling and dehumidification—Decreasing the temperature and moisture content of the air at the same time

These combination processes provide an infinite number of potential actions. For example, consider the cooling and dehumidification combination process. We have a solution that drops the temperature 12 degrees and only drops the dew point (defined later) 1 degree Another solution drops the temperature 5 degrees and the dew point 5 degrees. So, there are thousands of solutions with too many temperature and dew-point combinations to list.

Enthalpy We will use the property of the enthalpy of air throughout this course. Enthalpy is the sum of the internal energy or the total heat content of the air. In other words, warm and humid air can have the same heat content as hot and dry air. So the energy required to cool warm/humid air in the Gulf Region of North America might be close to the energy required to cool hot/dry air in the Southwest deserts. Enthalpy h is subdivided into the following: • • •

hda = hs = has =

enthalpy of dry air at 0% relative humidity enthalpy of saturated air or 100% relative humidity enthalpy differences between hda and hs

Air Density Elevation has an effect on psychrometric analyses. As elevation changes, so does the air density. This means the constants used in equations will change and different psychrometric charts (Chapter 3) are required for proper calculation. For this course we will use sea level as atmospheric pressure for all calculations unless otherwise noted.

Volumetric Airflow versus Mass Flow Calculations For easier understanding, we will use volumetric airflow in cubic meters per second (m3/s) rather than mass flow for our calculations throughout this course. Standard air is defined as air at sea level or 101.325 kPa of barometric pressure and 20.8°C tdb. The density of air at sea level is 1.20 kg/m3. The three equations we will use in our calculations are for sensible heat (qs), the total heat required (qt), and latent heat (ql):

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition qs (W) = 1210 × airflow in m3/s × (t1 – t2) in °C

3 (1-1)

where the constant 1210 is derived from the following: 1.20 kg/m3 × 1.006 kJ/(kg·K) × 1000 J/kJ = 1210 J/(m3·K) where 1.006 kJ/(kg·K) is the specific heat of air. qt (kW) = 1.20 kg/m3 × airflow in m3/s × (h1 – h2) in kJ/kg

(1-2)

ql (kW) = 3010 × airflow in m3/s × (w1 – w2) in kg/kg of dry air

(1-3)

where the constant 3010 W is derived from the following: 2500 kJ/kg × 1.2 kg/m3 × 1.006 kJ/(kg·K) = 3010 W where 2500 kJ/kg is the latent heat of water vapor and 1.006 kJ/(kg·K) is the specific heat of air.

4

Chapter 1

Introduction to Psychrometrics

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 1 Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.

1-1

How many basic processes of air conditioning can be performed on moist air? a) Two b) Three c) Four

1-2

Which combination process will increase both the temperature and the moisture content? a) Cooling and dehumidification b) Heating and dehumidification c) Heating and humidification

1-3

Enthalpy is the total heat content of the air. a) True b) False

1-4

Change in elevation has no effect on the air density. a) True b) False

Properties of Moist Air Study Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to K

define some fundamental properties used in psychrometrics and K understand how to use Appendix A.

Instructions Read the material in Chapter 2. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill development exercises without referring to the text.

Introduction This chapter defines the properties that an HVAC engineer uses to do psychrometric analysis. The properties are temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and specific volume.

Temperature The temperatures we are concerned about in HVAC systems are the following: •

•

Dry-bulb temperature: The measure of the surrounding air temperature with a standard thermometer in degrees Celsius (°C) without influence on the thermometer by heat sources or solar heat gain. Wet-bulb temperature: The measure of the moist effect on the evaporation process in the air. Using a standard dry-bulb thermometer, place a cotton sock on the sensing portion. Next, soak the sock in ambienttemperature water and, by rotation, move surrounding air across the sock. The temperature will drop below ambient because of the evaporative or cooling effect on the sensing bulb. It will continue to drop until most of the water is evaporated into the surrounding air. This is the wet-bulb temperature and may also be called wet-bulb depression. Any further drying of the sock will result in the temperature going back up to the ambient dry-bulb temperature.

6

Chapter 2 •

•

Properties of Moist Air Dew-point temperature: The measure of the dry-bulb temperature at the point where water vapor starts to condense to liquid or be removed from the air. This is also referred to as the condensation point, because it is the temperature at which the water turns to liquid from vapor in the airstream. Saturation temperature: The temperature at which the air cannot hold any additional water vapor. At the saturation temperature, the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and dew-point temperatures are identical.

Humidity Humidity is the moisture in the air. We can talk about it in two ways: • •

Humidity ratio: The mass in grams of water vapor per kilogram of dry air (gw /kgda). Relative humidity: The actual amount of moisture in the air at a given drybulb temperature versus the maximum amount of moisture in the air at the same dry-bulb temperature. It is expressed in percentage because it is a partial moisture/maximum moisture ratio. At constant moisture content, as soon as the dry-bulb temperature changes, so does the relative humidity.

Enthalpy The energy content of air is defined as the enthalpy of the air or the total heat content of the air. It is expressed in kilojoules (kJ) per kilogram of dry air (kJ/kgda). Again, warm/humid air can have the same enthalpy as hot/dry air, so it takes the same amount of energy to cool either airstream to a comfortable condition.

Specific Volume Specific volume is the cubic metres per kilogram of dry air (m3/kgda). It is the inverse of air density (kg/m3). Note that specific volume changes as the dry-bulb temperature changes, but not nearly as much as it changes with the effect of higher altitude.

Using Appendix A The table in Appendix A lists thermodynamic properties of moist air at 101.325 kPa. For each dry-bulb temperature in °C, we have values for the following: • • • •

Humidity ratio at saturation Specific volume at dry, saturated, and differential conditions Specific enthalpy at dry, saturated, and differential conditions Specific entropy at dry, saturated, and differential conditions (not used in this text)

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

7

We will use this table as we go through the text.

Terminology and Symbols for Psychrometrics h

=

enthalpy of moist air, kJ/kg of dry air

ha

=

specific enthalpy of dry air, kJ/kg of dry air

hw

=

specific enthalpy of water vapor, kJ/kg of dry air

p

=

total pressure, usually barometric, kPa

pw

=

partial pressure of water vapor, kPa

pa

=

partial pressure of dry air, kPa

q

=

rate at which heat is transferred to a process, W

tdb

=

dry-bulb temperature of moist air, °C

twb

=

wet-bulb temperature of moist air, °C

tdp

=

dew-point temperature of moist air, °C

v

=

specific volume of moist air, m3/kg of dry air

va

=

specific volume of dry air, m3/kg of dry air

vw

=

specific volume of water vapor, m3/kg of dry air

vs, vg =

specific volume of saturated water vapor, m3/kg of dry air

W

=

humidity ratio of moist air, kg (water)/kg (dry air)

Ws

=

humidity ratio of moist air at saturation, kg (water)/kg (dry air)



=

relative humidity the ratio of actual moisture amount to maximum moisture amount, % rh

For dimensions and units used in air-conditioning applications and a table of unit conversion factors for converting between Inch-Pound (I-P) and Systéme International (SI) measurement units, see Appendix B.

8

Chapter 2

Properties of Moist Air

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2 Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.

2-1

Dry-bulb temperature is measured with a wet sock around the sensing bulb. a) True b) False

2-2

Saturation temperature of air is the point at which the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and dew-point temperatures are equal. a) True b) False

2-3

Relative humidity does not change as the dry-bulb temperature changes. a) True b) False

2-4

The dry-bulb temperature can be above the dew-point temperature. a) True b) False

2-5

According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy hs of saturated air at 5°C? a) 15.231863 b) 18.63 c) 5.02 d) None of the above

2-6

According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-5, what is the specific volume v? a) 0.811 b) 0.794 c) 0.006 d) None of the above

2-7

According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy of dry air hda at 50°C? a) 52.33 b) 225.03 c) 50.31 d) None of the above

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 2-8

9

According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-7, what is the specific volume v? a) 0.915 b) 1.24 c) 0.012 d) None of the above

Introducing the Psychrometric Chart Study Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to K K K

describe how the psychrometric chart was developed, understand how to read the psychrometric chart, and use climatic design information from tables published by ASHRAE.

Instructions Read the material in Chapter 3. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill development exercises without referring to the text.

The Modern Age of Psychrometrics In this chapter, you will learn about the psychrometric chart and how to use it in HVAC problems. You will see how to construct and then use the psychrometric chart. The psychrometric chart was developed by Willis Carrier in the early 1900s. It has been refined over time for more accuracy to provide better results. The chart contains seven important psychrometric variables, represented on the chart by the following symbols: tdb twb tdp  h W v

= = = = = = =

dry-bulb temperature wet-bulb temperature dew-point temperature relative humidity enthalpy humidity ratio specific volume

Creating the Psychrometric Chart We will now discuss how to construct the psychrometric chart and plot the seven important properties on the chart. Using Figure 3-1, start with the x-axis (the horizontal line across the bottom) and plot dry-bulb temperatures on a linear scale from low on the right to high on the left.

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Next we go to Appendix A and get the saturated humidity ratio Ws values from 0°C to 50°C. Note the Ws values are in kilograms and need to be multiplied by 1000 to derive grams. Then, put the y-axis (the vertical line on the right side) on a linear scale from low on the bottom to high on the top. We develop the saturation line (the heavy dark curve shown in Figure 3-1) by the intersection of the Ws value and the vertical dry-bulb line. Remember, the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and dew-point temperatures are equal on the saturation line. Lines of constant humidity ratio are all horizontal. Figure 3-2 shows that the dew-point temperature is where the dry-bulb temperature intersects the saturation line. A line of constant dew point goes horizontally on the psychrometric chart. Going to Figure 3-3, we can get the value of the enthalpy at saturation (hs) and again plot that value on the saturation line for that dry-bulb temperature. To find the other end of the enthalpy line, we simply take the hs value and go to Appendix A and look for a very close value in the hda column. Once we find it, that dry-bulb temperature is the intersection point for that enthalpy line with the x-axis. For example, 15°C db has a value of 42.11 kJ/kg, so we plot this value at the 15°C saturation temperature. We go to Appendix A and search for a value of 42.11 kJ/kg in the hda column and find it at 42.1°C db. Those two points 80%

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establish the 42.11 kJ/kgda enthalpy line. Lines of constant enthalpy are sloped and are solid dark. Figure 3-3 also shows that lines of constant wet-bulb temperature are almost parallel to lines of constant enthalpy. Lines of constant wet-bulb temperature are sloped and dotted, as shown in Figure 3-4. Figure 3-4 shows specific volume lines. We plot them by going to Appendix A and, at a given saturation temperature, getting the vs value and inserting it on the saturation line. Then we look at the table for the same value at a higher temperature, and that is the x-axis intersection point for the other end of the specific volume line.

Finding Seven Psychrometric Quantities The psychrometric chart shown in Figure 3-4 is sufficient to provide immediate and complete characteristics of a moist air parcel, even if only a small amount of information is known about that parcel. More specifically, if any two of the seven important psychrometric variables (tdb, tdp, twb, , h, v, W) of a moist air sample are given (for a specific barometric pressure), then all of the remaining ones can be determined immediately from the chart.

Example 3-1 Problem

Given a sample of air where tdb = 21°C and  = 60% rh, determine its dew point.

Solution

Using Figure 3-4, the location point is at the intersection of the conditions stated in the problem. Moving to the left in a straight line indicates that the saturation curve is crossed at a temperature of 13°C. This is the dew-point temperature.

Example 3-2 Problem

What is the enthalpy of the 21°C and 60% rh parcel of air from Example 3-1?

Solution

Again using Figure 3-4, the location point is the same. Following the line of constant enthalpy up the enthalpy scale reveals that the enthalpy of this point is 45 kJ/kgda.

Example 3-3 Problem

Find the wet-bulb temperature for the point in Example 3-1.

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

Figure 3-4

ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1.

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Introducing the Psychrometric Chart

Again using Figure 3-4, follow the constant wet-bulb line to the saturation line, then drop straight down to read a temperature of 16°C, the wet-bulb temperature.

Example 3-4 Problem Solution

Use Figure 3-4 to find the specific volume of tdb = 21°C and  = 60% rh. Finding this point on Figure 3-4 reveals that it is located between the values of 0.84 and 0.85 m3/kg for specific volume. Further inspection of the figure indicates that there are more lines of constant specific volume that are unmarked. It appears that each of these represents an increase of 0.01 m3/kgda. Therefore, it can be determined that the intersection is a specific volume of 0.846 m3/kgda.

Example 3-5 Problem

Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, find the tdb, tdp, twb, , and humidity ratio W of a parcel of air that has a specific volume of 0.88 m3/kgda and an enthalpy of 60 kJ/kgda.

Solution

tdb = 32.3°C, tdp = 15.2°C, twb = 20.9°C,  = 36% rh, W = 10.8 g/kgda Notice that the dew point and relative humidity both needed interpolation. There are many methods of interpolation. Most engineers simply “eyeball” interpolate by doing a visual scaling between the lines of the chart. There is an art to this that is learned by practice, but results in error by less than ±1% can be achieved.

Climatic Design Information Outdoor weather conditions have a lot to do with the air conditioning and heating processes described in this book. Climatic design information for the United States, Canada, and other countries is provided in Appendix C. For our examples, we will use the “2%” column under the “Cooling DB/ MCWB” heading in Appendix C as our design conditions. This means that only 2% of the total hours, in an average year, are above the listed dry-bulb temperature. Note that columns for 0.4% and 1% of the time are also shown. Using a blank psychrometric chart and Appendix C, plot the outdoor design conditions (tdb and mean coincident wet-bulb temperature [0.4%]) for summer in the following cities (label them). You will use these outdoor design points as we go further into this course. • •

Miami, Florida, USA Phoenix, Arizona, USA

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition •

Denver, Colorado, USA

•

Sydney, Australia

•

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

• •

Dubai, UAE London, England

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The plotted points are shown in Figure 3-5.

Psychrometric Chart for Extended Temperature and Altitude The psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4 is for sea level and normal temperatures (0°C db to 50°C db). It is available from ASHRAE as Psychrometric Chart No. 1. Psychrometric charts are available at 750, 1500, and 2250 m elevations (Charts No. 4 and No. 5), at low temperatures of –40°C to 10°C (sea level, Chart No. 2), and at high temperatures of 10°C to 120°C (sea level, Chart No. 3).

Figure 3-5

Climatic design information plotted on the psychrometric chart (detail).

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If you do work at these elevations and temperature ranges, please use the appropriate charts. Also, do not forget to correct the sensible heat formula, enthalpy formula, and humidity ratio formula constants for air density changes using the equations included at the end of Chapter 1.

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

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Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 3 Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.

3-1

On a psychrometric chart, the y-axis is humidity ratio and the x-axis is: a) Relative humidity b) Dew-point temperature c) Dry-bulb temperature d) Wet-bulb temperature

3-2

Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the relative humidity of an air parcel with W = 6.4 and tdb = 15°C. a) 60% rh b) 70% rh c) 80% rh d) 90% rh

3-3

Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the dew-point temperature of an air parcel with tdb = 21°C and  = 50% rh. a) 10°C b) 12°C c) 15°C d) 19°C

3-4

Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the humidity ratio W of an air parcel with a saturation temperature of tdb = 10°C. a) 6.5 b) 7.6 c) 30% d) 10°C

3-5

Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the specific volume v of an air parcel with tdb = 21°C and W = 10. a) 0.82 b) 0.846 c) 0.86 d) none of the above

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3-6

According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the enthalpy of tdb = 25°C dry air? a) 22 b) 35 c) 76 d) 25

3-7

According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb temperature of a moist air parcel with tdb = 21°C and  = 50% rh air? a) 21°C b) 14°C c) 10°C d) 13°C

3-8

According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the dew point of tdb = 10°C saturated air? a) 10°C b) 4°C c) 0°C d) –5°C

3-9

According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb temperature of tdb = 21°C dry air? a) 0°C b) –4°C c) 4°C d) 6.5°C

3-10

Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, plot the points tdb = 21°C, h = 24, and tdb = 21°C, twb = 14°C, then connect the points with a line. Upon investigation of the line, which of the following is the best description? a) The line is almost vertical. b) The line has a slope of about 45° (angle). c) The line almost horizontal.

Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart Study Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to K

understand the air-conditioning processes shown on the psychrometric chart and K understand the use of the HVAC equations provided.

Instructions Read the material in Chapter 4. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill development exercises without referring to the text.

The Power of the Psychrometric Chart This chapter applies the processes discussed in Chapter 2 and the properties of moist air discussed in Chapter 3 to the psychrometric chart. But before we start, we must first define two processes, sensible heat transfer and latent heat transfer. Sensible heat transfer (qs) is changing only the dry-bulb temperature of the air and can be sensible cooling (lowering the temperature) or sensible heating (raising the temperature). On the psychrometric chart, it is pure horizontal movement, right to left or left to right only. We can use the following equation for sensible heat change at sea level: qs (W) = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) in °C

(4-1)

where airflow in cubic metres per second, t1 is the initial temperature, and t2 is the final temperature. Latent heat transfer (ql ) is changing only the moisture content of the air or changing only the humidity ratio of the air. It is vertical-only movement on the psychrometric chart, top to bottom or bottom to top only. We can use the following equation for latent heat change at sea level: ql (W) = 3010 × airflow × (W1 – W2) in g/kg of dry air

(4-2)

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where airflow in cubic metres per second, W1 is the initial humidity ratio, and W2 is the final humidity ratio.

Sensible Cooling We will first show the air conditioning process of sensible cooling. It is a horizontal process on the psychrometric chart, moving from the right to left. For example, our entering temperature (T) is at 38°C db, = 10% rh, and we cool the air to 16°C db as shown in Figure 4-1. The leaving t2 is at 16°C db and  = 37% rh. Note the humidity ratio of W = 4.1 did not change. If we apply our example airflow of 2.35 m3/s to the problem, then qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) = 1210 × 2.35 m3/s × (38°C – 16°C) = 1210 × 2.35 × (22) = 62 550 W cooling

Sensible Heating Next we will review the air-conditioning process of sensible heating. It is also a horizontal process on the psychrometric chart, but from left to right. In this example, our entering temperature (T) is 21°C db,  = 51% rh, and we heat the air to 43°C db as shown in Figure 4-2. The leaving t2 is 43°C db and  = 14% rh. Note the humidity ratio of W = 7.9 did not change.

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If we apply our example airflow of 2.35 m3/s to our sensible heat equation, then qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) = 1210 × 2.35 m3/s × (21°C – 43°C) = 1210 × 2.35 × (22) = 62 550 W heating

Latent Heat Addition The addition of latent heat, or the addition of moisture content to air, is the next area of focus. It is a vertical movement, from bottom to top of the psychrometric chart. For example, the entering conditions of tdb = 27°C and  = 18% rh have a W = 4.5 humidity ratio. The leaving conditions of tdb = 27°C and  = 55% rh have a humidity ratio of W = 13, and the dry-bulb temperature did not change, as shown in Figure 4-3. The latent heat required with our example of 2.35 m3/s can be calculated as follows: ql = 3010 × airflow × (W1 – W2) = 3010 × 2.35 m3/s × (4.5 – 13) = 3010 × 2.35 × (8.5) = 60 120 W

Latent Heat Removal The removal of latent heat, or the lowering of moisture content to air, is the process shown in Figure 4-4. The entering conditions of tdb = 24°C and  =

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70% rh have a W = 13 humidity ratio. We remove moisture to the leaving conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 17% rh, which have a humidity ratio of W = 3.5. The latent heat removed with our example of 2.35 m3/s is as follows: ql = 3010 × airflow × (W1 – W2) = 3010 × 2.35 m3/s × (13 – 3.5) = 3010 × 2.35 × (9.5) = 67 200 W It should be noted at this time that the processes shown in both Figures 4-3 and 4-4 are nearly impossible to do in the real world of HVAC as stand-alone processes. When we humidify the air, we generally have to add heat to the air, even if not desired (steam humidifier). When we dehumidify the air, we need to cool the air dry-bulb temperature below the entering dew-point temperature to start the moisture removal process, so we end up with cooled and dehumidified air.

Total Heat Content We will now discuss the four air-conditioning processes that are combinations of two simple processes. For these combination processes, we use the enthalpy equation to get the total heat required (qt) at sea level: qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) in kJ/kg of dry air

(4-3)

where airflow in cubic metres per second, h1 is the initial enthalpy, and h2 is the final enthalpy. Let us start with the cooling and dehumidifying process, because it is the most common in the HVAC industry. Movement on the psychrometric chart is to the left (sensible) and down (latent) from the initial condition. See Figure 4-5 for the actual movement of the air. Also, note that a gradual slope indicates a more sensible than latent load, but a steeper slope shows a more latent than sensible load. The following example will explain this combination process. The entering conditions to our cooling coil are 27°C db and 18°C wb, with h1 = 50.7. The air is cooled and dehumidified all the way down to 12°C db and 11.5°C wb with h2 = 33. We can find the total heat required by using our new equation with our example of 2.35 m3/s: qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) = 1.2 × 2.35 m3/s × (50.7 – 33) = 1.2 × 2.35 × (17.7) = 49.91 kW or 49 910 W We can get the same answer by using the individual sensible and latent heat equations: qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) = 1210 × 2.35 m3/s × (27°C – 12°C) = 1210 × 2.35 × (15) = 42 650 W

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and ql = 3010 × airflow × (W1 – W2) = 3010 × 2.35 m3/s × (9.3 – 8.3) = 3010 × 2.35 × (1) = 7075 W qs + ql = qt = 42 650 + 7075 = 49 725 W Almost the same answer, but done in one less step by using the combination equation. Because we are “eyeballing” the values on our psychrometric chart, it is not uncommon that these two answers are not exact and can be off by a few percent. See Figure 4-6 for the breakdown of the sensible and latent components.

Cooling and Humidifying Cooling and humidifying is most easily explained with the process of evaporative cooling. Because evaporative cooling is a constant wet-bulb or adiabatic cooling process, the total heat or enthalpy equation does not work. The cooling of the air at dry-bulb temperature is done by the fact that the water in the liquid form is evaporated to water vapor. See Figure 4-7 for an example,

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and note that the movement on the psychrometric chart is to the left (sensible) and upward (latent) to complete the process. Our inlet conditions to the evaporative cooler are 38°C db and  =10% rh, resulting in a 17.5°C wb. We move upward and left on the 17.5°C wet-bulb line the distance our evaporative media will provide. Our outlet conditions will be 18.5°C db, 17.5°C wb, and  =85% rh. Note that we have dropped the dry-bulb temperature from 38°C to 18.5°C by using only water. At our 2.35 m3/s example, we are able to obtain a sensible cooling of qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) = 1210 × 2.35 m3/s × (38°C – 18.5°C) = 1210 × 2.35 × (19.5) = 55 450 W So, how much water do we use in the evaporative process? We can use a new equation to calculate the water usage in grams of water per hour: gw /h = airflow × 1/v × (W1 – W2) × 3600 = 2.35 m3/s × 1/0.84 m3/kgda × (4.5 – 12.5) gw /kgda × 3600 s/h = 2.35 × 1/0.84 × (8) × 3600 = 80 570 g of water/h or 80.57 kg/h Evaporative cooling should always be an option if you are doing a project in the hot/dry climates of the world.

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Heating and Humidifying Heating and humidifying is a combination process that is frequently seen in the HVAC industry when it is desirable to attempt to maintain a space at or above a minimum relative humidity setpoint. The movement on the psychrometric chart is to the right and towards the top, as shown in Figure 4-8. In our example, we have an airstream at 18°C db and  = 20% rh, with 2.35 m at sea level. We want to maintain a room at 24°C db and  = 50% rh. We can use our equation from the evaporative cooling example to solve for the pounds of water per hour needed to increase the relative humidity of this airstream. 3/s

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18°C db,  = 20% rh, h = 25 kJ/kgda 24°C db,  = 50% rh, h = 48 kJ/kgda qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) = 1.2 × 2.35 m3/s × (25 – 48) = 1.2 × 2.35 × (23) = 64.86 kW or 64 860 W Another way to get this answer is to break the problem into the sensible portion and the latent portion. The sensible portion is easy, 18°C db to 24°C db, or: qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) = 1210 × 2.35 m3/s × (18°C – 24°C) = 17 060 W For the latent portion, we need to go to Appendix D and look at the thermodynamic properties of water at saturation, or steam, tables. In the left-hand column, find 18°C temperature and follow that to the right until you get to the column labeled “Evap. hg” under the “Specific Enthalpy” heading and get 2533 kJ/kgw. The steam will reach equilibrium at 18°C db soon after injection into the airstream. Because we know the grams of water per hour of the humidifier, the latent portion is

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Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart ql = 69,670 gw /h × 2533 kJ/kgw = 69.67 kg/h × 2533 kJ/kg = 176 470 kJ/h 176,470 kJ/h × 0.275 W/kJ = 48 530 W Now we add the sensible and latent portions together: qs + ql = qt = 17 060 + 48 530 = 65 590 W

which is close to 64 860 W. Remember, we are eyeballing all these values from the psychrometric chart, so the actual values may be off ±1 or 2%.

Dehumidification and Heating The last combination process is dehumidification and heating, or dehumidification by desiccant moisture absorption. The desiccant material (contained in a wheel) is either rotated through the airstream or sprayed into the airstream and collected in a pan at the bottom. The other portion of the desiccant cycle is the regeneration process that heats up the desiccant to drive off the moisture to the atmosphere and start the cycle over again. The process is shown in Figure 4-9 and has movement to the right and the bottom of the psychrometric chart. For our example, we have our inlet conditions of 27°C db and  = 27% rh, which gives a dew-point temperature of 6°C and which a mechanical vapor compression refrigeration can easily reach. However, our leaving conditions require a dew-point temperature of –3°C, less than freezing (0°C), so mechanical cooling will not work. Our leaving conditions with desiccant dehumidification are 35°C db and  = 8% rh, for a dew-point temperature of –3°C. Note that these conditions are something you may not see in normal human comfort cooling, but they may be used in an industrial process or candy manufacturing facility. You will also have to contact a manufacturer for an exact selection and the regeneration method they use.

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Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 4 Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.

4-1

Moist air that is heated without humidification has the following change in relative humidity: a) Increase b) Decrease c) Stays the same d) Depends on the type of humidifier

4-2

What is the equation that converts enthalpy changes into capacity (kW)? a) 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) b) 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) c) 3300 × airflow × (W1 – W2) d) None of the above

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Which of the following is true concerning humidification by steam versus by (cold water) atomization? a) Atomization always maintains a constant relative humidity. b) Steam humidification adds no net energy to the airstream. c) Heat to make steam in the steam humidifier comes from the air entering the humidifier. d) Heat to evaporate water in the atomizer comes from the air entering the humidifier.

4-4

A heating coil can provide for both heating and humidification. a) True b) False

4-5

A cooling coil can provide for both cooling and dehumidification. a) True b) False

4-6

What is the change in enthalpy when dry air is heated from 10°C to 23°C? a) 10 b) 13 c) 16 d) 18

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4-7

What is the enthalpy change when saturated air at 10°C is conditioned to be saturated air at 23°C? a) 39 b) 35 c) 13 d) 45

4-8

One day in Phoenix, Arizona, the temperature reaches 40.5°C with 20% rh. Water is sprayed into the air to cool it. What will the temperature of the air be when the relative humidity increases to 50% rh? a) 30°C b) 35°C c) 40°C d) 22°C

4-9

If the air entering a heating coil is dry and 21°C db and the leaving air is 43°C, how many watts of cooling are supplied by the coil at 2.35 m3/s if the fan is located at the coil inlet? a) 58 000 W b) 65 000 W c) 61 000 W d) 62 550 W

4-10

Air enters a cooling coil at 38°C and 40% rh and leaves saturated at a temperature of 7°C. What is the total watts of cooling required if a 2.35 m3/s fan is located at the inlet of the cooling coil? a) 190 200 W b) 174 840 W c) 160 000 W d) 158 960 W

HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart Study Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to K

apply HVAC systems to the psychrometric chart, K define and use sensible heat ratio for cooling, and K show the heating and humidification process on the psychrometric chart.

Instructions Read the material in Chapter 5. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill development exercises without referring to the text.

Schematic of an Air-Conditioning System To understand what an air-conditioning system is or what components it has, it is best to look first at the room, or space, that it is to serve. This space is to be occupied and maintained at some psychrometric condition (tdb and ). This state is called the room design condition. This condition of temperature and humidity is being constantly defeated by heat flowing through the building envelope, coming in or going out. Furthermore, it is being changed by the activities happening inside. Occupants are providing heat and moisture to the space. There are machines and lights that transfer heat to the space as a byproduct of their operation. There may be things that are cooling the room, and there are things that are adding humidity to the room. These tend to change the interior room conditions. It is the purpose of the air-conditioning system to offset these changes by conditioning the room air to maintain the room at the desired condition. To do this, some air is taken out of the room, conditioned, and returned back to the space. This is done as depicted in the layout of a typical air-conditioning system shown in Figure 5-1.

Mixing Airstreams—Cooling Systems The mixing of two airstreams is common in HVAC systems to ensure the proper ventilation amount in the occupied space. This involves mixing an

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Figure 5-1

HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart

Schematic of a general air-conditioning system.

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amount (fixed or variable) of outdoor air with a different amount of return or room air to meet the ventilation code in your local area. First, we will look at summer design conditions for a cooling application. Assume our room design is tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh, with an air outdoor design temperature of tdb = 35°C and twb = 18°C. See the psychrometric chart in Figure 5-2 for the plotted conditions.

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Next, we draw a straight line between these two plotted points on the psychrometric chart. Our mixed condition will always be on this straight line. We can locate the exact location by using the following formula: tma = [airflowoa (toa) + airflowra (tra)]/airflowsa where tma airflowoa toa airflowra tra airflowsa

= = = = = =

(5-1)

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Assume our HVAC system has a supply air volume (m3/ssa) of 11 m3/s and a ventilation or outdoor air volume (m3/soa) of 2.2 m3/s. This means the return or room air volume (m3/sra) is the difference between the supply air volume and the return air volume, or m3/ssa = m3/soa + m3/sra

(5-2)

In our example, then, 11 m3/ssa = 2.2 m3/soa + 8.8 m3/sra Then, our mixed-air dry bulb temperature is tma = [2.2 m3/soa (35°C) + 8.8 m3/sra (24°C)]/11 m3/ssa = [77 + 211.2]/11 = 26.2°C tdb Now go back to the psychrometric chart in Figure 5-2 and plot the mixedair condition on this straight line at the intersection with the 26.2°C dry-bulb line marked MA. So our mixed-air conditions for these two airstreams are tdb = 26.2°C and twb = 18°C. This is an important item to know because the cooling coil will be sized using this condition as the entering air to this heat exchanger.

Mixing Airstreams—Heating Systems Now we will look at the same example in the winter heating mode. Assume a room design of tdb = 21°C and  = 40% rh with air outdoor design temperature of tdb = 0°C and  = 50% rh. See Figure 5-2 for the plotted conditions. We will again plot both points on our psychrometric chart, as shown in Figure 5-3, and connect these points with a new straight line. Using the same formula from the Mixing Airstreams—Cooling Systems section with different temperatures and the same volume, we get:

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HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart tma = [m3/soa (toa) + m3/sra (tra)]/m3/ssa = [2.2 m3/s (0°C) + 8.8 m3/s (21°C)]/11 m3/s = [0.22 + 184.8]/11 = 16.8°C

Go back to the psychrometric chart in Figure 5-3 and plot this heating mixed-air condition on the straight line at the intersection with the 16.8°C drybulb temperature line. This results in a mixing of these two airstreams at tdb = 16.8°C and twb = 10.5°C. This will be the entering air condition for the heating coil used in our system. One special note on heating mixed airstreams is that we need only the drybulb temperature to select our heating coil or heat exchanger. The wet-bulb temperature becomes important only if humidification is needed in the HVAC system serving this area.

Sensible Heat Ratio—Cooling Sensible heat ratio (SHR) is a very important concept in HVAC psychrometric analysis. With the proper use of SHR, we will ensure that both the room dry-bulb temperature and room relative humidity are met in our design. It will ensure our room supply air dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity are cold and dry enough to achieve the room design conditions. Failure to do a proper SHR analysis could result in not meeting one or both of the room design parameters. Here’s an example to explain the concept.

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For our example, we will use a space with a sensible heat gain of 80 000 W and a latent heat gain of 20 000 W, for a total load of 100 000 W. Our room SHR is 80 000 SHR = ------------------- = 0.8 100 000 We plot the room conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh on a psychrometric chart as shown in Figure 5-4. Then we draw a line from the center score mark to the value of 0.8 on the left side of the half circle. This is now our SHR slope line. Next we transfer it from the upper left corner to the room conditions on the chart. Please make sure the slope of this line is exactly the same as you plotted it. Note that any air condition along the SHR line will meet our room design conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh. These air conditions are the leaving air temperature off the cooling coil in the air handler. The only thing that changes on these varying leaving air temperatures is the volume. To solve the problem, we go to the sensible heat equation discussed in Chapter 4: qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) We plot the intersection of the SHR line and a condition around 90% rh to the left of the room condition in Figure 5-4. We have selected a leaving air temperature of tdb = 12°C and  = 87% rh as the desired cooling coil leaving air temperature. It is best practice to contact a cooling coil manufacturer (or run

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their cooling coil selection software) and confirm that they can provide a coil that would perform to these conditions with a volume of qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) 80 000 = 1210 × airflow × (24°C – 12°C) 80 000 - = 5.5 m3/s airflow = ----------------------1210  12 So, our cooling coil needs to provide a leaving air temperature of tdb = 12°C and  = 87% rh at our entering air temperature of tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh, with 5.5 m3/s of airflow through the coil. We could also have picked a leaving air temperature of tdb = 15°C and  = 76% rh, resulting in an volume of qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) 80 000 = 1210 × airflow × (24°C – 15°C) 80 000 – airflow = ------------------------ = 7.3 m3/s 1210  15 We may or may not have been able to find a cooling coil to perform this duty, because the leaving relative humidity is not close to 90%. Coils that dehumidify typically have a leaving relative humidity close to 90%. By providing this supply air quantity (airflow), supply air dry-bulb temperature, and relative humidity, we will ensure that our room design conditions are satisfied.

Sensible Heat Ratio—Cooling with Outdoor Air This section covers the psychrometric process that is added to the SHR process to account for the outdoor air (ventilation air) in our HVAC system. We will use the same outdoor air design conditions of tdb = 35°C and twb = 24°C and 20% outdoor air from our example of the Mixing Airstreams—Cooling Systems section. We plot all the conditions on our psychrometric chart as shown in Figure 5-5. The mixed-air conditions are tdb = 26.2°C and twb = 18°C from our calculation of supply air as 5.5 m3/s with the values from the previous example of outdoor air as 1.1 m3/s and return air as 4.4 m3/s. tma = [airflowoa (toa) + airflowra (tra)]/airflowsa = [1.1 m3/s (35°C) + 4.4 m3/s (24°C)]/5.5 m3/s = [38.5 + 105.6]/5.5 m3/s = [144.1]/5.5 m3/s = 26.2°C tdb Again, go to the tdb = 26.2°C scale on the psychrometric chart and go up until you intersect the mixed-air line. That is our entering air condition to the cooling coil, tdb = 26.2°C and twb = 18°C. We still need to cool the air down to

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twb = 12°C and  = 87% rh to meet our room conditions. To calculate the total cooling coil load, use the follow total heat equation: qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) = 1.2 × 5.5 m3/s × (53 kJ/kg – 32 kJ/kg) = 138.6 kW or 138 600 W Note the increased cooling requirement due to the addition of outdoor air into the HVAC system. The room total load was 100,000 W and the outdoor air is an additional 38 600 W total. We can also calculate the room-only coil load with the same total heat equation: qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) = 1.2 × 5.5 m3/s × (47 kJ/kg – 32 kJ/kg) = 1.2 × 5.5 m3/s × (15 kJ/kg) = 99 kW or 99 000 W Notice that this is not exactly the same as the 100 000 W total heat gain, but it is very close and within acceptable tolerance for HVAC calculations.

Psychrometric Process—Heating This section uses the same HVAC system we’ve been discussing to show how to handle the heating requirements of our space. The air handler has the same 5.5 m3/s. Assume our space has a heat loss of 90 000 W and all this load is sensible load. Our sensible heat is as follows:

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The heating process shown on the psychrometric chart.

qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) = 1210 × 5.5 m3/s × (t1 – t2) = 90 000 W The heating room design tdb = 21°C and  = 40% rh. So, our t1 = 21°C and qs = 90 000 W 90 000 = 1210 × 5.5 m3/s × (21 – t2) 90 000 = 6655 × (21 – t2) 90 000 ----------------- =  21 – t 2  6655 13.5°C = (21 – t2) t2 = 34.5°C db So, if we supply 34.5°C warm air to our space on the coldest winter day, we will keep the space at tdb = 21°C. See Figure 5-6 for how to show the heating process on a psychrometric chart. Now we add the need for humidification in the winter to our space. Assume, for example, that we need to add 15 000 W of latent heating in the form of moisture or water vapor. Our outdoor design is tdb = 0°C and  = 50% rh. We add 20% outdoor air into our HVAC system and our new entering air conditions are tdb = 16.8°C and  = 44% rh. The new total heating required is qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) = 1.2 × 5.5 m3/s × (52 kJ/kg – 29 kJ/kg)

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= 1.2 × 5.5 m3/s × (23 kJ/kg) = 151.8 kW or 151 800 W An interesting part of this analysis is that the leaving air temperature from the heating coil has been increased to approximately tdb = 35.3°C to account for the temperature drop the humidified air will cause, as shown in Figure 5-7. The amount of water vapor that must be added to the airstream is calculated based on an entering air of tdb = 16.8°C and  = 44% rh with a humidity ratio of W1 = 6.5 gw /kgda and leaving conditions of tdb = 34.5°C and  = 20% rh with a humidity ratio of W2 = 7.5 gw /kgda. Use the following formula: g/h = airflow × 1/Sv × (W1 – W2) × 3600 s/h = 5.5 m3/s × 1/0.88 m3/kg × (6.5 g/kg – 7.5 g/kg) × 3600 s/h = 22 500 g/h of water We will discuss humidification more in the next chapter as we differentiate between steam and water spray humidification.

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Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 5 Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.

5-1

The definition of sensible heat ratio (SHR) is the: a) Ratio of sensible to latent load b) Ratio of latent to sensible load c) Ratio of total load to sensible load d) Ratio of sensible load to total load

5-2

If the sensible load on a building is equal to the latent load, the value of SHR is: a) 2 b) 1 c) 0.5 d) –2

5-3

The psychrometric condition for supply air that will satisfy the requirements of a room depends on: a) The amount of outdoor air needed b) The desired room condition c) Room SHR d) All of the above e) Answers b and c only

5-4

Why is it possible to satisfy a room with a variety of “assumptions” about the temperature change across a coil (heating or cooling)? a) Because there is a corresponding airflow with every t. b) Because the heat/cool load calculation is never accurate. c) Because the comfort zone is large. d) Because there is a wide variety of methods for heating and cooling.

5-5

Which condition below is not possible to show on a psychrometric chart? a) tdb = 24°C, h = 54 kJ/kg b) tdb = 32°C, twb = 25°C c) twb = 25°C, h = 84 d) tdb = 24°C,  = 50%

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5-6

In a system, 1 m3/s of air at 15³C and 30% rh is mixed with 4 m3/s air at 27°C and 80% rh. Find the mixed-air temperature using the mixing equation. a) 18°C b) 17.5°C c) 16°C d) 25°C

5-7

In Exercise 5-6, what is the mixed-air relative humidity? a) 51% rh b) 40% rh c) 60% rh d) None of these

5-8

In a system, 1 m3/s of air at 4°C and 90% rh is adiabatically mixed with moist air at 26°C but unknown relative humidity. The final mixture is at 22°C and 50% rh. What is the relative humidity and airflow rate of the second airstream? a) 42% rh, 5 m3/s b) 42% rh, 3 m3/s c) 60% rh, 5 m3/s d) 35% rh, 6 m3/s

5-9

If the sensible load is 600 000 W and the latent load is 300 000 W, what is the SHR? a) 2.0 b) 1.0 c) 0.66 d) 0.76

5-10

If the room design is tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh and we mix in 25% outdoor air at tdb = 48°C and  = 10% rh, what is the mixed-air dry-bulb temperature? a) 45°C b) 42°C c) 30°C d) Not possible

5-11

From Exercise 5-10, what is the mixed-air relative humidity? a) 33% rh b) 15% rh c) 21% rh d) 28% rh

Psychrometrics in HVAC Equipment Study Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to K

show the components of an air-handling unit and their psychrometric processes and K explain two types of humidification.

Instructions Read the material in Chapter 6. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill development exercises without referring to the text.

The Air-Handling Unit: Heart of the Commercial Air-Conditioning System In Chapter 5, psychrometrics was used to determine the technical characteristics of the air-conditioning system required to perform a specific function. Psychrometrics was used to convert this information into the necessary volume and supply air conditions for both heating and cooling. These conditions not only determined the capacity of the unit in watts but also specified the amount of dehumidification and humidification by determining the entering and leaving dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures for both the heating and cooling coils. A manufacturer will usually package all (or most) of the components of an HVAC system into one large enclosure called an air-handling unit (AHU). AHUs (Figure 6-1) are almost custom-made for every design because the components are selected from an extensive list of available sizes and capabilities to match the specific application. So that the AHU manufacturer can deliver the proper unit for the application, the design engineer must provide all of the necessary information.

Psychrometrics of a Cooling Coil Let’s start this discussion on what actually happens in a dehumidifying cooling coil as the air goes through it. The entering side of the coil is warmer than the leaving side of the coil. Therefore, the first few rows of the cooling

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Figure 6-1

Psychrometrics in HVAC Equipment

Flow path through a simple AHU.

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coil are doing sensible cooling only, as can be seen in Figure 6-2, the cooling coil line. Note, it is horizontal and moving to the left side of the psychrometric chart. As the air moves further into the coil, the dehumidification process is starting as the cooling coil starts curving downward and to the left. The maximum dehumidification occurs just before the air exits the coil and generally leaves the coil around  = 90% rh. Again, refer to Figure 6-2 to see the final curve showing the completed dehumidification and cooling process.

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Assume a fan has an airflow of 2.0 m3/s, entering conditions of tdb = 28°C and twb = 20°C (with outdoor air mixed), and desired leaving conditions of tdb = 11°C and approximately  = 90% rh. Now we can calculate the total cooling capacity of the cooing coil with the total heat equation discussed in Chapter 4: qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) = 1.2 × 2.0 m3/s × (58 – 32 kJ/kg) = 1.2 × 2.0 m3/s × (26 kJ/kg) = 62.4 kW or 62 400 W We can now plot the cooling coil performance on the psychrometric chart as shown in Figure 6-2. We can see the total heat is broken down into a sensible component and a latent component, as also shown in Figure 6-2. Again, the HVAC engineer must provide the above information to the manufacturer of the cooling coils so they can provide an actual selection of either a chilled-water coil or a direct expansion (DX) refrigerant coil. Their output would include the size, height, width, number of coil rows, pressure drop (air pressure and water pressure, if a chilled-water coil), chilled-water temperature rise (you must supply the entering chilled-water temperature), and the actual leaving air conditions.

Psychrometrics of Fan Heat As a fan moves air through an HVAC system, the fan input energy is converted to heat as a result of the heat of compression. All the fan input energy ends up as heat as the fan increases the air pressure to provide air motion. Say, for example, a fan requires 7.46 kW to move 4.72 m3/s against of 750 Pa total pressure. 7.46 kW × 1000 = 7460 W Because the fan is moving 4.72 m3/s, we can use the sensible heat equation discussed in Chapter 4 to calculate the actual temperatures: qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) 7460 W = 1210 × 4.72 m3/s × (t1 – t2) (t1 – t2) = 1.3°C temperature rise So, we have the addition of 1.3°C fan heat to account for in our psychrometric analysis. Fan heat is the addition of sensible heat, horizontal moving to the right on the psychrometric chart, either before the cooling coil (blow-through fan) or after the cooling coil (draw-through fan). Be careful with draw-through fans, because with these fans the fan leaving air temperature is higher than the cooling coil leaving air temperature. It is an additional load that must be accounted for in cooling heat gain calculations.

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ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment (2012) gives a general estimate of fan heat as approximately 0.8°C per 750 Pa of total fan pressure. In this example we calculated a little over 1°C, while this general estimate would have given us 0.8°C. Therefore, it is better to perform the calculations.

Psychrometrics of a Heating Coil The process of heating air is a sensible-heating-only psychrometric problem, which means that the point moves from left to right horizontally across the psychrometric chart. This example again uses 2.0 m3/s airflow and the entering conditions to the hot water coil of tdb = 15°C and approximately  = 30% rh (with outdoor air mixed) and a leaving condition of tdb = 34°C. See Figure 6-3 for the process of heating and use the following equation: qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) = 1210 × 2.0 m3/s × (15°C – 34°C) = 1210 × 2.0 × (19°C) = 45 980 W Even if you forget that the process is sensible heating only, using the total heat equation discussed in Chapter 4 will give you almost the same result as shown below: qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) = 1.2 × 2.0 m3/s × (43 – 24 kJ/kg) = 1.2 × 2.0 m3/s × (19 kJ/kg) = 45.6 kW or 45 600 W

Humidification Equipment Humidification equipment can be divided into two groups: 1) isothermal or constant temperature and 2) adiabatic or moisture evaporating (see Figure 6-4). Isothermal humidification generally involves steam humidifiers, with many ways of steam generation, and addition of moisture to an airstream at a constant temperature. Adiabatic humidification is moisture evaporating and involves sprayed, atomized, media, or ultrasonic humidifiers. These humidifiers lower the air temperature as they add moisture to the airstream and are the same as evaporative coolers. In all methods of humidification, the following formula can be used to calculate the amount of water that must be added to the airstream in pounds of water per hour: 1 g/h = airflow in m3/s × ---- × (w1 –w2) × 3600 s/h va

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Isothermal humidification is shown in Figure 6-5 and has entering air conditions of tdb = 32°C and  = 20% rh and leaving air conditions of tdb = 32°C and  = 40% rh. The humidity ratio increases from 7 to 13. Note that the drybulb temperature stays the same even though we have added moisture to the airstream. Adiabatic humidification is shown in Figure 6-6 and has entering air conditions of tdb = 32°C and  = 20% rh and leaving air conditions of tdb = 28°C and  = 36% rh. The humidity ratio is increased from 7 to 8.5. Note that the drybulb temperature decreases in the process of adding moisture to the air. Be careful to not humidify the airstream at greater than  = 90% rh. The dew-point temperature of the interior surface of the ductwork is very important, and failure to observe this rule will result in condensation in the ductwork that will eventually leak out and cause a problem in the building. Please work closely with a humidifier supplier to make sure you are following all the application rules of that product and system.

Reference ASHRAE. 2013. Chapter 1. In ASHRAE handbook—Fundamentals. Atlanta: ASHRAE.

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Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 6 Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.

6-1

Which type of humidification requires the change to not exceed the temperature rise capacity of a heating coil? a) Water spray b) Steam c) Both the same d) Neither has an impact

6-2

From the discussion of the psychrometrics of cooling coils, which “rule of thumb” will best select the cooling coil conditions? a) Temperature drop across a cooling coil should be about 10°C. b) Relative humidity off the coil should be 90%. c) Volume of air across a cooling coil should be kept to a minimum. d) Coil temperatures should be selected to be as low as possible.

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Which of the following statements best describe why cooling coils cannot accommodate large latent loads with small sensible loads? a) Cooling coils rust if too much condensate forms. b) Cooling coils will freeze up if the coil temperature gets too low. c) Cooling coils tend to dehumidify first, then drop the air temperature. d) Condensation requires a drop in air temperature to the dew point.

6-4

Consider a room heating load with a 200 000 W sensible loss and 40 000 W latent loss, with room design conditions of tdb = 22°C and approximately  = 40% rh. The air handler has an adiabatic humidifier downstream from a heating coil without any outdoor air. If the leaving air temperature is tdb = 38°C after the humidifier, what is the airflow required to satisfy the load? a) 12 b) 10.3 c) 8 d) None of these

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6-5

What is the leaving air temperature tdb from the heating coil for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-4? a) 37°C b) 40°C c) 38°C d) None of these

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What is the leaving relative humidity  from the heating coil for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-4? a) 15% rh b) 12% rh c) 20% rh d) 24% rh

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What is the leaving relative humidity  from the adiabatic humidifier for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-4? a) 15% rh b) 25% rh c) 19% rh d) 28% rh

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Using the air handler in Exercise 6-4 and 10.3 m3/s, adding a cooling coil to satisfy a room sensible heat gain of 146 kW and a room latent heat gain of 15 000 W, and room conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 40% rh and without outdoor air, what is the required leaving air temperature tdb and  from the cooling coil? a) 12°C tdb ,  = 90% rh b) 13°C tdb ,  = 80% rh c) 12°C tdb ,  = 75% rh

6-9

What is the room sensible heat ratio for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-8? a) 0.89 b) 0.95 c) 0.91 d) 1.0

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Would you attempt to add humidity to the leaving airstream for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-8 in the cooling mode with an adiabatic humidifier? a) Yes b) No c) Not sure

Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems Study Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to K

understand the most commonly used HVAC systems, K understand the psychrometric analysis of these HVAC systems, and K explain why we use zoned systems for HVAC.

Instructions Read the material in Chapter 7. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill development exercises without referring to the text.

Constant-Volume and Variable-Air-Volume Systems This chapter covers the major types of HVAC air systems. They can be divided into two major types: 1) constant-volume, variable air temperature and 2) variable-air-volume, constant air temperature. Constant-volume systems deliver the same volume, or airflow, at all load conditions and change the supply air dry-bulb temperature as the load changes. The load changes as the time of day changes, as the time of year changes, as the occupancy changes, as the internal loads change, and as the solar load changes. The room thermostat senses these changes in load and adjusts the supply air temperature accordingly to maintain the room at a constant temperature. In a chilled-water cooling, constant-volume air handler, the chilled-water coil has a control valve, controlled by the room thermostat to vary the supply air temperature. This type of system can provide acceptable comfort because there is an infinite number of chilled-water valve positions to match the large number of load conditions. In a direct expansion (DX) system, which has refrigerant in direct contact with the cooling coil tubes, there are typically steps or stages of cooling capacity. This causes the supply air temperature to be delivered at a set temperature between the design temperature and a few part-load temperatures. The room thermostat must have multiple stages so it can bring on additional capacity if the room temperature rises or remove capacity if the room temperature drops.

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This causes a compromise in room temperature control, as the setpoint is almost never met; the room temperature actually fluctuates around the setpoint, approximately ±0.5°C or ±1°C. In most cases, this fluctuation in room temperatures can still provide an acceptable comfort level, but not one as good as a chilled-water system. Note that some newer styles of DX systems have variable-refrigerant-flow capacity, which can provide a greater level of comfort in the room. These systems can better match the refrigerant flow required to handle the room’s load variations, thus providing better comfort than stepped DX systems. Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems deliver a variable amount of volume, or airflow, at all load conditions at a constant supply air dry-bulb temperature. Again, the load changes with the five variables mentioned above. The room thermostat senses these load changes and adjusts the quantity of air delivered to the space so the room air temperature remains constant. Note that all VAV systems do a very good job of part-load room humidity control, as the main air handler cools and dehumidifies the air at all load conditions to a constant dewpoint temperature. In most cases, with modern air-handling systems, the air volume (airflow) is changed with a variable-frequency drive (VFD) wired to the electric fan motor. Because input frequency determines the speed of rotation in induction electric motors as the load changes, the VFD frequency output matches the airflow required by adjusting the fan speed. VAV air handlers can have chilled-water or DX cooling coils installed in them. With chilled water, the chilled-water control valve is infinitely variable and can be controlled to maintain a constant supply air temperature as the air volume goes up and down in response to load changes. With DX cooling coils, the supply air temperature changes in stages, up and down, as the load changes and the airflow increases or decreases. Again, even with stages, you can still obtain acceptable room comfort. One final point: you can use many small fan-coils to provide a lot of zone control in a large building, but each fan-coil is a constant-volume, single-zone subsystem.

Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System Constant-volume, single-zone systems are the most commonly used in HVAC and come in many forms. They include single-zone air-handling room fan-coils, packaged DX single-zone rooftop systems, and residential split systems, to name a few. They have one common trait: the unit is controlled by one room thermostat only. Therefore, they can be applied to only one zone and provide room comfort to only one zone. A zone, by definition, has like occupancy and like thermal characteristics but does not have a defined size. For example, a large interior cubical office area could be a zone as large as 185 m2 if the density and usage are uniform throughout. It could also be a zone as small as 6 m2 with a row of exterior, individual offices lining an outside wall.

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The psychrometric chart of a single-zone system is determined by the room’s sensible and latent loads, the room’s sensible heat ratio (SHR), and either the quantity of outdoor air needed or the code-required ventilation rate. It is shown at full load in Figure 7-1. In all examples in this chapter, we will use room design conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh and 20% outdoor air for ventilation. Next, look at the psychrometric chart in Figure 7-2 for part-load operation. The part-load supply air temperature is higher than the design temperature because the room thermostat is calling for less cooling. Depending on the partload SHR, the room relative humidity may not be met at this part-load condition. So you must determine if this deviation above the design  = 50% rh is acceptable. Also note that the mixed-air condition will usually change to a lower value, as the outdoor air will typically be lower at part-load conditions.

Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with Reheat Constant-volume, single-zone systems with reheat are used when we need to control the room relative humidity at all load conditions. The control is simple; the cooling coil supply air dry-bulb temperature is set to a constant leaving temperature. Therefore, the supply air is dehumidified regardless of the room partload conditions. The supply air is reheated purely to satisfy the room thermostat. It should be noted that this type of system is an expensive one to operate, as we pay to cool and dehumidify the supply air and then pay again to warm up, or reheat, the same airstream. If you are forced to provide this design in a sys-

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tem, you should look for ways to use recovered energy to provide the reheat. Recovered energy sources could be condenser heat from the cooling system, such as a heat recovery chiller or condenser reheat plus sensible heat recovery from exhaust or return airstreams, among others. The psychrometric chart for this system is shown in Figure 7-3 at part-load conditions. Note that even with a SHR of less than the design SHR, we can meet the room relative humidity condition. The psychrometrics of this system at full load are exactly the same as shown in Figure 7-1 because, at full load, we are not doing any reheat.

Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with Face and Bypass Dampers on the Cooling Coil Constant-volume, single-zone systems with face and bypass dampers on the cooling coil are not as common as they were in the past, but we will analyze this type in our psychrometric training process nonetheless. This system is basically a single-zone air handler with a cooling coil plus an extra damper section; see Figure 7-4 for all the components. The dampers are used to adjust the amount of supply air that goes through the cooling coil or the amount of mixed air that bypasses the cooling coil, thus the name face and bypass. The damper is controlled by the room thermostat as it maintains a constant room dry-bulb temperature. As the room temperature drops, the dampers are adjusted to open the bypass section and close down on the face section, raising the air handler supply dry-bulb temperature. The opposite is true if the room

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temperature rises: the damper adjusts for less bypass air and more cooling coil air to lower the air handler supply temperature. The psychrometrics of this system at part load are show in Figure 7-5. Note that the cooling coil supply air temperature decreases as we decrease the airflow through the cooling coil at part load. Therefore, this system does a much better job of maintaining the room relative humidity at part load than a constant-volume, variable-temperature, single-zone system. The psychrometrics of the face and bypass system at full load are the same as shown in Figure 7-1 because no air is being bypassed at full load. The room thermostat is calling for full cooling, so 100% of the supply air is being cooled in the cooling coil.

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Constant-Volume System with Terminal Reheat Now we shift our focus to HVAC air systems that are designed to serve many zones from one air handler. The constant-volume with terminal reheat system was the primary commercial office space system from the 1940s to the mid-1970s. The system is fairly simple: a single-zone air handler supplies air ducted throughout the building, and then reheat coils are put in each duct runout to serve any individual zones. The air handler ensures a constant leaving supply air temperature all year round, and each reheat coil tempers the air to meet the room temperature desired in each zone. A few things to note: zones can have different temperature setpoints, zone reheats can be at different stages of tempering as zone loads change, and part-load humidity control by zone is very good because the main supply air is constantly being dehumidified. However, this system is very expensive to operate because it is both cooling and reheating throughout the day, month, and year. Also, most energy codes, such as ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 (ASHRAE 2013) and California’s Title 24 (CBSC 2013), restrict the use of this system for obvious reasons. It was a popular way to get zone control in buildings when energy was cheap and before VAV was invented. The psychrometrics of this system at full load are the same as those shown in Figure 7-1. The psychrometrics of this system at part load are the same as those shown in Figure 7-2, with the exception that each zone has a separate psychrometric

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Components of constant-volume, multizone system (ASHRAE 2016, Figure 12).

chart, because the amount of the reheat will vary by zone and the SHR can be slightly different by zone. However, a word of caution: the worst zone, from a lowest-SHR standpoint, sets the air handler supply air dry-bulb temperature for the entire system.

Constant-Volume Multizone and Dual-Duct Systems Constant-volume multizone and dual-duct systems are designed to provide comfort to multiple zones by mixing cool air with warm air so that the discharge supply air temperature is satisfied by the zone thermostat. The only difference between these two systems is where the mixing of the hot and cool air occurs. In a multizone system, the blow-through air handler has the mixing dampers mounted on the front or top of the air-handling unit (AHU). The dampers are on a common shaft, but offset by 90°, so when the hot deck is full open, the cold deck is full closed and vice versa. Control of the air handler is simply a constant deck temperature for each, say tdb = 12°C for the cold deck and tdb = 40°C for the hot deck. A single damper activator is then controlled by a room thermostat to position the dampers to meet the room temperature setpoint. If the zone is too cool, this actuator opens more to the hot deck to warm the air and increase the supply air temperature, thus warming the room. If the zone is too warm, this actuator repositions to open to the cold deck (closes down on the hot deck) to cool the air and lower the supply air temperature. Supply ductwork is run out from this central air handler to each zone. Small units may have as few as three zones and large units as many as 18 to 20 zones. Figure 7-6 shows a constant-volume, multizone system. In the dual-duct system, the blow-through air handler again has a hot deck and a cold deck on the discharge side of the supply fan, but no mixing dampers. Two sets of supply ductwork are run around the building in parallel with each other. At any location that a zone is required, a dual-duct mixing box is installed and dual taps are run to the cool deck duct and the hot deck duct. The mixing box has two dampers on a common shaft offset by 90° rotation with a single actuator. The room thermostat is connected to this actuator to provide zone comfort. The air handler again has controls to maintain constant leaving

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cold-deck and hot-deck temperatures. The operation of this system is identical to that of the multizone system. Figure 7-7 shows a constant-volume, dual-duct system. Both of these systems are very expensive to operate because both decks are kept at a constant leaving air temperature and achieve comfort by mixing both airstreams. Their use is restricted by most energy codes due to the high energy usage required for proper operation. The psychrometrics of the multizone and dual-duct systems are shown in Figure 7-8. Note the mixing line from the cold-deck discharge at tdb = 12°C

Figure 7-7

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and  = 87% rh to the hot-deck discharge at tdb = 40°C and  = 22% rh. The actual discharge temperature can be any one of an infinite number of points along this line, and each zone can be at a different discharge point. Also note that we can heat and cool with this mixing of airstreams at each zone. Exercise caution to make sure that the cold-deck dry-bulb temperature is low enough to satisfy the SHR for the worst zone and that the hot-deck temperature is warm enough to satisfy the heat loss of the worst zone. Figure 7-9 shows the psychrometrics of multizone and dual-duct systems in winter heating mode. In this example, the room is at tdb = 21°C and  = 40% rh, with an outdoor design of tdb = 0°C and  = 50% rh. The mixed condition is tdb = 16°C and  = 45% rh. The cooling coil line is sensible cooling only, or horizontal, and ends at tdb = 12°C and  = 57% rh. The heating coil line is sensible heating only and ends at tdb = 41°C and  = 12% rh. Note that because both the cooling and heating are sensible only (no latent), the hot-deck and cold-deck mixing line is the sum of the cooling coil line and the heating coil line. Any zone will require supply air that is mixed along this line.

Variable-Air-Volume Systems for Multiple Zones In the early 1970s, the high energy usage of most of the constant-volume systems forced designs and owners to look for systems with lower operational costs. Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems made their debut and are still very popular today, as they provide great fan horsepower savings for most of the year.

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An air handler with a single supply duct and a VFD on the supply fan provides a constant discharge air temperature of tdb = 12°C to the building. As zones are required, a VAV box is tapped into this main supply trunk. The VAV box is a single-damper device that modulates the airflow to the zone in response to the room thermostat. Said another way, it is an air-throttling device that provides comfort to the zone. At full load in the zone, the VAV box is wide open in response to the room thermostat. At all part-load conditions, the VAV box has its damper closed some amount in response to lower demand for cooling in the zone. The psychrometrics for VAV systems are the same as shown in Figure 7-1 for each zone on the AHU. Again, make sure the air handler leaving supply air dry-bulb temperature is low enough to satisfy the worst zone’s SHR. Now at part load we simply go to the sensible heat equation, qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2), to determine how we handle the VAV operation. Because the supply air temperature is constant year round, we reduce the sensible heat by simply reducing the airflow delivered to the zone. If we want half of the sensible load, we only supply half the airflow to the zone. The room thermostat controls the actuator on the damper shaft to keep the zone comfortable. So, at most part-load conditions, the psychrometrics do not change—only the airflow changes to satisfy the reduced load, and Figure 7-1 is still valid. This assumes the room SHR stays close to the full- load SHR at part load. This style of VAV box is a cooling-only box and can typically only be used for the building interior or zones that are in cooling year round.

Variable-Air-Volume Systems with Heating VAV Boxes Most exterior zones require heating for a portion of the year. This section covers two different styles of heating VAV boxes: VAV reheat boxes and fanpowered VAV boxes that can have reheat as needed. Note that the central air handler does not change with this design—we have cooling-only boxes on the interior and heating boxes on the exterior. To build a VAV reheat box, we simply take a cooling-only box and put a reheat coil on the discharge of it. The coil can be hot water, steam, or electric duct heater in design. The psychrometrics of a VAV reheat box at full load are the same as shown in Figure 7-1. As the demand for cooling drops, we use the same part-load psychrometric chart as shown in Figure 7-1 but at lower airflow. But at some preset minimum airflow, say 35% of full airflow, we energize the reheat coil. The controls modulate the amount of reheat or temperature rise in response to the room thermostat. The psychrometrics are shown in Figure 7-10, with the maximum reheat to a dry-bulb temperature of 35°C. Remember, only reheat to a discharge air temperature into the zone that will satisfy the room thermostat.

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Psychrometrics of a VAV reheat box at part load.

To construct a fan-powered VAV box that can also have reheat as needed, add a sheet metal plenum on the side of a cooling-only box with a small directdrive centrifugal fan. The fan can draw plenum air through an air filter and discharge it into the cooling box downstream of the cooling control damper. A back-draft damper is required on the discharge of the centrifugal fan. This is considered a parallel fan-powered box. The control is similar to that of a VAV reheat box. At full cooling, we have 100% of the cooling air going to the zone (no fan operation). At part load, we throttle down the supply air to a lower amount (no fan operation). At a preset minimum airflow, say 35% of the full-load airflow, we fix the cooling damper to that position and start the centrifugal fan. It draws air from the ceiling plenum and mixes it with the reduced flow tdb = 12°C to discharge warmer air into the zone and meet the room thermostat setpoint. This ceiling plenum air can be 1.5°C to 3°C higher than the room temperature as long as the building is occupied, because it has the heat of the lights added to it. The psychrometrics of a fan-powered VAV box that can have reheat as needed are shown in Figure 7-11. Note that you are mixing supply air at tdb = 12°C and  = 87% rh with plenum air at tdb = 26°C and  = 42% rh along the mixing line. The location will be determined by the airflow of supply air and the airflow of the plenum air provided by the small centrifugal fan. If needed, another reheat coil could be mounted on the box discharge section to provide additional heating capacity for wintertime zone heat losses. The coil is shown as additional reheat (“Reheat if Needed”) in Figure 7-11.

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References ASHRAE. 2013. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, Energy standard for building except low-rise residential buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE. ASHRAE. 2016. Chapter 4, Air handling and distribution. In ASHRAE handbook—HVAC systems and equipment. Atlanta: ASHRAE. CBSC. 2013. California building standards code. Title 24 of California Code of Regulations. Sacramento, CA: California Building Standards Commission.

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Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7 Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.

For all of the Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7, consider three zones in a small office building that we are going to heat and cool. The cooling and heating loads are as follows: Zone

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Heating Sensible, W

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Assume room design conditions of the following: Coolingtdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh Heating tdb = 21°C and  = 40% rh Use a sea-level psychrometric chart.

7-1

What is the sensible heat ratio for all three zones in order 1, 2, 3? (Round to two decimal places.) a) 0.87, 0.89, 0.86 b) 0.88, 0.9, 0.91 c) 0.87, 0.89, 0.88

7-2

If we provide 25% outdoor air for code-required ventilation to all three zones, what is the mixed air condition in the summer if the outdoor air is tdb = 38°C and  = 25% rh? a) tdb = 34.5°C and  = 30% rh b) tdb = 29°C and  = 36% rh c) tdb = 27.5°C and  = 42% rh

7-3

For Zone 1 only, if we use individual fan-coils for each zone, what is the required supply airflow? a) airflow = 0.9 m3/s b) airflow = 0.99 m3/s c) airflow = 1.03 m3/s

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7-4

For Zone 1 only, what are the leaving air conditions from the cooling coil assuming we use 25% outdoor air from Exercise 7-2 and the correct supply airflow? a) tdb = 12°C and  = 90% rh b) tdb = 14°C and  = 88% rh c) tdb = 16°C and  = 80% rh

7-5

For Zone 1 only, what is the total cooling capacity, qt , of the cooling coil with the correct airflow and leaving air conditions? a) 18 000 W b) 22 000 W c) 19 008 W

7-6

If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a constant-volume terminal reheat system, what would the airflow of all three zones be, in order 1, 2, 3? (Same outdoor design and percent outdoor air.) a) 0.99, 1.3, 1.6 b) 0.9, 1.4, 1.7 c) 0.99, 1.32, 1.65

7-7

If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a variable-air-volume reheat VAV box and 25% outdoor air, what are the required leaving air conditions from this air handler? a) tdb = 13.5°C and  = 91% rh b) tdb = 14.5°C and  = 88% rh c) tdb = 16°C and  = 82% rh

7-8

With the system in Exercise 7-7, what are the new required airflows by zone in order 1, 2, 3 with the new leaving conditions? a) 0.94, 1.26, 1.57 m3/s b) 0.99, 1.26, 1.6 m3/s c) 1.03, 1.3, 1.55 m3/s

7-9

What is the reheat required by zone in order 1, 2, 3 to meet the total reheat load plus the winter heat loss load? (Use tdb = 21°C for room condition and 25% outdoor air.) a) 14 000, 18 000, 25 000 W b) 14 530, 19 930, 24 240 W c) 16 000, 21 000, 26 000 W

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7-10

From Exercise 7-7, with the correct leaving conditions and airflow, what is the total cooling capacity of the central air-handler cooling coil? a) 73 280 W b) 70 120 W c) 76 910 W

7-11

If the system in Exercise 7-7 were a constant-volume, dual-duct system, what would be the heat capacity of the hot-deck coil used in the central air handler? (Room at tdb = 24°C.) a) 75 000 W b) 65 000 W c) 55 100 W d) 60 500 W

Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics Study Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to K

understand energy saving systems and strategies and their effects on the psychrometric analysis and K understand why lower energy costs result from the use of these systems and strategies.

Instructions Read the material in Chapter 8. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill development exercises without referring to the text.

Introduction This chapter covers energy conservation principles and strategies and how they affect the HVAC system design. There are many devices and strategies that can conserve energy, but this text focuses on only the most commonly used in HVAC: heat recovery devices, energy recovery devices, air-side economizers, water-side economizers, and supply air temperature reset. We will examine the psychrometric processes and the energy-saving effects of these five systems.

Heat Recovery Devices Heat recovery is the exchange of dry-bulb air temperature only between two airstreams. In an HVAC system, this is typically between the outdoor air used for ventilation and the common building exhaust airstream. The greater the temperature difference that exists between the two airstreams, the more we can affect the HVAC performance. This is also called sensible heat recovery, because we only change the dry-bulb temperature. The four most common types of heat recovery devices are heat wheels, airto-air heat exchangers, heat pipes, and glycol run-around loops. Figure 8-1 shows three of these devices, and Figure 8-2 shows a schematic of a coil runaround loop.

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Figure 8-1

Heat and energy recovery devices.

Figure 8-2

Run-around loop (ASHRAE 2012, Figure 14).

A heat wheel is a large-diameter, deep wheel consisting of a honeycomb styling of metal pockets. Half of the wheel is located in the exhaust airstream and the other half is located in the incoming outdoor airstream. In the winter, as the wheel rotates slowly, the cold outdoor air is preheated by the warmer exhaust airstream that is being dumped outdoors. The individual pockets change temperature rapidly as the wheel rotates from one airstream to the other and back again. In the summer, the wheel also precools the hot outdoor air with indoor room-temperature exhaust air from the building. Note that this device must be ducted and positioned in such a way that the airstreams are next to each other somewhere in the system. Also, a small amount of cross-contamination occurs between the airstreams, so care must be taken depending on the application. For example, exhaust air from an office building (toilet, break room, janitorial

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closets, etc.) is generally acceptable to use, but exhaust from hospital isolation rooms is never acceptable. One final note on rotary heat wheels is that the loss of air from the supply side (outdoor air) to the exhaust air side can be as high as 10% of the total airflow. This is the cause of the cross-contamination, but you must also increase the airflow higher than the design required amount to cover this loss or leakage. An air-to-air heat exchanger uses parallel plates of metal (or other material) to separate the exhaust air from the outdoor air. The plates are packed tightly next to each other in the heat exchanger, and the heat transfer goes across each plate. So every other plate has indoor or outdoor air flowing through it in opposite directions. This heat exchanger design does not have any cross-contamination between the two airstreams, and both airstreams must be side by side somewhere in the system. Heat pipes look like one big chilled-water coil or heat exchanger. The difference is that each tube going across the coil is a separate chamber filled with a very small refrigerant charge. Each half of the coil, split side to side, sits in one of the airstreams. In winter, the outdoor air side of the heat pipe condenses the refrigerant in the tube and rejects the heat to the outdoor air, warming it. The other side sits in the warm exhaust air, which vaporizes the refrigerant, absorbing the heat from the warm airstream. By natural pressure difference, the warm refrigerant vapor migrates to the colder side, where it condenses. The coil is tilted slightly so the liquid refrigerant flows back to the warm side on the bottom of each small tube. When the season changes to summer, the tilt must be reversed so the heat pipe can work in the reverse and cool the warm entering outdoor air. A glycol run-around loop is two large coils or heat exchangers placed in the two airstreams that are connected by two pipes and one pump to move the glycol-water solution from one coil to the other. They transfer heat from the exhaust airstream to the outdoor airstream by warming up and then cooling down the pumped glycol-water solution. The advantage of this system is that the airstreams can be located great distances from each other. There is no cross-contamination with this device.

Psychrometric Effects and Savings of Heat Recovery Figure 8-3 shows winter temperature-change-only heat recovery. The exhaust airstream is at tdb = 21°C and  = 40% rh and 0.7 m3/s. The outdoor airstream is at tdb = 0°C and  = 50% rh and 0.94 m3/s. Note: Typically more outdoor air is brought in than exhausted to positively pressurize the building to keep the indoor environment clean and dust free. However, we must first introduce the concept of heat exchanger effectiveness. Counterflow air-to-air heat exchangers can achieve close to 100% effectiveness. But, the range of 50% to 70% effectiveness for cost and air pressure drop considerations is generally selected. For this example, we will use 60% effectiveness.

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If the exhaust airstream were cooled from tdb = 21°C to tdb = 0°C the maximum amount of sensible heat transfer would be qs = qmax = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) = 1210 × 0.7 m3/s × (21 – 0) qmax = 17 780 W Because the effectiveness is 60%, the transferred heat is qmax × effectiveness = qtransferral 17 780 W × (0.6) = 10 668 W Then the outdoor air is warmed to qs = 10 668 W = 1210 × 0.94 m3/s × (0 – t2) difference 10 668 ----------------- = 9.4C =  0 – t 2  1137 t2 = 8.4°C Likewise, the exhaust air is cooled to qs = 10 668 W = 1210 × 0.7 m3/s× (21– t2) 10 668 ----------------- = 12.6C =  21 – t 2  847 t2 = 8.4°C

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So 10 668 W of energy has been conserved by preheating the outdoor air by 9.4°C and therefore lowering the operating cost in the process. Next, we will look at the process in the summer with outdoor design conditions of tdb = 35°C and  = 40% rh and room conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh, as shown in Figure 8-4. qs = qmax = 1210 × 0.7 m3/s × (35 – 24) = 1210 × 0.7 m3/s × (11) qmax = 9317 W Using the same effectiveness of 60%, qs = qmax × (0.60) = qtransferral qtransferral = 9317 W × (0.60) = 5590 W So we cool the outdoor air sensibly by qs = 5590 W = 1210 × 0.94 m3/s × (35 – t2) 5590 ------------ = 4.9C =  35 – t 2  1137 t2 = 30.1°C

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Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics And we warm the exhaust air by qs = 5590 W = 1210 × 0.7 m3/s × (24 – t2) 5590 ------------ = 6.5C =  24 – t 2  8471 t2 = 30.5°C

An air-to-air heat exchanger was used in this example, but the same procedure applies to the other three heat recovery devices—only the effectiveness will change.

Condensation and Frost Formation We must consider two other items in the use of heat recovery devices, condensation and frost formation. Condensation can occur on a heat exchanger if the exhaust air dew-point temperature is reached. For example, in Figure 8-3, if the exhaust air temperature were lowered below tdb = 7°C, then condensation would occur on a small portion of the heat transfer surface. Be sure to specify these devices with a condensate drain to properly collect this water. Frost can form on the leaving side of the exhaust air in the heat recovery device when the outdoor air gets to temperatures of –12°C or less. In the winter, because the exhaust air dew-point temperature is almost always above 2°C, this is a design consideration in Climate Zones 4 to 8 (ASHRAE 2013). Frost formation in the heat recovery device decreases the exhaust airflow and reduces the device’s effectiveness. The methods used to prevent frost formation on heat recovery devices are as follows: • •

•

•

Preheat the outdoor airstream to some preset temperature entering the device (e.g., –12°C) (all types of heat recovery devices). Install a set of bypass dampers around the device to bypass a portion of the outdoor airstream so the heat exchanger does not get so cold (heat wheel, air-to-air heat exchanger, heat pipe). Install a three-way control valve in the glycol piping to control the glycol solution inlet temperature on the exhaust coil to somewhere around –1°C, thus preventing frost formation (run-around loop). Increase the rotational speed of the heat wheel so the outdoor air does not cool the heat transfer part of the wheel to below around –1°C (heat wheel).

Energy Recovery Devices Energy recovery is the transfer of sensible heat and latent heat from the exhaust airstream to the outdoor airstream. At first glance, the wheel looks identical to a heat recovery wheel that transfers temperature only. However, the heat transfer material in an energy recovery device is coated with a desiccant material that absorbs water vapor and then rejects the water vapor to the other

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airstream. So in winter, the moisture in the warmer building air is transferred to the very dry outdoor air, thus helping maintain the indoor relative humidity. And in the summer, the cool and dryer indoor air that is exhausted absorbs some of the moisture in the hot, humid outdoor air. Energy recovery devices come in two types: 1) rotary energy wheels and 2) plate air-to-air heat exchangers with moisture transfer plates that are not solid metal in construction. Following are performance examples of an energy recovery rotary wheel. Summer performance with a total energy effectiveness of 0.87 is shown in Figure 8-5 and is as follows: Outdoor air conditions:

tdb = 35°C, twb = 24°C, outdoor air = 1.08 m3/s

Supply air conditions:

tdb = 28°C, twb = 20°C, supply air = 0.94 m3/s

Return air conditions:

tdb = 24°C, twb = 16°C, return air = 0.7 m3/s

Exhaust air conditions:

tdb = 33°C, twb = 24°C, exhaust air = 0.84 m3/s

Note the leakage airflow is 0.14 m3/s and the outdoor air total cooling load reduction is qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) = 1.2 × 0.94 m3/s × (69 – 54) = 1.2 × 0.94 m3/s × (15) = 16.92 kW or 16 920 W

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The cooling system only needs to cool the outdoor air from tdb = 28°C and twb = 20°C to tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh instead of from tdb = 35°C and twb = 24°C, which reduces the cooling energy costs. Winter performance with the same effectiveness is shown in Figure 8-6 and is as follows: Outdoor air conditions:

tdb = 0°C, twb = –3°C, outdoor air = 1.08 m3/s

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tdb = 13°C, twb = 9°C, supply air = 0.94 m3/s

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tdb = 21°C, twb = 13°C, return air = 0.94 m3/s

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tdb = 3°C, twb = 0°C, exhaust air = 0.84 m3/s

The outdoor air heating load is reduced by qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) = 1.2 × 0.94 m3/s × (41 – 6) = 1.2 × 0.94 m3/s × (35) = 39.48 kW or 39 480 W The outdoor air now has only to be heated from tdb = 13°C to tdb = 21°C instead of from tdb = 0°C, which reduces the cooling energy costs, as with the winter operation.

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Note that in both cases of heating and cooling to the outdoor air, the humidity ratio changes so you are not only transferring sensible heat, but also latent heat. This latent heat helps maintain the indoor room relative humidity at the design condition.

Air-Side Economizer An air-side economizer is an HVAC system option that allows cooling without the use of mechanical refrigeration, thus making the cooling energy equal to zero. For instance, to satisfy the cooling load, we need the supply air tdb = 12°C. Then, any time of the year that the outdoor air temperature is tdb = 12°C or less, we can shut the mechanized refrigeration off and open our outdoor air dampers to 100%, pulling in 12°C air. Now this 12°C outdoor air provides all the cooling to the building. This is called full economizer mode and should be considered any place where there is a cooling need in the fall, winter, and spring. You can also implement partial air-side economizing in your HVAC system. For example, the outdoor air temperature is tdb = 18°C and your room is at tdb = 24°C. Instead of cooling the air from 24°C down to 12°C for the supply air, you only have to cool the air from 18°C to 12°C with mechanical refrigeration. In this example, the refrigeration load is reduced approximately 50%. So partial economizing can be used any time the outdoor air is less than the room cooling condition. A word of caution when using partial air-side economizing on constantvolume, variable-temperature systems and it is very humid or raining outdoors is that the humid outdoor air will cause the room relative humidity to go above the room design condition of  = 50% rh. In this instance, use the outdoor air enthalpy instead of the dry-bulb temperature to initiate partial economizing. The outdoor enthalpy should be at least 8 kJ/kgda less than the room enthalpy condition before you allow partial economizing. This is less of a concern on VAV systems since they control to a constant leaving cooling air temperature at all load conditions. Note that with the air-side economizer option the air-handling system must be capable of bringing in up to 100% outdoor air. This means the outdoor air weather louvers, outdoor air duct, and outdoor air dampers must all be sized and selected for the full airflow of the air handler. Also, because you are bringing up to 100% outdoor air into the building, you must provide a way to relieve, or exhaust, this additional air and provide building pressure control to prevent overpressurization of the building. Failure to do this will result in the exterior doors staying partially open, not fully closing.

Water-Side Economizer The water-side economizer system was developed to provide cooling via the chilled-water system to air-handling systems that do not have any outdoor

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air connection or have minimum outdoor air capability. For this energy-saving option, you must have a chilled-water cooling delivery system, a cooling tower, and a heat exchanger piped between the chilled- and condenser-water systems. Let’s look at the performance of a cooling tower from the psychrometric side. A cooling tower produces cool water dependent on the ambient wet-bulb temperature only. For example, the ambient is tdb = 35°C and twb = 24°C, as in our previous examples. The cooling tower has a 3°C approach temperature at full load or heat rejection. This means the cooling tower can produce 27°C leaving cooling tower water, or twb = 24°C + 3°C = 27°C. In the process of cooling the water down to 27°C, a portion of the recirculating water is evaporated by slightly cooling the air (lower tdb) and greatly adding moisture to the air. It is not uncommon that the air leaving a cooling tower is between 90% and 95% relative humidity. As the outdoor air cools in the fall, winter, and spring, so does the outdoor wet-bulb temperature. Also, the building sensible load decreases in these nonpeak cooling seasons. For example, the ambient temperature is tdb = 4°C and twb = 1°C. We also have the same approach temperature at part load of 3°C (if the tower is at full load and the same ambient conditions, the approach would be around 6°C). So this tower will make 7°C leaving condenser water. If our heat exchanger has a 1°C approach temperature, then we can make 8°C chilled water to be distributed throughout the building to provide cooling where needed. See Figure 8-7 for a system schematic of a water-side economizer. This water-side economizer is most commonly used on systems that have chilled-water fan-coils or small air handler type systems. Typically, these sys-

Figure 8-7

Water-side economizer schematic.

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tems have no outdoor air or a small amount of outdoor air, and it could be difficult or impossible to duct 100% outdoor air capability to them. The heat exchanger between the condenser water system and the chilledwater system must be cleanable. So, because both can have the condenser water debris easily removed, plate-and-frame and shell-and-tube (tube-side condenser water) are the two heat exchangers most commonly used.

Supply Air Temperature Reset Supply air temperature reset works because in almost all comfort cooling system applications, the sensible heat gain decreases in the fall, winter, and spring. So, if the sensible heat gain to a zone is half the summer peak gain by the sensible heat equation discussed in Chapter 4, qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2), and if our airflow is constant, then the t can be half to produce half the sensible cooling. Consider: if we have airflow = 2000, a summer peak supply air temperature of tdb = 12°C, and a room condition of tdb = 24°C, then Full sensible cooling:

qs full = 1210 × 0.94 m3/s × (24°C – 12°C) = 13 650 W

Half sensible cooling:

qs half = 1210 × 0.94 m3/s × (24°C – 12°C) × 0.5 = 6825 W

Simply by having the air handler supply tdb = 18°C, we can provide the cooling necessary. See Figure 8-8 for the psychrometric analysis of this concept. Also note that the sensible heat ratio will change as the heat gain decreases in the off-peak load times of the year. A few words of caution are in order before you apply this strategy: •

• •

•

Data centers, IT rooms, and telecom rooms may have only slight decreases in the sensible load throughout the year and, therefore, cannot use supply air temperature reset. Process or industrial applications may never change in sensible load and so cannot use supply air temperature reset. VAV systems are very economical to run because the airflow varies as the sensible load goes down. But if you reset the supply air temperature upward too much, you will eat into or eliminate the fan horsepower savings derived from this system. Granted, you can probably reset the supply air tdb = 12°C to 13°C or 14°C, but not up to 19°C to 21°C. This is a great case for energy modeling of the VAV system to see how high in reset temperature you can go at the expense of fan energy usage. Remember, the higher the supply air temperature, the more refrigeration or cooling energy you can save. Be very careful about how much supply air temperature reset you do in very humid areas of the world. Remember, the supply air temperature from the cooling coil sets the required dew point to maintain the room relative

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humidity via the sensible heat ratio calculation. Many times in the off-peak cooling season you could reset the supply air temperature, but the outdoor humidity conditions force the cooling coil to always be in dehumidification mode. And be careful of rainy days in the off-peak cooling season, as the outdoor moisture content may take precedent over supply air temperature reset. All modern HVAC control systems should do some indoor relative humidity sensing as a standard benefit, so the building manager/operator has the ability to make the right decision in this event. Many other energy-conserving measures can be used on a building that do not involve the psychrometric process in the HVAC system and, therefore, are not discussed in this course.

References ASHRAE. 2013. Figure B1-1, Normative Appendix B, Building envelope climate criteria. In ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013, Energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE. ASHRAE. 2012. Chapter 26, Air-to-air energy recovery equipment. In ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment.

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Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 8 Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.

8-1

A heat wheel with a desiccant coating is a: a) Sensible heat recovery device b) Total enthalpy heat recovery device c) Sensible-to-total heat recovery device d) Total-to-sensible heat recovery device

8-2

When is preheating of the outdoor airstream necessary on a heat recovery device? a) When the outdoor air temperature is below –16°C. b) When the outdoor air dew point is below 0°C. c) When the exhaust airstream has a dew point above 0°C and the leaving air temperature is below 0°C. d) All of the above.

8-3

Heat recovery effectiveness is the actual amount of heat transferred versus the maximum amount that could be transferred. a) True b) False

8-4

Energy recovery involves the transfer of sensible heat from one airstream to the other airstream. a) True b) False

8-5

An air-side economizer should be considered on any/all air systems that have 100% outdoor air capability and high operation hours with an ambient air temperature below 16°C and a demand for cooling. a) True b) False

8-6

Water-side economizers can be used on a chilled-water system with all terminal fan-coils and an air-cooled water chiller. a) True b) False

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8-7

There is a sensible heat recovery system between equal outdoor air and exhaust airstreams in Phoenix, Arizona, and the summer design outside is tdb = 48°C and  = 10% rh. If the effectiveness is 75% of the heat recovery device and the exhaust airstream is tdb = 24°C and  = 40% rh, what are the dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity of the outdoor airstream leaving the recovery device? a) tdb = 32°C and  = 25% rh b) tdb = 35°C and  = 20% rh c) tdb = 38°C and  = 18% rh d) tdb = 30°C and  = 28% rh

8-8

From Exercise 8-7, what are the leaving air conditions of the exhaust airstream with everything else being the same? a) tdb = 30°C and  = 30% rh b) tdb = 35°C and  = 25% rh c) tdb = 40°C and  = 20% rh d) tdb = 42°C and  = 16% rh

8-9

If the entering air conditions to a cooling tower are tdb = 48°C and twb = 19°C and the cooling tower has a full-load approach temperature of 4°C, what is the leaving water from cooling tower (at full load)? a) 40°C b) 35°C c) 23°C d) 29°C

8-10

Supply air temperature reset can be used on all air-conditioning systems, any time of the year in all parts of the world, regardless of the ambient air conditions. a) True b) False

Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations Study Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to K

understand the five special cases of psychrometric applications in the HVAC industry and the psychrometric analysis of each, K select equipment for each of these systems, and K understand the effect of indirect and direct evaporative cooling in series.

Instructions Read the material in Chapter 9. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill development exercises without referring to the text.

Introduction This chapter discusses five special cases of psychrometric applications in the HVAC industry: cooling towers, cleanrooms, indoor swimming pools, direct evaporative cooling, and indirect evaporative cooling.

Cooling Towers Starting with cooling towers may seem strange because the function of a cooling tower is to cool water. However, it cools the water by rejecting the heat, through an evaporative/sensible process cooling, to the ambient or outdoor air. The cooling tower approach temperature is the difference between the leaving water temperature and the ambient air wet-bulb temperature. An example shows what happens to the ambient air and the entering water as they pass through the cooling tower. Consider a 1055 kW cooling tower that can cool 0.056 m3/s of water from 35°C to 30°C. The heat being rejected by the water is q in kW = 4710 kW/m3/s °C × water flow in m3/s t in °C = 4710 × 0.056 m3/s × 5°C = 1319 kW

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The entering ambient air to the cooling tower is tdb = 40°C and twb = 25°C. This tower moves 28.45 m3/s of air, which leaves the tower almost at the saturation line on the psychrometric chart. Therefore, the air must pick up 1319 kW, as shown by the total heat required equation discussed in Chapter 4: qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) where h1 is the enthalpy at tdb = 40°C and twb = 25°C, or h = 76 kJ/kgda. Therefore, 1319 kW = 1.2 × 28.45 m3/s × (h1 – h2) 1319 kW = 1.2 × 28.45 m3/s × (76 – h2) therefore h2 = 114 kJ/kgda This matches the Figure 9-1 psychrometric chart. So, the leaving air temperature is tdb = 33°C and twb = 32.8°C, or almost saturated air. Note that the cooling tower approach is the difference between the leaving water temperature (28°C) and the 25°C entering wet-bulb ambient temperature, or 3°C. See Figure 9-1 for the details of the air condition as it flows through the cooling tower. Note that part of the process is sensible cooling, but the majority is latent heat being added to the ambient air as the tower water is cooled. Also note that the entering ambient air can be anywhere on the twb = 25°C wet-bulb line and we will get the same results. The only difference is the

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amount of latent heat and the amount of sensible heating or cooling that takes place as the air moves through the cooling tower.

Indoor Swimming Pools From a design prospective, the indoor air dry-bulb temperature for indoor swimming pools or natatoriums used for recreational purposes should be the same temperature as the pool water temperature. That way, the amount of pool water lost to evaporation into the pool enclosure is reduced. However, if this is not possible, do not allow tdb to be greater than +2°C above the water temperature. The range for recreational pool water temperature is 24°C to 19°C, with a recommended  = 50% rh to 60% rh. As an example in this section, we will design around tdb = 26°C and  = 55% rh. A specially designed unit called a pool dehumidifier is used to provide dehumidification, reheat, and the proper amount of outdoor ventilation air as shown in Figure 9-2. The unit also has the capability to provide auxiliary heat (of wintertime outdoor air), pool water heat (energy saver), an external refrigerant condenser (reject heat outdoors), and energy or heat recovery devices as explained in Chapter 8. It is also acceptable to return the water condensed by the dehumidifying coil back to the swimming pool. The amount of outdoor ventilation air required is 2.4 L/s·m2 of total area, which comes from ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1 (ASHRAE 2013). Total area is defined as the pool surface plus the deck area around the pool if it gets wet during normal operation. If this indoor pool area is connected to or is part of a larger building, then it should be at a slightly negative pressure to the rest of the building (–12 Pa of water). This will ensure that the chlorine odor and the highmoisture-content air do not get into the rest of the building.

Figure 9-2

Single-blower pool dehumidifier.

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Indoor pool dehumidification and reheat process.

Take care to ensure that the building envelope is designed to handle the high-dew-point indoor air. Exterior windows are discouraged in cold winter design areas, as they will sweat excessively and cause damage. For our example, the indoor pool is at tdb = 26°C and  = 55% rh. Note that the indoor dew point is tdp = 17°C. The pool dehumidification unit cools and dehumidifies the air first and then reheats the air to meet the psychrometric needs. From a load calculation, the room sensible heat ratio (SHR) for this example is 0.5. So the air is cooled from tdb = 26°C down to tdb = 12°C and room moisture is removed in the process. Then the air is reheated from tdb = 12°C up to tdb = 19°C to intersect the SHR line on the psychrometric chart and balance the sensible and latent cooling processes. See Figure 9-3 for the actual pool dehumidification and reheat process. Also note that to provide for the full heating load at winter design, both the refrigeration reheat coil and the auxiliary heat will be used to warm the air to the design supply air temperature. Conversely, for the summer design, dehumidification will be needed. So the supply air temperature of tdb = 19°C will cover the cooling design load without any reheat. This then requires a second refrigerant condenser to reject the heat to the ambient air.

Cleanrooms The need for cleanrooms has expanded greatly over time. They are used in manufacturing facilities for microprocessors, pharmaceuticals, medical products, and various electronic devices. The common requirement of these facili-

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Figure 9-4

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Makeup air handler.

ties is a clean area using high-efficiency particle arrestor air filtration with precise dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity control. A cleanroom HVAC system is divided into two subsystems with different functions. First is the makeup air system, which provides preconditioned outdoor air to the cleanroom area because a large amount of exhaust air is typically removed in the manufacturing process. The second subsystem is the recirculating room air handlers that slightly cool and filter the room air, at the same time maintaining an airflow rate in the room. As an example, a cleanroom is designed at summer conditions of tdb = 21°C and  = 45% rh, which is means a tdp of 9°C. The design outdoor air is tdb = 40°C and twb = 25°C. Therefore, the makeup air handler must cool this hot/ humid summer design air to something less than tdb = 9°C, because the recirculation air handlers perform only sensible cooling. Or, said another way, the makeup air has to remove all the outdoor air latent load plus any room latent load prior to the air being mixed into the cleanroom. Because most cleanrooms have very few people working in them at any given time and the manufacturing tool load is mostly a sensible load, the latent load from the cleanroom is typically small. For this example, by cooling the air down to tdb = 8°C, we can handle the cleanroom latent load from our latent load calculations. The makeup air handler must also be able to add humidity to the air when the outdoor air is dry, as well as heat the air to near room condition in the winter. These are typically very large and long air handlers, because they perform many functions on the outdoor airstream. Note in Figure 9-4 all the components necessary to provide preconditioned outdoor air. Let’s look at the psychrometrics of this make-up air handler at the summer design conditions. The psychrometric chart for this unit is shown in Figure 9-5.

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All three cooling coils and the reheat coil are used to precondition the air before mixing it with the cleanroom recirculation air. A summary of the four coils follows: 1. Precool coil takes the 100% outdoor air from tdb = 40°C down to tdb = 34°C with a process cooling loop water supply at 30°C. 2. Chilled-water coil then takes the air from tdb = 34°C down to tdb = 11°C with the chilled-water loop at 5°C. 3. Glycol (antifreeze) cooling coil then takes the air from tdb = 11°C down to tdb = 8°C with a water/glycol solution at 2°C. 4. Reheat coil then heats the air from tdb = 8°C up to tdb = 19°C with the return water from the process cooling loop that is at about 35°C. This is a huge energy-saving feature to use the return water as a heating source and thus cool the return water in the process. This preconditioned outdoor air is then mixed with the cleanroom return air that is at tdb = 21°C and  = 45% rh at the inlet of the recirculation air-handling units. If the relative humidity gets to below 45%, then the glycol coil raises its supply air temperature a degree or two to bring the cleanroom back up to  = 45% rh. At any outdoor condition, this makeup air handler has the components to bring the outdoor air to the desired mixed condition before it is introduced into the cleanroom. The cleanroom recirculation units are very simple: they consist of a fan, a small chilled-water coil, and a set of air prefilters. The actual cleanroom high-

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Recirculation cleanroom air handler psychrometrics.

efficiency particle arrestor filters are in the ceiling of the cleanroom and provide airflow at a high velocity through the room. Because they are sensiblecooling-only units and have a very small temperature drop, tdb = 21°C to tdb = 19°C, or only 2°C of cooling, there is no temperature deviation in the cleanroom. The psychrometrics of the recirculation cleanroom air handler are shown in Figure 9-6. The mixing of the preconditioned makeup air and the return air from the cleanroom is interesting in that the ratio of the room/makeup air is typically 20/1 to 50/1, depending on the process in the cleanroom. Therefore, the mixed condition is only reduced a few tenths of a degree in the dry bulb temperature. The room temperature sensor controls the chilled-water valve in the recirculation air handler to change the leaving air temperature slightly if needed.

Direct Evaporative Cooling Direct evaporative cooling can be used very effectively in the hot and dry climates of the world to provide for human comfort. In direct evaporative cooling, the airstream is 100% outdoor air and in contact with water. As some water evaporates, it lowers the dry-bulb temperature of the airstream, cooling the air. The process of direct evaporative cooling is a constant-wet-bulb-temperature process, as shown in Figure 9-7. For example, consider outdoor air conditions of tdb = 38°C and  = 5% rh, in which the process goes up and to the left on the 15°C wet-bulb line. If the direct evaporative cooling has a 95% efficiency, then the leaving air tempera-

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ture will be tdb = 16°C and  = 90% rh. We can also calculate the condition as follows: Evaporative effect = (EATdb – EATwb) × Efficiency 22°C = (38°C – 15°C) × 0.95 LAT = EATdb – Evaporative effect = 38°C – 22°C = 16°C where EAT = LAT =

entering air temperature leaving air temperature

So, if the room has a high sensible load and a very low latent load, we can keep the room conditions at tdb = 24°C and  = 60% rh with a fairly flat SHR line.

Indirect Evaporative Cooling Indirect evaporative cooling is simply cooling the air with a cooling coil and then using the evaporative process to cool the water that goes through the cooling coil. By definition, then, indirect evaporative cooling is not as efficient as direct evaporative cooling because two heat transfers take place in the process. Take the direct evaporative cooling example: we can make 16°C water in this process and we waste the cool air back to ambient. We take this 16°C water to a

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cooling coil and we can make tdb = 20°C air with tdb = 24°C air entering the coil. Again, if our cooling load is mostly/all sensible and our airflow is high enough, we can maintain the room at tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh. See Figure 98 for the psychrometrics of the indirect evaporative cooling process. However, when used together with 100% outdoor air, the leaving air temperature can be lowered by 5°C. We use the same outdoor conditions of tdb = 38°C and  = 5% rh, but our efficiency is only 45% at best. We can use the same formula as before so our indirect section can deliver Evaporative effect = (EATdb – EATwb) × Efficiency 10°C = (38°C – 16°C) × 0.45 LAT = EATdb – Evaporative effect = 38°C – 10°C = 28°C Indirect evaporative cooling can be used in series with direct evaporative cooling. Air from the indirect section can now enter the direct evaporative section at tdb = 28°C and  = 10% rh and move up the wet-bulb line of 11.5°C with a leaving air condition of tdb = 12°C and  = 90% rh. This is now a much better leaving air condition, as we can easily maintain room conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh. Evaporative effect = (EATdb – EATwb) × Efficiency 16°C = (28°C – 11.5°C) × 0.95

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Figure 9-10

Air handler with indirect and direct evaporative cooling sections.

LAT = EATdb – Evaporative effect = 28°C – 16°C = 12°C So, as you can see, the combination of both indirect and direct evaporative cooling in series can deliver air that can provide for a comfortable room without mechanical refrigeration. See Figure 9-9 for a plot of indirect and direct evaporative cooling in series. Figure 9-10 shows the component arrangement for an air handler with both indirect and direct evaporative cooling. The waste air is the air that provides cooling to the one side of the indirect heat exchanger.

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Reference ASHRAE. 2013. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013, Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. Atlanta: ASHRAE.

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Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 9 Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.

9-1

A cooling tower needs to reject heat from 0.075 cu m/s of water entering at 35°C and leaving at 30°C. What is the total heat required to be rejected? a) 1766 kW b) 184 kW c) 1610 kW d) 1495 kW

9-2

From Exercise 9-1, if the cooling tower has an airflow of 47.2 m3/s and ambient air conditions of tdb = 30°C and twb = 24°C, what are the leaving air conditions of the tower? a) tdb = 30°C, twb = 28.5°C b) tdb = 32°C, twb = 31°C c) tdb = 31°C, twb = 30.5°C d) tdb = 30°C, twb = 29.7°C

9-3

What is the cooling tower approach temperature for the cooling tower in Exercise 9-2? a) 3°C b) 7°C c) 4°C d) 6°C

9-4

In the design of an indoor swimming pool, it is best to keep the swimming pool water temperature and the room temperature as far apart as comfortably possible. a) True b) False

9-5

In a cleanroom with design conditions of tdb = 20°C and  = 40% rh, the makeup air must be cooled to what dry-bulb temperature or the relative humidity will not be met? a) tdb = 12°C b) tdb = 20°C c) tdb = 5°C d) tdb = 10°C

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9-6

If we cool the air via direct evaporative cooling from tdb = 43°C and  = 2% rh, what is the lowest leaving air temperature we can achieve? a) tdb = 17°C b) tdb = 20°C c) tdb = 18°C d) tdb = 12°C

9-7

In Exercise 9-6, if our evaporative efficiency is 80%, what are the leaving air conditions? a) tdb = 20°C and  = 70% rh b) tdb = 22°C and  = 70% rh c) tdb = 21°C and  = 58% rh d) tdb = 25°C and  = 50% rh

9-8

In Exercises 9-6 and 9-7, if the room sensible heat ratio is 0.9, what is the expected room relative humidity if the room is at tdb = 24°C? a)  = 53% rh b)  = 60% rh c)  = 50% rh d) Cannot maintain room at tdb = 24°C with this leaving condition

9-9

If we use the same outdoor conditions of tdb = 43°C and  = 2% rh from Exercise 9-6 and an indirect evaporative cooling section of 40% efficiency, what are the leaving air conditions from this section? a) tdb = 33°C and  = 3% rh b) tdb = 31°C and  = 20% rh c) tdb = 35°C and  = 5% rh d) tdb = 19°C and  = 5% rh

9-10

If we add a direct evaporative cooling section in series downstream of the indirect section in Exercise 9-9 and the direct section has an efficiency of 70%, what are the leaving air conditions? a) tdb = 15°C and  = 95% rh b) tdb = 15°C and  = 65% rh c) tdb = 19°C and  = 60% rh d) tdb = 19°C and  = 52% rh

Appendix A— Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air Table A-1 Temp., °C t –60 –59 –58 –57 –56 –55 –54 –53 –52 –51 –50 –49 –48 –47 –46 –45 –44 –43 –42 –41 –40 –39 –38 –37 –36 –35 –34 –33 –32 –31 –30 –29 –28 –27 –26 –25 –24 –23 –22 –21 –20 –19 –18 –17 –16 –15 –14 –13 –12 –11 –10

Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure, 101.325 kPa

Humidity Ratio Ws , kgw /kgda 0.0000067 0.0000076 0.0000087 0.0000100 0.0000114 0.0000129 0.0000147 0.0000167 0.0000190 0.0000215 0.0000243 0.0000275 0.0000311 0.0000350 0.0000395 0.0000445 0.0000500 0.0000562 0.0000631 0.0000708 0.0000793 0.0000887 0.0000992 0.0001108 0.0001237 0.0001379 0.0001536 0.0001710 0.0001902 0.0002113 0.0002345 0.0002602 0.0002883 0.0003193 0.0003532 0.0003905 0.0004314 0.0004761 0.0005251 0.0005787 0.0006373 0.0007013 0.0007711 0.0008473 0.0009303 0.0010207 0.0011191 0.0012261 0.0013425 0.0014689 0.0016062

Specific Volume, m3/kgda

Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgda

vda

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hda

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0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0016 0.0017 0.0019

0.6027 0.6055 0.6084 0.6112 0.6141 0.6169 0.6198 0.6226 0.6255 0.6283 0.6312 0.6340 0.6369 0.6397 0.6426 0.6454 0.6483 0.6511 0.6540 0.6568 0.6597 0.6626 0.6654 0.6683 0.6711 0.6740 0.6769 0.6797 0.6826 0.6855 0.6883 0.6912 0.6941 0.6970 0.6998 0.7027 0.7056 0.7085 0.7114 0.7143 0.7172 0.7201 0.7231 0.7260 0.7290 0.7319 0.7349 0.7378 0.7408 0.7438 0.7468

–60.341 –59.335 –58.329 –57.323 –56.317 –55.311 –54.305 –53.299 –52.293 –51.287 –50.281 –49.275 –48.269 –47.263 –46.257 –45.252 –44.246 –43.240 –42.234 –41.229 –40.223 –39.217 –38.212 –37.206 –36.200 –35.195 –34.189 –33.183 –32.178 –31.172 –30.167 –29.161 –28.156 –27.150 –26.144 –25.139 –24.133 –23.128 –22.122 –21.117 –20.111 –19.106 –18.100 –17.095 –16.089 –15.084 –14.078 –13.073 –12.067 –11.062 –10.056

has 0.016 0.018 0.021 0.024 0.027 0.031 0.035 0.040 0.046 0.052 0.059 0.066 0.075 0.085 0.095 0.107 0.121 0.136 0.153 0.172 0.192 0.215 0.241 0.269 0.301 0.336 0.374 0.417 0.464 0.516 0.573 0.636 0.706 0.782 0.866 0.958 1.059 1.170 1.291 1.424 1.570 1.728 1.902 2.091 2.298 2.523 2.769 3.036 3.326 3.642 3.986

hs –60.325 –59.317 –58.308 –57.299 –56.289 –55.280 –54.269 –53.258 –52.247 –51.235 –50.222 –49.209 –48.194 –47.179 –46.162 –45.144 –44.125 –43.104 –42.081 –41.057 –40.031 –39.002 –37.970 –36.936 –35.899 –34.859 –33.815 –32.766 –31.714 –30.656 –29.593 –28.525 –27.450 –26.368 –25.278 –24.181 –23.074 –21.958 –20.831 –19.693 –18.542 –17.377 –16.198 –15.003 –13.791 –12.560 –11.310 –10.037 –8.741 –7.419 –6.070

Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgda ·K) Temp., °C t s s da

–0.2494 –0.2447 –0.2400 –0.2354 –0.2307 –0.2261 –0.2215 –0.2169 –0.2124 –0.2078 –0.2033 –0.1988 –0.1943 –0.1899 –0.1854 –0.1810 –0.1766 –0.1722 –0.1679 –0.1635 –0.1592 –0.1549 –0.1506 –0.1464 –0.1421 –0.1379 –0.1337 –0.1295 –0.1253 –0.1211 –0.1170 –0.1129 –0.1088 –0.1047 –0.1006 –0.0965 –0.0925 –0.0884 –0.0844 –0.0804 –0.0765 –0.0725 –0.0685 –0.0646 –0.0607 –0.0568 –0.0529 –0.0490 –0.0452 –0.0413 –0.0375

s

–0.2494 –0.2446 –0.2399 –0.2353 –0.2306 –0.2260 –0.2213 –0.2167 –0.2121 –0.2076 –0.2030 –0.1985 –0.1940 –0.1895 –0.1850 –0.1805 –0.1761 –0.1716 –0.1672 –0.1628 –0.1583 –0.1539 –0.1495 –0.1451 –0.1408 –0.1364 –0.1320 –0.1276 –0.1232 –0.1189 –0.1145 –0.1101 –0.1057 –0.1013 –0.0969 –0.0924 –0.0880 –0.0835 –0.0790 –0.0745 –0.0699 –0.0653 –0.0607 –0.0560 –0.0513 –0.0465 –0.0416 –0.0367 –0.0317 –0.0267 –0.0215

–60 –59 –58 –57 –56 –55 –54 –53 –52 –51 –50 –49 –48 –47 –46 –45 –44 –43 –42 –41 –40 –39 –38 –37 –36 –35 –34 –33 –32 –31 –30 –29 –28 –27 –26 –25 –24 –23 –22 –21 –20 –19 –18 –17 –16 –15 –14 –13 –12 –11 –10

102

Appendix A Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air

Table A-1 Temp., °C t –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure, 101.325 kPa (Continued)

Humidity Ratio Ws , kgw /kgda 0.0017551 0.0019166 0.0020916 0.0022812 0.0024863 0.0027083 0.0029482 0.0032076 0.0034877 0.0037900 0.004076 0.004382 0.004708 0.005055 0.005425 0.005819 0.006238 0.006684 0.007158 0.007663 0.008199 0.008768 0.009372 0.010013 0.010694 0.011415 0.012181 0.012991 0.013851 0.014761 0.015724 0.016744 0.017823 0.018965 0.020173 0.021451 0.022802 0.024229 0.025738 0.027333 0.029018 0.030797 0.032677 0.034663 0.036760 0.038975 0.041313 0.043783 0.046391 0.049145 0.052053 0.055124 0.058368 0.061795 0.065416 0.069242 0.073286 0.077561 0.082081 0.086863 0.091922 0.097278 0.102949 0.108958 0.115326 0.122080 0.129248 0.136858 0.144945 0.153545 0.162697 0.172446

Specific Volume, m3/kgda

Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgda

vda

vas

vs

hda

0.7478 0.7506 0.7534 0.7563 0.7591 0.7620 0.7648 0.7677 0.7705 0.7733 0.7762 0.7790 0.7819 0.7847 0.7875 0.7904 0.7932 0.7961 0.7989 0.8017 0.8046 0.8074 0.8103 0.8131 0.8159 0.8188 0.8216 0.8245 0.8273 0.8301 0.8330 0.8358 0.8387 0.8415 0.8443 0.8472 0.8500 0.8529 0.8557 0.8585 0.8614 0.8642 0.8671 0.8699 0.8727 0.8756 0.8784 0.8813 0.8841 0.8869 0.8898 0.8926 0.8955 0.8983 0.9011 0.9040 0.9068 0.9096 0.9125 0.9153 0.9182 0.9210 0.9238 0.9267 0.9295 0.9324 0.9352 0.9380 0.9409 0.9437 0.9465 0.9494

0.0021 0.0023 0.0025 0.0028 0.0030 0.0033 0.0036 0.0039 0.0043 0.0047 0.0051 0.0055 0.0059 0.0064 0.0068 0.0074 0.0079 0.0085 0.0092 0.0098 0.0106 0.0113 0.0122 0.0131 0.0140 0.0150 0.0160 0.0172 0.0184 0.0196 0.0210 0.0224 0.0240 0.0256 0.0273 0.0291 0.0311 0.0331 0.0353 0.0376 0.0400 0.0426 0.0454 0.0483 0.0514 0.0547 0.0581 0.0618 0.0657 0.0698 0.0741 0.0788 0.0837 0.0888 0.0943 0.1002 0.1063 0.1129 0.1198 0.1272 0.1350 0.1433 0.1521 0.1614 0.1714 0.1819 0.1932 0.2051 0.2179 0.2315 0.2460 0.2615

0.7499 0.7529 0.7560 0.7591 0.7622 0.7653 0.7684 0.7716 0.7748 0.7780 0.7813 0.7845 0.7878 0.7911 0.7944 0.7978 0.8012 0.8046 0.8081 0.8116 0.8152 0.8188 0.8224 0.8262 0.8299 0.8338 0.8377 0.8416 0.8457 0.8498 0.8540 0.8583 0.8626 0.8671 0.8716 0.8763 0.8811 0.8860 0.8910 0.8961 0.9014 0.9069 0.9124 0.9182 0.9241 0.9302 0.9365 0.9430 0.9498 0.9567 0.9639 0.9714 0.9791 0.9871 0.9955 1.0041 1.0131 1.0225 1.0323 1.0425 1.0531 1.0643 1.0759 1.0881 1.1009 1.1143 1.1284 1.1432 1.1587 1.1752 1.1925 1.2108

–9.050 –8.045 –7.039 –6.034 –5.028 –4.023 –3.017 –2.011 –1.006 0.000 1.006 2.011 3.017 4.023 5.029 6.034 7.040 8.046 9.052 10.058 11.063 12.069 13.075 14.081 15.087 16.093 17.099 18.105 19.111 20.117 21.124 22.130 23.136 24.142 25.148 26.155 27.161 28.167 29.174 30.180 31.187 32.193 33.200 34.207 35.213 36.220 37.227 38.233 39.240 40.247 41.254 42.261 43.268 44.275 45.282 46.289 47.297 48.304 49.311 50.319 51.326 52.334 53.341 54.349 55.356 56.364 57.372 58.380 59.388 60.396 61.404 62.412

has 4.358 4.763 5.202 5.677 6.193 6.750 7.354 8.007 8.712 9.475 10.198 10.970 11.794 12.673 13.611 14.610 15.674 16.807 18.013 19.297 20.661 22.111 23.653 25.290 27.028 28.873 30.830 32.906 35.107 37.441 39.914 42.533 45.308 48.245 51.355 54.646 58.128 61.812 65.708 69.829 74.185 78.791 83.660 88.806 94.245 99.993 106.068 112.487 119.270 126.438 134.014 142.021 150.483 159.429 168.887 178.889 189.466 200.656 212.497 225.030 238.300 252.357 267.251 283.041 299.788 317.560 336.431 356.482 377.800 400.484 424.641 450.388

hs –4.692 –3.282 –1.838 –0.356 1.164 2.728 4.337 5.995 7.707 9.475 11.203 12.981 14.811 16.696 18.639 20.644 22.714 24.853 27.065 29.354 31.724 34.181 36.728 39.371 42.115 44.966 47.929 51.011 54.219 57.558 61.037 64.663 68.444 72.388 76.503 80.801 85.289 89.979 94.882 100.009 105.372 110.985 116.860 123.013 129.458 136.213 143.294 150.720 158.510 166.685 175.268 184.282 193.751 203.704 214.169 225.178 236.763 248.960 261.808 275.349 289.627 304.690 320.592 337.389 355.144 373.924 393.803 414.862 437.188 460.880 486.044 512.799

Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgda ·K) Temp., °C t s s da

–0.0337 –0.0299 –0.0261 –0.0223 –0.0186 –0.0148 –0.0111 –0.0074 –0.0037 0.0000 0.0037 0.0073 0.0110 0.0146 0.0182 0.0219 0.0254 0.0290 0.0326 0.0362 0.0397 0.0432 0.0468 0.0503 0.0538 0.0573 0.0607 0.0642 0.0676 0.0711 0.0745 0.0779 0.0813 0.0847 0.0881 0.0915 0.0948 0.0982 0.1015 0.1048 0.1081 0.1115 0.1147 0.1180 0.1213 0.1246 0.1278 0.1311 0.1343 0.1375 0.1407 0.1439 0.1471 0.1503 0.1535 0.1566 0.1598 0.1629 0.1660 0.1692 0.1723 0.1754 0.1785 0.1816 0.1846 0.1877 0.1908 0.1938 0.1968 0.1999 0.2029 0.2059

s

–0.0163 –0.0110 –0.0055 0.0000 0.0057 0.0115 0.0175 0.0236 0.0299 0.0364 0.0427 0.0492 0.0559 0.0627 0.0697 0.0769 0.0843 0.0919 0.0997 0.1078 0.1162 0.1248 0.1337 0.1430 0.1525 0.1624 0.1726 0.1832 0.1942 0.2057 0.2175 0.2298 0.2426 0.2560 0.2698 0.2842 0.2992 0.3148 0.3311 0.3481 0.3658 0.3843 0.4035 0.4236 0.4447 0.4666 0.4895 0.5135 0.5386 0.5650 0.5925 0.6213 0.6514 0.6830 0.7162 0.7509 0.7874 0.8256 0.8658 0.9081 0.9525 0.9993 1.0485 1.1003 1.1549 1.2126 1.2734 1.3377 1.4056 1.4775 1.5537 1.6345

–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition Table A-1 Temp., °C t 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure, 101.325 kPa (Continued)

Humidity Ratio Ws , kgw /kgda 0.182842 0.193937 0.205794 0.218478 0.232067 0.246645 0.262309 0.279167 0.297343 0.316979 0.338237 0.361304 0.386399 0.413774 0.443727 0.476610 0.512842 0.552926 0.597470 0.647218 0.703089 0.766233 0.838105 0.920580 1.016105 1.127952 1.260579 1.420235

103

Specific Volume, m3/kgda

Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgda

vda

vas

vs

hda

0.9522 0.9551 0.9579 0.9607 0.9636 0.9664 0.9692 0.9721 0.9749 0.9778 0.9806 0.9834 0.9863 0.9891 0.9919 0.9948 0.9976 1.0005 1.0033 1.0061 1.0090 1.0118 1.0146 1.0175 1.0203 1.0232 1.0260 1.0288

0.2780 0.2957 0.3147 0.3350 0.3568 0.3803 0.4056 0.4328 0.4622 0.4941 0.5287 0.5663 0.6072 0.6520 0.7010 0.7550 0.8145 0.8805 0.9539 1.0360 1.1283 1.2328 1.3519 1.4887 1.6473 1.8332 2.0539 2.3198

1.2302 1.2508 1.2726 1.2957 1.3204 1.3467 1.3748 1.4049 1.4372 1.4719 1.5093 1.5497 1.5935 1.6411 1.6930 1.7497 1.8121 1.8809 1.9572 2.0421 2.1373 2.2446 2.3665 2.5062 2.6676 2.8564 3.0799 3.3487

63.420 64.428 65.436 66.445 67.453 68.462 69.470 70.479 71.488 72.496 73.505 74.514 75.523 76.532 77.542 78.551 79.560 80.569 81.579 82.589 83.598 84.608 85.618 86.628 87.638 88.648 89.658 90.668

has 477.856 507.192 538.557 572.131 608.118 646.746 688.271 732.985 781.220 833.353 889.821 951.124 1017.843 1090.659 1170.366 1257.907 1354.402 1461.196 1579.917 1712.556 1861.573 2030.041 2221.858 2442.035 2697.127 2995.880 3350.228 3776.888

hs 541.276 571.620 603.993 638.576 675.572 715.208 757.741 803.464 852.707 905.850 963.326 1025.638 1093.367 1167.191 1247.907 1336.458 1433.962 1541.765 1661.496 1795.145 1945.171 2114.649 2307.476 2528.662 2784.764 3084.528 3439.885 3867.556

Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgda ·K) Temp., °C t s s da

0.2089 0.2119 0.2149 0.2179 0.2208 0.2238 0.2268 0.2297 0.2326 0.2356 0.2385 0.2414 0.2443 0.2472 0.2501 0.2529 0.2558 0.2587 0.2615 0.2644 0.2672 0.2701 0.2729 0.2757 0.2785 0.2813 0.2841 0.2869

s

1.7203 1.8114 1.9084 2.0117 2.1220 2.2398 2.3659 2.5011 2.6464 2.8028 2.9715 3.1539 3.3517 3.5668 3.8014 4.0581 4.3401 4.6511 4.9956 5.3794 5.8091 6.2933 6.8430 7.4721 8.1987 9.0472 10.0508 11.2558

63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

Appendix B— Dimensions, Units, and Unit Conversion Factors Table B-1

Dimensions and Units Used in Air-Conditioning Applications

Dimension

SI Unit

I-P Unit

Acceleration

m/s2

ft/s2

Area

m2

ft2

Density

kg/m3

lbm/ft3

Energy

N·m, joule (J)

Btu, ft·lb

Force

(kg·m)/s2, newton (N)

pound (lbf)

Length

metre (m)

foot (ft)

Mass

kilogram (kg)

pound mass (lbm)

Power

J/s, watt (W)

Btu/h

Pressure

N/m2, pascal (Pa)

pounds per square inch (psi)

Specific heat

J/(kg·°C), J/(kg·K)

Btu/lbm·°F

Time

second (s)

second (s)

Temperature (absolute)

kelvin (K)

degree Rankine (°R)

Temperature

degree Celsius (°C)

degree Fahrenheit (°F)

Thermal conductivity

W/(m·°C), W/(m·K)

Btu/h·ft·°F

Thermal flux density

W/m2

Btu/h·ft2

Velocity

m/s

ft/s, ft/min, fpm

Volume

m3

ft3

Volume flow rate

m3/s

ft3/s, ft3/min, cfm

106

Appendix B Dimensions, Units, and Unit Conversion Factors Table B-2

Unit Conversion Factors

Dimension

SI Unit

I-P Unit

Length

1 m = 3.281 ft

1 ft = 0.305 m

Area

1 m2 = 10.76 ft2

1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2

Volume

1 m3 = 35.32 ft3 1 m3 = 1000 L

1 ft3 = 0.0284 m3 1 ft3 = 7.481 gal

Mass

1 kg = 2.205 lbm

1 lbm = 0.454 kg

Force

1 N = 0.2248 lbf

1 lbf = 4.448 N

Energy

1 kJ = 0.9478 Btu 1 J = 0.7376 ft·lbf 1 kWh = 3.412 × 103 Btu

1 Btu = 778.2 ft·lbf = 1.055 kJ 1 ft·lbf = 1.356 J 1 Btu = 2.930 × 10–4 kWh

1 kJ/kg = 0.4298 Btu/lbm

1 Btu/lbm = 2.326 kJ/kg

Power

1 W = 3.412 Btu/h 1 kW = 1.341 hp 1 kW = 0.2844 ton refrigeration

1 Btu/h = 0.293 W 1 hp = 2545 Btu/h = 0.746 kW 1 ton = 12,000 Btu/h = 3.517 kW

Pressure

1 Pa = 1.450 × 10–4 psi 1 atm = 101 kPa

1 psi = 6.897 × 103 Pa 1 atm = 14.7 psi = 29.92 in. Hg

Temperature

1°C T = 9/5°F T y°C = [(9/5)y + 32]°F K = °C + 273.15

1°F T = 5/9°C T y°F = (y – 32)(5/9)°C °R = °F + 459.67

Velocity

1 m/s = 1.969 × 102 ft/min

1 ft/min = 5.079 × 10–3 m/s

Mass density

1 kg/m3 = 6.243 × 10–2 lbm/ft3

1 lbm/ft3 = 16.02 kg/m3

Mass flow rate

1 kg/s = 2.205 lbm/s 1 kg/s = 7.937 × 103 lbm/h

1 lbm/s = 0.4535 kg/s 1 lbm/h = 1.260 × 10–4 kg/s

Volume flow rate

1 m3/s = 2.119 × 103 cfm 1 m3/s = 1.585 × 104 gal/min

1 cfm = 4.719 × 10–4 m3/s 1 gal/min = 6.309 × 10–5 m3/s

Thermal conductivity

1 W/(m·°C) = 0.5778 Btu/h·ft·°F

1 Btu/h·ft·°F = 1.731 W/(m·°C)

Specific energy, Specific enthalpy

W/(m2·°C)

Btu/h·ft2·°F

Heat transfer coefficient

1

Specific heat

1 J/(kg·°C) = 2.389 × 10–4 Btu/lbm·°F

= 0.1761

1 Btu/h·ft2·°F = 5.679 W/(m2·°C) 1 Btu/lbm·°F = 4.186 × 103 J/(kg·°C)

Appendix C— Climatic Design Information The climatic design information in this appendix is from Chapter 14 of the 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals.

Alabama AUBURN OPELIKA ROBE BIRMINGHAM MUNI CAIRNS AAF DOTHAN RGNL GADSDEN MUNI HUNTSVILLE/MADISON MAXWELL AFB MOBILE/BATES FIELD MONTGOMERY/DANNELLY NORTHWEST ALABAMA R TUSCALOOSA RGNL Alaska FAIRBANKS INTL ARPT FT. RICHARDSON/BRYA ANCHORAGE/ELMENDORF ANCHORAGE LAKE HOOD ANCHORAGE INTL ARPT MERRILL FLD JUNEAU Arizona CASA GRANDE MUNI DAVIS MONTHAN AFB FLAGSTAFF AIRPORT LUKE AFB PHOENIX/SKY HARBOR ERNEST A LOVE FLD TUCSON INTL YUMA INTL AIRPORT YUMA MCAS Arkansas BENTONVILLE MUNI THA DRAKE FLD FORT SMITH MUNI JONESBORO MUNI ADAMS FLD LITTLE ROCK AFB LITTLE ROCK/ADAMS F GRIDER FLD ROGERS MUNI CARTER F SMITH FLD TEXARKANA RGNL WEBB California ALAMEDA(USN) BAKERSFIELD/MEADOWS BEALE AFB BURBANK/GLENDALE CAMARILLO CAMP PENDLETON MCAS MC CLELLAN PALOMAR CASTLE AFB/MERCED EL TORO MCAS FRESNO AIR TERMINAL FULLERTON MUNICIPAL S CALIF LOGISTICS HAYWARD AIR TERM

United States of America

Station

111.77W 110.88W 111.67W 112.38W 111.99W 112.42W 110.96W 114.60W 114.60W 94.22W 94.17W 94.37W 90.65W 92.23W 92.15W 92.25W 91.94W 94.10W 94.48W 94.01W 122.32W 119.06W 121.44W 118.36W 119.10W 117.35W 117.28W 120.57W 117.73W 119.72W 117.98W 117.38W 122.12W

32.96N 32.17N 35.14N 33.54N 33.44N 34.65N 32.13N 32.65N 32.62N 36.35N 36.01N 35.33N 35.83N 34.75N 34.92N 34.83N 34.18N 36.37N 36.19N 33.45N 37.73N 35.43N 39.14N 34.20N 34.22N 33.30N 33.13N 37.37N 33.68N 36.78N 33.87N 34.60N 37.66N

4 150 34 223 23 24 100 60 117 100 29 879 14

395 384 141 84 78 95 173 65 412 364 122

446 824 2139 331 337 1540 779 63 65

147.86W 138 149.65W 115 149.79W 65 149.96W 40 149.99W 40 149.86W 42 134.58W 7

64.82N 61.27N 61.25N 61.18N 61.18N 61.22N 58.36N

237 192 92 108 173 196 52 67 62 171 57

Elev

85.43W 86.75W 85.71W 85.45W 86.08W 86.79W 86.36W 88.25W 86.39W 87.61W 87.62W

Long

32.62N 33.56N 31.28N 31.32N 33.97N 34.64N 32.38N 30.69N 32.30N 34.75N 33.21N

Lat

4.4 0.1 0.1 3.7 2.8 0.2 6.1 -0.8 4.9 -0.3 4.0 -2.5 2.7

-12.1 -12.2 -8.3 -8.8 -7.0 -8.0 -7.5 -5.9 -12.2 -12.0 -4.9

0.0 0.2 -15.6 1.8 3.7 -8.0 -0.2 5.5 5.3

-42.0 -28.7 -26.3 -22.6 -22.9 -24.0 -15.3

-4.7 -6.4 -3.0 -2.5 -7.5 -7.5 -2.8 -2.4 -4.3 -7.2 -5.6

99.6%

5.6 1.6 1.6 5.0 4.0 2.0 7.2 0.3 6.6 0.9 6.0 -0.9 3.9

-8.9 -8.8 -5.7 -7.0 -4.5 -5.7 -4.8 -3.6 -8.9 -8.8 -2.7

1.8 2.1 -12.5 3.2 5.3 -6.3 1.3 7.1 7.0

-39.1 -25.5 -23.5 -20.0 -20.4 -22.1 -12.8

-2.5 -4.0 -1.1 -0.7 -5.9 -5.3 -1.0 -0.5 -2.4 -4.9 -3.2

99%

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

28.3 39.3 38.2 36.5 29.9 33.4 28.0 37.5 33.2 39.7 34.1 38.2 31.0

34.8 35.1 37.5 36.1 37.0 37.5 35.2 36.3 34.1 35.3 37.1

42.5 41.0 29.9 43.9 43.5 34.7 41.1 43.7 43.8

27.4 23.8 23.3 23.3 21.9 22.8 23.2

34.4 35.3 35.7 35.9 34.2 35.1 36.3 34.3 36.0 35.8 36.1

18.2 21.7 21.4 19.7 16.8 19.0 17.0 21.1 19.7 21.6 19.4 18.5 18.7

23.7 23.9 24.8 25.0 25.1 25.2 24.8 25.2 23.1 23.7 24.6

20.8 18.2 13.1 21.6 20.9 16.0 19.0 23.2 22.8

16.1 15.7 14.7 15.3 15.0 15.2 15.3

23.5 23.9 25.0 24.5 23.7 23.9 24.8 25.0 24.5 24.1 24.4

26.1 38.0 36.7 34.3 27.7 31.1 27.1 36.1 31.3 38.2 32.6 36.9 27.9

32.9 33.6 36.0 34.5 35.3 36.0 33.9 35.0 32.8 33.7 35.7

41.6 39.8 28.5 42.6 42.4 33.1 39.8 42.6 42.7

25.7 22.0 22.0 21.7 20.1 21.3 21.2

33.0 33.9 34.6 34.1 32.9 33.8 35.2 33.3 34.7 34.1 34.6

17.5 20.8 20.7 19.3 17.2 18.7 17.5 20.7 19.5 20.7 19.3 18.2 17.9

23.9 23.7 24.7 24.6 25.2 25.3 24.6 25.2 23.3 23.6 24.6

20.6 18.2 12.8 21.5 20.8 15.7 18.9 23.0 22.7

15.5 14.9 14.3 14.6 14.1 14.6 14.5

23.5 23.6 24.7 24.1 23.6 23.7 24.8 24.7 24.4 23.8 24.4

24.1 36.8 35.0 32.7 26.3 29.0 25.1 34.7 29.6 37.0 31.1 35.6 26.0

32.2 32.3 34.4 33.3 34.0 34.4 32.7 33.9 31.9 32.3 34.2

40.5 38.0 27.3 41.3 41.3 32.2 38.6 41.5 41.8

23.8 20.1 20.0 19.9 18.8 19.9 19.2

32.3 32.7 33.4 33.0 32.2 32.6 34.1 32.5 33.7 32.9 33.5

16.9 20.3 20.0 19.0 17.5 18.6 17.7 20.2 19.1 20.1 19.3 17.7 17.3

23.6 23.5 24.5 24.3 24.7 25.0 24.2 24.9 23.1 23.4 24.5

20.4 18.0 12.7 21.4 20.7 15.5 18.7 22.6 22.4

14.8 13.9 13.5 13.9 13.5 13.9 13.7

23.3 23.5 24.5 24.0 23.5 23.4 24.6 24.5 24.3 23.7 24.2

19.1 23.1 22.8 22.5 20.7 22.0 21.1 22.4 21.9 23.0 22.4 21.0 19.9

25.3 25.5 26.5 26.8 26.8 27.3 26.2 26.9 25.1 25.3 26.4

23.2 22.9 16.3 25.0 24.4 19.2 22.6 26.6 26.5

17.3 16.5 16.0 16.2 15.8 16.3 16.2

25.5 25.8 27.3 26.6 25.6 25.8 27.0 26.7 26.5 26.0 26.4

25.9 36.4 35.6 32.0 25.9 28.7 24.8 34.9 29.8 36.4 30.3 31.4 27.9

32.1 31.9 33.6 32.9 33.3 33.5 32.4 33.3 31.2 32.3 33.0

34.7 28.4 22.8 36.5 35.4 27.4 31.4 36.0 35.9

25.0 22.6 21.1 22.0 20.5 21.3 21.8

31.3 31.4 31.9 32.1 31.7 31.3 32.9 31.4 32.6 32.1 32.6

18.4 22.2 21.8 21.6 19.9 21.3 20.4 21.6 21.2 22.2 21.7 20.2 18.9

24.7 24.9 25.9 26.1 26.2 26.7 25.6 26.3 24.4 24.7 25.9

22.8 22.4 15.6 24.3 23.9 18.5 22.1 25.8 25.7

16.4 15.4 15.2 15.3 14.9 15.4 15.3

25.0 25.3 26.6 25.9 25.1 25.3 26.5 26.2 25.9 25.4 25.8

24.5 35.4 34.2 30.8 25.1 27.8 24.0 34.1 28.9 35.1 29.1 31.2 26.2

31.2 31.2 32.9 32.3 32.8 32.9 31.6 32.8 30.2 31.3 32.3

34.8 29.2 22.5 35.8 35.2 26.7 31.1 35.6 35.4

23.5 20.8 19.6 20.0 19.0 19.8 19.7

30.7 30.9 31.3 31.3 31.1 30.9 32.3 30.7 31.8 31.5 31.8

16.8 18.4 18.0 19.2 18.7 19.8 19.2 17.6 19.0 18.5 19.8 18.1 17.1

23.0 23.7 24.7 25.1 25.1 25.9 24.5 25.2 23.0 22.9 24.8

21.0 22.1 14.4 22.3 21.8 17.3 20.7 24.2 24.1

14.7 13.5 14.1 13.7 13.6 14.0 14.0

24.0 24.4 26.2 25.2 23.8 24.4 25.6 25.5 24.9 24.3 24.9

12.0 13.5 13.0 14.3 13.5 14.6 14.1 12.7 14.0 13.5 14.5 14.5 12.2

18.6 19.4 20.0 20.4 20.4 21.5 19.8 20.4 18.6 18.5 20.1

16.6 18.6 13.3 17.7 17.2 14.9 17.0 19.2 19.1

10.6 9.8 10.1 9.8 9.7 10.0 10.0

19.4 19.8 21.8 20.6 19.1 19.8 20.9 20.9 20.1 19.6 20.1

20.3 30.8 28.7 25.2 23.7 24.8 22.9 29.1 26.0 29.8 26.5 25.0 22.8

29.1 28.5 29.3 29.8 29.6 30.0 29.3 29.9 27.7 29.2 29.0

26.3 24.8 17.6 28.2 27.9 21.3 24.5 30.8 30.6

18.5 18.6 16.2 17.3 17.0 17.3 16.6

27.7 28.1 29.1 28.5 28.7 28.1 29.4 28.6 29.0 28.4 28.5

16.1 17.2 17.2 18.7 17.7 18.9 18.9 16.6 18.2 17.3 18.8 16.6 16.2

22.6 22.9 24.1 24.1 24.5 25.1 23.9 24.4 22.6 22.6 24.2

19.4 20.9 13.6 21.3 20.8 16.3 20.0 23.2 23.0

13.7 12.7 13.0 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.3

23.1 23.8 25.2 24.6 23.0 23.8 25.0 25.0 24.3 23.8 24.2

11.5 12.5 12.4 13.9 12.7 13.7 13.9 11.9 13.3 12.6 13.7 13.2 11.5

18.2 18.5 19.3 19.2 19.7 20.4 19.2 19.6 18.2 18.0 19.4

14.9 17.3 12.6 16.6 16.1 14.0 16.2 18.2 17.9

9.9 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.5

18.3 19.0 20.6 19.8 18.1 19.1 20.2 20.3 19.4 19.1 19.2

19.8 29.6 27.5 24.6 22.1 24.5 22.7 28.8 25.1 28.9 25.6 25.9 21.1

28.6 27.9 28.8 29.0 29.1 29.6 28.8 29.4 27.4 28.8 28.6

26.6 24.8 17.4 28.7 29.1 21.1 24.8 31.2 31.1

18.0 17.0 15.7 16.9 16.4 16.7 15.9

26.9 27.6 28.2 28.1 27.8 27.6 29.0 28.1 28.4 28.0 28.1

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 542 sites, 864 more on CD-ROM 11 sites, 7 more on CD-ROM 7.9 6.9 5.8 1321 1085 8.2 7.4 6.5 1474 1119 7.5 6.4 5.5 992 1373 8.6 7.8 6.9 968 1396 7.5 6.3 5.5 1787 881 9.3 8.3 7.5 1718 1011 8.0 7.0 5.9 1054 1453 9.0 8.1 7.3 918 1388 8.3 7.4 6.4 1194 1289 8.4 7.5 6.6 1692 1042 7.7 6.6 5.8 1376 1202 7 sites, 87 more on CD-ROM 7.7 6.7 5.5 7509 40 8.6 6.5 5.2 5932 3 8.5 7.1 5.7 5729 6 8.3 7.2 5.8 5424 9 9.3 8.3 7.4 5623 3 6.8 5.5 4.7 5581 6 11.9 10.6 8.8 4613 2 9 sites, 12 more on CD-ROM 9.2 7.9 6.7 838 1969 9.1 8.0 7.2 781 1858 10.6 8.8 7.7 3794 68 8.9 7.7 6.5 663 2211 8.3 7.2 5.8 513 2570 9.4 8.3 7.5 2319 546 9.6 8.4 7.5 787 1818 9.3 8.2 7.3 370 2627 9.3 8.2 7.3 369 2621 11 sites, 15 more on CD-ROM 8.7 7.8 7.0 2247 762 9.2 8.4 7.7 2165 791 9.2 8.1 7.2 1754 1145 9.8 8.5 7.7 1947 1084 8.4 7.6 6.9 1621 1206 8.0 6.8 5.8 1727 1149 8.3 7.4 6.6 1754 1077 8.4 7.6 6.9 1500 1239 9.7 8.5 7.6 2244 769 10.4 9.0 8.1 2206 801 8.4 7.6 6.7 1356 1297 55 sites, 38 more on CD-ROM 9.2 8.3 7.5 1169 116 8.2 7.1 5.9 1164 1252 9.7 8.3 7.1 1309 851 8.2 6.8 5.7 752 791 11.2 9.0 7.3 1040 208 7.5 6.4 5.6 980 386 6.2 5.4 4.8 945 267 8.1 6.6 5.6 1461 819 6.7 5.4 4.6 634 593 8.1 7.3 6.4 1259 1165 5.8 4.9 4.6 668 689 10.0 8.4 7.5 1478 1062 8.8 7.9 7.2 1429 160

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

108 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

IMPERIAL CO JACK NORTHROP FLD H LANCASTER/FOX FIELD LEMOORE NAS LIVERMORE MUNICIPAL LOMPOC LONG BEACH/LB AIRP. LOS ANGELES INTL RIVERSIDE/MARCH AFB MC CLELLAN AFLD MODESTO CITY CO HAR MONTEREY PENINSULA MOUNTAIN VIEW (SUNN NAPA CO SAN BERNARDINO INTL OAKLAND/METROP. OAK ONTARIO INTL ARPT PALM SPRINGS INTL JACQUELINE COCHRAN POINT ARGUELLO PT MUGU (NAWS) PORTERVILLE MUNI REDDING MUNICIPAL RIVERSIDE MUNI SACRAMENTO/EXECUTIV SACRAMENTO MATHER FL SACRAMENTO INTL SALINAS MUNI SAN DIEGO/LINDBERGH MIRAMAR MCAS NORTH ISLAND NAS BROWN FLD MUNI MONTGOMERY FLD SAN FRANCISCO INTL NORMAN Y MINETA SAN SAN LUIS CO RGNL SANTA BARBARA MUNI SANTA MARIA PUBLIC C M SCHULZ SONOMA CO STOCKTON/METROPOLIT FAIRFIELD/TRAVIS AF VISALIA MUNI Colorado BUCKLEY AFB COLORADO SPRINGS/MU DENVER INTERNATIONA DENVER/STAPLETON CENTENNIAL FORT COLLINS (AWOS) FORT COLLINS(SAWRS) GRAND JUNCTION/WALK GREELEY WELD CO PUEBLO MEMORIAL(AW) Connecticut BRIDGEPORT/IGOR I. HARTFORD/BRADLEY IN HARTFORD BRAINARD

Station

104.75W 104.71W 104.66W 104.87W 104.85W 105.00W 105.08W 108.54W 104.62W 104.50W

39.70N 38.81N 39.83N 39.75N 39.57N 40.45N 40.58N 39.13N 40.44N 38.29N 41.18N 73.15W 41.94N 72.68W 41.74N 72.65W

115.58W 118.33W 118.22W 119.95W 121.82W 120.47W 118.16W 118.41W 117.25W 121.40W 120.95W 121.85W 122.05W 122.28W 117.23W 122.22W 117.57W 116.51W 116.16W 120.63W 119.12W 119.05W 122.31W 117.44W 121.49W 121.29W 121.59W 121.61W 117.17W 117.15W 117.20W 116.98W 117.14W 122.40W 121.93W 120.64W 119.84W 120.47W 122.81W 121.24W 121.95W 119.38W

Long

32.83N 33.92N 34.74N 36.33N 37.69N 34.67N 33.83N 33.94N 33.90N 38.67N 37.63N 36.59N 37.42N 38.21N 34.08N 37.76N 34.05N 33.83N 33.63N 34.57N 34.12N 36.03N 40.52N 33.95N 38.51N 38.55N 38.70N 36.66N 32.74N 32.87N 32.70N 32.57N 32.82N 37.62N 37.36N 35.24N 34.43N 34.92N 38.51N 37.89N 38.27N 36.32N

Lat

5 55 6

1726 1881 1655 1612 1776 1529 1525 1475 1417 1439

-17 19 713 71 121 27 12 99 468 23 30 67 10 17 353 27 287 137 -36 34 4 135 153 253 8 29 10 24 9 146 8 160 129 6 15 63 6 73 45 8 22 90

Elev

-11.5 -15.5 -13.0

-16.3 -17.1 -17.5 -18.6 -17.8 -17.8 -19.2 -15.0 -21.3 -18.0

99.6% 2.1 7.0 -5.9 -2.0 -1.0 0.4 5.2 7.0 0.0 -0.5 -0.5 2.6 2.4 -1.3 1.1 2.6 2.8 5.2 -0.4 7.5 3.8 -1.0 -2.0 2.3 -0.5 -1.3 -0.9 1.0 7.1 3.8 7.0 3.8 4.8 3.9 2.1 1.1 1.4 0.3 -1.3 -0.8 -1.1 -1.2

-9.0 -12.7 -11.0

-12.9 -13.8 -14.1 -14.9 -14.3 -14.7 -15.1 -12.1 -17.6 -14.2

99% 3.0 7.6 -4.0 -0.1 0.8 2.0 6.4 8.0 2.0 1.1 1.0 3.8 3.7 0.1 2.5 3.9 4.3 7.0 1.3 8.6 5.1 0.9 -0.6 2.9 1.0 0.0 0.9 2.4 8.0 5.2 7.8 5.9 6.2 5.2 3.2 2.4 2.6 1.7 -0.2 0.6 0.9 0.4

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

31.0 33.0 32.6

34.1 32.5 34.6 34.4 33.0 34.2 32.3 36.5 35.2 36.9 22.8 23.0 22.9

14.8 14.9 15.5 15.9 15.5 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.8 16.9 29.1 31.4 31.2

32.8 31.1 33.2 32.9 32.1 32.7 30.7 35.0 33.0 35.4

22.0 22.2 22.4

14.8 14.7 15.5 15.6 15.4 15.8 15.7 15.9 16.7 16.8

27.8 29.7 29.2

32.0 29.5 31.8 31.4 30.3 31.2 29.1 33.6 32.1 33.8

21.3 21.4 21.6

14.8 14.6 15.4 15.4 15.2 15.7 15.6 15.5 16.7 16.6

Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB 44.0 22.7 42.8 22.6 42.1 22.5 31.2 17.3 28.7 17.4 27.3 17.5 39.1 18.9 37.8 18.0 36.5 17.5 39.5 22.0 37.9 21.2 36.9 20.6 37.2 19.9 34.9 19.2 32.7 18.4 27.5 16.0 25.1 16.1 23.1 15.7 32.8 19.3 30.9 19.2 28.9 18.8 28.7 17.4 26.9 17.5 25.3 17.9 37.9 19.4 37.1 19.2 35.3 18.7 38.9 21.2 37.4 20.7 35.6 20.0 38.7 21.3 37.1 20.3 35.4 19.7 26.1 15.7 22.9 15.1 22.0 14.9 31.3 18.7 28.7 18.1 27.1 17.8 33.0 18.8 30.8 18.5 28.0 17.6 39.4 20.9 37.9 20.8 36.3 20.4 27.9 18.0 25.9 17.4 23.6 16.9 37.8 21.1 36.4 20.5 34.8 20.2 44.0 21.8 42.8 21.6 42.2 21.5 44.1 22.5 42.7 22.2 41.8 22.0 21.7 N/A 19.8 N/A 18.4 N/A 27.6 15.6 25.8 16.6 24.0 17.2 38.0 21.1 37.3 20.7 36.1 20.1 41.1 20.5 39.0 19.8 37.4 19.0 37.8 20.8 36.9 20.5 34.8 19.9 37.8 21.1 36.2 20.4 34.2 19.7 38.7 20.5 37.1 19.6 35.0 19.1 38.0 21.4 36.8 20.9 34.9 20.2 28.2 16.7 25.9 16.1 23.8 15.9 28.4 18.3 26.8 18.5 25.4 18.6 32.6 19.2 30.9 19.1 28.8 19.0 28.6 17.9 27.1 18.4 25.6 18.4 32.0 17.8 29.1 18.1 27.6 18.0 32.4 18.8 30.1 18.5 27.9 18.1 28.2 17.1 25.6 16.6 23.5 16.2 33.1 18.9 31.2 18.7 29.0 18.2 32.0 17.8 29.1 17.3 27.4 17.1 28.1 17.5 26.3 17.5 24.9 17.2 28.8 16.6 26.5 16.1 24.6 15.8 35.2 19.2 32.8 18.8 31.0 18.2 38.2 21.1 36.6 20.5 34.9 20.1 37.4 19.5 35.1 19.0 32.9 18.5 37.7 22.1 37.0 21.7 35.3 20.8

24.4 24.6 25.0

18.0 17.4 18.3 18.0 18.4 18.4 18.1 18.4 19.5 19.4

28.3 30.4 29.8

25.8 25.8 27.1 27.7 27.2 27.8 27.1 29.8 29.1 29.5

23.7 23.8 24.1

17.3 16.8 17.7 17.4 17.5 17.7 17.6 17.8 18.8 18.8

27.1 28.8 28.4

25.8 25.2 26.9 27.0 26.4 27.7 26.7 29.1 28.7 29.1

23.1 22.9 23.5

16.2 15.2 16.1 15.6 16.1 16.0 15.4 15.9 17.0 17.2

17.8 17.8 18.3

14.3 13.6 14.0 13.5 14.2 13.7 13.2 13.6 14.5 14.6

26.0 26.9 27.3

18.7 18.7 20.1 19.5 20.3 20.9 21.0 20.1 22.7 20.7

22.6 22.3 22.6

15.1 14.4 15.1 14.7 14.8 14.1 14.7 14.6 16.0 16.3

17.3 17.1 17.3

13.2 12.9 13.2 12.7 13.1 12.1 12.6 12.4 13.6 13.8

25.6 26.2 26.6

18.8 18.5 19.9 19.4 20.0 20.9 20.6 20.4 22.2 20.6

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 25.1 20.1 31.4 23.9 18.7 31.7 19.0 13.8 23.5 18.0 13.0 22.2 14.8 11.4 27.0 13.2 10.3 26.3 19.1 14.0 31.8 17.7 12.8 30.0 16.2 11.7 25.2 15.1 10.9 23.1 16.3 11.6 20.6 15.2 10.9 19.9 20.3 15.0 24.4 19.4 14.2 23.8 19.6 14.5 23.2 18.9 13.9 22.5 18.8 14.4 23.5 17.7 13.4 22.7 17.4 12.4 26.8 16.3 11.6 26.3 17.2 12.3 29.4 16.1 11.5 27.4 15.1 10.8 18.1 14.1 10.1 17.6 17.3 12.4 23.6 16.3 11.6 22.1 16.3 11.6 23.5 15.8 11.3 22.9 20.0 15.4 28.4 19.0 14.4 28.5 16.7 11.9 21.0 16.1 11.5 20.3 20.0 15.3 27.1 19.0 14.2 25.7 22.8 17.8 33.5 22.0 17.0 33.4 23.8 18.6 31.9 22.6 17.3 31.9 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 19.6 14.4 22.4 18.6 13.4 21.8 17.7 12.9 30.1 17.0 12.4 29.4 17.6 12.9 26.6 16.4 11.9 25.9 18.9 14.1 27.5 17.8 13.2 26.1 17.7 12.7 29.1 16.5 11.7 26.5 16.3 11.6 24.1 15.5 11.0 24.1 17.9 12.8 29.5 17.0 12.2 28.2 15.9 11.3 19.6 15.1 10.7 19.0 20.3 15.0 23.5 19.6 14.4 23.1 19.9 14.9 24.7 19.0 14.1 23.9 20.3 15.0 23.3 19.4 14.2 22.6 19.6 14.6 24.1 18.8 13.9 23.3 19.2 14.1 24.1 18.8 13.8 23.8 16.2 11.5 20.1 15.5 11.0 19.3 17.1 12.3 24.4 16.3 11.6 23.5 16.4 11.7 21.7 15.8 11.3 21.1 18.2 13.1 21.9 17.6 12.6 21.0 16.3 11.7 20.4 15.5 11.1 19.7 16.1 11.5 24.8 15.0 10.7 23.3 18.4 13.3 29.9 16.5 11.8 26.9 16.2 11.5 23.0 15.2 10.8 22.5 20.1 14.9 29.7 18.7 13.7 29.0

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 11.7 9.8 8.4 527 2305 7.3 6.2 5.6 631 434 13.2 12.1 11.2 1641 1017 9.1 7.7 6.7 1256 1012 8.7 8.0 7.3 1541 442 9.1 8.3 7.7 1577 29 7.6 6.5 5.6 661 590 8.9 7.8 7.1 719 323 8.0 6.9 5.7 1034 883 9.1 7.6 6.4 1261 892 8.6 7.6 6.9 1326 901 7.6 6.6 5.7 1823 27 8.5 7.7 6.9 1202 258 9.5 8.5 7.8 1799 137 7.5 5.8 4.9 918 1006 10.5 8.9 8.2 1465 86 10.3 8.2 7.3 771 983 10.4 9.0 8.0 435 2409 8.9 7.8 6.9 608 2152 18.6 15.6 14.1 1887 12 10.3 8.5 7.3 1097 124 5.8 5.1 4.6 1417 928 11.1 8.9 7.6 1513 1049 9.0 7.4 6.2 871 892 9.1 8.1 7.2 1386 674 9.2 7.7 6.3 1493 675 10.4 8.6 7.7 1347 772 9.3 8.4 7.7 1523 58 7.7 6.9 5.9 665 374 6.7 5.6 4.9 831 469 8.4 7.4 6.5 659 380 7.3 5.9 5.4 934 363 7.1 5.8 5.4 849 457 12.8 11.5 10.5 1494 80 8.7 8.0 7.3 1153 368 11.3 10.1 8.8 1229 164 8.5 7.4 6.0 1248 109 10.8 9.1 8.2 1533 52 7.6 6.7 5.7 1693 208 10.2 8.6 7.8 1360 768 13.3 12.3 11.5 1449 536 6.8 5.6 4.9 1417 884 10 sites, 19 more on CD-ROM 10.7 8.9 7.7 3186 437 12.5 11.0 9.3 3422 255 12.0 10.5 8.9 3311 432 10.9 8.8 7.7 3148 401 11.1 9.5 8.3 3391 324 11.6 9.6 8.0 3464 343 8.9 7.5 6.1 3387 257 10.4 8.6 7.6 3017 673 12.5 10.6 8.6 3655 339 12.8 11.1 9.1 3041 508 5 sites, 3 more on CD-ROM 10.9 9.3 8.4 2930 461 10.2 8.6 7.8 3297 425 8.8 8.1 7.4 3061 479

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 27.3 36.3 26.5 36.0 21.0 26.4 20.4 25.5 20.3 35.5 19.5 34.9 23.7 36.4 22.6 35.4 21.1 34.5 20.1 32.6 18.5 24.1 17.7 23.0 22.2 28.4 21.4 27.2 21.1 25.1 20.4 24.2 21.9 34.1 21.2 32.8 22.4 36.4 21.5 35.2 22.3 35.9 21.3 34.7 17.1 22.4 16.5 21.2 20.2 28.0 19.3 26.5 20.2 30.3 19.3 28.5 23.6 35.0 22.8 34.2 19.1 25.8 18.3 24.1 23.3 34.2 22.4 33.0 26.2 37.4 25.2 36.7 26.5 36.5 25.7 36.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A 20.8 23.9 19.9 23.1 22.7 36.0 21.7 34.6 22.1 36.2 21.2 35.1 22.9 34.3 22.0 33.0 22.5 35.4 21.4 34.0 21.6 36.0 20.7 34.3 22.9 35.9 21.8 34.6 18.3 25.4 17.5 23.7 21.6 25.3 21.0 24.5 22.0 28.4 21.3 27.6 21.6 25.1 20.8 24.5 21.7 27.6 20.8 26.2 21.8 28.1 20.8 26.6 18.6 25.3 17.8 23.6 20.6 30.1 19.8 28.6 19.6 28.4 18.8 26.9 20.2 25.0 19.4 24.0 18.8 25.4 17.9 24.1 20.7 32.5 19.7 31.0 23.0 35.5 21.6 34.5 20.9 34.3 20.1 32.7 23.8 35.1 22.8 34.0

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 109

WATERBURY OXFORD WINDHAM AIRPORT Delaware DOVER AFB WILMINGTON NEW CAST Florida CECIL FLD DAYTONA BEACH INTL FORT LAUDERDALE HOL FORT MYERS/PAGE FLD GAINESVILLE RGNL HOMESTEAD ARB JACKSONVILLE/INTNL. JACKSONVILLE NAS JACKSONVILLE/CRAIG MACDILL AFB/TAMPA MAYPORT NS MELBOURNE REGIONAL MIAMI KENDALL TAMIAMI EXEC NAPLES MUNI NASA SHUTTLE LANDING OCALA INTL J TAYLOR EXECUTIVE ORLANDO/JETPORT ORLANDO SANFORD PANAMA CITY BAY CO PENSACOLA NAS PENSACOLA RGNL SARASOTA BRADENTON SOUTHWEST FLORIDA I ST PETERSBURG CLEAR TALLAHASSEE MUNICIP TAMPA INTL AIRPORT TYNDALL AFB VENICE PIER VERO BEACH MUNI WEST PALM BEACH/IN Georgia ALBANY MUNICIPAL ATHENS MUNICIPAL PEACHTREE CITY FALCO ATLANTA MUNICIPAL AUGUSTA/BUSH FIELD DANIEL FIELD COLUMBUS METROPOLIT DEKALB PEACHTREE MARIETTA/DOBBINS AF FORT BENNING FULTON CO ARPT BROW LEE GILMER MEM HUNTER AAF MACON/LEWIS B.WILSO MOODY AFB/VALDOSTA ROME/RUSSELL(RAMOS) SAVANNAH MUNICIPAL

Station

25 13 3 6 50 2 10 7 13 4 4 8 9 3 7 3 27 34 32 17 6 9 36 8 9 3 21 3 5 5 9 6

81.87W 81.06W 80.15W 81.86W 82.27W 80.38W 81.69W 81.68W 81.52W 82.50W 81.42W 80.65W 80.30W 80.43W 81.78W 80.69W 82.22W 81.33W 81.33W 81.24W 85.68W 87.32W 87.19W 82.56W 81.76W 82.69W 84.35W 82.54W 85.58W 82.45W 80.42W 80.10W 84.19W 83.33W 84.57W 84.43W 81.97W 82.04W 84.94W 84.30W 84.52W 85.00W 84.52W 83.83W 81.15W 83.65W 83.19W 85.16W 81.20W

30.22N 29.18N 26.07N 26.59N 29.69N 25.48N 30.49N 30.23N 30.34N 27.85N 30.40N 28.10N 25.82N 25.65N 26.15N 28.62N 29.17N 28.55N 28.43N 28.78N 30.21N 30.35N 30.47N 27.40N 26.54N 27.91N 30.39N 27.96N 30.07N 27.07N 27.66N 26.69N 31.54N 33.95N 33.36N 33.64N 33.37N 33.47N 32.52N 33.88N 33.92N 32.33N 33.78N 34.27N 32.01N 32.69N 30.97N 34.35N 32.12N

59 244 243 313 45 129 120 302 326 71 256 389 13 110 72 196 16

9 24

39.12N 75.47W 39.67N 75.60W

Elev 221 75

Long

41.48N 73.13W 41.74N 72.18W

Lat

-2.8 -5.3 -7.2 -5.8 -5.3 -2.7 -3.4 -6.1 -7.3 -5.1 -6.2 -6.1 -2.3 -4.5 -1.5 -7.3 -2.6

-2.5 2.0 8.2 5.8 -1.3 7.7 -1.5 0.9 0.1 3.9 1.2 3.7 8.7 7.4 6.3 3.1 -1.8 3.7 3.2 2.6 -0.1 -1.4 -1.3 4.0 4.7 5.8 -3.5 3.8 -0.3 5.2 3.7 6.6

-9.1 -10.4

99.6% -15.5 -15.8

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

-1.2 -3.1 -5.0 -3.1 -3.3 -1.3 -1.5 -3.6 -4.2 -3.0 -3.8 -3.0 -0.2 -2.5 0.6 -5.1 -0.9

-0.1 4.0 10.9 7.8 0.8 10.0 0.3 2.7 2.2 6.1 3.4 6.2 11.1 9.2 8.1 5.8 1.0 6.2 5.7 4.9 2.2 0.7 0.9 6.7 7.2 7.4 -1.7 6.0 2.0 7.5 6.1 8.9

-7.5 -8.2

36.1 35.3 33.9 34.4 36.3 36.2 35.9 34.1 34.2 36.2 34.4 33.6 35.3 36.0 35.6 35.9 35.3

35.5 33.8 33.2 34.2 34.1 32.5 34.8 35.4 34.2 33.7 34.6 33.4 33.2 33.7 32.9 33.2 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.9 33.7 34.0 34.4 33.5 34.2 33.4 35.5 33.6 32.9 31.2 33.1 33.0

32.8 33.3

24.5 23.8 23.0 23.4 24.4 23.5 23.7 23.0 23.4 24.5 23.6 23.0 25.3 24.2 24.8 23.7 25.1

24.7 24.9 25.7 24.8 24.7 25.9 25.2 25.1 25.1 25.3 25.2 25.5 25.3 25.5 25.4 25.6 24.2 24.4 24.7 24.2 24.9 25.9 25.4 26.0 24.9 25.4 24.7 25.1 26.0 24.6 25.4 25.4

24.2 23.9

34.9 33.9 32.8 33.1 34.9 34.1 34.6 33.0 33.0 34.8 33.1 32.5 34.1 34.7 34.5 34.1 34.1

34.5 32.7 32.6 33.6 33.3 32.2 33.8 34.1 33.0 32.8 33.3 32.5 32.7 32.9 32.5 32.5 33.0 33.6 33.6 33.9 32.8 33.0 33.3 32.8 33.7 32.8 34.3 33.0 32.4 30.4 32.5 32.4

32.0 31.9

24.5 23.4 23.0 23.3 24.4 23.0 23.6 23.1 23.5 24.5 23.5 22.9 25.0 24.1 24.6 23.4 24.9

24.6 24.9 25.7 24.9 24.5 25.9 25.0 24.6 24.9 25.3 25.2 25.5 25.3 25.4 25.4 25.6 24.1 24.4 24.6 24.0 24.9 25.7 25.2 26.0 24.9 25.4 24.4 25.1 26.0 24.9 25.4 25.4

23.9 23.3

33.8 32.6 32.2 32.1 33.7 32.9 33.5 32.4 32.0 33.0 32.3 31.3 32.9 33.5 33.6 32.9 33.0

33.5 32.0 32.2 32.9 32.5 31.4 32.8 33.1 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.1 32.2 32.5 32.2 32.0 32.6 32.8 32.8 32.9 32.3 32.3 32.4 32.4 32.9 32.4 33.4 32.4 31.6 30.1 32.0 31.9

30.1 30.5

24.1 23.2 23.0 23.0 24.1 23.0 23.4 22.8 23.2 24.3 23.2 22.6 24.9 23.8 24.4 23.2 24.6

24.4 24.9 25.6 24.9 24.4 25.8 24.8 24.4 24.9 25.3 25.1 25.5 25.3 25.3 25.4 25.5 24.0 24.3 24.4 24.0 24.9 25.6 25.0 25.9 24.9 25.4 24.2 25.1 25.9 25.0 25.4 25.4

23.1 22.8

26.5 25.4 25.2 25.2 26.4 25.4 25.6 25.0 25.2 27.2 25.4 24.8 27.4 26.1 26.8 25.6 26.8

26.7 26.7 27.3 26.8 26.5 27.4 26.7 26.9 26.8 27.5 27.1 27.1 26.8 26.9 27.1 27.2 26.2 26.4 26.4 25.8 27.5 27.7 27.2 28.1 26.9 27.6 26.5 26.9 28.1 27.6 26.9 26.8

25.8 25.6

32.5 31.8 30.9 31.4 32.8 31.9 31.9 31.3 31.1 32.0 31.6 30.4 31.6 32.4 32.6 32.1 31.9

31.8 31.1 31.1 31.2 31.3 29.8 32.0 31.3 31.5 30.4 31.6 31.0 30.5 31.1 30.8 30.9 31.0 30.4 30.9 31.2 30.5 31.4 31.4 31.5 31.0 30.7 31.7 31.1 30.9 28.3 31.1 30.9

30.3 30.7

25.9 24.9 24.6 24.7 25.8 25.0 25.2 24.5 24.7 26.3 24.9 24.2 26.7 25.6 26.2 25.1 26.3

26.1 26.2 26.9 26.4 26.0 27.2 26.2 26.4 26.3 27.1 26.5 26.6 26.5 26.5 26.7 26.7 25.7 25.9 26.0 25.6 26.8 27.1 26.7 27.5 26.5 27.0 26.0 26.6 27.5 26.5 26.5 26.4

25.1 24.8

31.8 30.9 30.0 30.4 31.8 31.2 31.2 30.4 30.4 31.8 30.8 29.4 31.3 31.6 31.9 31.5 31.3

31.4 30.6 30.6 30.8 30.6 29.6 31.3 31.0 30.9 30.3 31.2 30.7 30.5 30.8 30.5 30.3 30.7 30.1 30.4 30.8 30.2 31.0 30.8 31.1 30.7 30.3 31.1 30.9 30.5 28.9 30.8 30.6

29.1 29.5

25.1 23.8 23.7 23.5 24.8 23.8 24.0 23.0 23.5 26.1 23.6 23.0 26.3 24.5 25.2 23.9 25.6

25.2 25.4 26.3 25.8 25.2 27.1 25.2 26.0 25.6 27.1 26.0 26.2 25.8 26.1 26.2 26.3 25.0 25.6 25.4 24.1 26.4 26.8 26.2 27.3 26.1 26.9 25.2 25.8 27.3 27.4 25.9 25.6

24.8 24.1

20.4 19.2 19.1 19.0 20.0 18.9 19.2 18.4 19.1 21.6 19.0 18.6 21.8 19.8 20.5 19.2 20.9

20.4 20.6 21.7 21.0 20.5 22.9 20.4 21.4 20.9 22.8 21.3 21.6 21.2 21.5 21.6 21.7 20.1 20.9 20.6 19.1 21.9 22.4 21.8 23.2 21.5 22.5 20.4 21.1 23.2 23.3 21.2 20.9

19.8 19.0

28.5 27.7 27.2 27.4 28.6 27.2 27.7 26.3 27.6 29.4 27.8 26.4 28.9 28.4 28.9 28.1 28.6

28.3 28.7 29.3 28.5 28.4 28.4 28.6 28.7 28.8 29.0 29.5 29.1 28.6 28.5 28.9 28.9 28.1 27.9 27.7 27.7 28.7 29.7 29.0 30.3 28.3 29.2 28.2 29.4 30.1 28.0 29.1 28.7

27.6 27.6

24.4 23.2 22.9 23.0 24.2 23.0 23.6 22.8 22.9 25.0 23.0 22.7 25.4 24.0 24.8 23.0 25.1

24.9 25.0 25.9 25.2 24.7 26.3 24.8 25.2 25.1 26.2 25.2 25.5 25.3 25.3 25.8 25.9 24.1 25.0 25.0 24.0 26.1 26.1 25.7 26.4 25.4 26.2 24.7 25.3 26.6 25.8 25.2 25.2

23.9 23.5

19.5 18.5 18.2 18.4 19.2 18.0 18.6 18.2 18.4 20.3 18.3 18.2 20.7 19.1 20.0 18.2 20.2

20.0 20.1 21.2 20.4 19.9 21.8 19.9 20.3 20.2 21.7 20.4 20.7 20.5 20.4 21.1 21.3 19.0 20.2 20.1 18.9 21.5 21.6 21.0 21.9 20.5 21.6 19.8 20.4 22.1 21.1 20.3 20.3

18.8 18.3

28.0 27.0 26.3 26.8 28.1 26.7 27.3 26.2 27.0 28.5 27.3 26.2 28.5 27.8 28.5 27.6 28.2

28.0 28.4 29.1 28.2 27.9 28.2 28.2 28.4 28.4 28.6 29.2 28.8 28.5 28.3 28.7 28.7 27.8 27.6 27.4 27.6 28.6 29.3 28.7 29.5 28.1 28.8 27.9 28.9 29.5 27.9 28.8 28.6

27.0 27.0

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 8.8 7.7 6.7 3533 264 8.7 7.7 6.9 3332 343 2 sites, 1 more on CD-ROM 11.3 9.9 8.7 2502 650 11.0 9.2 8.2 2642 634 32 sites, 28 more on CD-ROM 8.4 7.4 6.5 714 1506 9.1 8.1 7.3 416 1662 9.9 8.8 8.1 74 2537 8.4 7.6 6.9 156 2179 8.2 7.4 6.4 653 1461 9.1 8.2 7.4 84 2250 8.9 8.0 7.2 737 1462 9.2 8.1 7.3 553 1764 8.5 7.8 7.1 676 1469 8.7 7.8 7.1 298 1948 9.1 8.1 7.3 580 1661 9.4 8.5 8.0 259 1942 9.1 8.3 7.6 70 2521 9.3 8.4 7.9 98 2283 8.5 7.6 6.8 161 2082 8.4 7.5 6.6 314 1751 8.0 6.8 5.6 584 1540 8.6 7.9 7.1 284 1978 9.0 8.1 7.3 306 1881 9.1 8.1 7.2 359 1841 8.4 7.5 6.7 688 1579 9.3 8.3 7.5 811 1471 9.0 8.1 7.4 807 1493 9.4 8.3 7.6 257 1914 9.2 8.2 7.4 179 2091 9.3 8.4 7.7 253 2043 8.0 7.1 6.1 863 1444 8.0 7.2 6.2 293 1979 8.7 7.8 6.9 727 1456 12.4 10.6 8.8 279 1648 9.1 8.3 7.6 233 1924 10.3 9.0 8.3 123 2269 19 sites, 8 more on CD-ROM 8.3 7.5 6.5 980 1417 8.2 7.3 6.3 1545 1002 7.8 6.7 5.5 1697 856 9.6 8.5 7.7 1484 1052 8.4 7.4 6.4 1337 1154 7.5 6.6 5.6 1186 1287 8.2 7.3 6.4 1157 1299 8.3 7.3 6.3 1595 1015 8.4 7.3 6.3 1650 977 7.7 6.7 5.5 1251 1184 7.9 6.9 6.0 1594 968 8.5 7.6 6.9 1677 912 8.5 7.5 6.5 907 1434 8.1 7.1 6.0 1257 1211 7.7 6.5 5.6 799 1491 7.0 5.8 5.1 1728 979 8.4 7.6 6.9 978 1364

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% 0.4% 1% 99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB -12.7 30.9 22.6 28.8 21.8 27.4 20.9 24.1 28.5 23.2 27.0 22.7 17.9 26.1 22.2 17.4 25.5 -12.6 32.2 22.8 30.2 22.2 28.7 21.6 24.4 29.4 23.6 27.8 22.8 17.7 26.3 22.4 17.3 25.8

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

110 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

VALDOSTA RGNL ROBINS AFB Hawaii KALAELOA ARPT HILO INTL HONOLULU INTL KANEOHE BAY (MCAF) Idaho BOISE MUNICIPAL CALDWELL (AWOS) COEUR D ALENE AIR TE IDAHO FALLS RGNL JOSLIN FLD MAGIC VA LEWISTON NEZ PERCE POCATELLO MUNICIPAL Illinois AURORA MUNICIPAL CAHOKIA/ST. LOUIS CHICAGO/MIDWAY CHICAGO/O'HARE ARPT DECATUR GLENVIEW NAS MOLINE/QUAD CITY GREATER PEORIA MUNI QUINCY RGNL BALDWIN GREATER ROCKFORD SCOTT AFB MIDAMERIC SPRINGFIELD/CAPITAL UNIV OF ILLINOIS WI DUPAGE Indiana EVANSVILLE REGIONAL FORT WAYNE/BAER FLD GRISSOM ARB INDIANAPOLIS/I.-MUN PURDUE UNIV MONROE CO SOUTH BEND/ST.JOSEP TERRE HAUTE INTL HU Iowa AMES MUNI ANKENY REGIONAL ARP BOONE MUNI CEDAR RAPIDS MUNI DAVENPORT MUNI DES MOINES INTL DUBUQUE MUNICIPAL SIOUX CITY MUNI WATERLOO MUNICIPAL Kansas FT RILEY/MARSHALL A LAWRENCE MUNI MANHATTAN RGNL MC CONNELL AFB JOHNSON CO EXECUTIVE SALINA MUNI FORBES FLD

Station

116.22W 116.63W 116.82W 112.07W 114.49W 117.01W 112.57W 88.48W 90.16W 87.75W 87.91W 88.87W 87.82W 90.52W 89.68W 91.19W 89.09W 89.83W 89.68W 88.28W 88.25W 87.54W 85.21W 86.15W 86.27W 86.94W 86.62W 86.33W 87.30W 93.62W 93.55W 93.84W 91.71W 90.59W 93.67W 90.70W 96.38W 92.40W 96.76W 95.21W 96.68W 97.27W 94.74W 97.66W 95.66W

43.57N 43.64N 47.77N 43.52N 42.48N 46.38N 42.92N 41.77N 38.57N 41.79N 41.99N 39.98N 42.08N 41.47N 40.67N 39.94N 42.20N 38.53N 39.85N 40.04N 41.91N 38.04N 41.01N 40.65N 39.71N 40.41N 39.14N 41.71N 39.45N 41.99N 41.69N 42.05N 41.88N 41.61N 41.54N 42.40N 42.39N 42.55N 39.06N 39.01N 39.13N 37.62N 38.85N 38.81N 38.95N

324 254 326 418 327 391 329

291 277 354 266 230 294 329 336 268

118 252 247 246 194 258 236 180

218 126 188 205 207 199 181 202 234 227 140 187 233 231

874 741 707 1446 1277 438 1365

10 11 5 6

158.07W 155.05W 157.94W 157.77W

21.30N 19.72N 21.33N 21.45N

Elev 60 90

Long

30.78N 83.28W 32.63N 83.60W

Lat

-16.2 -15.9 -17.0 -14.2 -15.0 -15.9 -16.2

-21.3 -19.9 -21.0 -22.5 -21.0 -20.7 -22.4 -22.1 -23.3

-13.3 -18.2 -17.9 -16.7 -17.7 -15.8 -17.6 -17.1

-20.9 -12.7 -17.7 -18.6 -17.3 -18.2 -19.9 -18.6 -17.9 -21.0 -12.8 -17.6 -18.1 -19.2

-12.9 -11.4 -14.7 -21.5 -12.8 -11.1 -18.9

15.3 16.4 16.6 17.8

99.6% -2.4 -3.9

-12.5 -12.6 -13.0 -11.0 -12.5 -12.7 -12.8

-18.0 -17.1 -17.7 -19.3 -17.6 -17.9 -19.4 -19.3 -20.5

-10.1 -15.0 -14.8 -13.3 -14.6 -12.4 -14.6 -13.1

-17.5 -10.9 -14.8 -15.7 -14.1 -15.1 -17.1 -15.9 -15.1 -17.8 -10.9 -14.2 -15.5 -16.9

-9.1 -8.7 -12.1 -17.9 -11.0 -7.4 -15.7

16.6 17.1 17.7 18.8

99% -0.8 -2.3

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

37.7 37.1 37.6 37.4 35.1 38.3 35.4

32.4 34.0 32.8 32.8 32.3 33.6 31.6 33.9 32.9

34.3 32.7 33.1 32.8 33.1 32.6 32.5 33.2

32.5 34.1 33.0 33.0 33.9 34.3 33.8 33.4 33.7 32.8 34.9 33.6 33.3 32.4

37.0 36.1 33.0 33.1 34.8 36.8 34.8

32.7 29.8 32.1 29.4

24.1 25.1 24.3 23.3 24.9 23.2 24.3

24.6 24.1 25.3 24.4 24.4 24.7 23.6 23.9 24.1

24.6 23.5 24.0 23.9 24.1 24.1 23.4 24.7

23.5 25.1 23.7 23.5 24.8 23.9 24.5 24.5 24.7 23.6 24.7 24.8 24.4 23.8

17.7 19.1 17.2 16.1 17.3 18.5 16.4

22.9 23.4 23.4 23.6

35.9 34.8 36.0 35.8 32.9 36.7 33.7

31.2 32.4 31.9 31.1 31.1 32.0 29.9 32.3 31.3

33.0 31.2 31.5 31.5 32.1 32.0 31.1 32.2

31.2 33.0 32.0 31.5 32.5 32.3 32.3 32.1 32.3 31.2 33.0 32.4 32.2 31.1

35.2 33.9 31.4 32.0 32.9 34.7 33.0

32.2 29.3 31.6 28.9

24.0 24.7 24.4 23.2 24.6 23.2 24.0

23.7 23.8 24.7 23.6 23.9 23.9 22.9 23.4 23.2

24.3 22.8 23.7 23.4 23.6 24.1 22.5 24.3

23.0 24.6 22.9 22.9 24.2 23.0 23.8 23.9 24.1 22.9 24.2 24.1 23.9 23.3

17.2 18.2 16.9 15.9 16.8 18.0 16.0

22.9 23.2 23.1 23.4

34.2 32.8 33.7 33.9 32.2 34.8 32.3

29.1 30.9 30.0 29.5 29.0 30.5 28.4 30.9 29.8

32.0 29.7 30.1 30.2 30.8 30.8 29.5 31.0

29.1 32.3 30.3 30.0 31.3 30.6 30.9 30.7 30.9 29.7 32.3 31.1 30.9 29.1

33.6 32.5 29.0 30.2 32.1 32.7 31.5

31.6 28.8 31.2 28.5

23.8 24.2 23.8 23.1 24.2 22.9 23.7

22.7 23.0 23.3 22.6 22.7 23.0 21.8 22.8 22.3

23.8 22.1 22.8 22.7 22.9 23.4 21.8 23.6

22.0 24.2 22.2 22.1 23.5 22.3 22.9 23.1 23.4 22.1 24.0 23.4 23.4 22.3

16.6 17.7 16.1 15.3 16.6 17.3 15.5

22.8 23.1 22.9 23.2

25.9 26.7 25.9 25.4 26.2 25.2 25.8

26.1 25.7 26.9 25.8 25.7 25.8 25.2 25.9 25.9

26.3 25.3 26.3 25.7 25.9 25.9 25.2 26.4

25.3 26.7 25.5 25.4 26.3 25.5 26.2 26.2 25.9 25.5 26.8 26.3 26.4 25.7

19.0 20.1 18.8 18.0 19.1 19.7 18.4

25.5 24.8 25.1 25.1

33.3 33.5 33.7 32.8 32.2 33.6 32.3

30.6 31.3 31.3 30.5 30.4 31.4 29.7 31.2 30.8

32.2 30.4 31.0 30.8 31.3 30.5 30.2 31.5

30.2 32.4 31.2 31.0 32.1 32.3 31.8 31.4 31.7 30.8 31.4 31.9 31.6 30.5

33.5 33.5 30.2 28.6 31.6 33.5 30.4

29.9 27.8 29.3 27.7

25.2 25.8 25.4 24.8 25.5 24.5 25.2

25.1 24.9 25.8 24.9 24.9 25.1 24.1 25.1 24.8

25.7 24.4 25.2 24.9 25.0 25.2 24.1 25.5

24.3 25.8 24.5 24.4 25.5 24.5 25.2 25.3 25.2 24.5 25.9 25.5 25.4 24.7

18.2 19.2 17.8 17.1 18.3 18.8 17.4

24.9 24.4 24.6 24.6

32.9 32.6 33.0 32.0 31.6 32.6 31.7

29.5 30.4 29.8 29.5 29.3 30.4 28.3 30.5 29.5

31.2 28.9 29.6 29.7 30.1 29.9 28.7 30.4

28.8 31.6 29.5 29.4 31.0 30.6 30.5 30.3 30.8 29.1 30.7 30.7 30.3 29.1

32.5 32.2 28.9 28.1 30.2 32.2 29.3

29.6 27.5 29.0 27.5

24.0 24.8 23.9 23.4 24.1 22.9 24.0

24.8 24.1 26.0 24.6 24.1 24.2 23.9 24.5 24.5

24.7 23.8 25.0 24.1 24.2 24.1 23.6 24.9

23.7 25.1 23.8 23.7 24.6 23.4 24.5 24.7 24.1 24.0 25.9 24.7 25.0 24.0

14.0 15.2 14.1 14.3 14.9 15.2 14.5

24.1 23.9 23.9 24.0

19.6 20.4 19.5 19.1 19.8 18.4 19.6

20.5 19.7 22.3 20.2 19.5 19.8 19.5 20.3 20.1

20.0 19.2 20.6 19.5 19.5 19.7 19.0 20.4

19.1 20.6 19.1 19.0 20.0 18.7 19.9 20.2 19.6 19.4 21.6 20.2 20.6 19.5

11.1 11.8 11.0 12.2 12.4 11.4 12.2

19.1 18.8 18.7 18.9

30.1 30.7 29.9 28.7 29.6 28.8 29.7

29.2 29.0 30.1 28.8 28.6 29.3 28.1 29.3 29.1

29.6 28.3 29.3 28.7 29.0 28.4 28.3 29.6

28.3 29.5 28.9 28.7 30.0 29.5 29.6 29.4 29.4 28.6 29.2 29.9 30.0 29.0

22.0 25.4 21.8 21.1 24.2 22.5 21.7

28.3 26.2 27.3 26.8

23.0 23.8 22.9 22.7 23.7 22.3 23.0

23.7 23.0 24.8 23.5 23.0 23.4 22.8 23.4 23.4

24.0 22.9 23.8 23.3 23.4 23.7 22.7 23.9

22.7 24.0 22.8 22.8 23.8 22.5 23.6 23.8 23.4 22.9 24.8 23.9 23.9 23.0

12.7 13.8 13.0 13.0 13.6 14.0 13.0

23.4 23.4 23.2 23.6

18.5 19.3 18.4 18.3 19.3 17.9 18.5

19.2 18.3 20.7 18.9 18.2 18.8 18.2 18.9 18.8

19.2 18.2 19.3 18.7 18.6 19.1 17.9 19.2

17.9 19.2 17.9 18.0 19.1 17.6 18.8 19.1 18.8 18.1 20.2 19.1 19.3 18.2

10.2 10.8 10.2 11.1 11.4 10.5 11.0

18.2 18.2 18.0 18.4

29.0 29.8 28.7 28.2 29.1 28.3 28.5

28.0 28.3 29.1 27.7 27.7 28.5 26.8 28.6 27.8

28.7 27.1 28.0 27.8 28.0 28.0 27.1 28.5

27.1 28.8 27.8 27.6 29.0 28.6 28.4 28.3 28.5 27.6 28.4 28.9 28.5 27.5

21.9 25.2 21.1 20.2 23.7 22.1 21.5

27.9 25.9 27.0 26.6

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 7.6 6.6 5.7 848 1422 8.2 7.2 5.8 1183 1239 4 sites, 4 more on CD-ROM 8.7 7.9 7.3 0 2472 7.8 7.0 5.9 0 1813 9.9 9.0 8.4 0 2599 8.4 7.6 7.1 0 2357 7 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM 9.8 8.5 7.6 3029 532 9.9 8.6 7.6 3183 367 9.9 8.4 7.5 3838 167 12.1 10.8 9.2 4278 151 12.5 11.0 9.4 3404 405 9.3 8.0 6.7 2789 466 12.7 11.3 10.0 3854 237 14 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM 11.6 10.2 8.9 3616 389 9.3 8.3 7.4 2525 777 10.9 9.5 8.6 3262 574 11.0 9.4 8.5 3449 480 11.1 9.6 8.8 3023 611 9.0 8.0 7.2 3391 505 10.8 9.1 8.2 3374 552 10.5 8.9 8.1 3198 578 10.9 9.3 8.4 3056 612 10.9 9.3 8.5 3671 431 10.3 8.9 7.9 2544 778 11.1 9.6 8.6 2978 632 12.3 11.0 9.8 3156 560 11.0 9.5 8.5 3572 410 8 sites, 5 more on CD-ROM 9.2 8.2 7.3 2458 798 11.1 9.4 8.5 3328 458 11.2 9.3 8.3 3209 543 11.0 9.4 8.4 2929 604 10.2 8.9 8.1 3069 563 8.7 7.8 7.0 2804 564 10.7 9.1 8.3 3434 442 10.3 8.8 8.0 2870 599 9 sites, 38 more on CD-ROM 11.8 10.5 9.0 3637 437 9.7 8.5 7.6 3329 558 11.7 10.4 9.1 3569 490 11.8 10.5 9.1 3725 436 11.9 10.6 9.1 3506 441 11.4 10.0 8.7 3429 574 11.5 10.2 8.9 3902 354 12.8 11.3 10.0 3712 509 11.6 10.4 9.0 3882 431 10 sites, 19 more on CD-ROM 9.4 8.3 7.4 2686 881 11.2 9.7 8.6 2741 800 10.8 9.2 8.2 2858 800 12.0 10.9 9.4 2396 942 10.5 9.0 8.2 2655 771 12.4 11.1 10.1 2652 924 11.6 10.6 9.2 2738 730

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% 0.4% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 35.3 25.2 34.2 24.7 33.4 24.5 26.9 32.2 26.3 31.5 25.8 21.3 28.7 25.1 20.3 28.1 36.1 24.2 34.8 24.1 33.0 23.8 26.3 32.4 25.8 31.5 25.0 20.3 28.4 24.1 19.2 27.4

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 111

TOPEKA/BILLARD MUNI WICHITA/MID-CONTINE COL JAMES JABARA Kentucky BOWLING GREEN WARRE CINCINNATI/GREATER FORT CAMPBELL (AAF) HENDERSON CITY CO LEXINGTON/BLUE GRAS BOWMAN FLD LOUISVILLE/STANDIFO SOMERSET PULASKI CO Louisiana ESLER RGNL ALEXANDRIA INT BARKSDALE AFB BATON ROUGE METRO R LAFAYETTE RGNL LAKE CHARLES MUNI MONROE RGNL NEW ORLEANS NAS JRB NEW ORLEANS/MOISANT LAKEFRONT SHREVEPORT DOWNTOWN SHREVEPORT REGIONAL Maine AUBURN LEWISTON MUNI BANGOR INTL BRUNSWICK (NAS) PORTLAND/INTNL. JET SANFORD RGNL Maryland ANDREWS AFB/CAMP SP BALTIMORE-WASHINGTO THOMAS POINT Massachusetts BARNSTABLE MUNI BOA BOSTON/LOGAN INTL BUZZARDS BAY CHATHAM MUNI LAWRENCE MUNI MARTHAS VINEYARD NEW BEDFORD RGNL NORWOOD MEM PLYMOUTH MUNICIPAL SOUTH WEYMOUTH NAS WORCESTER REGIONAL ARPT Michigan DETROIT CITY DETROIT/METROPOLITA WILLOW RUN FLINT/BISHOP INTL GRAND RAPIDS/KENT C GROSSE ILE MUNI TULIP CITY JACKSON CO REYNOLDS KALAMAZOO BATTLE CR

Station

88 59 23 19 74 88 47 12 16 9 17 21 45 21 24 15 45 49 310

92.30W 92.56W 93.66W 91.15W 91.99W 93.23W 92.04W 90.03W 90.25W 90.03W 93.74W 93.82W 70.28W 68.82W 69.93W 70.30W 70.70W

83.01W 83.35W 83.53W 83.75W 85.52W 83.17W 86.10W 84.46W 85.55W

44.05N 44.81N 43.90N 43.64N 43.39N 38.82N 76.85W 39.17N 76.68W 38.90N 76.43W 70.28W 71.01W 71.03W 69.99W 71.12W 70.62W 70.96W 71.17W 70.73W 70.93W 71.88W

31.40N 31.34N 32.50N 30.54N 30.21N 30.13N 32.51N 29.83N 29.99N 30.04N 32.54N 32.45N

41.67N 42.36N 41.38N 41.69N 42.72N 41.39N 41.68N 42.19N 41.91N 42.15N 42.27N 42.41N 42.22N 42.24N 42.97N 42.88N 42.10N 42.75N 42.26N 42.24N

191 202 218 234 245 180 210 311 266

36 24 51 23 13 3 25 0 6 3 55 79

164 269 174 118 301 170 149 283

86.44W 84.67W 87.50W 87.68W 84.61W 85.66W 85.73W 84.60W

36.98N 39.04N 36.67N 37.81N 38.04N 38.23N 38.18N 37.05N

Elev 270 408 433

Long

39.07N 95.63W 37.65N 97.43W 37.75N 97.22W

Lat

-14.9 -16.1 -17.3 -17.9 -16.5 -13.8 -13.8 -17.5 -16.2

-12.3 -13.3 -10.9 -11.3 -15.9 -12.5 -13.0 -16.0 -14.9 -14.5 -16.7

-9.1 -10.0 -8.0

-21.2 -21.8 -19.0 -17.7 -21.2

-3.0 -2.6 -4.7 -2.0 -1.2 -0.9 -3.8 -0.7 0.6 2.0 -2.8 -3.8

-11.6 -14.8 -10.9 -12.9 -13.2 -12.4 -12.1 -11.0

99.6% -16.0 -13.7 -13.8

-12.5 -13.3 -14.3 -15.3 -14.0 -12.1 -12.1 -14.8 -13.0

-9.1 -10.6 -8.5 -8.3 -12.5 -10.0 -11.1 -12.7 -12.3 -12.0 -14.0

-7.6 -7.8 -5.9

-17.8 -18.9 -16.6 -15.1 -17.6

-2.0 -1.1 -2.7 -0.1 0.9 1.0 -2.2 1.2 2.4 3.7 -1.3 -2.0

-8.5 -11.5 -7.7 -9.9 -10.2 -9.1 -8.9 -7.8

32.6 32.5 32.4 32.1 31.9 32.1 31.3 31.3 32.2

28.9 32.5 24.4 27.9 32.4 28.8 31.2 32.5 32.0 32.9 29.9

33.6 34.4 30.5

31.0 31.0 30.1 30.5 31.9

36.5 36.2 36.3 34.8 34.8 34.7 36.4 33.8 34.3 34.1 37.3 36.9

34.1 33.0 34.0 34.0 33.1 34.1 34.4 34.8

23.0 23.2 23.4 23.2 22.8 23.4 22.9 23.0 22.7

22.8 22.6 N/A 22.4 22.7 22.5 22.9 22.9 22.8 23.2 21.8

23.4 23.8 23.7

21.5 21.5 21.5 21.8 21.7

24.8 25.1 24.8 25.3 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.6 25.6 26.0 24.8 24.5

23.9 23.4 24.5 24.7 23.3 23.9 24.0 23.8

31.2 30.9 31.0 30.4 30.3 30.0 29.8 29.8 30.9

27.5 30.9 23.5 27.0 31.1 27.4 28.9 31.1 29.1 31.0 28.3

32.3 32.9 29.4

28.7 29.0 28.2 28.6 29.5

35.1 34.8 35.0 33.9 33.8 33.8 35.1 32.9 33.5 33.2 36.0 35.5

32.8 31.8 32.8 32.8 32.0 32.8 33.1 33.1

22.3 22.6 22.5 22.2 22.1 23.1 22.2 22.2 22.1

21.9 22.1 N/A 22.0 22.2 21.8 22.0 22.5 22.0 22.4 20.9

23.0 23.4 23.6

20.7 20.5 20.5 21.1 20.8

25.1 25.2 24.7 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.7 24.7 24.6

24.0 23.0 24.5 24.5 23.1 23.7 23.9 23.5

29.7 29.3 29.1 28.8 28.8 28.0 27.9 28.2 28.8

26.3 29.0 22.8 25.6 28.9 26.2 27.6 28.9 27.8 29.3 27.1

31.1 31.5 28.4

27.2 27.3 26.9 26.9 27.8

33.9 33.8 33.8 33.0 32.9 32.9 33.9 32.3 32.6 32.6 34.2 34.2

32.0 30.4 32.1 32.2 30.7 32.0 32.0 32.4

21.6 21.7 21.5 21.3 21.2 22.1 21.3 21.2 21.4

21.2 21.2 N/A 21.4 21.5 21.1 21.2 21.6 21.1 21.5 20.0

22.7 22.8 23.3

19.7 19.4 19.6 20.1 19.9

24.9 24.9 24.7 25.0 25.1 25.4 25.0 25.3 25.3 25.5 24.5 24.5

23.7 22.5 24.3 24.1 22.7 23.4 23.4 23.1

24.7 25.0 24.8 24.6 24.6 25.5 24.5 24.4 24.4

24.2 24.4 N/A 23.9 24.3 24.0 24.3 24.7 24.3 25.0 23.3

25.3 25.6 26.5

23.1 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.4

26.9 27.1 26.7 26.9 27.0 27.4 27.2 27.7 27.2 27.5 26.4 26.3

25.8 25.2 26.5 26.4 25.2 25.8 25.9 25.6

30.2 30.2 30.2 29.6 29.5 29.1 29.0 29.1 29.2

27.4 29.8 N/A 26.8 29.3 27.1 28.7 29.8 28.9 30.5 27.6

30.3 31.5 28.2

28.5 28.4 28.0 28.4 29.2

32.1 32.0 32.7 31.6 31.6 31.4 33.0 30.8 31.6 31.8 33.0 32.9

31.4 30.6 30.9 32.8 30.8 31.4 31.7 32.5

23.7 23.9 23.8 23.5 23.6 24.6 23.6 23.5 23.5

23.5 23.5 N/A 23.3 23.5 23.3 23.5 23.9 23.6 23.8 22.4

24.6 24.9 25.5

21.9 21.8 21.9 22.3 22.3

26.4 26.5 26.1 26.5 26.7 26.9 26.7 27.0 26.8 27.0 26.0 25.9

25.2 24.5 25.8 25.6 24.5 25.2 25.3 24.9

28.8 28.6 28.7 28.3 28.1 28.2 27.9 27.9 28.2

26.1 28.3 N/A 25.7 28.2 25.9 27.1 28.3 27.4 28.8 26.4

29.4 30.3 27.5

26.8 27.0 26.6 26.8 27.7

32.0 31.9 32.2 31.2 31.3 30.9 32.5 30.3 31.1 31.3 32.3 32.2

30.7 29.4 30.3 31.7 29.6 30.7 31.0 31.3

22.9 23.2 23.0 22.9 23.0 24.1 22.8 22.9 22.7

23.0 22.7 N/A 22.9 22.7 22.8 22.9 23.0 22.9 23.4 22.0

23.9 24.0 25.9

21.3 21.2 21.4 21.7 22.0

25.7 26.0 25.1 25.8 26.1 26.4 25.8 26.9 26.1 26.3 24.9 24.7

24.1 23.6 25.2 24.2 23.5 24.1 24.3 23.4

18.0 18.5 18.2 18.2 18.3 19.4 18.0 18.3 18.0

17.7 17.4 N/A 17.6 17.5 17.6 17.6 17.7 17.7 18.3 17.4

19.0 19.0 21.3

16.2 16.0 16.1 16.4 16.8

21.1 21.5 20.4 21.2 21.5 21.8 21.2 22.5 21.5 21.8 20.1 19.9

19.4 19.0 20.8 19.3 18.9 19.4 19.5 18.8

27.7 27.9 27.4 27.7 27.5 27.3 27.2 27.2 27.2

25.3 27.0 N/A 25.3 26.5 25.5 25.9 26.4 26.0 27.7 25.4

26.9 27.8 27.3

25.9 25.6 25.6 26.0 26.7

28.8 29.1 28.9 28.8 28.7 29.0 29.7 29.2 29.1 29.6 28.4 28.5

28.7 28.0 28.4 30.5 28.2 28.5 29.3 28.9

22.1 22.4 22.3 22.0 22.1 23.0 22.3 22.1 22.2

22.6 21.9 N/A 22.5 22.3 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.4 22.3 21.2

23.0 23.4 24.9

20.3 20.1 20.5 20.9 20.9

25.1 25.2 24.5 25.3 25.5 26.0 25.2 26.2 25.7 26.0 24.2 24.3

23.6 22.9 24.8 23.7 22.8 23.6 23.6 22.8

17.2 17.5 17.5 17.2 17.3 18.2 17.5 17.5 17.5

17.4 16.6 N/A 17.2 17.0 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.1 16.4

17.9 18.3 20.0

15.1 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.7

20.3 20.3 19.6 20.5 20.7 21.3 20.4 21.6 20.9 21.4 19.2 19.4

18.8 18.2 20.3 18.8 18.2 18.9 18.7 18.1

26.8 26.8 26.7 26.3 26.3 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.6

25.0 25.9 N/A 24.9 26.2 24.9 25.5 25.9 25.6 26.3 24.5

26.2 27.1 26.7

24.7 24.1 24.4 24.8 25.4

28.5 28.9 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.7 29.2 28.7 28.8 29.4 28.2 28.2

28.0 27.1 28.0 29.9 27.3 28.2 28.4 28.0

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 10.5 9.0 8.2 2723 803 12.6 11.4 10.4 2480 934 12.4 11.2 10.1 2497 876 8 sites, 5 more on CD-ROM 8.8 8.0 7.2 2257 793 9.8 8.5 7.7 2752 615 9.0 7.9 7.0 2121 860 9.4 8.4 7.4 2469 769 9.1 8.1 7.3 2537 667 8.3 7.5 6.6 2334 811 9.4 8.4 7.5 2283 873 8.0 6.9 5.6 2148 811 12 sites, 8 more on CD-ROM 7.4 6.2 5.4 1113 1381 8.3 7.4 6.3 1019 1456 8.5 7.6 6.6 1273 1281 8.4 7.5 6.7 874 1505 9.1 8.2 7.4 813 1559 9.2 8.2 7.5 807 1559 8.5 7.6 6.7 1216 1368 8.1 7.2 6.1 802 1459 9.3 8.4 7.6 714 1625 11.1 9.4 8.5 632 1796 8.4 7.5 6.6 1194 1460 8.8 7.9 7.2 1176 1408 5 sites, 16 more on CD-ROM 9.3 8.3 7.3 4240 171 10.5 8.8 8.0 4258 197 10.4 8.7 7.8 4001 204 10.4 8.8 7.9 3902 206 9.4 8.3 7.3 4150 194 3 sites, 4 more on CD-ROM 11.0 9.3 8.2 2455 666 10.0 8.5 7.6 2529 701 16.8 14.1 11.8 2331 687 11 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM 11.0 9.5 8.6 3262 284 12.0 10.8 9.3 3109 417 19.6 17.1 15.2 3084 168 9.7 8.4 7.5 3160 254 9.1 8.1 7.3 3384 362 11.6 10.5 9.1 3270 238 10.3 8.9 8.0 3241 317 9.1 8.1 7.3 3463 323 10.4 8.9 8.0 3419 307 8.3 7.4 6.5 3240 359 11.6 10.2 8.8 3726 257 15 sites, 44 more on CD-ROM 9.1 8.3 7.7 3327 491 11.3 9.9 8.7 3391 448 11.0 9.6 8.5 3564 377 10.7 9.1 8.3 3745 330 11.1 9.4 8.5 3675 355 9.3 8.3 7.5 3224 479 11.5 9.9 8.6 3463 343 9.0 8.2 7.6 3677 314 9.7 8.5 7.7 3473 394

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 26.1 33.0 25.5 32.3 24.2 19.7 30.1 23.5 18.9 29.3 25.4 32.5 24.7 31.9 23.4 19.2 28.7 22.7 18.4 27.8 25.2 32.9 24.6 32.1 22.9 18.6 28.5 22.5 18.1 28.0

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% 99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB -12.9 36.2 24.6 34.4 24.4 32.8 23.9 -11.0 37.8 23.2 36.1 23.2 34.1 23.1 -11.4 37.5 23.4 36.0 23.5 33.6 23.3

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

112 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

LANSING/CAPITAL CIT MUSKEGON OAKLAND CO INTL MBS INTL SELFRIDGE ANGB ST CLAIR CO INTL Minnesota SKY HARBOR DULUTH INTL AIRPORT FLYING CLOUD MANKATA RGNL ARPT ANOKA CO BLAINE CRYSTAL MINNEAPOLIS/ST.PAUL ROCHESTER MUNICIPAL SOUTH ST PAUL MUNI ST. CLOUD MUNICIPAL ST PAUL DOWNTOWN HO Mississippi HATTIESBURG LAUREL JACKSON/ALLEN C. TH KEESLER AFB MERIDIAN/KEY FIELD MERIDIAN NAS TUPELO/C.D. LEMONS Missouri CAPE GIRARDEAU RGNL COLUMBIA REGIONAL JEFFERSON CITY MEM JOPLIN RGNL CHARLES B WHEELER D KANSAS CITY INTL SPRINGFIELD MUNI ST. LOUIS/LAMBERT SPIRIT OF ST LOUIS Montana BILLINGS/LOGAN INT. GALLATIN FLD BERT MOONEY GREAT FALLS GREAT FALLS INTL MALMSTROM AFHP MISSOULA/JOHNSON-BE Nebraska GRAND ISLAND COUNTY LINCOLN MUNICIPAL OFFUTT AFB OMAHA/EPPLEY FIELD OMAHA Nevada LAS VEGAS/MCCARRAN NELLIS AFB RENO/CANNON INTL New Hampshire CONCORD MUNICIPAL JAFFREY ARPT SILVER

Station

-23.0 -26.6 -27.9 -25.3 -26.8 -26.9 -19.9

106 317

-19.8 -19.0

98.31W 96.76W 95.90W 95.90W 96.02W

40.96N 40.83N 41.12N 41.31N 41.37N

1088 1356 1687 1130 1115 1058 972

-12.4 -16.2 -13.8 -13.0 -15.0 -16.7 -14.1 -14.1 -14.8

43.20N 71.50W 42.81N 72.00W

108.54W 111.15W 112.51W 111.38W 111.38W 111.19W 114.09W

45.81N 45.79N 45.95N 47.45N 47.47N 47.50N 46.92N

107 274 175 300 229 312 387 216 141

-3.8 -4.9 -0.7 -5.3 -5.3 -7.2

-0.5 -2.4 -11.1

89.57W 92.22W 92.16W 94.50W 94.59W 94.72W 93.39W 90.37W 90.66W

37.23N 38.82N 38.59N 37.15N 39.12N 39.30N 37.24N 38.75N 38.66N

91 101 10 95 97 110

-23.7 -27.7 -23.0 -25.0 -22.8 -22.8 -24.0 -25.0 -22.8 -27.3 -23.9

36.08N 115.16W 665 36.24N 115.03W 569 39.48N 119.77W 1341

89.34W 90.08W 88.92W 88.75W 88.57W 88.77W

31.47N 32.32N 30.41N 32.33N 32.55N 34.26N

186 432 288 311 278 265 255 402 250 312 217

-16.9 -17.0

1.0 -0.6 -8.0

-17.2 -16.9 -16.4 -17.4 -17.8

-19.5 -22.2 -23.0 -21.5 -22.8 -22.9 -16.0

-9.2 -13.0 -11.2 -10.1 -12.3 -13.8 -10.9 -11.3 -11.9

-2.3 -3.0 1.7 -3.3 -2.9 -4.8

-21.3 -24.7 -21.1 -22.4 -21.0 -21.0 -21.2 -22.3 -20.9 -24.1 -21.4

32.3 30.3

42.5 42.9 35.7

35.4 36.0 34.9 34.7 34.5

34.9 33.3 31.1 32.5 33.4 33.5 33.8

34.7 34.6 35.0 35.9 36.0 35.5 34.9 35.3 35.1

35.9 35.8 34.1 35.7 36.3 35.8

29.9 29.0 32.5 32.0 32.3 32.5 32.7 31.1 32.5 32.2 32.4

21.9 21.0

19.9 19.7 16.4

23.4 24.0 24.5 24.6 23.9

17.2 16.4 14.2 15.7 16.1 16.5 16.7

25.2 24.6 24.7 24.3 24.7 24.9 23.7 24.9 25.2

24.3 24.7 26.5 24.4 24.8 24.5

22.0 20.9 23.3 23.1 23.5 22.9 22.7 23.0 22.8 22.5 23.0

30.6 28.7

41.3 41.7 34.1

33.6 34.0 32.8 33.0 32.7

32.9 31.5 29.1 30.5 31.5 31.6 32.1

33.5 32.9 33.0 34.1 34.0 33.6 33.1 33.9 33.7

34.0 34.4 33.1 34.4 35.1 34.2

27.8 27.4 31.2 30.0 30.9 31.2 31.1 29.3 31.1 30.3 31.0

21.1 20.5

19.5 19.4 15.7

22.9 23.6 23.9 24.0 23.7

16.6 15.9 13.6 15.2 15.7 16.1 16.4

24.9 24.4 24.2 24.2 24.4 24.6 23.7 24.5 24.6

23.9 24.6 26.2 24.4 24.8 24.2

20.8 19.6 22.6 21.9 22.8 22.2 22.2 22.1 22.1 21.6 22.3

28.9 27.4

40.0 40.4 32.8

31.9 32.4 31.4 31.5 31.1

31.1 29.4 27.6 28.7 29.5 29.7 30.0

32.4 31.5 32.3 32.8 32.7 32.1 31.8 32.6 32.4

32.9 33.4 32.5 33.3 33.9 33.1

26.3 25.8 29.0 28.0 28.8 29.0 29.3 27.9 29.0 28.7 28.9

20.4 19.5

19.1 19.0 15.2

22.2 23.1 23.2 23.2 22.8

16.3 15.3 13.2 14.9 15.3 15.7 15.8

24.5 23.8 23.9 23.9 24.1 24.1 23.5 23.9 24.0

23.8 24.4 26.0 24.3 24.3 24.1

19.7 18.6 21.5 20.8 21.7 21.2 21.3 21.2 21.0 20.5 21.3

23.8 22.8

22.5 22.3 17.8

25.2 25.7 26.5 26.3 25.4

19.0 18.0 15.8 17.4 17.8 18.1 18.4

26.8 26.3 26.4 25.9 26.4 26.6 25.4 26.4 26.6

25.8 26.5 28.4 26.4 26.8 26.2

24.2 22.5 25.2 24.8 25.4 24.8 24.9 24.8 25.0 24.6 24.9

29.4 27.3

35.9 35.1 31.8

31.7 32.6 31.3 32.0 31.7

29.6 28.5 26.1 28.3 29.2 29.3 29.6

32.4 31.8 31.9 32.4 33.2 32.5 31.6 32.7 32.7

32.1 32.4 32.1 32.1 33.1 32.2

28.1 27.3 30.5 29.3 29.8 30.2 30.6 29.0 29.7 30.0 30.0

22.8 22.0

21.7 21.7 16.9

24.4 25.0 25.5 25.3 24.6

18.1 17.1 15.0 16.5 16.9 17.3 17.4

26.0 25.5 25.6 25.4 25.7 25.7 24.9 25.6 25.7

25.4 26.0 27.7 25.9 26.1 25.7

22.8 21.2 24.0 23.6 24.1 23.6 23.8 23.6 23.7 23.4 23.7

27.9 26.2

35.1 35.3 30.9

30.9 31.7 30.3 31.0 30.7

28.8 27.6 25.3 27.0 28.0 28.5 28.7

31.5 31.0 31.3 32.0 32.1 31.6 30.9 31.8 31.7

31.6 31.6 31.2 31.4 32.5 31.5

26.4 25.7 28.9 28.1 28.5 28.8 28.9 27.6 28.3 28.6 28.7

22.1 22.0

18.7 18.8 12.8

23.4 23.8 25.1 24.6 23.6

15.7 14.7 12.6 14.0 14.2 14.2 14.8

25.2 24.7 24.9 24.0 24.4 24.9 23.6 24.6 24.9

24.1 25.1 27.5 25.0 25.2 24.7

22.9 20.8 23.0 23.0 23.9 22.8 23.0 23.4 23.7 22.8 23.0

17.0 17.3

14.7 14.5 10.9

19.5 19.5 21.1 20.4 19.3

12.8 12.4 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.5 11.9

20.6 20.4 20.4 19.6 19.9 20.8 19.4 20.1 20.3

19.2 20.4 23.4 20.4 20.5 19.9

18.0 16.3 18.4 18.5 19.4 18.1 18.3 19.2 19.1 18.3 18.2

25.8 24.7

27.6 27.1 21.9

28.9 29.7 29.0 29.9 29.0

22.3 20.9 17.2 19.1 19.3 20.7 20.5

30.0 29.7 29.4 29.7 30.3 30.3 28.7 29.9 30.1

28.2 28.6 30.5 28.6 30.0 28.7

26.0 25.5 28.2 27.6 28.3 28.1 28.5 27.6 28.0 27.8 28.0

21.2 21.1

17.4 17.2 11.0

22.4 22.9 24.0 23.7 22.7

14.4 13.4 11.3 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.6

24.4 23.9 23.9 23.4 23.8 24.0 23.0 23.8 24.0

23.7 24.5 27.0 24.4 24.3 24.1

22.1 19.5 22.4 22.2 22.6 22.2 22.0 22.3 22.4 21.6 22.2

16.1 16.4

13.5 13.2 9.6

18.4 18.4 19.6 19.2 18.3

11.7 11.3 10.2 10.6 10.8 10.8 10.9

19.6 19.4 19.1 18.9 19.1 19.6 18.6 19.2 19.2

18.7 19.8 22.7 19.6 19.5 19.2

17.2 15.0 17.7 17.6 18.0 17.4 17.2 17.9 17.6 16.9 17.4

25.0 24.0

29.2 28.7 21.6

28.0 28.7 27.9 28.9 28.4

21.4 20.2 16.7 19.5 19.5 20.4 19.9

29.1 28.8 28.5 29.0 29.8 29.6 27.9 29.4 29.1

28.0 28.2 30.0 28.0 29.0 28.3

25.2 24.0 27.4 26.8 26.8 27.2 27.2 26.4 26.5 26.5 27.0

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 22.9 18.2 27.4 22.0 17.2 26.2 22.9 18.1 26.5 22.1 17.2 25.7 22.5 17.8 27.0 21.6 16.8 25.9 22.8 18.0 27.4 22.1 17.2 26.4 22.6 17.7 26.7 22.2 17.2 26.1 22.7 17.9 26.6 22.2 17.3 25.9

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 10.9 9.2 8.3 3786 319 11.3 10.3 8.9 3677 291 10.9 9.3 8.4 3685 356 10.8 9.3 8.4 3838 322 9.4 8.4 7.6 3589 358 8.3 7.4 6.6 3739 258 11 sites, 68 more on CD-ROM 12.5 11.1 9.6 4762 166 11.1 9.4 8.6 5181 117 9.8 8.6 7.8 4079 429 12.0 10.8 9.3 4286 334 10.3 8.8 7.9 4187 347 9.5 8.5 7.7 4178 384 10.9 9.4 8.5 4151 425 12.8 11.5 10.5 4371 286 8.3 7.4 6.4 4112 406 10.4 8.8 8.0 4680 265 10.3 9.0 8.2 4146 401 6 sites, 7 more on CD-ROM 7.2 5.9 5.2 1156 1273 8.3 7.4 6.5 1268 1274 7.9 7.0 6.0 804 1532 8.3 7.4 6.6 1302 1201 7.0 5.7 4.9 1282 1272 8.5 7.6 6.9 1619 1113 9 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM 9.5 8.5 7.7 2323 851 10.8 9.2 8.3 2743 693 9.4 8.3 7.4 2533 776 11.1 9.7 8.6 2241 910 10.1 8.8 8.2 2523 909 11.4 10.3 9.0 2784 762 10.4 9.0 8.2 2468 759 10.6 9.0 8.1 2464 917 9.3 8.3 7.5 2599 772 7 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM 12.1 10.9 9.4 3725 350 9.3 8.1 6.8 4547 129 9.8 8.5 7.7 5058 43 14.0 12.1 11.0 4296 173 14.1 12.3 11.1 4150 181 13.3 11.9 10.4 3826 219 9.5 8.4 7.4 4096 174 5 sites, 20 more on CD-ROM 12.8 11.4 10.2 3378 576 12.1 10.9 9.3 3287 658 11.1 9.4 8.4 3263 639 11.8 10.6 9.1 3347 629 10.4 8.6 7.9 3323 607 3 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM 11.8 10.4 8.9 1119 1937 11.5 10.0 8.6 1183 1835 11.4 9.4 8.4 2802 439 4 sites, 8 more on CD-ROM 9.4 8.3 7.4 3967 261 7.3 6.1 5.4 4068 201

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 24.6 29.6 23.5 28.1 24.1 28.0 23.3 26.8 24.1 29.3 23.0 27.9 24.6 29.8 23.5 28.3 24.3 29.4 23.4 28.3 24.3 29.2 23.2 27.7

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% 99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB -15.4 31.9 22.9 30.2 22.2 28.7 21.2 -12.6 30.1 22.5 28.7 21.7 27.5 20.9 -14.6 32.0 22.9 30.1 21.8 28.6 21.1 -15.2 32.2 22.9 30.3 22.0 28.7 21.3 -13.7 32.3 22.9 30.3 22.2 28.8 21.5 -14.7 32.2 23.1 29.9 21.7 28.0 20.8

Heating DB 99.6% -18.3 -14.9 -17.2 -17.5 -16.2 -17.5

-20.2 -19.7 -18.6 -20.2 -21.2

92.03W 92.19W 93.47W 93.92W 93.20W 93.35W 93.23W 92.49W 93.03W 94.05W 93.05W

46.72N 46.84N 44.83N 44.22N 45.15N 45.06N 44.88N 43.90N 44.85N 45.55N 44.93N

266 193 299 204 177 198

Elev

566 362 321 299 406

84.58W 86.24W 83.42W 84.08W 82.83W 82.52W

Long

42.78N 43.17N 42.67N 43.53N 42.60N 42.91N

Lat

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 113

MANCHESTER PEASE INTL TRADEPOR New Jersey ATLANTIC CITY INTL MONMOUTH EXECUTIVE MC GUIRE AFB MILLVILLE MUNI NEWARK INTL AIRPORT TETERBORO TRENTON MERCER New Mexico ALAMOGORDO WHITE SA ALBUQUERQUE INTL CANNON AFB CLOVIS MUNI FOUR CORNERS RGNL HOLLOMAN AFB ROSWELL/INDUSTRIAL WHITE SANDS New York ALBANY COUNTY AIRPO AMBROSE LIGHT BINGHAMTON/BROOME C GREATER BUFFALO INT ELMIRA CORNING RGNL GRIFFISS AIRPARK LONG ISLAND MAC ART CHATAUQUA CO JAMESTO NEW YORK/JOHN F. KE NEW YORK/LA GUARDIA STEWART INTL NIAGARA FALLS INTL PLATTSBURGH INTL DUTCHESS CO REPUBLIC ROCHESTER-MONROE CO SYRACUSE/HANCOCK ONEIDA CO WESTCHESTER CO North Carolina ASHEVILLE MUNICIPAL CHARLOTTE/DOUGLAS FAYETTEVILLE RGNL G FORT BRAGG/SIMMONS GREENSBORO/G.-HIGH HICKORY RGNL JACKSONVILLE (AWOS) NEW RIVER MCAS PITT GREENVILLE POPE AFB RALEIGH/RALEIGH-DUR SEYMOUR JOHNSON AFB WILMINGTON SMITH REYNOLDS North Dakota BISMARCK MUNICIPAL FARGO/HECTOR FIELD

Station

105.98W 106.62W 103.32W 103.07W 108.23W 106.10W 104.54W 106.48W 73.80W 73.80W 75.98W 78.74W 76.89W 75.41W 73.10W 79.25W 73.80W 73.88W 74.10W 78.95W 73.47W 73.88W 73.42W 77.68W 76.10W 75.38W 73.71W 82.54W 80.94W 78.88W 78.94W 79.94W 81.39W 77.61W 77.43W 77.38W 79.03W 78.79W 77.96W 77.90W 80.22W

32.84N 35.04N 34.38N 34.43N 36.74N 32.85N 33.31N 32.38N 42.75N 40.45N 42.21N 42.94N 42.16N 43.23N 40.79N 42.15N 40.66N 40.78N 41.50N 43.11N 44.65N 41.63N 40.73N 43.12N 43.11N 43.15N 41.07N 35.43N 35.21N 34.99N 35.13N 36.10N 35.74N 34.83N 34.70N 35.64N 35.17N 35.87N 35.34N 34.27N 36.13N

-9.6 -6.1 -5.4 -5.6 -7.5 -7.1 -6.4 -4.9 -6.2 -6.2 -6.9 -5.4 -4.1 -7.3 -28.1 -28.5

46.77N 100.75W 506 46.93N 96.81W 274

-18.3 -10.1 -17.9 -15.8 -17.9 -20.9 -11.4 -17.2 -10.1 -10.1 -15.2 -16.1 -23.1 -16.9 -11.0 -16.2 -18.5 -20.6 -12.8

-6.0 -7.7 -10.8 -10.0 -13.7 -7.3 -7.8 -7.6

-11.5 -11.3 -11.2 -11.7 -10.9 -11.4 -11.2

99.6% -17.0 -16.2

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

-25.0 -25.8

-7.3 -3.9 -3.1 -3.5 -5.5 -4.8 -4.0 -2.9 -4.0 -4.0 -4.6 -3.2 -2.4 -4.9

-15.6 -7.9 -15.5 -13.6 -15.2 -17.5 -9.0 -14.9 -7.9 -7.8 -12.5 -13.7 -20.6 -13.6 -7.9 -13.9 -15.4 -17.2 -10.7

-3.8 -5.8 -7.9 -7.8 -11.2 -5.4 -5.9 -5.3

-8.9 -8.9 -8.9 -9.0 -8.6 -9.0 -8.9

34.4 32.6

31.3 34.6 35.9 36.1 33.7 33.8 34.4 33.9 35.1 36.2 34.9 36.1 33.7 33.8

31.8 28.8 29.7 30.2 32.1 31.4 31.4 28.0 32.1 33.6 32.3 31.1 30.3 33.0 32.3 31.5 31.8 30.7 32.1

37.7 35.1 36.5 36.1 35.2 37.4 37.8 37.2

33.4 32.7 33.7 33.4 34.5 33.6 33.8

20.9 22.2

21.8 23.6 24.6 24.6 23.5 22.4 24.9 25.6 24.6 24.1 24.3 24.8 25.0 23.1

22.8 N/A 21.1 21.8 22.1 22.5 23.0 20.8 22.7 23.4 22.7 22.7 21.8 23.2 23.2 22.9 22.9 22.5 23.3

17.7 15.6 17.4 17.7 15.5 17.2 18.3 17.6

23.8 23.1 24.4 23.8 23.7 23.6 23.4

32.3 30.9

29.9 33.3 34.0 34.8 32.5 32.5 33.0 32.7 33.9 34.1 33.5 34.7 32.3 32.6

30.1 27.1 28.0 28.8 30.3 29.7 29.8 27.2 30.3 32.0 30.2 29.6 28.4 31.5 30.3 29.8 30.1 29.0 30.3

37.0 33.9 34.9 34.1 33.8 36.1 36.6 35.8

31.9 31.3 32.3 32.1 32.8 32.1 32.3

20.4 21.3

21.5 23.3 24.0 24.4 23.2 22.4 24.4 25.3 24.0 23.7 24.0 24.4 24.6 22.8

21.8 N/A 20.2 21.1 21.1 21.3 22.3 20.3 22.1 22.6 22.1 21.8 20.8 22.6 22.2 21.8 21.8 21.4 22.3

17.9 15.4 17.7 17.7 15.1 17.2 18.3 17.7

23.2 22.4 23.7 23.4 22.8 23.0 22.9

30.4 29.2

28.8 32.2 32.8 33.4 31.3 31.2 32.3 31.8 32.8 32.8 32.3 33.2 31.2 31.4

28.6 25.8 26.6 27.5 28.7 28.0 28.2 26.0 28.7 30.5 28.9 28.0 26.8 29.8 28.7 28.2 28.6 27.6 28.7

35.1 32.6 33.4 32.8 32.5 34.7 35.3 34.6

30.3 29.1 31.0 30.7 31.3 30.8 31.0

19.8 20.4

21.0 23.0 23.8 24.0 22.7 22.1 24.0 25.0 23.6 23.6 23.6 24.1 24.2 22.4

21.2 N/A 19.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 21.6 19.3 21.7 22.1 21.5 21.0 20.1 21.8 21.8 20.9 21.1 20.6 21.6

17.8 15.4 17.9 17.7 15.0 17.1 18.3 17.7

22.7 21.6 23.2 22.8 22.2 22.3 22.5

23.6 24.1

23.3 25.1 26.2 26.3 25.0 24.3 26.4 27.0 26.1 26.4 25.7 26.7 26.2 24.7

24.2 N/A 22.6 23.8 23.7 23.9 24.8 22.3 24.8 25.0 24.4 24.2 23.4 24.9 24.8 24.1 24.1 23.9 24.7

21.7 18.5 21.3 20.9 18.4 20.5 21.6 21.0

25.5 24.6 26.2 25.6 25.4 25.4 25.1

30.1 29.6

28.4 31.3 32.1 32.7 31.0 30.0 32.7 31.7 32.9 31.0 32.1 32.1 31.1 30.6

29.3 N/A 27.1 27.7 29.1 29.5 28.6 26.6 28.8 30.6 29.5 28.7 27.9 30.7 29.2 29.2 29.6 28.5 29.4

30.4 27.4 28.8 29.1 27.6 29.8 30.5 30.8

30.8 30.4 30.8 30.7 31.5 30.9 31.3

22.3 23.0

22.7 24.5 25.6 25.7 24.3 23.8 25.7 26.3 25.3 25.8 25.2 26.0 25.7 24.0

23.3 N/A 21.7 22.9 22.7 22.8 24.0 21.4 24.1 24.3 23.5 23.3 22.3 23.9 24.1 23.1 23.1 22.9 23.8

20.8 18.0 20.6 20.3 17.8 19.9 21.0 20.5

24.8 23.8 25.4 24.9 24.6 24.4 24.3

29.1 28.6

27.6 30.5 31.2 31.9 29.9 29.3 31.4 31.0 31.4 30.6 31.2 31.3 30.1 29.7

27.9 N/A 25.8 26.7 27.9 27.7 27.3 25.4 27.6 29.2 28.3 27.6 26.7 29.2 27.9 27.7 28.1 27.1 28.0

29.6 26.9 28.4 28.6 27.1 29.4 30.0 30.1

29.4 29.0 29.8 29.5 29.9 29.5 29.6

21.6 22.4

21.9 23.4 24.8 24.6 23.1 22.7 24.7 26.0 24.1 25.3 24.1 25.2 25.0 22.8

22.6 N/A 21.2 22.4 22.2 22.2 23.7 21.1 23.6 23.4 22.8 22.7 21.9 23.0 23.7 22.5 22.4 22.4 23.0

19.1 16.4 19.4 18.7 16.2 18.0 19.5 18.8

24.0 22.8 25.1 24.1 23.7 23.8 23.0

17.3 17.7

18.0 18.7 20.0 19.8 18.5 18.2 19.8 21.3 19.0 20.6 19.3 20.5 20.1 18.2

17.5 N/A 16.9 17.6 17.4 17.2 18.5 16.9 18.5 18.3 17.8 17.8 16.7 17.8 18.6 17.5 17.3 17.6 18.1

16.2 14.3 16.7 15.9 14.2 15.1 16.3 15.9

18.9 17.6 20.2 19.1 18.6 18.6 17.9

27.7 27.7

25.2 27.2 28.0 29.0 27.3 26.2 29.4 29.5 28.3 27.3 28.2 28.5 28.4 27.0

26.8 N/A 24.8 26.1 26.7 27.1 26.5 25.2 26.7 27.2 26.6 26.8 26.1 27.8 26.6 27.0 27.2 26.2 26.3

24.1 20.0 23.0 23.5 19.7 22.2 23.4 22.3

27.7 27.2 28.1 27.5 27.8 28.1 27.4

20.1 21.1

21.3 22.9 24.1 24.0 22.7 22.3 23.9 25.0 23.7 24.9 23.5 24.8 24.5 22.4

21.8 N/A 20.4 21.5 21.2 21.2 22.9 20.0 23.0 22.8 22.3 22.0 20.8 22.3 22.8 21.6 21.4 21.4 22.5

18.6 15.8 18.6 17.8 15.2 17.4 18.8 18.1

23.4 22.3 24.0 23.5 23.0 22.8 22.6

15.8 16.3

17.3 18.1 19.1 19.1 18.0 17.7 18.9 20.1 18.5 20.1 18.6 19.9 19.5 17.7

16.7 N/A 16.0 16.6 16.4 16.1 17.7 15.6 17.7 17.5 17.3 17.1 15.6 17.1 17.6 16.5 16.3 16.5 17.5

15.8 13.7 15.8 15.0 13.2 14.5 15.6 15.2

18.3 17.1 18.9 18.4 17.8 17.6 17.5

26.1 26.8

24.6 26.7 27.5 28.5 26.7 25.7 28.4 28.8 27.9 27.1 27.5 28.2 28.0 26.6

25.9 N/A 23.8 25.3 25.3 25.8 25.7 23.9 25.9 26.8 26.2 25.9 24.8 27.0 25.7 25.7 25.9 25.2 25.8

24.0 20.3 22.9 22.6 20.0 22.3 23.2 22.4

27.0 26.8 27.5 27.0 27.1 26.8 27.1

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 8.6 7.9 7.0 3452 406 10.3 8.8 7.8 3566 303 7 sites, 3 more on CD-ROM 11.1 9.5 8.4 2729 563 11.3 9.8 8.6 2836 497 10.4 8.9 7.9 2702 583 9.0 8.2 7.4 2717 588 11.2 9.8 8.6 2604 698 9.2 8.3 7.6 2776 583 9.5 8.5 7.8 2768 583 8 sites, 11 more on CD-ROM 9.9 8.4 7.3 1587 1058 12.6 11.1 9.2 2219 761 12.6 11.1 9.6 2098 753 14.2 12.2 10.9 2269 662 11.1 9.5 8.3 2960 507 10.7 8.8 7.6 1793 953 11.6 9.5 8.3 1731 1051 8.4 7.2 5.9 1637 1006 19 sites, 17 more on CD-ROM 10.8 9.2 8.3 3646 344 18.9 16.5 14.9 2731 391 9.3 8.4 7.7 3943 222 12.3 10.9 9.3 3616 313 9.1 8.2 7.3 3759 261 10.2 8.5 7.6 3919 263 10.7 9.1 8.3 2941 449 9.6 8.5 7.7 3981 164 12.2 11.0 9.7 2691 547 12.1 11.0 9.6 2531 699 10.9 9.1 8.2 3296 401 11.8 10.5 9.1 3658 328 9.2 8.2 7.3 4346 200 8.3 7.5 6.4 3416 390 11.0 9.6 8.5 2801 507 11.2 9.5 8.5 3643 308 10.9 9.1 8.2 3654 330 9.3 8.4 7.7 3930 257 9.7 8.3 7.4 3088 416 14 sites, 22 more on CD-ROM 10.3 8.7 7.8 2302 469 8.3 7.4 6.4 1703 952 9.0 8.0 7.0 1536 1087 7.9 6.6 5.6 1548 1151 8.9 7.9 7.1 2003 803 7.8 6.7 5.8 1949 765 8.9 7.9 6.9 1648 956 9.0 8.0 7.1 1415 1076 8.4 7.4 6.3 1628 1068 8.4 7.4 6.3 1600 1106 8.5 7.5 6.7 1819 926 8.3 7.3 6.3 1519 1141 9.5 8.4 7.5 1358 1128 8.1 7.1 6.0 1927 823 6 sites, 7 more on CD-ROM 12.2 10.9 9.3 4664 303 12.6 11.3 10.3 4849 308

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% 0.4% 1% 99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB -13.8 32.8 22.2 31.4 21.4 29.8 20.8 24.2 29.8 23.2 28.4 22.4 17.3 26.8 21.8 16.6 26.0 -13.1 32.0 22.6 30.0 21.8 28.0 20.8 24.1 29.4 23.1 27.9 22.5 17.2 26.8 21.7 16.4 25.8

Heating DB

661 234 60 74 270 362 29 8 8 61 133 34 10 296

89 21 499 215 291 158 30 525 7 9 150 179 71 49 25 169 127 227 121

1280 1620 1309 1284 1677 1248 1118 1244

20 49 40 23 9 2 65

74.58W 74.12W 74.58W 75.08W 74.17W 74.06W 74.81W

39.46N 40.19N 40.02N 39.37N 40.68N 40.85N 40.28N

Elev 71 31

Long

42.93N 71.44W 43.08N 70.82W

Lat

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

114 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

GRAND FORKS AFB GRAND FORKS INTL MINOT AFB MINOT INTL Ohio AKRON/AKRON-CANTON CINCINNATI MUNI LUN CLEVELAND COLUMBUS/PORT COLUM DAYTON/JAMES M COX FINDLAY FAIRFIELD CO MANSFIELD LAHM RGNL OHIO STATE UNIVERSI RICKENBACKER INTL TOLEDO EXPRESS DAYTON/WRIGHT-PATTE YOUNGSTOWN MUNI Oklahoma FORT SILL LAWTON MUNICIPAL OKLAHOMA CITY/W. RO OKLAHOMA CITY/WILEY STILLWATER RGNL TINKER AFB TULSA INTL ARPT(AW) RICHARD LLOYD JONES VANCE AFB Oregon AURORA STATE CORVALLIS MUNI EUGENE/MAHLON SWEET MC MINNVILLE MUNI MEDFORD-JACKSON COU PORTLAND INTL ARPT PORTLAND/HILLSBORO ROBERTS FLD SALEM/MCNARY Pennsylvania ALLENTOWN/A.-BETHLE ALTOONA BLAIR CO BUTLER CO SCHOLTER F ERIE INTL AIRPORT HARRISBURG/CAPITAL HARRISBURG INTL PHILADELPHIA INTL NORTHEAST PHILADELPH ALLEGHENY CO GREATER PITTSBURGH I READING RGNL CARL A WASHINGTON CO WILKES-BARRE-SCRANT WILLOW GROVE NAS JR Rhode Island PROVIDENCE/GREEN ST

Station

122.77W 60 123.29W 75 123.21W 114 123.13W 49 122.87W 405 122.60W 33 122.95W 70 121.15W 940 123.00W 61 117 448 380 225 106 95 9 36 388 367 108 361 293 110 19

98.40W 98.42W 97.60W 97.65W 97.09W 97.38W 95.89W 95.98W 97.99W

75.45W 78.32W 79.94W 80.18W 76.85W 76.76W 75.23W 75.01W 79.92W 80.23W 75.96W 80.28W 75.73W 75.15W

34.65N 34.57N 35.39N 35.53N 36.16N 35.42N 36.20N 36.04N 36.34N 45.25N 44.50N 44.13N 45.20N 42.39N 45.59N 45.54N 44.25N 44.91N 40.65N 40.30N 40.78N 42.08N 40.22N 40.19N 39.87N 40.08N 40.36N 40.50N 40.37N 40.14N 41.34N 40.20N 41.72N 71.43W

362 338 398 396 300 397 206 191 398

377 152 245 249 306 248 265 400 276 227 211 251 362

81.44W 84.42W 81.85W 82.88W 84.22W 83.67W 82.66W 82.52W 83.08W 82.92W 83.80W 84.05W 80.67W

40.92N 39.10N 41.41N 39.99N 39.91N 41.01N 39.76N 40.82N 40.08N 39.80N 41.59N 39.83N 41.25N

278 254 508 522

Elev

97.40W 97.18W 101.36W 101.28W

Long

47.95N 47.95N 48.43N 48.26N

Lat

-13.1

-13.1 -14.5 -16.0 -14.0 -11.9 -11.3 -10.1 -10.9 -14.7 -14.9 -12.3 -16.1 -15.3 -11.3

-3.0 -3.9 -4.8 -2.9 -5.0 -3.8 -4.9 -14.7 -4.7

-9.8 -7.9 -10.0 -10.8 -10.2 -9.0 -10.5 -9.0 -12.2

-16.2 -13.3 -15.5 -15.0 -16.7 -17.2 -16.9 -17.2 -15.0 -14.1 -17.0 -16.0 -16.2

99.6% -27.9 -30.0 -30.8 -28.4

-10.6

-10.8 -12.2 -12.9 -12.0 -9.2 -9.1 -7.8 -8.4 -12.2 -12.3 -9.8 -12.9 -12.7 -9.0

-2.1 -2.4 -2.6 -2.1 -3.3 -1.4 -2.8 -10.8 -2.6

-6.5 -6.2 -7.3 -7.6 -7.7 -7.3 -7.6 -7.4 -9.1

-13.4 -10.3 -12.4 -12.0 -13.3 -14.0 -12.6 -14.1 -12.2 -11.3 -14.0 -12.5 -13.4

99% -26.0 -27.3 -27.6 -25.5

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

32.3

32.8 31.3 31.2 30.4 33.6 33.5 34.1 34.0 32.2 32.1 33.7 31.3 31.8 33.7

33.0 33.8 33.2 33.0 37.3 33.0 33.5 33.9 33.5

38.2 39.1 37.5 37.5 38.7 37.4 37.4 37.8 38.0

31.6 33.8 32.0 32.9 32.4 32.5 32.5 31.2 32.4 33.7 32.9 32.6 31.4

23.0

23.2 22.1 22.1 22.8 23.2 23.9 24.0 24.1 22.4 22.5 23.4 21.5 22.2 23.7

19.4 19.4 19.2 18.9 19.4 19.6 20.0 16.5 19.4

22.8 23.0 23.4 23.3 24.1 22.7 24.4 24.8 23.0

22.7 23.6 23.2 23.1 23.1 22.9 23.0 22.8 22.9 24.0 23.3 23.2 22.5

30.4

31.3 29.8 29.2 29.0 32.2 32.1 32.7 32.6 30.8 30.6 32.2 29.7 30.1 32.3

31.3 32.1 31.1 31.3 35.3 30.8 31.3 32.3 31.2

37.0 37.9 36.1 36.2 37.3 36.0 36.0 37.0 36.9

30.1 32.4 30.5 31.7 31.1 31.2 31.3 29.7 31.2 32.5 31.4 31.3 29.9

22.2

22.5 21.6 21.3 22.1 22.5 23.4 23.5 23.4 21.8 21.7 22.8 20.9 21.3 23.0

19.2 18.8 18.7 18.8 18.8 19.2 19.5 16.0 18.8

22.8 23.2 23.5 23.3 24.2 22.8 24.5 25.0 23.0

22.1 23.4 22.5 22.7 22.7 22.4 22.8 22.1 22.7 23.6 22.6 23.0 21.7

28.8

29.8 28.2 27.9 27.7 30.9 30.5 31.3 31.3 29.1 29.1 30.9 28.3 28.6 30.9

28.8 29.8 28.9 28.9 33.4 28.7 28.9 30.6 29.0

35.3 37.1 34.5 34.3 35.2 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.1

28.6 31.1 29.0 30.3 29.7 29.5 29.9 28.4 29.8 31.3 29.9 30.0 28.5

21.4

21.8 20.8 20.5 21.4 22.1 22.6 22.7 22.8 21.0 21.0 22.2 20.2 20.5 22.3

18.6 17.9 18.0 18.2 18.1 18.5 18.6 15.4 18.1

23.0 23.2 23.4 23.2 24.3 22.8 24.2 24.8 23.2

21.3 22.9 21.7 22.0 21.9 21.5 22.1 21.3 21.9 23.1 21.9 22.2 20.9

Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB 32.2 23.2 30.0 21.6 28.0 20.2 32.2 21.7 30.2 20.8 28.6 20.0 33.9 20.2 31.8 19.7 29.7 19.1 32.9 20.3 31.0 20.0 28.9 18.9

24.7

24.9 23.7 23.6 24.1 24.8 25.6 25.7 25.8 23.9 24.0 25.0 23.1 23.8 25.3

21.1 20.3 20.5 20.4 20.5 20.8 21.4 17.6 20.4

25.3 25.6 25.5 25.2 26.2 25.2 26.2 26.4 25.2

24.2 25.5 24.6 24.9 24.7 24.7 24.8 24.2 24.6 26.9 25.1 25.0 23.9

29.5

30.2 28.8 28.6 28.2 30.6 31.0 31.4 31.5 29.3 29.3 30.9 28.4 28.9 31.4

30.2 31.7 30.8 30.7 34.6 30.5 31.2 31.4 31.4

32.8 33.7 32.8 32.9 34.4 31.8 33.6 34.5 33.1

29.1 31.1 29.7 30.5 30.1 30.1 30.2 29.2 29.9 30.4 30.5 29.6 29.1

23.8

24.0 22.9 22.7 23.3 24.1 24.7 25.0 24.9 23.1 23.2 24.1 22.3 22.9 24.5

20.1 19.4 19.5 19.4 19.6 20.0 20.2 16.7 19.5

24.7 25.1 24.9 24.7 25.6 24.5 25.6 25.8 24.6

23.3 24.9 23.7 24.1 24.0 23.8 24.1 23.4 23.8 25.8 24.1 24.2 23.0

27.8

28.7 27.7 27.5 27.3 29.2 29.6 30.2 30.4 28.2 28.1 29.3 27.8 27.6 30.0

28.9 30.5 29.3 29.5 33.1 29.2 29.6 30.0 29.6

32.1 33.0 32.2 32.2 33.6 31.1 32.9 33.7 32.4

27.9 30.1 28.3 29.2 28.9 28.6 28.8 28.0 28.6 29.8 29.0 28.8 27.7

23.3

23.2 22.2 22.3 22.7 23.0 24.0 24.1 24.1 22.4 22.4 23.0 21.3 22.3 23.5

17.7 16.1 16.8 17.0 15.7 17.3 17.6 12.6 16.4

23.4 23.1 23.5 22.9 23.9 23.0 24.1 24.1 23.0

22.6 24.0 22.9 23.1 23.0 22.9 22.9 22.7 22.8 26.2 23.4 23.8 22.3

18.1

18.3 17.9 17.8 17.9 18.0 19.1 19.1 19.1 17.9 17.9 18.0 16.7 17.6 18.6

12.8 11.5 12.1 12.2 11.7 12.4 12.7 10.2 11.7

19.0 18.6 19.2 18.6 19.5 18.6 19.5 19.4 18.6

18.2 19.2 18.2 18.4 18.4 18.2 18.2 18.3 18.1 22.2 18.7 19.2 17.8

26.8

27.3 26.6 26.6 27.0 27.0 28.3 28.1 28.2 26.6 26.7 27.8 26.1 26.2 28.4

24.3 24.8 23.7 23.3 23.4 24.0 24.9 19.5 22.8

28.1 28.2 28.7 28.5 30.1 27.2 29.7 29.7 27.8

26.9 28.1 27.4 27.4 27.7 27.9 27.3 27.2 27.3 29.0 28.2 27.0 26.4

22.6

22.5 21.3 21.3 21.9 22.5 23.1 23.5 23.1 21.5 21.6 22.5 20.9 21.4 22.7

17.2 14.7 15.8 16.0 14.6 16.5 16.5 11.5 15.5

22.7 22.8 22.9 22.5 23.0 22.7 23.6 23.8 22.5

21.9 23.2 22.2 22.5 22.4 22.2 22.5 22.0 22.4 24.7 22.6 22.8 21.5

17.3

17.4 16.9 16.7 17.0 17.4 18.0 18.3 17.9 17.0 17.0 17.4 16.3 16.7 17.7

12.4 10.6 11.4 11.4 10.9 11.8 11.8 9.5 11.1

18.2 18.3 18.5 18.1 18.4 18.3 18.8 19.1 18.1

17.3 18.3 17.4 17.7 17.7 17.5 17.7 17.5 17.7 20.3 17.7 18.0 16.9

25.9

26.5 25.5 25.2 25.9 26.4 27.2 27.4 27.2 25.7 25.7 27.1 25.4 25.2 27.6

23.2 24.2 22.4 22.2 23.2 22.8 23.1 19.4 22.4

27.5 28.1 27.9 28.0 28.9 27.0 29.3 29.4 27.6

25.8 27.3 26.4 26.8 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.2 26.7 28.0 27.0 26.2 25.3

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 23.9 19.4 27.3 22.3 17.6 25.7 22.1 17.3 27.3 20.7 15.8 25.9 20.8 16.5 26.3 19.1 14.8 24.8 21.2 16.9 26.6 19.7 15.4 25.0

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 12.4 11.1 9.8 5109 226 12.0 10.9 9.3 5178 236 12.9 11.6 10.2 5013 239 12.5 11.1 9.8 4831 247 13 sites, 15 more on CD-ROM 10.4 8.9 8.1 3363 382 9.1 8.2 7.4 2636 642 10.9 9.3 8.4 3250 430 10.0 8.4 7.5 2919 564 10.9 9.3 8.4 3062 525 11.1 9.4 8.5 3294 449 9.0 7.9 7.1 3033 450 10.9 9.3 8.4 3418 366 9.8 8.5 7.7 3016 506 10.6 8.9 7.9 2762 642 10.9 9.2 8.3 3374 443 9.6 8.4 7.6 2945 532 9.5 8.4 7.7 3443 324 9 sites, 11 more on CD-ROM 11.0 9.5 8.6 1776 1176 11.6 10.3 9.0 1760 1262 12.3 11.2 10.1 1910 1083 12.0 10.9 9.8 1937 1137 11.1 9.8 8.8 1994 1112 11.7 10.6 9.2 1879 1064 11.0 9.6 8.7 1919 1139 8.9 8.0 7.2 1946 1122 12.3 11.0 9.7 2187 1036 9 sites, 18 more on CD-ROM 8.1 7.0 5.7 2453 211 8.9 8.0 7.2 2364 221 8.7 7.8 7.1 2577 150 9.2 7.9 6.9 2596 159 8.2 6.9 5.6 2369 463 10.6 8.8 7.8 2341 241 8.4 7.5 6.4 2636 157 9.3 8.3 7.5 3594 132 9.3 8.2 7.3 2518 174 14 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM 10.5 8.8 7.9 3084 466 10.3 8.5 7.6 3306 340 8.0 7.0 5.8 3383 305 10.9 9.5 8.7 3378 366 9.2 8.2 7.4 2838 587 11.5 10.3 8.5 2803 617 11.0 9.3 8.4 2507 740 9.8 8.4 7.7 2641 654 9.1 8.2 7.5 3021 473 10.3 8.7 7.9 3102 434 10.2 8.6 7.9 2873 554 8.6 7.6 6.6 3313 299 9.0 8.1 7.3 3381 354 8.4 7.4 6.3 2726 597 1 site, 2 more on CD-ROM 10.9 9.2 8.4 3090 413

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 25.1 29.1 23.4 27.8 23.8 29.1 22.5 28.0 22.8 30.0 21.5 28.4 23.0 29.0 21.6 27.7

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 115

South Carolina CHARLESTON MUNI COLUMBIA METRO FLORENCE RGNL FOLLY ISLAND GREENVILLE/GREENVIL SHAW AFB/SUMTER South Dakota ELLSWORTH AFB RAPID CITY/REGIONAL SIOUX FALLS/FOSS FI Tennessee TRI CITIES RGNL CHATTANOOGA/LOVELL MC KELLAR SIPES RGN KNOXVILLE MUNICIPAL MEMPHIS INTL ARPT MILLINGTON MUNI ARP NASHVILLE/METROPOLI Texas ABILENE DYESS AFB ABILENE MUNICIPAL AMARILLO INTL AUSTIN/MUELLER MUNI BROWNSVILLE INTL AUSTIN CAMP MABRY EASTERWOOD FLD CORPUS CHRISTI/INT. CORPUS CHRISTE NAS DALLAS HENSLEY FIELD NAS DALLAS LOVE FLD DALLAS EXECUTIVE DALLAS-FORT WORTH/F DEL RIO INTL DRAUGHON MILLER CEN EL PASO INTL ARPT ROBERT GRAY AAF FORT WORTH ALLIANCE FORT WORTH MEACHAM FORT WORTH NAS JRB GALVESTON GEORGETOWN MUNI VALLEY INTL HOUSTON/INTERCONTIN WILLIAM P HOBBY HOUSTON/D.W. HOOKS HOUSTON/ELLINGTON LACKLAND AFB KELLY KILLEEN MUNI (AWOS) LAREDO INTL AIRPORT LAUGHLIN AFB LONGVIEW LUBBOCK/LUBBOCK INT ANGELINA CO MC GREGOR EXECUTIVE MC ALLEN MILLER INT COLLIN CO RGNL

Station

99.85W 99.68W 101.71W 97.68W 97.43W 97.77W 96.36W 97.51W 97.28W 96.97W 96.85W 96.87W 97.04W 100.92W 97.40W 106.38W 97.83W 97.32W 97.36W 97.44W 94.86W 97.67W 97.65W 95.36W 95.28W 95.55W 95.16W 98.58W 97.69W 99.47W 100.78W 94.71W 101.82W 94.75W 97.30W 98.24W 96.59W

32.43N 32.41N 35.22N 30.18N 25.91N 30.32N 30.59N 27.77N 27.70N 32.73N 32.85N 32.68N 32.90N 29.37N 31.15N 31.81N 31.07N 32.97N 32.82N 32.77N 29.27N 30.68N 26.23N 29.99N 29.65N 30.06N 29.61N 29.38N 31.09N 27.55N 29.36N 32.39N 33.67N 31.23N 31.49N 26.18N 33.18N

545 546 1099 151 7 201 100 13 6 151 149 205 182 313 208 1194 309 220 215 198 3 240 11 32 14 46 10 211 259 155 330 114 988 96 180 34 178

-7.3 -6.6 -12.4 -3.0 3.4 -2.0 -2.4 1.3 2.9 -5.8 -4.2 -3.0 -5.0 -0.3 -3.9 -4.5 -2.7 -5.3 -5.6 -5.6 2.2 -3.1 2.6 -0.9 0.5 -1.2 0.0 -1.7 -3.0 1.4 -0.9 -4.0 -8.9 -2.7 -3.8 3.3 -5.9

-10.6 -7.2 -9.2 -8.6 -7.4 -8.0 -9.6

82.40W 85.20W 88.92W 83.99W 89.99W 89.87W 86.69W

36.48N 35.03N 35.59N 35.82N 35.06N 35.35N 36.12N

465 210 129 299 101 98 184

-23.0 -22.9 -24.6

99.6%

-4.8 -4.1 -9.1 -1.2 5.6 0.2 -0.2 3.3 5.2 -2.7 -2.1 -2.2 -2.6 1.5 -2.2 -2.5 -1.2 -3.0 -3.0 -2.6 4.0 -2.1 4.9 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.2 0.5 -1.4 3.6 1.2 -2.3 -6.7 -1.2 -2.2 5.6 -3.0

-8.0 -4.9 -7.1 -6.2 -5.0 -5.9 -7.1

-19.8 -19.7 -21.8

-0.9 -3.0 -2.7 1.4 -3.8 -2.6

99%

Heating DB

44.15N 103.10W 999 44.05N 103.05W 966 43.58N 96.75W 435

Elev

-2.6 -5.1 -4.6 -0.3 -6.0 -4.1

80.04W 81.12W 79.73W 79.88W 82.22W 80.48W

Long

15 69 46 5 296 73

32.90N 33.94N 34.19N 32.68N 34.90N 33.97N

Lat

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

38.7 37.4 36.3 37.7 35.2 37.6 37.5 35.7 33.9 37.6 37.9 37.9 38.0 38.7 37.6 38.1 37.8 38.8 38.1 38.0 32.9 37.4 37.1 36.2 35.2 37.0 35.6 37.7 37.5 39.0 40.0 37.4 37.2 37.1 37.8 37.9 37.8

32.5 35.0 35.0 33.9 35.9 36.8 34.9

35.4 36.2 33.5

34.6 36.2 35.7 30.8 34.7 35.3

22.2 21.5 19.0 23.6 25.4 23.4 24.3 25.5 26.4 24.2 24.1 23.8 23.6 22.4 23.4 18.0 22.2 23.6 23.7 23.6 26.2 22.8 25.3 24.8 25.3 24.5 25.7 23.9 23.5 23.0 22.6 24.2 19.3 24.7 23.7 24.6 23.9

22.1 23.8 24.8 23.3 25.1 25.9 23.8

18.7 18.8 23.1

25.6 24.0 24.8 25.4 23.2 24.0

37.4 36.3 34.8 36.8 34.6 36.6 36.3 34.8 33.2 36.4 37.1 37.2 37.0 37.5 36.7 36.9 37.1 37.5 37.2 37.2 32.5 36.2 36.2 35.1 34.1 35.2 34.7 36.7 36.6 38.0 38.7 36.1 35.9 35.4 37.2 37.2 37.2

31.2 33.7 33.8 32.6 34.6 35.2 33.5

33.0 33.9 31.6

33.4 34.9 34.1 30.1 33.2 34.0

22.2 21.6 19.1 23.7 25.4 23.6 24.3 25.5 26.3 24.1 24.1 23.8 23.7 22.4 23.5 17.8 22.3 23.7 23.7 23.7 26.1 22.7 25.4 24.8 25.2 24.8 25.7 23.8 23.4 23.0 23.0 24.3 19.7 24.9 23.8 24.7 24.0

21.9 23.5 24.7 23.1 24.8 24.9 23.7

18.5 18.6 22.8

25.3 23.9 24.4 25.4 23.1 24.0

36.1 35.0 33.4 35.6 33.9 35.5 35.2 33.9 32.8 35.1 35.9 36.0 35.8 36.5 35.5 35.6 35.4 36.3 36.0 36.0 32.2 35.0 35.3 34.1 33.4 33.9 33.8 35.6 35.3 37.3 37.4 34.2 34.4 34.1 36.1 36.3 36.0

30.0 32.5 32.6 31.4 33.5 33.8 32.4

31.2 31.9 30.0

32.4 33.6 33.0 29.5 32.1 32.7

22.2 21.6 19.0 24.0 25.4 23.7 24.4 25.4 26.3 23.9 24.0 23.7 23.9 22.3 23.5 17.8 22.5 23.5 23.7 23.8 26.1 22.8 25.4 24.8 25.1 24.7 25.7 23.7 23.6 23.1 22.9 24.1 19.8 24.7 23.7 24.7 24.0

21.7 23.2 24.4 22.8 24.5 24.6 23.4

18.1 18.2 21.8

25.0 23.6 24.1 25.3 22.7 23.8

25.1 24.2 21.8 26.1 27.1 25.8 26.6 27.3 28.0 26.1 26.4 25.7 25.9 25.3 25.6 21.2 24.9 25.7 25.8 26.1 27.5 25.0 27.4 26.8 26.9 26.8 27.3 26.7 25.5 25.8 26.0 26.2 22.9 26.7 25.9 26.9 25.8

23.9 25.5 26.6 25.1 26.7 27.4 25.6

21.5 21.6 25.1

27.1 25.8 26.3 26.9 25.1 26.2

32.8 31.6 30.1 32.1 31.1 31.6 32.7 31.8 31.3 33.4 33.6 33.3 33.1 31.8 32.7 30.0 30.7 33.6 33.2 33.3 30.5 31.8 32.1 31.6 31.6 31.2 32.2 32.4 33.2 32.6 32.9 32.6 30.9 32.5 33.2 32.8 33.4

29.5 31.7 32.4 31.0 33.1 33.9 31.6

29.8 29.7 30.7

31.7 32.2 32.5 29.4 31.1 32.4

24.4 23.7 21.2 25.7 26.8 25.5 26.0 26.9 27.6 25.5 25.7 25.3 25.5 24.9 25.2 20.7 24.5 25.3 25.3 25.5 27.2 24.5 26.9 26.3 26.6 26.3 26.9 26.1 25.1 25.4 25.3 25.7 22.3 26.2 25.5 26.5 25.5

23.4 25.0 25.9 24.5 26.1 26.4 25.1

20.5 20.6 24.1

26.6 25.4 25.7 26.3 24.5 25.6

32.2 31.1 29.6 31.6 30.9 31.3 31.8 31.3 31.0 32.9 32.9 32.7 32.7 31.4 32.2 29.5 30.5 33.1 32.8 32.8 30.3 31.3 31.7 31.2 31.2 31.0 31.9 31.3 32.7 32.1 32.6 32.0 30.3 31.9 33.0 32.1 33.0

28.7 30.9 31.6 30.1 32.3 33.0 31.0

28.9 29.3 29.6

31.0 31.5 31.6 29.0 30.1 31.3

23.1 22.3 19.6 24.9 26.3 24.6 25.1 26.3 27.3 24.1 24.5 23.9 24.1 23.8 23.9 19.3 23.8 23.8 24.0 24.3 27.1 23.0 26.3 25.7 26.0 26.1 26.2 25.2 23.3 24.3 24.2 24.5 20.9 25.2 24.0 26.0 24.0

22.4 23.9 25.0 23.3 24.9 26.0 24.0

18.9 19.1 23.5

26.0 24.3 24.8 26.0 23.4 24.8

19.1 18.2 16.4 20.3 21.7 20.1 20.5 21.7 23.2 19.4 19.9 19.2 19.4 19.4 19.2 16.3 19.4 19.1 19.4 19.7 22.8 18.2 21.8 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.7 20.9 18.6 19.6 19.8 19.8 17.5 20.6 19.3 21.4 19.3

18.0 19.2 20.4 18.8 20.3 21.6 19.3

15.5 15.6 19.3

21.4 19.4 19.9 21.4 18.9 20.0

27.4 26.7 24.0 27.6 28.3 27.2 28.5 28.4 29.3 29.8 29.5 28.0 28.7 27.5 27.6 22.7 25.7 28.7 28.7 28.9 29.0 26.7 28.4 28.3 28.4 28.1 28.9 28.6 28.1 27.4 28.5 28.1 25.1 28.2 28.4 28.1 28.3

26.1 27.5 29.7 27.4 29.9 31.4 28.3

25.6 25.4 28.5

29.1 27.9 28.7 28.9 26.9 28.2

22.5 21.8 19.0 24.3 25.9 24.1 24.7 26.0 26.5 23.4 23.9 23.0 23.6 23.1 23.1 18.6 22.9 23.0 23.4 23.6 26.3 22.7 26.1 25.2 25.4 25.2 25.8 24.9 22.9 23.9 23.5 24.1 20.1 24.9 23.6 25.4 23.6

21.8 23.3 24.1 22.8 24.3 24.5 23.4

17.7 18.0 22.4

25.4 23.8 24.1 25.5 22.9 24.0

18.4 17.6 15.7 19.6 21.3 19.5 19.9 21.3 22.1 18.6 19.1 18.2 18.8 18.5 18.4 15.6 18.4 18.2 18.6 18.9 21.7 17.9 21.5 20.4 20.6 20.4 21.2 20.5 18.2 19.1 19.0 19.2 16.7 20.2 18.9 20.6 18.9

17.4 18.5 19.4 18.2 19.5 19.7 18.5

14.3 14.5 18.1

20.6 18.8 19.1 20.7 18.3 19.1

27.1 26.3 23.6 27.2 28.2 26.9 28.0 28.3 29.2 29.0 28.8 27.5 28.2 27.3 27.2 22.8 25.4 28.0 28.1 28.5 29.1 26.7 28.3 28.0 28.2 27.9 28.9 28.3 27.9 27.3 28.1 27.8 24.6 28.1 28.1 27.9 28.0

25.5 27.0 28.9 26.9 29.4 30.1 27.7

24.3 24.3 27.6

28.6 27.5 27.9 28.3 26.4 27.5

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 6 sites, 8 more on CD-ROM 9.1 8.2 7.4 1044 1309 8.7 7.6 6.8 1389 1203 8.7 7.9 7.1 1349 1168 14.8 11.7 10.3 1068 1181 8.7 7.8 7.1 1711 906 8.6 7.6 6.8 1346 1156 3 sites, 16 more on CD-ROM 15.5 12.9 11.2 3823 371 15.7 13.7 11.7 3889 373 12.3 11.0 9.5 4150 414 7 sites, 3 more on CD-ROM 8.4 7.4 6.2 2341 574 8.0 7.1 6.1 1747 979 8.7 8.0 7.1 1904 970 9.1 7.9 6.8 1997 841 9.0 8.1 7.4 1610 1252 8.3 7.3 6.3 1735 1128 8.7 7.8 7.0 1954 961 51 sites, 34 more on CD-ROM 11.3 9.9 8.7 1393 1409 11.6 10.6 9.2 1379 1327 13.1 11.8 10.8 2279 759 9.5 8.5 7.7 928 1646 11.7 10.7 9.3 299 2214 8.6 7.6 6.9 832 1718 9.0 8.2 7.4 882 1683 12.2 11.1 10.2 478 1961 11.4 10.4 9.1 395 2102 9.2 8.4 7.6 1206 1513 10.0 8.9 8.2 1143 1636 10.2 8.7 7.9 1176 1536 11.6 10.5 9.2 1218 1547 9.3 8.3 7.5 705 1911 11.1 10.0 8.9 1097 1519 11.8 10.0 8.4 1324 1322 10.2 8.8 8.1 1009 1564 10.6 9.3 8.4 1313 1482 10.0 8.9 8.2 1252 1513 10.8 9.2 8.4 1194 1547 11.2 9.9 8.8 562 1801 9.4 8.4 7.7 1087 1518 12.4 11.2 10.4 318 2262 8.8 7.9 7.3 762 1699 9.3 8.4 7.7 649 1756 7.9 7.1 6.1 807 1652 8.7 7.9 7.1 693 1731 8.9 7.9 7.0 773 1768 9.9 8.9 8.1 1049 1564 11.0 9.8 9.0 466 2305 10.1 8.8 7.9 677 1954 8.9 8.0 7.1 1172 1406 12.9 11.6 10.5 1819 1026 8.0 7.2 6.4 1026 1470 10.4 9.1 8.3 1157 1512 11.1 10.2 9.1 303 2481 10.3 8.9 7.9 1381 1384

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

116 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

MIDLAND/MIDLAND REG A L MANGHAM JR RGNL PORT ARANSAS PORT ARTHUR/JEFFERS RANDOLPH AFB REESE AFB/LUBBOCK SABINE SAN ANGELO/MATHIS SAN ANTONIO INTL STINSON MUNI SAN MARCOS MUNI VICTORIA/VICTORIA R WACO RGNL WICHITA FALLS/SHEPS Utah HILL AFB LOGAN CACHE PROVO MUNI ST GEORGE MUNI SALT LAKE CITY INTL Vermont BURLINGTON INTL Virginia DANVILLE RGNL DINWIDDIE CO DAVISON AAF LANGLEY AFB/HAMPTON LEESBURG EXECUTIVE LYNCHBURG/MUN. P. G MANASSAS RGNL DAVIS NEWPORT NEWS WILLIA NORFOLK INTL ARPT NORFOLK NS OCEANA NAS QUANTICO MCAF RICHMOND/BYRD FIELD ROANOKE MUNICIPAL SHENANDOAH VALLEY RG VIRGINIA TECH ARPT WASHINGTON/DULLES WASHINGTON/NATIONAL Washington ARLINGTON MUNI BELLINGHAM INTL BREMERTON NATIONAL FAIRCHILD AFB FELTS FLD FORT LEWIS/GRAY AAF KELSO LONGVIEW TACOMA/MC CHORD AFB OLYMPIA TRI CITIES PEARSON FLD BOEING FLD KING CO SEATTLE-TACOMA INTL SANDERSON FLD SNOHOMISH CO

Station

104 180 59 23 6 119 286 59 16 9 5 7 4 50 358 366 650 99 20

44.47N 73.15W 79.34W 77.50W 77.32W 76.35W 77.55W 79.21W 77.50W 76.49W 76.19W 76.28W 76.03W 77.30W 77.32W 79.97W 78.88W 80.40W 77.45W 77.03W 122.15W 122.54W 122.76W 117.65W 117.32W 122.55W 122.89W 122.48W 122.90W 119.12W 122.66W 122.30W 122.31W 123.15W 122.28W

36.57N 37.18N 38.72N 37.08N 39.08N 37.34N 38.72N 37.13N 36.90N 36.93N 36.82N 38.50N 37.51N 37.32N 38.26N 37.21N 38.94N 38.87N 48.16N 48.79N 47.49N 47.62N 47.68N 47.12N 46.12N 47.15N 46.97N 46.27N 45.62N 47.53N 47.46N 47.24N 47.91N

42 46 134 750 600 92 6 87 61 123 6 9 132 82 185

1460 1358 1371 896 1288

111.97W 111.85W 111.72W 113.58W 111.97W

41.12N 41.79N 40.22N 37.09N 40.79N

872 108 6 5 232 1017 6 577 247 176 182 36 155 314

Elev

102.21W 94.70W 97.07W 94.02W 98.28W 102.05W 94.05W 100.49W 98.46W 98.47W 97.85W 96.93W 97.23W 98.49W

Long

31.93N 31.58N 27.83N 29.95N 29.53N 33.60N 29.67N 31.35N 29.53N 29.34N 29.89N 28.86N 31.61N 33.98N

Lat

-6.3 -7.2 -5.2 -14.0 -13.5 -6.8 -6.0 -6.0 -6.6 -13.7 -3.9 -4.0 -3.8 -4.9 -3.6

-7.7 -8.8 -10.3 -6.3 -9.7 -9.3 -11.2 -7.1 -5.3 -4.5 -5.9 -8.7 -7.9 -9.0 -11.2 -12.0 -11.1 -8.2

-22.1

-12.5 -21.1 -13.8 -3.0 -12.4

99.6% -6.7 -3.8 2.7 -0.3 -2.3 -9.6 0.1 -5.6 -1.5 -0.9 -2.3 -0.5 -4.1 -7.7

-4.1 -4.5 -3.0 -11.3 -10.1 -4.0 -3.2 -3.9 -4.1 -9.1 -2.5 -2.0 -1.3 -3.0 -1.3

-5.9 -7.1 -7.7 -4.0 -7.7 -7.2 -8.7 -4.9 -3.2 -2.6 -3.6 -6.9 -6.0 -6.9 -8.7 -9.0 -8.6 -6.3

-19.3

-10.9 -17.5 -11.4 -2.2 -9.9

99% -4.4 -2.3 5.1 1.5 -0.2 -7.0 2.2 -3.4 0.4 1.1 -0.9 1.4 -2.1 -5.2

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

27.9 26.4 29.9 33.8 34.6 30.9 31.2 30.2 30.9 37.4 32.7 30.0 29.6 31.1 27.1

34.8 36.3 36.0 33.0 35.1 33.4 33.9 34.8 34.3 34.5 33.8 33.6 35.1 33.5 34.1 32.1 34.2 34.7

31.4

35.1 34.7 34.8 41.3 36.5

18.9 18.4 18.4 16.7 18.4 18.6 19.8 18.0 18.9 20.5 18.9 18.7 18.4 18.4 17.7

23.7 25.2 24.5 24.5 24.3 23.2 23.4 25.1 24.8 25.1 25.1 24.7 24.4 22.7 23.3 22.5 23.7 24.3

21.9

16.5 16.7 16.9 19.0 17.1

26.3 24.4 27.6 32.3 32.7 28.5 28.0 27.9 28.6 35.9 31.0 27.8 27.6 28.2 24.2

33.0 34.8 34.3 32.4 33.7 32.2 32.6 33.1 33.0 33.0 32.5 32.4 33.7 32.2 32.8 30.9 32.8 33.2

29.7

33.7 32.9 33.0 39.8 35.1

17.9 17.7 17.5 16.3 17.6 17.8 18.7 17.3 18.2 20.0 18.8 17.7 17.6 17.9 16.7

23.3 24.7 24.0 24.4 23.9 22.8 23.2 24.5 24.4 24.6 24.6 24.3 23.9 22.3 23.2 21.8 23.3 23.8

21.1

15.8 16.0 16.8 18.4 16.8

24.1 22.8 26.0 30.1 31.1 26.5 26.3 26.2 26.6 33.6 28.0 26.2 25.7 26.2 22.7

32.2 33.0 32.8 31.2 32.4 30.9 31.4 32.2 31.8 32.2 31.3 31.2 32.3 30.9 32.1 28.9 31.4 31.9

28.0

32.4 32.2 32.1 38.3 33.7

17.1 16.7 16.7 15.8 17.0 17.0 17.8 16.6 17.4 19.2 18.1 17.0 17.0 17.1 16.0

23.1 23.9 23.5 24.1 23.4 22.4 22.6 24.1 24.0 24.3 24.1 23.7 23.4 22.0 22.9 21.2 22.7 23.1

20.2

15.4 15.8 16.6 18.0 16.4

Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB 38.0 19.5 36.8 19.7 35.5 19.8 36.9 24.3 35.2 24.4 33.9 24.3 30.1 25.5 29.7 25.6 29.4 25.5 34.7 25.6 33.8 25.6 33.0 25.6 37.5 23.5 36.5 23.5 35.4 23.7 38.3 19.4 36.6 19.6 35.1 19.6 31.5 25.2 30.7 25.3 30.2 25.3 38.0 21.3 37.1 21.2 35.9 21.2 37.2 23.1 36.2 23.1 35.2 23.3 37.8 23.5 37.2 23.4 36.1 23.4 37.5 23.5 36.4 23.5 35.5 23.4 36.2 24.8 35.1 24.9 34.1 24.8 38.1 23.9 37.2 23.9 36.1 24.0 39.2 22.9 37.8 23.0 36.5 23.0

19.6 19.3 19.1 18.0 19.7 19.5 20.5 19.0 19.9 22.1 20.7 19.4 19.3 19.6 18.6

25.4 27.1 26.4 26.9 26.2 24.7 25.1 26.4 26.2 26.7 26.3 26.3 25.8 24.1 25.8 24.2 25.3 25.8

23.5

18.3 18.4 19.1 20.6 19.0

27.0 25.4 28.4 30.3 32.0 28.8 29.2 28.2 29.3 34.4 29.8 28.5 28.1 28.8 25.0

31.8 33.3 32.8 30.2 32.5 30.5 31.5 32.4 31.5 31.9 31.5 31.7 31.8 30.3 30.8 28.6 31.7 31.6

28.9

30.2 30.3 30.4 34.7 31.2

18.6 18.2 18.0 17.2 18.6 18.5 19.3 18.0 18.8 20.9 19.7 18.5 18.3 18.5 17.5

24.8 26.2 25.6 26.1 25.4 24.1 24.3 25.7 25.6 25.9 25.6 25.5 25.2 23.6 25.1 23.4 24.7 25.2

22.6

17.5 17.6 18.4 20.0 18.4

25.3 23.6 26.7 28.9 30.4 26.8 27.3 26.2 27.3 33.1 28.8 26.4 26.1 26.9 23.3

30.8 32.7 31.7 29.5 31.3 29.6 30.3 31.2 30.6 30.9 30.5 30.7 30.9 29.5 30.1 27.8 30.4 30.7

27.5

30.2 29.4 29.6 34.2 30.5

16.8 16.8 15.1 14.0 15.6 16.3 17.2 16.0 16.3 17.8 17.3 16.2 16.1 16.2 16.2

23.7 25.3 24.6 26.1 24.1 23.0 23.0 24.9 24.8 25.2 24.9 24.8 24.3 22.4 24.1 22.8 23.6 24.4

21.9

14.1 15.0 15.5 17.2 15.6

12.0 12.0 10.9 10.9 11.9 11.7 12.3 11.5 11.7 12.9 12.4 11.5 11.6 11.6 11.8

19.0 20.6 19.7 21.5 19.3 18.3 17.8 20.0 19.9 20.4 20.0 19.9 19.3 17.9 19.9 19.0 18.6 19.4

16.7

12.0 12.6 13.0 13.7 13.0

22.8 22.1 22.0 18.9 21.8 20.7 24.2 20.7 21.6 26.2 23.6 20.8 21.1 21.1 20.2

28.2 30.1 29.7 28.5 28.4 27.0 27.9 28.8 28.3 28.9 28.8 29.4 28.2 26.4 28.1 26.1 27.7 28.4

26.1

22.7 20.8 24.1 24.8 22.5

16.0 16.0 14.1 12.8 14.1 15.2 16.2 14.9 15.5 17.0 16.3 15.3 15.2 15.2 15.0

22.9 24.1 23.9 25.1 23.7 22.4 22.5 24.1 24.2 24.5 24.1 23.9 23.6 21.9 23.7 22.2 23.0 23.7

20.9

12.6 13.0 14.0 15.3 14.2

11.4 11.4 10.2 10.1 10.8 10.9 11.5 10.7 11.1 12.3 11.6 10.8 11.0 10.9 10.9

18.0 19.1 18.8 20.3 18.9 17.7 17.3 19.0 19.1 19.5 19.0 18.8 18.6 17.3 19.4 18.3 17.9 18.6

15.8

10.9 11.0 11.8 12.1 11.8

21.7 20.7 20.4 18.6 21.8 20.4 22.5 20.1 20.8 25.3 22.4 20.7 20.0 20.0 19.5

27.2 28.9 28.8 27.9 28.0 26.4 27.4 28.1 27.6 28.3 28.0 28.4 27.5 25.8 27.6 25.7 27.0 27.8

25.3

22.7 21.2 23.8 26.2 22.9

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 21.2 17.7 24.8 20.5 16.9 24.5 24.9 20.2 28.0 24.1 19.2 27.5 26.3 21.8 28.4 25.9 21.3 28.3 26.4 21.9 29.1 26.0 21.4 28.8 24.7 20.2 27.3 24.1 19.5 27.1 20.8 17.6 25.9 20.0 16.6 25.4 26.5 22.0 28.8 25.9 21.2 28.7 22.2 18.1 26.6 21.6 17.4 26.1 24.4 20.0 26.8 24.0 19.5 26.6 24.8 20.3 27.8 24.1 19.4 27.3 24.0 19.3 28.4 23.6 18.8 28.1 26.1 21.6 27.9 25.6 20.9 27.8 24.3 19.6 28.0 23.9 19.1 27.6 23.3 18.8 28.2 22.8 18.2 27.6

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 11.9 10.7 9.3 1454 1256 8.2 7.2 6.1 1178 1348 17.2 14.4 11.9 461 1693 9.6 8.5 7.8 753 1611 9.3 8.4 7.6 823 1703 12.2 10.8 9.2 1768 1017 15.6 12.3 10.6 808 1447 11.1 9.6 8.7 1245 1394 9.0 8.2 7.4 788 1754 8.5 7.7 7.1 713 1832 10.9 9.4 8.5 898 1668 10.9 9.3 8.5 658 1774 11.0 9.6 8.7 1117 1587 12.0 10.9 9.5 1562 1364 5 sites, 7 more on CD-ROM 10.2 8.9 8.1 3356 572 8.8 7.4 5.8 4036 259 10.8 9.0 7.8 3350 439 12.0 10.4 8.8 1651 1519 11.2 9.3 8.3 3059 677 1 site, 5 more on CD-ROM 10.6 9.1 8.2 4084 281 17 sites, 22 more on CD-ROM 8.3 7.4 6.4 2005 823 8.1 7.0 5.8 2073 864 9.4 7.9 6.4 2391 798 10.6 9.0 8.2 1916 864 10.1 8.4 7.3 2463 750 8.0 7.1 6.0 2349 629 9.6 8.3 7.3 2652 596 9.0 8.2 7.5 1959 883 11.1 9.4 8.5 1794 944 11.4 9.8 8.6 1699 1024 10.9 9.2 8.3 1838 872 8.7 7.6 6.7 2322 757 9.3 8.3 7.5 2072 851 10.2 8.5 7.5 2247 683 7.8 6.8 5.6 2457 657 9.1 8.1 7.1 2679 438 9.3 8.2 7.4 2597 657 10.4 9.0 8.1 2220 864 20 sites, 18 more on CD-ROM 9.3 8.1 7.0 2984 33 11.4 9.3 8.2 2966 29 8.5 7.5 6.5 3119 56 11.0 9.3 8.2 3764 257 8.9 7.8 6.8 3406 244 8.1 7.0 5.8 2839 82 7.8 6.7 5.7 2681 103 9.1 7.9 7.0 2938 68 8.4 7.4 6.5 2984 59 11.0 9.2 8.2 2742 447 7.4 6.2 5.4 2453 208 8.3 7.5 6.5 2400 147 9.1 8.1 7.3 2614 104 9.1 8.2 7.3 3036 57 10.9 9.0 7.8 2893 44

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 22.9 30.6 22.4 30.2 26.2 32.0 25.7 31.6 26.9 28.9 26.7 28.8 27.5 31.6 27.0 31.1 25.9 31.8 25.6 31.4 22.9 30.7 22.2 30.4 27.2 29.7 26.8 29.4 24.0 31.5 23.5 31.1 25.6 31.1 25.2 30.6 26.1 31.8 25.7 31.3 25.7 32.3 25.4 32.1 26.9 31.0 26.5 30.7 26.0 33.1 25.6 32.6 25.4 33.3 24.9 32.8

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 117

Alberta CALGARY INT'L A COP UPPER EDMONTON CITY CENTRE AWOS EDMONTON INT'L A EDMONTON NAMAO A FORT MCMURRAY CS GRANDE PRAIRIE A LACOMBE CDA 2 LETHBRIDGE AWOS A LETHBRIDGE CDA MEDICINE HAT RCS RED DEER A SPRINGBANK A British Columbia ABBOTSFORD A AGASSIZ CS BALLENAS ISLAND COMOX A DISCOVERY ISLAND ENTRANCE ISLAND CS ESQUIMALT HARBOUR HOWE SOUND - PAM ROCKS KAMLOOPS AUT KELOWNA A MALAHAT PENTICTON A PITT MEADOWS CS POINT ATKINSON

Canada

SPOKANE INTL ARPT TACOMA NARROWS WALLA WALLA RGNL WEST POINT (LS) YAKIMA AIR TERMINAL West Virginia YEAGER HUNTINGTON/TRI STAT MID OHIO VALLEY RGN Wisconsin OUTAGAMIE CO RGNL CHIPPEWA VALLEY RGN FOND DU LAC CO GREEN BAY/A.-STRAUB KENOSHA RGNL LA CROSSE MUNICIPAL MADISON/DANE COUNTY MANITOWOC CO MILWAUKEE/GEN. MITC CENTRAL WISCONSIN SHEBOYGAN CO MEM SHEBOYGAN WAUSAU DOWNTOWN WITTMAN RGNL Wyoming CASPER/NATRONA COUN CHEYENNE/WARREN AFB

Station

Elev

114.02W 114.22W 113.52W 113.58W 113.47W 111.21W 118.88W 113.76W 112.80W 112.77W 110.72W 113.89W 114.37W 122.36W 121.76W 124.16W 124.90W 123.23W 123.80W 123.44W 123.30W 120.44W 119.38W 123.53W 119.60W 122.69W 123.26W

51.11N 51.08N 53.57N 53.32N 53.67N 56.65N 55.18N 52.45N 49.63N 49.70N 50.03N 52.18N 51.10N 49.03N 49.24N 49.35N 49.72N 48.42N 49.22N 48.43N 49.49N 50.70N 49.96N 48.57N 49.46N 49.21N 49.33N

59 19 13 26 15 5 3 5 345 430 366 344 5 35

-7.9 -7.3 -0.7 -4.8 -0.8 -1.7 -2.7 -2.8 -19.7 -17.9 -5.6 -13.7 -7.4 -1.6

-28.8 -27.7 -29.1 -32.6 -30.4 -36.4 -36.0 -32.5 -29.5 -28.1 -30.6 -32.2 -31.7

-22.4 -19.8

42.90N 106.47W 1612 41.16N 104.81W 1872 1084 1235 671 723 688 369 669 860 929 910 715 905 1201

-21.3 -25.3 -20.9 -22.3 -18.7 -23.0 -21.7 -20.1 -18.6 -23.8 -19.8 -19.0 -24.3 -21.1

280 273 246 214 227 200 264 198 211 389 228 189 365 256

88.52W 91.49W 88.49W 88.12W 87.94W 91.25W 89.35W 87.67W 87.90W 89.67W 87.85W 87.68W 89.63W 88.56W

44.26N 44.87N 43.77N 44.51N 42.60N 43.88N 43.14N 44.13N 42.95N 44.78N 43.77N 43.75N 44.93N 43.98N

-12.2 -12.2 -13.7

-5.1 -4.8 0.9 -2.7 1.6 0.1 -0.6 -0.9 -15.6 -14.0 -3.0 -10.8 -4.8 0.3

-25.0 -24.4 -26.0 -29.2 -27.0 -33.5 -31.4 -28.5 -25.8 -24.7 -26.9 -28.3 -27.9

-18.2 -16.2

-18.3 -22.4 -17.8 -19.4 -16.2 -20.3 -18.6 -17.5 -16.0 -21.4 -17.4 -16.2 -21.6 -18.0

-9.2 -9.2 -10.9

29.8 30.3 23.8 26.8 23.1 24.0 22.3 24.9 33.9 33.0 27.7 32.8 30.5 24.9

28.6 28.2 28.3 27.8 27.8 28.9 27.5 28.3 31.5 31.9 32.7 28.0 26.8

34.4 32.0

31.2 32.5 31.3 31.4 32.2 33.2 32.0 29.1 32.2 30.2 31.2 28.3 31.1 31.2

32.9 33.3 32.7

19.6 20.4 19.3 17.7 N/A N/A 16.0 19.1 18.2 18.2 17.0 18.6 20.1 N/A

16.0 14.9 18.0 17.7 17.8 17.7 16.6 18.3 16.8 16.8 17.8 17.3 15.5

15.4 14.6

23.5 22.8 23.2 23.1 23.7 23.8 23.4 22.0 23.5 22.1 23.1 21.8 22.0 23.2

22.7 23.0 23.1

27.8 28.4 22.5 24.7 21.0 22.4 20.6 23.2 31.8 31.0 25.7 30.8 28.4 23.5

26.6 26.0 26.5 25.8 25.9 26.9 25.6 26.2 29.4 29.7 30.7 26.0 24.9

32.8 30.4

29.1 30.7 29.1 29.6 30.6 31.6 30.4 27.6 30.3 28.3 28.9 26.3 29.2 29.1

31.7 32.0 31.3

18.8 19.7 18.7 17.0 N/A N/A 15.4 18.2 17.6 17.6 16.6 17.9 19.3 N/A

15.4 14.3 17.0 16.8 16.8 16.6 15.7 17.1 16.2 16.3 17.1 16.3 14.6

15.0 14.3

22.3 21.7 21.9 22.2 23.0 22.9 22.6 21.2 22.4 20.9 21.9 21.2 20.8 22.1

22.6 22.9 22.7

25.8 26.5 21.4 23.0 19.3 21.1 19.1 21.9 29.6 28.9 24.0 29.0 26.5 22.4

24.7 24.0 24.7 24.2 24.2 25.0 23.9 24.5 27.4 27.7 28.8 24.3 23.1

31.3 28.8

27.8 29.0 27.9 28.0 28.7 29.9 28.8 26.3 28.6 27.3 27.5 24.7 27.7 27.8

30.4 30.7 30.0

17.9 19.0 18.1 16.3 N/A N/A 14.9 17.7 16.8 16.7 15.9 17.1 18.5 N/A

14.7 13.7 16.0 15.9 15.7 15.7 14.8 16.1 15.8 15.8 16.4 15.4 14.1

14.7 14.0

21.3 20.7 21.0 21.2 22.1 21.9 21.7 20.2 21.6 20.0 20.9 21.0 19.8 21.0

22.3 22.5 22.2

20.4 21.7 20.2 18.5 N/A N/A 16.8 20.0 19.2 19.2 18.8 19.4 20.9 N/A

17.6 17.2 19.2 19.2 18.9 18.9 18.0 19.4 18.7 18.8 19.0 18.6 16.8

17.3 17.0

25.0 24.3 24.5 24.6 25.0 25.5 25.0 23.7 24.9 23.3 24.2 24.5 23.5 24.5

24.9 25.1 24.9

28.6 28.2 22.9 24.9 N/A N/A 20.6 23.4 31.3 30.2 25.2 30.5 28.5 N/A

25.5 23.9 26.3 25.8 25.8 26.5 25.1 26.3 27.5 27.5 29.3 25.9 24.2

28.5 25.2

29.4 29.8 29.2 29.4 30.2 31.0 30.1 27.8 30.3 28.1 28.8 26.1 28.5 29.1

30.0 30.3 30.3

19.3 20.5 19.2 17.7 N/A N/A 16.1 19.0 18.2 18.2 17.8 18.5 19.8 N/A

16.5 15.9 18.1 18.0 17.8 17.9 16.8 18.2 17.6 17.8 18.1 17.4 15.8

16.6 16.4

23.8 23.3 23.5 23.5 24.0 24.3 23.9 22.5 23.8 22.2 23.2 23.4 22.5 23.4

24.1 24.4 24.1

26.6 26.8 21.8 23.3 N/A N/A 19.3 22.2 29.4 28.8 23.7 29.0 26.8 N/A

24.2 22.9 24.6 24.2 24.2 24.8 23.6 24.7 26.4 26.4 28.1 24.2 22.9

27.9 25.0

27.8 28.6 27.8 27.9 28.6 29.4 28.5 26.2 28.5 26.7 27.7 24.9 27.2 27.8

28.9 29.3 28.9

17.0 19.2 19.0 16.0 N/A N/A 15.2 18.6 15.2 15.5 16.2 15.4 18.1 N/A

14.6 14.8 16.6 16.6 16.4 16.2 15.4 16.8 15.6 15.8 15.6 15.7 14.0

14.1 14.9

23.7 22.6 22.8 23.0 22.9 23.8 23.3 22.4 23.1 22.1 22.6 24.1 22.1 22.8

23.3 23.6 23.3

12.2 14.0 13.8 11.4 N/A N/A 10.8 13.4 11.2 11.6 12.0 11.4 13.0 N/A

11.9 12.2 12.8 12.9 12.7 12.1 11.8 13.3 12.4 12.5 12.0 12.5 11.5

12.3 13.3

19.1 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.2 19.2 18.6 17.5 18.3 17.6 17.8 19.4 17.6 18.1

18.8 19.0 18.6

25.1 25.4 22.1 20.5 N/A N/A 18.0 22.4 21.5 21.5 22.9 22.5 24.3 N/A

20.7 19.6 22.4 22.8 21.9 21.3 20.5 23.3 22.6 22.3 22.3 22.1 20.0

19.1 18.7

27.3 27.7 27.7 27.4 27.6 28.8 28.3 26.6 27.9 26.3 27.3 25.2 26.1 27.3

27.1 27.5 27.3

16.0 18.1 18.1 15.3 N/A N/A 14.6 17.6 14.1 14.4 15.2 14.4 17.0 N/A

13.4 13.4 15.5 15.5 15.2 15.1 14.2 15.5 14.4 14.5 14.5 14.6 12.9

12.9 13.8

22.5 21.5 22.3 22.0 22.4 22.7 22.3 21.3 22.3 21.0 22.1 22.9 21.0 22.2

22.6 22.9 22.6

11.5 13.0 13.1 10.9 N/A N/A 10.4 12.6 10.5 10.8 11.3 10.7 12.2 N/A

11.0 11.2 11.9 12.0 11.7 11.2 10.9 12.2 11.4 11.5 11.2 11.6 10.7

11.3 12.4

17.8 16.7 17.4 17.1 17.6 17.8 17.6 16.3 17.4 16.4 17.3 18.1 16.4 17.4

18.0 18.2 17.9

23.0 23.9 21.0 19.7 N/A N/A 17.3 21.2 20.9 20.9 21.5 22.2 22.6 N/A

19.4 18.1 21.0 21.4 20.7 20.3 19.0 21.8 20.9 20.9 21.3 20.7 18.5

19.0 18.4

26.3 26.4 26.8 26.4 27.0 27.4 27.0 25.1 26.9 25.4 26.3 24.3 25.2 26.6

26.3 26.7 26.5

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 14.2 11.0 19.7 13.1 10.2 19.7 16.1 11.6 20.2 15.1 10.8 19.4 15.9 11.8 23.0 14.2 10.6 22.4 15.5 11.0 17.8 14.9 10.6 17.2 15.8 11.6 24.4 14.4 10.6 23.6

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 11.4 9.8 8.5 3682 241 8.7 7.8 6.9 2651 81 10.7 8.9 7.9 2681 506 16.4 13.8 11.6 2726 4 10.4 8.5 7.4 3277 283 3 sites, 8 more on CD-ROM 7.7 6.6 5.5 2469 598 7.5 6.6 5.7 2459 642 8.1 7.2 6.2 2744 527 14 sites, 31 more on CD-ROM 11.1 9.5 8.5 4041 326 8.9 8.0 7.3 4334 333 10.5 9.0 8.1 3928 327 10.5 8.9 8.1 4222 266 11.1 9.7 8.6 3712 341 10.3 8.7 8.1 3894 454 10.1 8.8 8.0 3947 344 10.8 9.3 8.4 4189 191 11.3 10.0 8.8 3713 383 10.3 8.8 7.8 4568 202 10.9 9.2 8.3 4097 235 18.2 14.9 12.5 4040 179 8.9 7.9 7.1 4429 257 10.3 8.9 8.1 4048 304 2 sites, 16 more on CD-ROM 14.4 12.6 11.4 4047 256 15.0 12.9 11.6 3917 188 100 sites, 462 more on CD-ROM 13 sites, 50 more on CD-ROM 12.1 10.3 9.1 5052 36 10.3 8.9 7.8 5027 41 9.8 8.4 7.4 5198 67 10.2 8.8 7.7 5734 23 10.3 8.9 7.8 5496 38 8.3 7.3 6.3 6336 46 11.1 9.7 8.4 5862 25 9.5 8.1 7.0 5724 24 15.9 13.6 12.1 4622 85 13.3 11.9 10.5 4504 114 11.2 9.7 8.4 4641 167 9.1 8.1 7.3 5664 23 11.1 9.5 8.3 5718 4 27 sites, 52 more on CD-ROM 8.8 7.5 6.4 2920 74 10.2 8.0 6.3 2861 113 16.0 13.8 12.2 2571 61 13.5 11.6 9.8 3078 52 16.3 13.0 10.1 2668 13 14.3 12.6 11.3 2674 60 9.7 8.4 7.4 3002 7 18.1 15.9 13.5 2656 79 10.1 8.9 8.0 3516 268 7.7 6.4 5.3 3897 131 6.7 5.7 4.9 3251 97 10.3 9.0 8.1 3423 217 5.5 4.6 4.0 2982 78 13.6 11.6 9.9 2318 119

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 18.3 30.7 17.4 29.4 18.9 27.1 17.9 25.2 20.2 33.7 19.2 32.4 16.7 19.7 16.1 18.7 20.2 32.8 19.2 31.5

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% 99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB -11.7 33.8 17.2 32.0 16.5 30.0 15.8 -0.5 28.8 18.1 27.1 17.2 24.9 16.5 -7.8 37.1 19.0 34.8 18.4 32.7 17.7 0.8 21.4 15.9 20.1 15.6 19.0 15.2 -10.2 35.6 19.1 33.7 18.5 31.9 17.7

Heating DB 99.6% -15.2 -2.6 -12.0 -1.3 -13.4

299 255 263

117.53W 721 122.58W 96 118.29W 367 122.43W 9 120.53W 325

Long

38.38N 81.59W 38.38N 82.56W 39.35N 81.44W

47.62N 47.27N 46.10N 47.67N 46.56N

Lat

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

118 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

PRINCE GEORGE AIRPORT AUTO SANDHEADS CS SUMMERLAND CS VANCOUVER HARBOUR CS VANCOUVER INT'L A VERNON AUTO VICTORIA GONZALES CS VICTORIA HARTLAND CS VICTORIA INT'L A ESQUIMALT HARBOUR VICTORIA UNIVERSITY CS WEST VANCOUVER AUT WHITE ROCK CAMPBELL SCIENTIFI Manitoba WINNIPEG RICHARDSON INT'L A New Brunswick FREDERICTON A MONCTON A SAINT JOHN A Newfoundland and Labrador ST JOHN'S A Northwest Territories YELLOWKNIFE A Nova Scotia HALIFAX STANFIELD INT'L A SHEARWATER RCS SYDNEY A Nunavut IQALUIT CLIMATE Ontario BEAUSOLEIL BELLE RIVER BURLINGTON PIERS (AUT) ERIEAU (AUT) LAGOON CITY LONDON CS NORTH BAY A OTTAWA MACDONALD-CARTIER INT' PETERBOROUGH AWOS PORT WELLER (AUT) SAULT STE MARIE A SUDBURY A THUNDER BAY CS TIMMINS VICTOR POWER A TORONTO BUTTONVILLE A TORONTO CITY CENTRE TORONTO LESTER B. PEARSON INT TRENTON A WELCOME ISLAND (AUT) WINDSOR A Prince Edward Island CHARLOTTETOWN A Québec BAGOTVILLE A JONQUIERE LA BAIE LAC SAINT-PIERRE

Station

-23.5 -22.5 -22.4

21 71 109

47.62N 52.74W

49 159 128 152 16

46.29N 63.13W 48.33N 48.42N 48.30N 46.18N

71.00W 71.15W 70.92W 72.92W

34 183 184 77 178 221 278 370 114 191 79 192 348 199 295 198 77 173 86 211 190

79.87W 82.70W 79.80W 81.90W 79.22W 81.15W 79.42W 75.67W 78.37W 79.22W 84.51W 80.80W 89.33W 81.38W 79.37W 79.40W 79.63W 77.53W 89.12W 82.96W

44.85N 42.30N 43.30N 42.25N 44.55N 43.03N 46.36N 45.32N 44.23N 43.25N 46.48N 46.62N 48.37N 48.57N 43.86N 43.63N 43.68N 44.12N 48.37N 42.28N

-29.8 -28.9 -30.2 -24.7

-20.4

-23.8 -14.6 -15.0 -14.6 -23.5 -17.8 -27.4 -24.2 -23.4 -13.0 -24.6 -27.7 -29.3 -33.0 -19.8 -16.1 -18.1 -21.4 -25.8 -15.6

-39.4

-18.4 -16.7 -17.9

145 24 62

44.88N 63.52W 44.63N 63.51W 46.17N 60.05W 63.75N 68.54W

-15.4 -40.7

141

62.46N 114.44W 206

-32.1

239

45.87N 66.53W 46.10N 64.69W 45.32N 65.89W

99.6% -30.2 -3.6 -14.5 -3.1 -6.2 -16.0 -2.8 -3.6 -4.2 -2.7 -2.6 -5.8 -5.4

-27.3 -26.5 -27.7 -21.7

-18.0

-20.4 -12.2 -12.7 -12.3 -20.3 -15.4 -24.6 -21.5 -19.9 -11.0 -21.5 -24.7 -26.6 -29.9 -16.9 -13.3 -15.6 -18.4 -23.4 -13.1

-37.6

-16.3 -14.5 -15.5

-38.4

-13.3

-20.9 -20.1 -19.7

-29.7

29.3 29.1 29.1 27.7

26.7

29.9 31.6 30.2 26.8 27.4 30.2 27.9 30.6 30.0 29.1 28.5 29.3 29.0 29.6 31.6 28.5 31.4 29.3 24.2 32.1

17.0

27.8 26.1 27.4

25.2

24.6

29.8 28.5 26.1

30.6

19.5 19.9 19.7 21.0

20.7

23.3 24.2 21.3 22.8 23.0 22.3 20.1 21.9 22.3 23.0 21.2 20.2 20.5 19.9 22.4 21.8 22.4 22.2 18.6 22.9

11.5

20.4 19.6 20.3

16.0

18.9

21.1 20.8 18.6

21.1

27.3 27.1 27.1 26.2

25.3

28.1 30.0 28.6 25.8 26.2 28.7 26.2 28.9 28.4 27.6 26.7 27.4 27.0 27.6 29.7 26.8 29.6 27.8 22.5 30.5

14.2

26.0 24.5 25.8

23.6

23.1

27.9 26.8 24.4

28.8

18.6 18.9 19.0 20.0

19.6

22.1 23.7 20.7 22.2 22.1 21.6 19.2 20.8 21.2 22.3 20.0 19.1 19.2 18.5 21.3 21.4 21.4 21.4 17.7 22.2

10.0

19.3 18.6 19.5

15.1

18.1

19.8 19.7 17.7

20.3

25.5 25.3 25.2 25.0

23.9

26.5 28.5 27.0 24.9 25.0 27.2 24.8 27.3 26.9 26.2 25.1 25.7 25.2 25.8 28.0 25.3 27.9 26.4 21.2 29.0

12.2

24.4 23.0 24.0

21.9

21.7

26.2 25.2 22.8

27.1

17.8 18.2 18.2 19.5

18.8

21.3 22.8 19.9 21.7 21.4 20.7 18.4 20.0 20.4 21.6 19.0 18.1 18.2 17.8 20.5 20.8 20.6 20.6 17.3 21.5

8.9

18.4 17.9 18.5

14.5

17.3

18.9 18.8 16.8

19.4

22.9

21.2 21.9 21.7 22.5

21.7

24.4 25.9 23.1 24.5 24.2 23.6 21.8 23.2 23.6 24.5 22.3 21.6 21.8 21.4 23.6 23.5 23.7 23.6 20.1 24.5

12.0

21.7 21.0 21.6

17.2

20.4

22.3 22.1 20.1

28.3

26.4 26.4 26.4 25.9

25.3

28.1 29.6 27.1 25.5 26.2 28.3 26.0 28.3 28.2 27.2 26.6 27.0 27.0 27.3 29.4 26.3 29.1 27.6 22.3 29.9

16.1

25.6 24.0 25.9

22.7

23.1

27.8 26.6 24.0

21.6

20.1 20.8 20.6 21.6

20.7

23.3 24.9 22.2 23.7 23.2 22.7 20.7 22.2 22.5 23.6 21.1 20.5 20.5 20.2 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.6 18.9 23.4

10.4

20.7 20.1 20.5

16.2

19.3

21.2 21.1 19.0

27.0

25.1 24.8 24.8 24.8

23.9

26.6 28.4 26.3 24.8 25.2 27.0 24.0 26.8 26.7 26.0 25.1 25.2 25.1 25.4 27.9 25.3 27.8 26.4 21.3 28.4

13.8

24.1 22.7 24.2

21.7

21.8

26.0 25.0 22.6

19.5 20.4 20.2 21.3

20.5

23.3 24.9 22.0 24.2 23.6 22.2 20.5 21.6 22.2 23.7 20.9 19.9 20.0 19.4 21.8 22.7 22.1 22.2 19.3 22.8

9.4

20.5 20.0 20.0

15.0

19.3

20.4 20.6 18.5

21.2

14.5 15.3 15.2 16.0

15.2

18.5 20.4 16.8 19.6 19.0 17.4 15.8 16.5 17.3 18.8 15.9 15.3 15.1 14.6 16.9 17.5 17.1 17.1 14.5 17.9

7.3

15.4 14.8 14.8

10.9

14.3

15.1 15.4 13.6

16.3

23.4 24.1 24.0 24.7

24.0

26.4 28.3 25.3 25.1 25.5 26.2 23.6 25.9 26.2 26.2 24.8 23.6 24.8 24.0 26.7 25.1 26.7 26.0 21.4 27.6

13.4

23.5 22.2 23.7

19.5

22.0

25.0 24.4 21.7

26.4

18.4 19.3 19.1 20.4

19.5

22.2 23.8 20.9 23.3 22.6 21.2 19.5 20.7 21.1 22.8 19.8 18.9 18.8 18.3 20.7 21.8 21.0 21.3 18.1 21.9

8.2

19.6 19.1 19.1

13.8

18.3

19.5 19.7 17.7

19.7

13.5 14.3 14.2 15.1

14.3

17.3 19.1 15.7 18.5 17.7 16.4 14.9 15.5 16.2 17.7 14.8 14.3 13.9 13.6 15.8 16.6 16.0 16.1 13.3 16.9

6.8

14.6 13.9 14.0

10.1

13.4

14.3 14.5 12.8

14.9

22.4 22.8 22.6 23.8

23.0

25.1 27.0 24.3 24.4 24.6 25.2 22.6 24.8 24.7 25.1 23.5 22.8 23.1 23.0 25.5 24.2 25.6 25.0 20.1 26.3

11.7

22.3 21.2 22.4

18.5

20.8

23.8 23.4 20.5

24.7

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 14.0 10.8 19.0 13.0 10.1 18.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 15.8 11.9 22.5 14.6 11.0 21.9 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 16.9 12.1 22.0 16.2 11.5 20.9 16.7 12.6 21.4 15.6 11.8 20.7 15.7 11.2 18.8 15.0 10.8 18.2 17.6 12.9 22.5 16.8 12.2 21.3 15.0 10.7 20.2 14.3 10.2 19.6 15.2 10.8 18.0 14.6 10.4 17.3 17.4 12.5 21.4 16.5 11.9 20.3 17.5 12.8 22.9 16.7 12.1 21.8 18.3 13.2 21.9 17.3 12.4 20.7

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 9.5 8.3 7.3 5097 21 13.7 12.1 10.8 2751 31 8.3 6.6 5.4 3506 259 N/A N/A N/A 2671 69 10.6 9.0 7.8 2903 44 6.4 5.3 4.5 3772 206 12.2 10.4 9.2 2859 23 9.4 8.1 7.0 2808 98 8.9 7.4 6.3 3009 24 9.7 8.4 7.4 3002 7 5.7 5.0 4.3 2723 39 5.0 4.2 3.5 3004 75 6.3 5.2 4.2 2789 31 1 site, 38 more on CD-ROM 12.5 11.0 9.8 5727 162 3 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM 9.9 8.6 7.7 4666 134 12.6 10.9 9.6 4753 101 12.2 10.5 9.3 4752 31 1 site, 37 more on CD-ROM 15.9 13.4 12.1 4848 30 1 site, 38 more on CD-ROM 9.4 8.3 7.5 8189 34 3 sites, 16 more on CD-ROM 12.3 10.6 9.3 4330 103 12.0 10.4 9.2 4174 69 12.5 11.0 9.7 4581 81 1 site, 41 more on CD-ROM 15.4 12.9 11.3 9924 0 20 sites, 49 more on CD-ROM 6.2 5.4 4.8 4361 212 12.9 11.3 9.9 3324 450 10.5 9.0 7.9 3560 309 12.7 11.2 9.8 3594 279 12.7 11.1 9.8 4411 189 10.5 9.4 8.4 3954 241 9.7 8.5 7.6 5192 123 10.0 8.8 7.8 4523 238 9.1 7.9 6.9 4370 149 14.4 12.7 11.2 3516 312 10.3 9.0 7.9 4950 92 10.2 9.0 8.0 5241 132 9.8 8.5 7.4 5594 68 8.4 7.8 6.6 6017 87 9.6 8.4 7.7 4084 253 13.3 11.8 10.5 3721 237 12.1 10.5 9.3 3892 292 10.5 9.2 8.1 4142 211 15.5 13.2 11.7 5369 38 11.4 10.0 9.0 3444 434 1 site, 4 more on CD-ROM 11.6 10.1 8.9 4661 101 23 sites, 71 more on CD-ROM 12.0 10.5 9.4 5693 98 10.5 9.4 8.5 5496 97 10.3 9.1 8.1 5714 70 13.3 11.8 10.5 4653 181

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 17.2 25.7 16.1 24.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A 19.3 29.6 18.3 28.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 19.1 24.0 18.2 22.8 19.7 29.8 18.7 28.5 17.7 23.0 16.8 21.0 20.0 26.5 19.0 25.0 18.1 25.5 17.2 23.7 16.8 20.6 16.1 19.3 19.5 25.3 18.6 23.8 19.8 25.5 18.9 24.1 19.8 23.6 18.8 22.3

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% 99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB -25.6 27.8 16.3 25.7 15.4 23.8 14.5 -1.2 22.4 N/A 21.3 N/A 20.2 N/A -10.9 33.0 17.7 31.2 17.3 29.3 16.7 -0.8 25.9 N/A 24.4 N/A 23.0 N/A -3.3 25.1 18.4 23.6 17.8 22.3 17.1 -12.6 33.2 18.6 31.1 18.0 28.8 17.1 -0.5 24.7 17.0 22.3 16.1 20.5 15.4 -1.5 28.6 18.8 26.7 18.0 25.0 17.4 -2.3 26.8 17.6 24.7 16.9 22.9 16.2 -0.6 22.3 16.0 20.6 15.4 19.1 14.9 -0.2 27.1 18.4 25.2 17.7 23.5 17.1 -3.2 27.2 18.6 25.4 18.2 23.7 17.5 -3.0 24.9 18.9 23.3 18.1 22.0 17.5

Heating DB

49.92N 97.23W

Elev 680 11 454 3 4 482 70 154 20 3 60 168 13

Long 122.67W 123.30W 119.64W 123.12W 123.18W 119.19W 123.33W 123.46W 123.43W 123.44W 123.30W 123.19W 122.78W

53.89N 49.11N 49.56N 49.30N 49.20N 50.22N 48.41N 48.53N 48.65N 48.43N 48.46N 49.35N 49.02N

Lat

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 119

ADELAIDE AIRPORT KENT TOWN ARCHERFIELD AIRPORT BANKSTOWN AIRPORT A BRISBANE AERO

Australia

YEREVAN/YEREVAN-ARA

Armenia

AEROPARQUE BS. AS. CORDOBA AERO CORRIENTES AERO. EZEIZA AERO MAR DEL PLATA AERO MENDOZA AERO PARANA AERO POSADAS AERO. RESISTENCIA AERO ROSARIO AERO SALTA AERO SAN JUAN AERO SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO SAUCE VIEJO AERO TUCUMAN AERO

Argentina

CONSTANTINE DAR-EL-BEIDA ORAN-SENIA

Algeria

TIRANA

Albania

L'ACADIE L'ASSOMPTION LENNOXVILLE MCTAVISH MONT-JOLI A MONT-ORFORD MONTREAL/MIRABEL INT'L A MONTREAL/PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDE MONTREAL/ST-HUBERT A MONTREAL-EST NICOLET POINTE-AU-PERE (INRS) QUEBEC/JEAN LESAGE INTL SHERBROOKE A ST-ANICET 1 STE-ANNE-DE-BELLEVUE 1 STE-FOY (U. LAVAL) TROIS-RIVIERES VARENNES Saskatchewan MOOSE JAW CS PRINCE ALBERT A REGINA RCS SASKATOON RCS SASKATOON KERNEN FARM Yukon Territory WHITEHORSE A

Station

58.42W 6 64.22W 489 58.77W 62 58.53W 20 57.58W 22 68.78W 704 60.48W 74 55.97W 131 59.05W 53 60.78W 26 65.48W 1246 68.42W 597 64.30W 200 60.82W 17 65.10W 456

690 25 90

34.95S 34.92S 27.57S 33.92S 27.39S

138.53E 138.62E 153.00E 150.98E 153.13E

8 51 19 9 10

40.13N 44.47E 1140

34.57S 31.32S 27.45S 34.82S 37.93S 32.83S 31.78S 27.37S 27.45S 32.92S 24.85S 31.40S 27.77S 31.70S 26.85S

36.28N 6.62E 36.68N 3.22E 35.63N 0.60W

38

3.9 4.7 5.4 3.3 5.8

-13.1

4.1 -0.2 4.3 -0.1 -1.1 -0.7 2.4 4.8 1.8 -0.8 -1.0 -2.1 -0.8 0.2 3.1

-0.2 1.9 2.2

-2.5

-39.7

41.33N 19.78E

60.71N 135.07W 706

99.6% -23.9 -25.6 -25.6 -21.7 -23.8 -28.3 -26.0 -23.2 -23.8 -23.0 -25.4 -22.0 -26.1 -27.8 -24.6 -23.7 -24.5 -23.8 -23.5

5.0 5.8 6.6 4.3 7.2

-10.7

5.6 1.7 5.9 1.2 0.1 0.9 3.7 6.4 3.8 0.9 0.6 -0.5 1.5 2.1 4.8

0.7 3.0 3.8

-1.2

-34.6

-28.6 -32.6 -30.5 -31.5 -30.6

99% -21.3 -22.5 -22.3 -19.1 -21.6 -25.1 -23.1 -20.7 -21.2 -20.2 -22.5 -19.3 -23.3 -24.7 -21.7 -20.8 -21.8 -21.1 -21.0

Heating DB

-31.8 -36.0 -33.6 -34.6 -33.5

105.54W 105.67W 104.67W 106.72W 106.55W

50.33N 53.22N 50.43N 52.17N 52.15N

44 21 181 73 52 846 82 32 27 50 8 5 74 241 49 39 91 6 18

Elev

577 428 577 504 510

73.35W 73.43W 71.82W 73.58W 68.22W 72.24W 74.03W 73.74W 73.42W 73.55W 72.66W 68.47W 71.38W 71.68W 74.29W 73.93W 71.29W 72.52W 73.38W

Long

45.29N 45.81N 45.37N 45.50N 48.60N 45.31N 45.67N 45.47N 45.52N 45.63N 46.23N 48.51N 46.79N 45.43N 45.12N 45.43N 46.78N 46.35N 45.72N

Lat

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

36.1 37.5 32.9 33.8 31.0

36.1

31.0 34.8 36.4 33.8 31.0 35.6 34.2 36.0 36.9 34.1 33.0 38.0 39.0 34.8 36.1

38.6 35.2 34.1

34.3

25.7

32.2 29.2 31.2 30.6 30.6

18.3 19.1 22.9 20.7 22.5

21.5

23.1 21.9 24.4 22.6 21.0 19.8 23.0 24.2 24.1 23.2 18.3 19.8 23.4 24.2 23.2

20.2 22.2 20.9

23.2

14.2

18.6 18.7 18.8 18.7 17.7

33.9 35.2 31.5 31.4 29.9

34.8

29.8 33.1 35.2 32.1 29.0 34.1 32.9 35.0 35.7 32.9 31.2 36.5 37.3 33.2 34.6

36.8 33.5 32.2

33.1

23.4

30.1 27.2 29.2 28.6 28.6

18.0 18.6 22.6 20.6 22.8

21.0

22.9 21.6 24.5 22.1 20.3 19.6 22.5 24.0 24.2 22.7 18.6 19.6 23.1 23.6 23.2

20.1 22.4 21.2

23.2

13.3

18.0 17.8 18.3 17.9 16.9

31.7 32.9 30.3 29.4 29.0

33.2

28.5 31.8 34.1 30.8 27.1 32.9 31.7 34.0 34.2 31.5 29.9 35.1 35.8 32.0 33.1

34.9 32.0 30.9

31.8

21.3

28.0 25.5 27.3 26.6 26.8

17.5 18.0 22.2 20.2 22.3

20.4

22.3 21.3 24.1 21.7 19.7 19.4 22.2 23.9 24.1 22.2 18.8 19.3 23.0 23.1 22.9

19.9 22.5 21.3

23.2

12.4

17.2 16.7 17.4 17.2 16.1

Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB 30.1 21.7 28.6 21.1 27.1 20.4 30.4 21.9 28.7 20.9 27.1 20.1 29.4 21.6 27.9 20.8 26.5 19.9 30.1 22.0 28.6 20.9 27.2 20.1 26.8 19.8 25.0 18.7 23.5 17.8 25.1 18.5 23.5 17.7 22.0 17.1 29.5 22.0 27.9 20.8 26.4 19.9 30.1 22.2 28.5 21.1 27.1 20.3 30.1 22.1 28.6 21.2 27.1 20.4 30.5 21.0 29.0 20.1 27.6 19.4 28.8 22.5 27.2 21.3 25.8 20.5 22.9 18.6 21.4 17.6 20.1 16.7 28.9 21.3 27.2 20.2 25.7 19.1 28.8 21.1 27.2 20.3 25.8 19.3 30.3 22.7 28.8 21.7 27.4 20.8 30.0 21.9 28.5 21.1 27.0 20.3 29.1 20.8 27.5 19.7 25.9 18.7 27.4 21.4 26.2 20.9 25.0 20.3 30.3 21.8 28.6 20.9 27.1 20.1

21.3 21.6 25.2 23.4 25.2

22.7

25.1 25.1 27.2 24.7 23.0 22.7 25.5 26.6 27.1 25.6 22.2 22.5 26.4 26.5 26.2

22.5 25.5 24.6

28.0

14.8

20.9 20.1 21.1 20.6 20.5

28.9 31.1 29.7 28.9 28.4

34.1

28.9 31.1 32.5 30.2 27.5 31.3 31.2 32.6 32.7 30.7 28.0 33.5 33.2 31.7 32.1

33.0 30.6 29.3

30.0

23.6

28.0 26.8 27.9 27.7 27.0

20.4 20.6 24.5 22.6 24.6

21.7

24.2 24.1 26.6 23.9 22.1 21.9 24.6 26.1 26.5 24.6 21.6 21.7 25.6 25.6 25.5

21.7 24.8 24.0

26.6

13.9

19.6 18.9 19.7 19.4 19.2

28.1 30.1 28.7 27.6 27.8

33.1

28.0 29.8 31.8 29.1 26.0 30.5 30.1 32.0 32.0 29.6 27.1 32.4 32.6 30.6 31.3

32.0 29.7 28.4

29.2

21.9

26.8 25.3 26.4 26.1 24.9

19.2 19.1 24.1 21.9 24.2

19.0

23.9 23.4 26.0 23.1 21.8 20.0 23.8 25.0 25.6 24.1 20.7 19.1 24.6 25.1 24.6

19.7 24.1 23.1

27.2

11.2

18.7 17.6 18.9 18.2 18.4

14.0 13.9 19.0 16.6 19.1

15.8

18.8 19.3 21.5 17.9 16.5 16.0 18.8 20.4 21.0 19.0 17.9 15.0 20.1 20.2 20.7

15.7 19.0 18.1

23.1

9.0

14.5 13.3 14.7 14.0 14.1

24.0 24.3 26.8 25.4 27.2

30.9

27.9 28.3 30.5 27.3 24.6 27.2 28.9 30.2 30.1 28.5 24.5 27.5 30.1 29.7 30.2

25.7 27.9 27.0

29.0

16.2

23.5 23.1 24.4 23.7 23.7

18.0 17.6 23.3 21.1 23.6

17.9

23.0 22.3 25.2 22.2 20.9 19.1 22.9 24.2 25.0 23.1 20.1 18.2 23.8 24.1 23.9

18.8 23.2 22.5

26.0

10.3

17.2 16.5 17.3 17.0 17.0

12.9 12.7 18.1 15.8 18.4

14.8

17.8 18.0 20.4 16.9 15.6 15.1 17.8 19.4 20.2 17.9 17.2 14.1 19.1 19.1 19.8

14.8 18.0 17.4

21.5

8.5

13.2 12.4 13.3 12.9 12.9

23.3 23.4 26.4 24.5 26.6

29.2

27.0 27.0 29.5 26.2 23.7 26.6 27.8 29.3 29.6 27.5 24.0 27.1 28.9 28.7 29.3

25.2 27.4 26.6

28.2

15.7

22.2 21.8 23.1 22.2 22.0

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 22.3 17.1 26.2 21.4 16.1 25.0 21.9 16.6 25.8 20.9 15.6 24.8 22.0 17.0 25.4 20.9 15.9 24.4 21.7 16.5 26.1 20.8 15.6 25.2 19.0 13.8 24.0 17.8 12.9 22.4 19.7 16.0 21.8 18.6 14.9 20.5 21.3 16.2 26.1 20.3 15.1 24.7 21.6 16.4 26.1 20.7 15.5 25.3 22.0 16.8 26.2 21.0 15.7 25.0 21.2 15.9 24.8 20.2 15.0 24.3 22.3 17.0 25.8 21.2 15.9 24.6 18.6 13.4 21.4 17.3 12.3 20.1 21.1 15.9 25.3 20.0 14.8 24.1 21.0 16.1 25.3 19.9 15.0 23.9 22.7 17.6 26.9 21.8 16.5 25.5 22.1 16.8 25.9 21.2 15.9 24.7 21.0 15.9 24.9 20.1 14.9 23.6 22.0 16.7 24.8 21.1 15.7 24.0 22.0 16.7 26.0 21.0 15.7 24.9

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 10.2 8.8 7.6 4403 224 8.4 7.4 6.5 4616 203 9.0 7.9 7.0 4606 148 5.0 4.4 4.0 4144 296 12.6 11.1 9.9 5346 68 15.7 13.5 12.2 5649 53 8.5 7.3 6.4 4794 171 11.3 9.8 8.7 4381 261 11.2 9.9 8.8 4506 221 8.6 7.6 6.8 4314 284 9.5 8.2 7.1 4681 162 13.0 11.4 10.1 5324 11 11.2 9.8 8.8 5058 132 9.0 7.9 6.9 5006 99 9.3 8.2 7.2 4457 201 9.0 7.9 7.0 4424 225 9.4 8.0 6.8 4843 144 10.7 9.3 8.3 4572 183 10.9 9.5 8.4 4492 204 5 sites, 41 more on CD-ROM 12.7 11.2 10.0 5268 141 9.4 8.3 7.5 6161 68 13.3 11.7 10.5 5691 117 11.2 9.8 8.7 5838 100 10.7 9.5 8.5 5903 101 1 site, 15 more on CD-ROM 10.3 9.3 8.4 6753 7 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 7.7 6.4 5.5 1576 670 3 sites, 36 more on CD-ROM 10.1 8.5 7.4 1668 844 10.5 9.1 7.9 987 897 12.0 10.1 8.9 912 888 15 sites, 40 more on CD-ROM 11.1 9.8 8.7 907 745 11.6 10.2 9.1 968 761 10.1 8.7 7.6 407 1613 9.8 8.5 7.6 1204 656 11.1 10.0 8.9 1871 235 8.4 7.1 6.0 1231 911 10.8 9.5 8.3 856 906 8.5 7.3 6.3 330 1731 9.0 7.7 6.8 473 1571 11.4 10.2 9.0 1039 786 7.7 6.4 5.6 940 566 13.8 11.7 10.1 1167 1148 10.3 8.7 7.6 599 1480 15.0 12.4 11.1 824 1031 8.7 7.2 5.9 580 1239 1 site, 3 more on CD-ROM 10.0 8.4 6.9 2740 771 25 sites, 337 more on CD-ROM 11.6 10.3 9.3 1182 465 8.3 7.4 6.6 1086 588 9.2 8.2 7.3 364 1066 9.8 8.6 7.7 924 547 9.9 8.8 7.9 332 1022

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 23.7 27.9 22.6 26.3 23.4 28.1 22.3 26.6 23.2 27.3 22.2 26.1 23.3 28.3 22.3 26.6 20.7 25.3 19.6 23.8 20.5 23.1 19.3 21.5 23.0 27.9 21.9 26.4 23.3 28.3 22.3 26.7 23.5 28.2 22.5 26.8 22.7 27.7 21.7 26.2 23.5 27.3 22.4 25.8 19.7 22.1 18.3 20.7 22.7 27.1 21.5 25.5 22.5 27.1 21.4 25.6 24.2 28.5 23.1 27.2 23.5 28.0 22.5 26.5 22.5 27.0 21.4 25.4 23.0 25.8 22.1 24.9 23.5 28.1 22.5 26.6

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

120 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

ANAPOLIS (BRAZ-AFB) ARACAJU (AEROPORTO) BELEM (AEROPORTO) BELO HORIZONTE BELO HORIZONTE (AERO) BRASILIA (AEROPORTO) CAMPINAS (AEROPORTO) CAMPO GRANDE (AERO) CUIABA (AEROPORTO)

Brazil

BJELASNICA SARAJEVO/BUTMIR SARAJEVO-BJELAVE

Bosnia and Herzegovina

COCHABAMBA LA PAZ/ALTO VIRU-VIRU

Bolivia

COTONOU

Benin

ANTWERPEN/DEURNE BRUXELLES NATIONAL UCCLE

Belgium

BREST GOMEL GRODNO MINSK MOGILEV VITEBSK

Belarus

GUMPOLDSKIRCHEN TULLN LANGENLEBARN WIEN/INNERE STADT WIEN/HOHE WARTE WIEN/SCHWECHAT-FLUG

Austria

CANBERRA AIRPORT CANTERBURY RACECOUR COOLANGATTA AIRPORT GOLD COAST SEAWAY SYDNEY OLYMPIC PARK JANDAKOT AERO LAVERTON AERODROME MELBOURNE MELBOURNE AIRPORT MOORABBIN AIRPORT PERTH METRO MOUNT LOFTY NEWCASTLE NOBBYS SI PERTH AIRPORT SCORESBY RESEARCH SWANBOURNE SYDNEY AIRPORT AMO SYDNEY (OB HILL) TUGGERANONG ISABELL WILLIAMTOWN RAAF

Station

2.38E

4.47E 4.53E 4.35E

23.68E 30.95E 24.05E 27.63E 30.07E 30.22E

16.28E 16.12E 16.37E 16.37E 16.57E

149.20E 151.12E 153.50E 153.43E 151.07E 115.88E 144.75E 144.97E 144.83E 145.10E 115.87E 138.70E 151.78E 115.97E 145.25E 115.77E 151.18E 151.20E 149.10E 151.84E

Long

6

12 56 104

143 144 134 228 192 208

233 175 171 200 183

575 3 6 3 28 31 20 32 119 15 25 730 33 20 90 20 6 40 588 9

Elev

16.23S 10.98S 1.38S 19.93S 19.85S 15.87S 23.00S 20.47S 15.65S

48.97W 1136 37.07W 7 48.48W 16 43.93W 828 43.95W 789 47.93W 1060 47.13W 661 54.67W 559 56.10W 188

43.72N 18.27E 2070 43.82N 18.33E 521 43.87N 18.43E 638

17.42S 66.18W 2548 16.52S 68.18W 4061 17.63S 63.13W 373

6.35N

51.20N 50.90N 50.80N

52.12N 52.40N 53.60N 53.93N 53.95N 55.17N

48.03N 48.32N 48.20N 48.25N 48.12N

35.30S 33.90S 28.17S 27.93S 33.85S 32.10S 37.87S 37.82S 37.67S 37.98S 31.92S 34.97S 32.92S 31.93S 37.87S 31.95S 33.93S 33.85S 35.42S 32.79S

Lat

13.0 21.0 22.8 10.8 11.1 10.0 8.9 8.1 13.1

-19.3 -13.0 -11.3

1.9 -4.9 9.1

21.9

-6.7 -6.8 -6.6

-18.4 -20.9 -19.9 -20.1 -22.2 -22.2

-9.7 -12.1 -7.7 -9.7 -11.0

99.6% -3.1 3.7 6.2 9.5 5.9 1.8 1.9 4.7 2.8 2.6 3.8 2.4 7.6 4.0 2.3 6.4 6.1 7.2 -3.7 4.0

14.1 21.9 22.9 11.9 12.2 11.1 10.2 10.5 15.0

-16.6 -10.2 -9.1

3.0 -3.8 10.8

22.7

-4.6 -4.7 -4.4

-14.8 -17.2 -16.4 -16.8 -18.8 -18.5

-7.5 -9.0 -5.9 -7.4 -8.6

99% -1.9 4.8 7.9 10.7 6.9 3.1 3.1 5.7 3.9 3.9 5.1 3.1 8.6 5.2 3.4 7.5 7.1 8.0 -2.6 5.2

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

32.9 32.1 33.2 32.0 33.0 32.2 33.2 36.2 38.1

19.0 32.6 32.0

30.0 17.5 34.8

32.9

29.2 29.0 28.8

29.9 30.2 28.6 29.0 28.3 28.2

31.0 31.2 31.6 30.8 31.0

20.0 26.6 25.9 20.4 20.5 17.7 21.3 22.6 22.4

11.7 20.3 19.9

15.1 6.1 23.7

27.2

20.6 20.0 19.8

20.0 19.9 19.7 19.6 19.5 19.6

21.3 21.2 21.9 21.6 20.5

31.8 31.8 33.0 31.0 32.0 31.2 32.2 35.2 37.1

17.5 30.8 30.2

29.0 16.8 33.8

32.2

27.1 26.9 26.8

28.0 28.3 26.6 27.1 26.5 26.3

29.1 29.3 29.9 29.1 29.1

20.2 26.5 25.9 20.6 20.5 18.1 21.3 22.8 22.6

11.0 19.9 19.3

14.8 5.9 23.9

27.2

19.7 19.3 19.0

19.1 19.2 18.8 18.6 18.9 18.7

20.4 20.3 21.2 20.7 19.9

30.8 31.1 32.2 30.1 31.1 30.3 31.2 34.3 36.2

16.1 28.9 28.4

28.1 16.0 32.9

32.0

25.3 25.1 25.0

26.1 26.7 24.9 25.3 24.8 24.7

27.5 27.7 28.3 27.4 27.5

20.4 26.2 25.8 20.6 20.5 18.3 21.3 22.9 23.0

10.7 19.3 18.4

14.5 5.8 24.0

27.2

18.7 18.4 18.0

18.2 18.5 17.8 17.8 18.1 17.8

19.5 19.6 20.3 19.7 19.1

Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB 33.6 17.8 31.5 17.2 29.4 16.7 32.6 19.9 30.4 20.1 28.6 20.0 29.2 23.3 28.4 23.1 27.8 22.8 30.7 23.0 29.4 22.7 28.4 22.5 33.7 19.5 31.4 19.6 29.5 19.5 36.2 19.7 34.3 19.7 32.4 19.1 34.7 18.9 31.7 18.4 28.9 17.9 34.8 18.8 32.3 18.3 29.7 17.9 34.9 18.1 32.1 17.6 29.6 17.2 34.2 19.2 31.5 18.6 28.8 18.3 36.3 20.2 34.3 19.8 32.4 19.4 30.7 15.9 28.8 14.9 27.0 14.3 30.2 19.6 27.5 19.7 25.7 20.4 37.2 19.2 35.2 19.2 33.3 18.9 34.0 19.2 31.8 18.8 29.6 18.5 34.9 19.9 32.5 19.8 30.5 19.5 32.9 19.5 30.1 20.1 28.2 20.0 31.1 19.8 28.8 20.3 27.3 20.3 33.9 18.2 31.9 17.7 29.9 17.1 34.1 21.1 31.6 20.8 29.4 20.4

24.0 27.3 28.1 23.9 22.9 22.1 24.2 26.1 28.1

13.2 21.9 21.7

17.2 9.1 26.1

28.9

21.4 21.0 20.8

21.0 21.3 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.7

21.9 22.1 22.8 22.2 21.5

27.6 30.6 30.4 27.4 28.5 26.4 28.8 32.0 31.6

16.4 29.6 29.1

25.9 13.9 31.0

31.6

27.4 27.2 26.7

27.4 27.6 26.3 26.8 26.5 26.4

29.7 29.7 30.2 29.6 28.6

23.6 27.0 27.7 23.2 22.5 21.6 23.7 25.7 27.3

12.4 20.8 20.4

16.7 8.6 25.7

28.4

20.4 20.0 19.7

20.1 20.3 19.8 19.7 19.8 19.7

20.9 21.1 21.9 21.2 20.7

27.3 30.4 30.2 27.1 28.0 26.1 28.3 31.5 30.8

15.7 28.1 27.7

25.3 13.3 30.5

31.0

25.8 25.5 25.2

26.0 26.3 25.0 25.2 25.0 24.7

28.0 27.9 28.6 27.8 27.4

23.1 26.2 27.2 23.0 21.8 21.1 23.1 24.9 27.2

12.0 19.2 19.1

14.9 7.2 24.9

28.1

19.3 18.8 18.7

18.9 19.2 19.1 18.7 18.8 18.6

19.2 19.4 20.3 19.6 19.1

20.5 21.7 23.1 19.7 18.2 17.9 19.4 21.3 23.5

11.3 14.8 15.0

14.5 10.5 20.9

24.3

14.0 13.7 13.7

14.0 14.2 14.1 13.9 14.0 13.8

14.4 14.4 15.3 14.7 14.2

25.6 29.4 29.5 25.4 24.2 23.3 25.4 28.8 29.6

14.5 26.2 26.7

20.0 10.1 28.3

31.2

24.3 23.5 23.5

23.4 23.5 23.9 23.7 23.7 23.3

25.2 25.9 26.3 26.4 24.3

22.4 26.1 27.1 22.2 21.2 20.4 22.7 24.2 26.7

11.1 18.2 17.8

14.1 6.9 24.2

27.8

18.3 17.9 17.7

18.0 18.2 18.0 17.7 17.9 17.8

18.4 18.6 19.5 18.7 18.2

19.6 21.4 22.8 18.6 17.4 17.2 18.9 20.4 22.8

10.6 13.9 13.8

13.8 10.3 20.1

23.8

13.2 12.9 12.8

13.2 13.4 13.1 13.0 13.1 13.1

13.6 13.7 14.5 13.9 13.4

25.1 29.4 29.4 24.7 23.6 22.8 25.1 27.9 29.2

13.7 24.4 24.2

18.7 9.8 27.4

30.9

23.1 22.5 22.2

22.5 22.5 22.2 22.2 22.3 22.2

24.7 24.6 25.6 25.0 23.4

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 18.1 14.0 21.9 17.1 13.1 21.2 21.9 16.5 25.1 21.1 15.8 24.5 24.5 19.5 26.8 23.9 18.7 26.4 24.6 19.6 26.5 23.8 18.7 26.0 21.0 15.7 24.4 20.3 15.0 24.0 20.6 15.3 24.7 19.2 14.0 23.8 18.9 13.8 23.3 17.9 12.9 22.2 18.9 13.8 23.7 17.8 12.9 22.9 18.4 13.5 22.3 17.2 12.5 21.2 20.2 14.9 22.9 18.8 13.6 22.2 20.1 14.8 25.0 19.3 14.1 24.1 16.6 12.9 19.8 15.0 11.6 18.9 23.0 17.8 24.5 22.3 17.0 23.9 19.7 14.4 24.5 18.8 13.7 23.9 18.9 13.8 23.8 17.8 12.9 22.6 21.6 16.3 25.0 20.7 15.4 24.0 22.0 16.6 24.7 21.2 15.9 24.1 21.7 16.5 25.0 21.1 15.9 24.4 18.1 14.0 22.1 17.0 13.0 21.4 22.2 16.9 25.2 21.6 16.3 24.6

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 10.5 9.4 8.4 2064 266 10.8 8.6 7.5 896 518 9.8 8.9 8.2 314 934 13.1 11.3 9.9 192 1112 9.4 7.9 6.9 722 659 10.3 9.2 8.3 977 660 12.0 10.5 9.4 1678 228 7.5 6.5 5.7 1283 340 13.8 12.3 10.8 1708 254 11.7 10.4 9.4 1621 221 8.3 7.3 6.5 761 752 15.7 14.0 12.4 2621 177 17.8 15.0 13.4 598 557 11.1 9.8 8.9 793 782 8.3 7.3 6.6 1659 262 13.2 11.3 10.0 658 669 12.9 11.4 10.2 692 633 N/A N/A N/A 643 607 8.4 7.4 6.6 2061 298 12.1 10.4 9.3 804 579 5 sites, 75 more on CD-ROM 8.0 6.6 5.7 3018 259 11.8 10.3 9.0 3168 212 8.9 7.8 7.0 2716 381 9.9 8.4 7.4 2996 254 12.2 10.8 9.7 3118 227 6 sites, 13 more on CD-ROM 8.0 6.9 5.9 3807 134 8.4 7.3 6.6 4162 160 10.6 9.3 8.1 4169 82 8.1 7.0 6.2 4343 101 9.9 8.7 7.8 4556 84 8.0 7.0 6.2 4509 96 3 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM 10.0 8.6 7.6 2829 103 11.3 9.8 8.5 2904 95 9.4 8.1 7.0 2898 108 1 site, 5 more on CD-ROM 8.1 7.4 7.0 0 3391 3 sites, 0 more on CD-ROM 9.5 7.9 5.8 533 274 8.5 7.5 6.6 3928 0 13.1 11.5 10.3 89 2159 3 sites, 3 more on CD-ROM 33.7 30.2 27.0 6083 1 8.2 6.4 5.0 3176 218 5.4 4.4 3.7 3081 252 30 sites, 11 more on CD-ROM 7.3 6.2 5.4 9 1686 7.8 7.1 6.4 0 3098 8.3 6.8 5.8 0 3392 7.7 6.7 6.0 52 1289 6.3 5.4 5.0 24 1628 7.5 6.4 5.6 20 1379 11.2 10.2 9.5 103 1430 10.4 9.6 8.7 62 2532 7.7 6.4 5.6 12 3375

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 20.1 27.4 19.2 26.3 23.2 27.8 22.5 26.9 25.2 27.6 24.6 27.1 25.3 27.8 24.6 27.2 22.6 28.3 21.9 27.2 22.7 30.4 21.4 29.5 21.0 28.2 20.0 27.2 21.1 28.6 20.1 27.5 20.6 27.9 19.5 26.8 21.6 27.6 20.6 26.6 22.4 30.7 21.5 29.6 18.5 25.2 17.3 24.4 23.6 25.5 22.9 24.8 22.1 30.8 21.2 29.8 21.3 29.5 20.2 28.0 23.1 28.7 22.1 27.1 23.1 27.3 22.5 26.4 23.0 27.1 22.4 26.2 20.2 28.4 19.4 27.2 23.6 28.9 22.9 27.5

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 121

ANQING ANYANG BAODING BAOJI BEIJING BENGBU BENXI BINHAI CANGZHOU CHANGCHUN CHANGDE CHANGSHA CHAOYANG CHENGDE CHENGDU CHIFENG CHONGQING DALIAN DANDONG DATONG DEZHOU DIWOPU

China

ANTOFAGASTA PUDAHUEL

Chile

NDJAMENA

Chad

BOBO-DIOULASSO OUAGADOUGOU

Burkina Faso

CHERNI VRAH (TOP/SOMMET) PLOVDIV SOFIA (OBSERV.) VARNA

Bulgaria

CURITIBA (AEROPORTO) EDUARDO GOMES INTL FLORIANOPOLIS (AERO) FORTALEZA (AEROPORTO) GALEAO GOIANIA (AEROPORTO) GUARULHOS LONDRINA (AEROPORTO) MACAPA MACEIO (AEROPORTO) MANAUS (AEROPORTO) NATAL AEROPORTO PORTO ALEGRE (AERO) PORTO VELHO (AERO) RECIFE (AEROPORTO) RIO DE JANEIRO (AERO) SALVADOR (AEROPORTO) SAO LUIZ (AEROPORTO) SAO PAULO (AEROPORTO) TERESINA (AEROPORTO) VITORIA (AEROPORTO)

Station

117.05E 114.40E 115.48E 107.13E 116.28E 117.37E 123.78E 117.33E 116.83E 125.22E 111.68E 112.87E 120.45E 117.92E 104.02E 118.83E 106.47E 121.63E 124.33E 113.33E 116.32E 87.47E

23.43S 70.45W 33.38S 70.78W

12.13N 15.03E

30.53N 36.05N 38.73N 34.35N 39.93N 32.95N 41.32N 39.12N 38.33N 43.90N 29.05N 28.23N 41.55N 40.97N 30.67N 42.30N 29.58N 38.90N 40.05N 40.10N 37.43N 43.90N

911 80 6 25 9 747 750 569 17 118 81 52 3 90 10 3 20 54 802 67 3

Elev

20 64 17 610 55 22 185 3 11 238 35 68 176 423 508 567 416 97 14 1069 22 648

140 474

295

460 306

23.27E 2292 24.75E 182 23.38E 531 27.92E 70

49.17W 60.05W 48.55W 38.53W 43.25W 49.22W 46.47W 51.13W 51.05W 35.78W 59.98W 35.25W 51.18W 63.92W 34.85W 43.17W 38.33W 44.23W 46.65W 42.82W 40.28W

Long

11.17N 4.32W 12.35N 1.52W

42.58N 42.13N 42.65N 43.20N

25.52S 3.03S 27.67S 3.78S 22.82S 16.63S 23.43S 23.33S 0.03N 9.52S 3.15S 5.92S 30.00S 8.77S 8.07S 22.90S 12.90S 2.60S 23.62S 5.05S 20.27S

Lat

-1.7 -8.2 -9.4 -5.8 -11.0 -4.8 -22.5 -11.0 -9.4 -25.0 -0.7 -1.2 -18.9 -18.1 0.8 -20.1 2.9 -12.1 -16.0 -20.5 -8.3 -23.2

10.0 -1.1

13.1

18.0 16.1

-19.4 -10.6 -12.4 -9.0

99.6% 2.8 21.8 7.8 22.8 14.9 12.1 7.2 7.9 22.8 19.0 22.2 20.9 3.9 18.1 21.8 16.2 20.3 22.8 8.9 21.9 16.5

-0.6 -6.4 -7.7 -4.5 -9.1 -3.3 -20.1 -9.1 -7.7 -22.6 0.3 -0.1 -16.6 -16.2 1.9 -18.3 4.0 -10.1 -13.9 -18.6 -6.8 -21.1

10.9 0.0

14.8

19.3 17.2

-17.2 -7.8 -10.0 -6.9

99% 4.9 21.9 9.4 23.0 15.8 13.6 9.0 9.8 22.9 19.8 22.8 21.3 5.8 19.8 22.0 17.0 21.1 23.0 10.1 22.4 17.5

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

35.7 35.2 35.3 34.9 35.0 35.6 31.5 34.2 34.2 30.9 36.3 36.2 33.7 33.1 33.2 33.0 36.9 31.2 29.9 32.0 34.2 35.3

24.2 31.8

43.0

38.1 40.8

17.3 34.8 32.8 31.4

27.4 23.3 22.5 21.7 22.0 26.6 21.8 23.5 23.2 20.8 26.9 26.6 21.4 20.4 25.0 19.5 25.5 23.4 23.7 17.4 24.3 18.1

19.0 17.6

21.7

20.2 20.2

11.0 20.8 18.9 22.5

34.6 33.8 33.7 33.4 33.2 34.2 30.1 33.1 33.0 29.5 35.2 35.1 32.1 31.6 32.1 31.3 35.5 30.0 28.5 30.4 32.9 34.0

23.7 30.8

42.0

37.3 39.9

15.8 33.0 30.8 30.0

27.2 23.9 22.8 21.4 22.5 26.2 21.8 23.4 23.5 20.9 26.9 26.5 21.4 20.5 24.5 19.2 25.5 23.0 23.0 17.0 24.3 17.8

18.6 17.5

21.5

20.3 20.3

10.5 20.7 18.8 22.2

33.5 32.6 32.4 32.0 32.0 32.9 28.9 32.0 31.9 28.2 34.0 34.0 30.8 30.1 31.0 29.9 34.2 28.8 27.4 28.9 31.9 32.8

23.0 29.8

41.0

36.6 39.0

14.5 31.4 28.9 28.8

26.9 23.9 22.9 21.4 22.4 25.4 21.6 23.2 23.4 20.6 26.6 26.3 21.1 20.2 24.0 18.8 25.2 22.6 22.5 16.9 24.0 17.5

18.2 17.3

21.2

20.4 20.5

10.0 20.1 18.4 21.7

Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB 30.9 20.3 29.8 20.3 28.8 20.2 35.9 26.2 35.1 26.1 34.2 26.0 32.1 25.3 30.9 25.1 29.9 24.5 32.2 25.1 32.0 25.0 31.5 24.8 37.3 25.4 36.0 25.2 34.2 25.1 35.2 20.0 34.1 20.4 33.2 20.7 32.8 21.8 31.2 21.6 30.2 21.4 33.8 21.9 32.8 22.0 31.9 22.1 35.0 26.8 34.1 26.8 33.8 26.7 33.0 25.4 32.2 25.1 31.8 24.9 34.9 25.9 34.1 26.0 33.3 25.9 32.9 25.5 32.2 25.2 31.9 25.2 34.7 24.6 33.0 24.0 31.8 23.6 35.7 25.1 34.9 25.0 34.0 25.2 34.0 27.1 33.2 26.5 32.9 26.3 34.1 25.2 32.8 25.0 31.8 24.8 32.3 26.6 32.0 26.5 31.2 26.1 34.0 26.3 33.2 26.0 33.0 25.9 32.1 20.4 31.1 20.4 30.0 20.4 38.2 23.5 37.8 23.6 37.0 23.9 34.1 25.6 33.2 25.3 32.5 25.1

28.5 27.7 27.0 24.8 27.0 28.3 24.7 27.7 27.4 24.3 28.7 27.9 25.5 24.4 27.0 22.8 27.3 26.1 25.7 21.2 27.8 20.4

20.0 19.3

28.0

26.0 26.4

12.4 22.8 20.7 24.5

33.2 31.5 31.1 30.8 30.5 32.9 28.6 30.5 31.0 27.8 33.2 33.0 30.0 28.9 31.0 29.0 32.6 28.7 28.0 26.6 31.5 30.1

22.9 28.9

33.6

32.1 33.3

15.1 31.4 28.3 29.1

28.0 26.9 26.1 23.9 26.1 27.7 23.9 26.8 26.6 23.4 28.0 27.4 24.6 23.5 26.2 21.9 26.8 25.4 24.8 20.3 26.9 19.5

19.4 18.7

27.3

25.5 26.0

11.5 21.9 19.9 23.6

32.7 30.6 30.0 29.5 29.4 32.3 27.7 29.8 30.0 26.8 32.7 32.5 28.7 28.0 30.0 27.6 32.0 27.7 26.8 25.8 30.5 29.3

22.4 28.4

33.2

31.5 32.9

14.2 30.0 27.3 28.1

27.3 26.7 25.9 23.2 26.1 27.1 23.5 27.0 26.4 23.2 27.5 26.7 24.2 23.1 26.0 21.0 26.1 25.2 25.0 19.7 26.8 17.9

18.9 15.2

26.9

24.4 24.9

11.3 20.1 18.2 23.1

23.1 22.4 21.3 19.3 21.7 23.0 18.7 22.8 21.9 18.5 23.5 22.5 19.5 18.8 22.7 16.8 22.6 20.6 20.1 16.4 22.4 13.9

14.0 11.5

23.3

20.5 20.8

11.1 15.1 14.0 18.0

31.3 30.2 29.7 28.2 29.0 31.1 27.1 29.6 29.8 26.6 31.6 30.6 28.1 26.9 29.7 25.9 30.1 27.3 27.0 23.5 30.3 22.2

22.1 23.1

30.6

28.9 28.6

13.4 26.7 23.6 27.4

26.8 25.9 25.0 22.4 25.1 26.6 22.7 26.1 25.6 22.2 26.8 26.1 23.3 22.2 25.1 20.1 25.5 24.7 24.2 18.7 25.9 16.6

18.1 14.6

26.0

24.0 24.2

10.4 19.1 17.2 22.0

22.5 21.4 20.1 18.4 20.4 22.2 17.8 21.5 20.9 17.4 22.6 21.7 18.5 17.8 21.6 15.8 21.8 20.0 19.2 15.4 21.3 12.8

13.2 11.0

22.2

20.0 19.9

10.4 14.2 13.1 16.9

30.9 29.4 28.8 27.3 28.1 30.6 26.2 28.5 28.9 25.6 31.1 30.1 27.3 26.0 28.7 25.2 29.6 26.9 26.0 23.0 29.6 22.3

21.1 22.5

29.9

28.4 28.2

12.6 25.3 22.6 26.6

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 22.1 18.8 24.4 21.3 17.9 23.6 27.2 23.3 29.5 27.1 23.1 29.3 25.5 20.7 28.1 25.0 20.1 27.6 26.2 21.6 27.8 25.8 21.2 27.6 27.1 22.8 30.1 26.2 21.7 29.2 23.2 19.6 26.2 22.9 19.4 25.9 23.9 20.6 25.7 23.0 19.5 25.1 24.9 21.5 27.0 24.2 20.4 26.3 26.9 22.6 30.5 26.2 21.7 29.7 26.1 21.8 28.3 25.6 21.2 28.0 26.2 21.8 29.3 26.0 21.6 29.2 26.1 21.6 28.3 25.5 20.8 28.0 25.1 20.2 28.4 24.2 19.1 27.4 27.2 23.2 28.9 27.0 22.9 28.8 26.2 21.6 30.7 25.9 21.3 30.4 25.2 20.4 28.9 25.0 20.1 28.7 26.5 22.1 29.6 26.1 21.5 29.4 27.1 22.9 29.4 26.5 22.1 28.9 22.1 18.5 25.5 21.2 17.5 24.5 26.2 21.8 28.5 26.0 21.5 28.4 26.2 21.7 28.5 26.0 21.3 28.3

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 8.7 7.5 6.5 643 595 5.9 5.1 4.4 0 3414 8.3 7.3 6.4 222 1301 9.4 8.4 7.9 0 3394 8.3 7.3 6.4 6 2472 8.0 7.0 5.6 3 2331 7.5 6.7 6.0 232 1058 6.6 5.7 5.1 124 1601 8.3 7.3 6.6 0 3528 7.8 7.1 6.4 0 2716 6.0 5.2 4.7 0 3448 9.9 9.1 8.3 0 3148 9.4 8.0 7.0 484 1131 6.0 5.1 4.4 1 3282 8.5 7.9 7.1 0 3429 8.4 7.3 6.5 4 2264 9.1 8.2 7.4 0 3011 9.2 8.3 7.5 0 3594 7.7 6.7 5.9 230 1140 5.2 4.5 4.0 0 3984 10.4 9.3 8.3 0 2614 4 sites, 31 more on CD-ROM 28.4 24.2 19.9 6425 0 11.7 10.1 8.7 2552 550 9.4 8.1 7.0 3099 275 12.5 10.2 8.4 2568 413 2 sites, 4 more on CD-ROM 7.4 6.6 6.0 0 3418 7.7 6.7 5.9 0 3827 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 9.3 8.1 7.2 1 3867 2 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM 9.1 8.3 7.7 692 186 8.4 7.5 6.7 1506 246 87 sites, 309 more on CD-ROM 7.8 6.9 6.2 1576 1321 7.5 6.4 5.5 2344 989 6.2 5.1 4.3 2603 966 6.2 5.2 4.4 2360 787 9.8 8.1 6.7 2827 863 7.1 6.2 5.4 1903 1138 6.6 5.4 4.8 4079 493 10.3 8.7 7.4 2745 916 8.7 7.3 6.2 2649 927 10.9 9.2 7.8 4807 411 5.6 4.7 4.0 1482 1326 7.0 6.0 5.2 1492 1348 8.8 7.5 6.6 3677 634 6.8 5.3 4.3 3798 521 5.6 4.5 3.7 1396 972 8.2 7.0 6.0 4178 446 5.3 4.4 3.7 1166 1279 10.7 9.4 8.3 3078 627 8.9 7.6 6.6 3603 448 9.5 8.1 7.0 4196 352 7.4 6.4 5.5 2496 966 7.4 5.8 4.7 4295 764

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 23.1 27.0 22.5 26.4 28.4 32.4 27.9 31.8 26.5 30.0 25.9 29.2 26.7 29.5 26.4 29.3 28.0 32.5 27.4 31.7 24.6 29.8 24.2 29.4 24.6 28.4 23.9 27.7 25.6 28.9 25.1 28.5 28.0 32.5 27.6 32.1 26.8 30.2 26.4 29.7 27.3 31.5 27.0 31.3 26.7 29.9 26.4 29.8 26.4 31.3 25.6 30.4 28.0 31.0 27.6 30.8 27.6 32.4 27.1 31.9 26.6 30.9 26.2 30.4 27.5 30.8 27.0 30.5 27.7 30.7 27.3 30.6 23.2 27.7 22.7 27.2 27.2 31.4 26.9 31.4 27.2 30.6 26.7 30.1

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

122 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

FUZHOU GANYU GAOYAO GUANGZHOU GUILIN GUIYANG HAIKOU HANGZHOU HARBIN HEFEI HOHHOT JIANGLING JINAN JINGDEZHEN JINZHOU JIXI KUNMING LANZHOU LINGXIAN LIUZHOU MENGJIN MUDANJIANG NANCHANG NANJING NANNING NEIJIANG QINGDAO QINGJIANG QIQIHAR SHANGHAI SHANGHAI/HONGQIAO SHANTOU SHAOGUAN SHENYANG SHENZHEN SHIJIAZHUANG SIPING TAI SHAN TAIYUAN TANGSHAN TAOXIAN TIANJIN WEIFANG WENZHOU WU LU MU QI WUHAN WUHUXIAN XIAMEN XIAN XIHUA XINGTAI XINING XINYANG XUZHOU YANGJIANG YANJI YICHANG

Station 26.08N 34.85N 23.05N 23.22N 25.33N 26.58N 20.00N 30.23N 45.75N 31.87N 40.82N 30.33N 36.60N 29.30N 41.13N 45.28N 25.02N 36.05N 37.33N 24.35N 34.82N 44.57N 28.60N 31.93N 22.82N 29.58N 36.07N 33.60N 47.38N 31.40N 31.17N 23.40N 24.67N 41.73N 22.55N 38.03N 43.18N 36.25N 37.78N 39.65N 41.63N 39.10N 36.77N 28.02N 43.80N 30.60N 31.15N 24.48N 34.30N 33.78N 37.07N 36.62N 32.13N 34.28N 21.87N 42.87N 30.70N

Lat 119.28E 119.13E 112.47E 113.48E 110.30E 106.73E 110.25E 120.17E 126.77E 117.23E 111.68E 112.18E 117.05E 117.20E 121.12E 130.95E 102.68E 103.88E 116.57E 109.40E 112.43E 129.60E 115.92E 118.90E 108.35E 105.05E 120.33E 119.03E 123.92E 121.47E 121.43E 116.68E 113.60E 123.52E 114.10E 114.42E 124.33E 117.10E 112.55E 118.10E 123.48E 117.17E 119.18E 120.67E 87.65E 114.05E 118.58E 118.08E 108.93E 114.52E 114.50E 101.77E 114.05E 117.15E 111.97E 129.50E 111.30E

Long 14 10 12 71 174 1223 24 43 143 36 1065 33 169 60 70 234 1892 1518 19 97 333 242 50 15 126 357 77 19 148 4 7 3 68 43 18 81 167 1536 779 29 60 5 22 7 947 34 16 18 479 53 78 2296 115 42 22 178 134

Elev 99.6% 4.5 -6.7 6.4 5.8 1.1 -2.7 10.8 -2.1 -27.7 -4.1 -22.8 -1.4 -8.1 -1.3 -16.0 -24.8 0.8 -11.3 -10.7 3.5 -6.6 -26.5 -0.6 -4.6 5.0 2.5 -7.9 -5.8 -27.7 -2.0 -3.0 7.2 2.5 -22.4 7.1 -8.4 -23.3 -16.8 -14.9 -12.7 -24.2 -10.4 -10.7 1.3 -21.9 -2.1 -3.1 6.5 -7.2 -5.6 -7.3 -16.6 -4.5 -6.2 7.1 -22.5 -0.7

99% 5.7 -5.1 7.7 7.0 2.6 -1.2 12.4 -0.9 -25.4 -2.7 -19.8 -0.4 -6.4 -0.1 -14.1 -22.7 2.0 -9.8 -8.6 4.9 -5.1 -24.1 0.5 -3.0 6.4 3.6 -6.1 -4.0 -25.5 -0.6 -1.5 8.6 3.9 -20.0 8.6 -6.8 -21.0 -14.6 -12.9 -10.9 -21.9 -8.6 -9.1 2.6 -19.8 -0.9 -1.7 7.6 -5.4 -4.1 -5.9 -14.8 -3.1 -4.6 8.5 -20.4 0.3

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB 35.6 26.8 34.5 26.6 33.4 26.3 33.1 26.3 31.7 25.6 30.4 25.4 35.1 26.4 34.2 26.3 33.4 26.2 35.7 26.2 34.5 26.1 33.8 26.1 34.9 25.6 33.9 25.5 33.0 25.3 30.2 21.0 29.2 20.9 28.2 20.7 35.0 26.9 34.2 26.8 33.4 26.7 36.2 26.6 35.2 26.5 34.0 26.4 31.4 20.4 29.8 20.7 28.4 20.4 35.3 27.6 34.2 27.2 33.0 26.6 32.0 17.4 30.4 17.1 29.0 16.7 34.9 27.6 33.9 27.1 32.9 26.5 35.0 23.1 33.8 23.4 32.5 23.2 36.2 26.6 35.2 26.4 34.1 26.1 31.7 22.0 30.4 21.8 29.2 21.5 30.4 20.8 28.8 20.3 27.4 19.9 27.7 16.4 26.7 16.5 25.8 16.7 32.4 18.0 30.9 17.4 29.5 16.9 35.1 23.4 33.6 23.9 32.2 24.1 35.3 25.6 34.4 25.6 33.6 25.5 34.8 21.6 33.3 22.1 31.9 22.2 31.2 21.4 29.6 20.6 28.1 20.2 35.9 26.8 34.8 26.7 33.8 26.5 35.2 26.9 34.1 26.8 32.9 26.3 35.0 26.2 34.1 26.1 33.2 25.9 35.2 25.9 33.9 25.5 32.7 25.0 32.2 23.5 30.9 23.5 29.5 23.2 33.7 27.1 32.5 26.4 31.3 25.7 31.9 20.8 30.2 20.2 28.7 19.9 35.1 26.9 33.8 26.6 32.6 26.3 35.2 27.3 34.1 27.2 33.0 26.8 33.9 27.2 32.9 27.0 32.1 26.7 35.5 25.9 34.5 25.9 33.6 25.7 31.5 23.1 30.3 22.5 29.2 22.1 33.9 26.4 33.1 26.3 32.4 26.2 36.0 22.0 34.3 22.7 32.8 22.9 31.1 21.6 29.8 21.4 28.7 21.0 22.6 17.0 21.6 17.2 20.8 17.5 33.3 19.9 32.0 20.1 30.7 19.8 33.2 22.9 31.9 23.0 30.8 22.7 32.0 22.8 30.8 22.9 29.2 22.2 34.3 23.4 32.9 23.3 31.7 23.0 34.4 23.9 32.9 23.9 31.6 23.5 34.0 27.5 32.9 27.1 32.0 26.8 33.5 16.3 31.9 16.1 30.4 15.7 36.0 27.9 34.9 27.5 33.8 27.1 36.0 27.5 34.8 27.1 33.5 26.7 34.2 26.1 33.2 26.0 32.4 25.9 36.1 23.1 34.7 22.9 33.1 22.8 35.0 25.4 33.8 25.7 32.5 25.2 35.8 22.3 34.2 22.8 32.9 23.0 27.5 15.0 25.9 14.2 24.4 13.5 34.6 26.5 33.4 25.9 32.2 25.3 34.7 25.5 33.4 25.2 32.1 24.7 33.1 26.5 32.2 26.4 31.6 26.3 31.1 21.5 29.4 20.9 27.8 20.2 35.7 26.7 34.4 26.1 33.1 25.5 Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 26.3 21.7 30.9 25.9 21.3 30.3 27.2 23.1 30.5 26.6 22.2 29.8 26.5 22.1 29.7 26.2 21.6 29.4 26.9 22.7 29.6 26.2 21.9 29.2 26.2 22.0 29.0 25.8 21.6 28.7 21.6 18.9 24.9 21.1 18.3 24.5 27.0 22.7 30.0 26.6 22.2 29.7 27.1 23.0 30.4 26.4 22.0 29.9 22.9 18.0 26.4 22.1 17.0 25.6 27.8 23.9 31.8 27.0 22.8 31.0 19.3 16.0 23.2 18.3 15.0 23.3 27.4 23.3 31.6 26.8 22.5 31.1 25.7 21.4 29.7 25.1 20.6 29.4 26.3 21.9 30.2 25.9 21.4 29.9 24.7 19.9 27.5 23.9 18.9 26.6 22.2 17.4 25.7 21.2 16.4 24.9 18.6 17.0 21.7 18.2 16.6 21.2 17.9 15.5 24.3 16.9 14.6 23.4 26.9 22.6 30.0 26.0 21.4 29.2 26.0 21.6 29.5 25.6 21.1 29.2 25.6 21.7 29.1 24.8 20.7 28.1 22.0 17.2 26.6 21.3 16.4 25.6 27.1 23.0 30.7 26.6 22.3 30.4 27.2 23.0 31.0 26.7 22.3 30.5 26.7 22.7 29.7 26.2 22.0 29.2 26.0 22.3 30.4 25.4 21.5 29.7 26.1 21.6 28.1 25.3 20.6 27.4 27.3 23.1 30.8 26.7 22.3 30.2 22.5 17.5 26.4 21.4 16.4 25.2 26.7 22.3 30.4 26.2 21.7 29.9 27.9 24.0 31.1 27.1 22.8 30.4 28.0 24.1 30.6 27.2 22.9 29.7 26.0 21.5 29.3 25.6 21.0 29.0 24.4 19.5 27.8 23.6 18.5 27.0 28.2 24.5 30.2 27.8 23.9 29.9 25.9 21.5 29.9 25.0 20.3 29.0 23.6 18.8 27.0 22.8 17.9 26.2 20.7 18.5 20.9 19.9 17.7 20.2 23.0 19.5 27.1 22.0 18.3 25.8 25.5 20.8 29.0 24.7 19.8 28.1 24.8 20.0 28.6 23.9 18.9 27.5 26.2 21.6 29.6 25.3 20.4 28.7 26.3 21.8 29.7 25.6 20.8 28.8 27.0 22.7 30.7 26.6 22.1 30.1 15.1 12.0 20.3 14.1 11.2 20.4 28.1 24.4 31.8 27.6 23.7 31.4 27.4 23.4 31.6 26.7 22.4 30.9 26.9 22.7 29.3 26.2 21.7 29.0 25.0 21.3 29.9 24.1 20.1 29.0 27.5 23.6 31.4 26.7 22.5 30.5 26.1 21.7 29.8 25.3 20.7 29.3 15.0 14.1 19.3 14.0 13.2 18.4 26.6 22.5 30.5 26.1 21.7 30.0 27.0 22.8 31.0 26.3 21.9 30.2 27.1 22.9 29.2 26.7 22.4 29.0 22.5 17.6 26.6 21.6 16.7 25.5 26.7 22.7 31.0 26.2 22.0 30.3 Extreme Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% 9.7 8.3 7.2 7.4 6.4 5.6 6.9 5.9 5.1 7.0 6.0 5.2 7.4 6.5 5.7 6.4 5.5 4.9 7.7 6.5 5.6 7.1 6.1 5.3 8.2 7.1 6.2 7.3 6.3 5.5 8.7 7.3 6.2 6.9 6.0 5.2 9.0 7.7 6.7 5.5 4.7 4.1 9.7 8.2 7.1 10.8 9.3 8.1 8.2 7.1 6.2 4.4 3.5 3.1 8.4 7.3 6.3 5.4 4.6 4.1 9.0 7.4 6.3 8.8 7.3 6.1 6.1 5.2 4.5 7.7 6.6 5.8 6.3 5.3 4.5 5.2 4.4 3.7 11.2 9.8 8.5 6.7 5.8 5.1 9.3 7.9 6.8 7.6 6.8 6.1 9.1 8.0 7.1 8.4 7.3 6.4 6.9 6.0 5.2 9.6 8.2 7.0 8.1 7.1 6.3 6.1 5.0 4.2 9.0 7.6 6.5 18.2 16.2 14.4 9.3 7.7 6.4 8.1 6.7 5.5 10.4 8.9 7.7 8.8 7.2 5.8 9.4 8.2 7.1 6.4 5.5 4.9 7.6 6.0 5.0 7.0 5.9 5.0 7.9 6.8 5.9 8.8 7.7 6.9 8.1 6.9 5.9 5.8 5.0 4.3 5.5 4.7 4.1 5.6 4.6 3.7 8.2 7.0 6.0 6.5 5.6 5.0 8.5 7.2 6.3 10.2 8.7 7.4 4.4 3.8 3.3

Heat./Cool. Degree-Days HDD / CDD 18.3 706 1620 2309 846 367 2078 374 2090 1031 1491 1687 663 96 2518 1587 1253 5236 376 1841 1168 4422 337 1587 1224 2260 1083 1352 1394 3512 598 5212 273 1179 339 3093 431 2573 916 687 1871 2218 907 5138 329 1387 1431 1876 1107 470 1961 1217 1148 2499 764 2128 930 5391 391 1587 1188 1634 1196 348 1836 749 1753 4053 547 246 2189 2438 1019 4443 471 4474 43 3212 539 2964 781 4132 558 2718 924 2703 799 1107 1283 4388 527 1603 1315 1725 1186 476 1714 2344 901 2098 993 2342 1044 4164 49 1908 1042 2140 1016 269 2032 4739 288 1481 1212

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 27.8 33.5 27.3 32.5 28.2 31.6 27.5 30.5 27.6 32.3 27.2 31.6 27.7 31.6 27.4 31.2 27.2 31.4 26.7 30.9 22.8 27.4 22.3 26.8 28.0 32.5 27.7 31.9 28.2 32.9 27.6 32.3 24.1 28.0 23.2 26.9 28.8 33.3 28.1 32.5 21.1 27.1 20.1 25.7 28.6 33.2 28.0 32.6 27.0 31.7 26.4 30.8 27.7 33.4 27.3 32.7 25.6 28.6 24.7 27.6 23.5 27.7 22.5 26.3 19.9 24.3 19.5 23.6 20.2 28.4 19.5 27.3 27.7 31.1 27.0 30.4 27.2 32.3 26.9 31.8 26.6 30.6 25.9 29.6 23.6 28.5 22.7 27.0 28.2 32.7 27.7 32.3 28.3 32.8 27.7 32.0 27.7 31.9 27.3 31.3 27.3 32.7 26.7 31.8 26.7 29.1 26.0 28.2 28.3 32.2 27.7 31.3 23.8 27.9 22.7 27.0 27.9 32.5 27.4 31.7 28.7 32.8 28.0 31.9 28.6 31.7 28.0 30.9 27.2 32.3 26.8 31.8 25.5 29.3 24.7 28.2 28.8 31.0 28.2 30.4 27.1 31.3 26.2 30.3 24.7 28.3 23.9 27.3 20.7 21.0 20.0 20.4 24.3 29.1 23.3 28.1 26.6 30.3 25.7 29.2 25.9 29.6 25.0 28.6 27.2 30.7 26.3 29.7 27.4 31.3 26.5 30.0 28.2 32.6 27.7 31.7 18.0 28.3 17.4 27.7 29.2 33.5 28.6 32.7 28.6 33.5 28.0 32.9 27.6 31.1 27.2 30.7 26.4 32.0 25.6 31.0 28.6 32.6 27.8 31.5 27.2 31.4 26.4 30.4 17.0 23.8 16.0 22.3 27.8 32.5 27.2 31.7 28.1 32.4 27.4 31.3 27.7 30.6 27.5 30.3 23.9 28.6 22.9 26.6 28.1 33.2 27.5 32.3

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 123

HELSINKI-VANTAA ISOSAARI

Finland

TALLIN-HARKU

Estonia

ALEXANDRIA/NOUZHA ASYUT CAIRO AIRPORT LUXOR PORT SAID PORT SAID/EL GAMIL

Egypt

GUAYAQUIL AEROPUERT QUITO AEROPUERTO

Ecuador

LAS AMERICAS SANTO DOMINGO

Dominican Republic

DROGDEN KOEBENHAVN/KASTRUP ROSKILDE/TUNE VAERLOESE

Denmark

BRNO/TURANY OSTRAVA/MOSNOV PRAHA/RUZYNE PRAHA-KBELY PRAHA-LIBUS

Czech Republic

AEROPUERTO JOSE MAR CAMAGUEY AEROPUERTO SANTIAGO DE CUBA

Cuba

ZAGREB/MAKSIMIR ZAGREB/PLESO

Croatia

ABIDJAN

Côte d'Ivoire

JUAN SANTAMARIA INT

Costa Rica

BRAZZAVILLE/MAYA-M

Congo

BARRANQUILLA/ERNEST BOGOTA/ELDORADO CALI/ALFONSO BONILL CARTAGENA/RAFAEL NU RIONEGRO/J.M.CORDOV

Colombia

YINCHUAN YINGKOU YUEYANG YUNCHENG ZHANGJIAKOU ZHANJIANG ZHENGZHOU ZUNYI

Station

15.25E

3.93W

12.72E 12.65E 12.13E 12.33E

16.68E 18.12E 14.25E 14.55E 14.45E

18 14

0 5 43 31

246 260 365 286 304

75 118 55

128 107

8

934

319

29.93E 31.02E 31.18E 32.70E 32.30E 32.23E

60.32N 24.97E 60.10N 25.07E

59.38N 24.58E

31.17N 27.05N 30.10N 25.67N 31.27N 31.28N

56 5

33

7 70 74 99 6 6

2.15S 79.88W 9 0.13S 78.48W 2812

18.43N 69.67W 18.43N 69.88W

55.53N 55.62N 55.58N 55.77N

49.15N 49.68N 50.10N 50.12N 50.01N

22.98N 82.40W 21.42N 77.85W 19.97N 75.85W

45.82N 16.03E 45.73N 16.07E

5.25N

1112 4 52 365 726 28 111 845

Elev

74.78W 30 74.15W 2548 76.38W 969 75.52W 12 75.43W 2142

106.20E 122.20E 113.08E 111.05E 114.88E 110.40E 113.65E 106.88E

Long

9.98N 84.18W

4.25S

10.88N 4.70N 3.55N 10.45N 6.13N

38.47N 40.67N 29.38N 35.05N 40.78N 21.22N 34.72N 27.70N

Lat

-22.1 -18.7

-18.9

6.9 4.5 7.8 5.2 9.8 9.8

18.9 6.8

18.1 19.6

-6.5 -7.9 -9.9 -11.1

-12.6 -15.4 -13.7 -12.5 -12.5

10.3 14.8 18.2

-10.2 -11.2

21.1

16.8

18.0

22.8 3.0 17.8 23.2 10.0

99.6% -16.8 -17.6 -1.0 -8.3 -16.5 7.7 -6.5 -0.8

-18.6 -15.1

-15.2

7.9 5.6 8.9 6.6 10.8 10.8

19.2 7.8

19.0 20.3

-4.9 -6.0 -7.3 -8.1

-10.2 -12.2 -10.8 -10.0 -9.8

12.2 16.2 19.2

-7.4 -8.4

21.9

17.2

18.9

23.1 4.7 18.0 23.8 10.9

26.9 22.8

26.1

33.2 41.1 38.2 43.2 32.2 31.9

33.0 21.9

33.0 32.6

22.2 25.5 25.8 26.2

30.3 30.2 29.3 29.6 30.3

33.1 33.8 32.0

32.0 32.1

33.0

30.9

34.2

34.2 21.3 32.1 32.9 24.0

18.0 19.3

18.7

22.3 20.4 21.4 22.7 25.3 25.3

24.2 12.0

26.5 27.2

18.3 18.1 18.2 18.1

20.0 20.0 18.9 19.2 19.0

25.4 24.1 25.7

21.3 21.8

27.6

20.9

24.6

27.2 13.4 22.2 27.6 15.9

25.1 21.5

24.2

31.5 39.7 36.9 42.2 31.2 31.0

32.2 21.1

32.2 32.1

21.1 24.0 24.0 24.5

28.5 28.2 27.3 27.8 28.3

32.6 33.1 31.3

30.4 30.8

32.2

30.0

33.3

33.6 20.8 31.2 32.2 23.2

17.0 18.5

17.6

23.2 20.4 21.6 22.5 25.3 25.2

24.2 12.0

26.4 27.1

17.7 17.5 17.6 17.7

19.2 19.2 18.3 18.7 18.4

25.4 24.2 25.7

20.8 21.4

27.3

20.7

24.5

27.1 13.4 22.0 27.2 15.8

23.4 20.4

22.8

30.4 38.3 35.8 41.2 30.9 30.3

31.8 20.8

31.9 31.6

20.1 22.4 22.5 22.8

26.8 26.4 25.5 26.1 26.5

32.1 32.4 31.1

28.9 29.1

31.9

29.2

32.9

33.0 20.1 30.9 31.9 23.0

16.2 17.5

16.8

23.4 20.1 21.8 22.3 25.2 24.8

24.1 12.0

26.4 26.9

17.1 16.8 16.9 17.0

18.5 18.4 17.6 18.1 17.7

25.3 24.3 25.7

20.3 20.7

27.1

20.7

24.5

26.9 13.3 22.0 27.1 15.7

19.4 20.1

20.0

25.4 22.7 25.1 24.3 26.8 26.7

26.5 14.4

28.2 28.5

19.2 19.5 19.7 19.7

21.1 20.9 20.0 20.6 20.2

27.7 26.7 27.4

22.3 23.0

28.9

24.2

26.1

28.6 15.4 23.4 28.2 17.6

24.4 22.1

24.2

29.8 35.1 32.1 40.0 30.6 30.4

29.9 18.8

31.4 31.4

21.5 23.2 23.3 23.2

28.0 27.8 26.6 26.7 27.3

30.5 30.8 29.8

29.4 30.0

31.2

26.8

31.0

31.6 18.8 29.6 31.3 21.4

18.3 18.9

18.7

24.9 22.0 24.5 23.7 26.4 26.1

25.9 14.0

27.7 28.0

18.5 18.6 18.7 18.7

20.2 20.0 19.2 19.8 19.3

27.1 26.3 27.0

21.6 22.2

28.5

23.7

25.7

28.2 15.0 22.9 27.9 17.2

22.9 21.0

22.6

29.4 34.7 31.4 39.4 30.1 29.9

29.6 18.4

31.0 31.1

20.6 22.2 22.3 22.6

26.7 26.5 25.5 25.3 26.0

30.4 30.2 29.8

28.6 28.8

30.7

26.6

30.6

31.1 18.4 29.5 31.0 21.1

17.8 19.2

18.3

24.1 19.2 23.2 19.1 25.9 25.6

25.8 13.0

27.2 27.7

18.3 18.2 18.4 18.8

18.8 18.6 17.8 18.7 17.9

27.1 25.9 27.0

20.1 20.9

28.2

23.5

24.9

28.1 14.2 21.7 27.2 16.2

12.8 14.0

13.2

19.0 14.1 18.1 14.0 21.2 20.8

21.2 13.3

23.0 23.7

13.2 13.1 13.3 13.6

14.0 13.9 13.4 14.0 13.3

23.0 21.5 22.8

15.0 15.7

24.5

20.6

20.8

24.3 13.8 18.4 23.0 15.1

21.3 21.5

21.7

28.4 27.3 27.7 33.8 29.9 29.6

28.8 16.0

30.9 30.9

20.6 21.0 21.4 21.3

24.0 23.4 22.8 22.4 21.9

29.6 28.8 29.0

25.5 26.4

29.8

25.7

28.2

30.0 16.7 26.6 30.4 18.4

16.5 18.0

17.2

23.3 18.0 22.8 18.1 25.1 24.9

24.9 12.2

26.8 27.1

17.6 17.2 17.2 17.5

17.9 17.8 17.0 17.9 17.1

26.2 25.2 26.2

19.2 20.0

28.0

23.0

24.2

27.4 13.9 21.1 27.1 16.1

11.8 13.0

12.3

18.1 13.1 17.7 13.2 20.2 20.0

20.0 12.6

22.4 22.9

12.6 12.3 12.4 12.5

13.2 13.2 12.6 13.3 12.7

21.8 20.6 21.8

14.2 14.8

24.2

19.9

19.9

23.3 13.6 17.7 22.8 14.9

19.9 20.4

20.7

27.9 27.4 27.4 33.4 29.4 29.2

27.5 14.9

30.6 30.5

19.9 20.1 20.2 19.9

23.1 22.5 21.3 21.8 21.2

29.0 28.2 28.8

24.8 25.5

29.6

25.2

27.6

29.5 16.5 25.7 30.3 18.2

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 20.3 17.2 25.6 19.3 16.1 25.0 24.8 19.8 27.9 24.1 19.0 27.2 27.2 23.1 31.8 26.5 22.2 31.0 24.2 20.0 29.8 23.5 19.1 29.2 21.2 17.3 25.8 20.2 16.3 25.3 27.3 23.2 29.6 27.0 22.8 29.4 27.0 23.0 30.5 26.2 21.8 29.6 22.8 19.4 26.7 22.3 18.9 26.2

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 8.4 6.5 5.3 3497 481 10.3 8.9 7.9 3634 605 7.1 6.2 5.5 1481 1322 9.2 7.6 6.5 2342 1033 6.9 5.9 5.1 3681 542 8.0 6.8 6.0 207 2240 8.4 6.9 5.7 2194 975 4.7 3.9 3.3 1649 842 5 sites, 0 more on CD-ROM 12.4 10.4 9.3 0 3649 8.4 7.0 6.1 1714 0 8.1 6.3 5.4 0 2172 8.4 7.3 6.3 0 3582 8.7 6.9 5.6 395 26 1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM 5.9 5.0 4.4 0 2837 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 11.4 10.1 9.2 0 1831 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 7.2 6.4 5.8 0 3247 2 sites, 12 more on CD-ROM 5.7 4.8 4.1 2799 327 8.3 7.0 5.8 2900 294 3 sites, 2 more on CD-ROM 9.9 8.4 7.5 31 2341 10.2 9.0 7.8 6 2682 9.2 7.7 6.6 0 2860 5 sites, 32 more on CD-ROM 10.2 8.9 7.9 3433 174 10.1 9.0 8.1 3601 117 12.0 10.2 8.7 3692 96 9.2 7.9 6.8 3436 139 7.8 6.5 5.6 3427 143 4 sites, 34 more on CD-ROM 18.1 15.7 14.3 3514 28 12.6 11.3 10.2 3592 48 12.4 11.0 9.9 3768 30 12.0 10.5 9.3 3813 34 2 sites, 0 more on CD-ROM 7.6 6.5 5.9 0 2882 6.7 5.6 4.5 0 3033 2 sites, 1 more on CD-ROM 7.2 6.4 5.9 0 2757 7.6 6.7 6.0 1401 1 6 sites, 17 more on CD-ROM 10.1 8.8 7.9 476 1307 10.3 9.2 8.3 497 2094 9.3 8.0 7.1 360 1853 7.1 6.2 5.3 282 2783 10.7 9.5 8.8 283 1601 11.6 10.3 9.4 309 1516 1 site, 19 more on CD-ROM 9.2 8.1 7.2 4607 34 2 sites, 49 more on CD-ROM 10.1 9.0 8.0 4786 46 15.8 14.1 12.6 4571 29

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 22.2 28.5 21.2 27.4 25.7 28.7 25.1 28.0 28.4 32.8 27.7 32.1 26.0 32.3 25.2 31.5 22.8 28.3 22.0 27.3 28.1 31.2 27.7 30.8 28.0 31.6 27.1 30.7 24.2 29.8 23.7 29.0

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% 99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB -14.3 32.4 19.0 31.1 18.7 29.8 18.1 -15.5 30.5 24.1 29.4 23.5 28.5 23.0 0.2 34.4 27.3 33.6 26.9 32.8 26.6 -6.5 36.4 22.4 35.0 22.6 33.6 22.4 -14.8 33.0 18.9 31.4 18.7 29.9 18.5 9.2 33.9 26.7 33.1 26.8 32.4 26.7 -5.0 35.2 23.7 33.9 24.0 32.5 24.0 0.4 32.6 22.8 31.5 22.6 30.5 22.3

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

124 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

GUATEMALA (AEROPUERTO)

Guatemala

ATHINAI AP HELLINIKO ELEFSIS (AIRPORT) THESSALONIKI (AIRPORT)

Greece

BERLIN/DAHLEM BERLIN/SCHONEFELD BERLIN/TEGEL (FAFB) BERLIN/TEMPELHOF BREMEN CELLE DRESDEN/KLOTZSCHE DUSSELDORF ESSEN/MULHEIM FRANKFURT MAIN ARPT FUERSTENFELDBRUCK GUETERSLOH HAMBURG/FUHLSBUTTEL HANNOVER HEIDELBERG (USA-AF) KOLN/BONN (CIV/MIL) LEIPZIG-HOLZHAUSEN LEIPZIG/SCHKEUDITZ MUNICH MUNICH/RIEM NOERVENICH NURNBERG POTSDAM QUICKBORN ROTH STUTTGART/ECHTERDI STUTTGART/SCHNARREN WUNSTORF

Germany

TBILISI/LOCHINI A

Georgia

BANJUL/YUNDUM

Gambia

LIBREVILLE

Gabon

CAP COURONNE CAP POMEGUES CAPE FERRAT LE BOURGET LYON-BRON LYON-SATOLAS MARIGNANE NICE PARIS-AEROPORT CHAR PARIS-MONTSOURIS PARIS-ORLY TOULOUSE BLAGNAC TRAPPES VILLACOUBLAY

France

Station

9.42E

5.05E 5.30E 7.33E 2.43E 4.93E 5.08E 5.23E 7.20E 2.53E 2.33E 2.38E 1.37E 2.00E 2.20E

Long

13.30E 13.52E 13.32E 13.40E 8.80E 10.02E 13.77E 6.78E 6.97E 8.60E 11.27E 8.32E 10.00E 9.70E 8.65E 7.17E 12.45E 12.23E 11.55E 11.79E 6.67E 11.08E 13.07E 9.88E 11.10E 9.22E 9.20E 9.43E 15 31 4

51 47 37 50 3 52 230 45 154 112 535 72 16 55 109 91 151 133 520 453 135 319 81 17 395 396 315 51

427

33

15

27 70 144 52 202 240 32 27 112 77 90 154 168 179

Elev

14.58N 90.52W 1489

37.90N 23.73E 38.07N 23.55E 40.52N 22.97E

52.47N 52.38N 52.57N 52.47N 53.05N 52.60N 51.13N 51.28N 51.40N 50.05N 48.20N 51.93N 53.63N 52.47N 49.40N 50.87N 51.32N 51.42N 48.13N 48.35N 50.83N 49.50N 52.38N 53.73N 49.22N 48.68N 48.83N 52.47N

41.75N 44.77E

13.20N 16.63W

0.45N

43.33N 43.27N 43.68N 48.97N 45.72N 45.73N 43.45N 43.65N 49.02N 48.82N 48.72N 43.63N 48.77N 48.77N

Lat

10.8

1.8 0.8 -3.2

-12.0 -13.9 -12.4 -11.8 -10.7 -11.2 -13.6 -9.9 -9.9 -9.7 -15.1 -9.5 -11.6 -12.7 -8.1 -9.7 -10.4 -13.3 -11.9 -13.2 -8.2 -14.4 -12.9 -9.7 -13.3 -12.7 -11.5 -10.7

-5.3

16.4

21.9

-2.9 -1.4 4.0 -4.5 -5.4 -6.1 -2.8 1.9 -5.9 -3.0 -5.4 -4.0 -4.6 -5.3

99.6%

11.9

3.2 2.1 -1.8

-9.1 -10.8 -9.2 -9.2 -8.0 -8.4 -10.6 -6.8 -6.9 -7.2 -12.1 -6.7 -8.9 -9.7 -5.2 -6.9 -7.7 -10.4 -9.2 -10.2 -6.0 -10.9 -10.3 -7.4 -10.3 -10.0 -9.0 -7.9

-3.9

17.3

22.5

0.4 1.8 5.2 -3.0 -3.9 -4.3 -1.2 3.0 -3.8 -1.8 -3.6 -2.2 -3.2 -3.5

99%

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

28.1

35.6 36.9 34.2

29.3 29.6 30.0 30.0 28.5 30.2 29.4 29.6 28.2 30.8 29.1 30.0 27.8 28.9 31.9 30.0 30.3 29.8 29.5 29.7 30.3 30.2 29.3 28.4 30.8 29.3 29.6 30.2

34.6

37.9

31.8

30.7 28.6 29.1 31.1 33.2 32.4 32.7 29.5 30.7 31.2 31.0 33.1 30.0 29.8

17.7

21.1 20.9 21.7

19.0 19.0 18.7 18.9 19.4 18.9 18.7 19.6 19.3 19.1 18.9 19.1 18.9 19.4 20.6 19.5 19.2 19.2 19.0 19.0 19.5 18.5 18.9 18.9 19.2 18.9 19.6 19.2

21.8

20.2

27.4

22.6 22.0 22.4 19.9 19.8 20.2 21.2 22.7 20.0 20.1 20.1 20.9 19.5 19.6

27.2

34.1 35.1 33.0

27.3 27.7 28.0 28.0 26.4 28.2 27.3 27.8 26.6 28.9 27.1 27.9 25.9 27.0 30.0 28.0 28.3 27.7 27.7 27.8 28.2 28.3 27.4 26.4 28.7 27.6 27.8 28.1

33.1

36.1

31.1

29.5 27.3 28.1 29.0 31.4 30.7 31.3 28.6 28.6 29.1 29.0 31.2 28.0 27.9

17.9

21.0 20.6 21.8

18.2 18.3 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.3 18.1 18.7 18.4 18.6 18.0 18.5 18.1 18.5 19.9 18.7 18.4 18.5 18.1 18.5 18.8 17.9 18.3 18.4 18.4 18.4 18.6 18.5

21.4

20.2

27.2

22.3 21.9 22.4 19.1 19.6 19.9 21.0 22.6 19.3 19.5 19.4 20.4 18.7 19.0

26.2

32.9 34.0 31.8

25.6 25.8 26.2 26.2 24.6 26.2 25.7 26.1 24.8 27.2 25.2 25.9 24.0 25.1 28.2 26.2 26.5 25.9 26.1 26.0 26.3 26.5 25.6 24.5 26.9 25.8 26.1 26.1

31.6

35.0

30.9

28.3 26.3 27.1 26.9 29.7 28.9 30.1 27.7 26.6 27.2 27.0 29.5 26.1 26.0

17.8

21.0 20.3 21.3

17.4 17.6 17.1 17.5 17.5 17.3 17.4 17.9 17.6 18.1 17.2 17.8 17.2 17.6 18.8 17.8 17.9 17.7 17.5 17.9 17.9 17.0 17.7 17.7 17.8 17.7 17.9 17.6

21.1

21.0

27.1

21.8 21.5 22.1 18.6 19.3 19.3 20.6 22.4 18.6 18.7 18.6 19.9 18.0 18.2

20.2

24.6 22.7 23.8

20.2 20.2 20.0 20.1 20.4 20.0 20.0 20.5 20.1 20.7 19.7 20.5 20.0 20.4 21.7 20.7 20.4 20.2 19.7 20.0 20.7 19.7 20.2 20.3 20.1 20.0 20.6 20.3

23.2

27.7

28.3

24.8 24.2 24.6 21.1 21.4 21.7 23.4 24.9 21.3 21.4 21.4 22.5 20.7 20.9

24.8

31.4 32.2 31.1

26.5 26.5 26.9 26.9 26.1 27.8 26.6 27.3 26.2 27.5 27.2 27.1 25.8 26.5 29.0 27.4 27.3 27.1 27.4 26.7 27.9 26.8 26.6 25.7 28.0 27.4 27.3 27.7

31.9

31.4

30.3

28.7 26.5 27.3 28.2 29.4 28.9 28.8 27.7 27.8 28.9 28.4 29.5 27.1 27.3

19.7

23.8 22.1 23.0

19.3 19.3 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.1 19.0 19.7 19.2 19.8 18.8 19.6 18.9 19.4 20.9 19.6 19.6 19.3 18.9 19.2 19.7 18.9 19.3 19.4 19.3 19.2 19.7 19.4

22.3

27.2

27.9

24.0 23.4 23.9 20.2 20.7 20.8 22.6 24.1 20.4 20.3 20.4 21.7 19.7 19.9

24.1

30.6 31.7 30.2

25.2 25.7 25.7 25.8 24.5 26.2 25.2 26.0 25.1 26.2 25.8 25.6 24.2 25.2 27.8 25.9 25.7 25.7 26.1 25.7 26.4 25.5 25.4 24.2 26.5 26.0 25.9 26.2

30.9

30.9

29.9

27.8 25.7 26.7 26.6 28.4 27.8 28.3 27.2 26.4 27.0 26.7 28.3 25.6 25.7

19.0

22.3 19.9 21.2

18.1 18.1 17.9 18.0 18.5 17.4 17.5 18.3 18.0 18.6 17.0 18.3 17.9 18.3 19.2 18.3 18.2 17.8 17.2 17.9 18.2 17.6 18.3 18.6 17.7 17.4 18.2 17.9

20.2

26.8

27.9

23.6 23.5 23.7 19.0 18.9 19.2 21.8 24.0 19.2 18.9 19.1 20.3 18.7 18.8

16.6

17.0 14.7 15.9

13.1 13.1 12.9 13.0 13.3 12.5 12.9 13.2 13.2 13.6 12.9 13.3 12.9 13.3 14.2 13.4 13.3 13.0 13.1 13.6 13.3 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.3 13.0 13.6 12.9

15.7

22.5

24.1

18.5 18.4 18.9 13.8 14.0 14.4 16.5 18.9 14.1 13.8 14.1 15.2 13.8 13.9

21.3

29.0 26.7 28.3

22.3 22.6 22.1 22.1 22.5 21.9 22.1 22.9 22.4 22.5 23.3 22.2 22.1 22.2 24.1 23.2 22.1 22.7 21.6 21.9 23.2 21.3 22.1 21.7 21.9 23.1 23.2 22.5

27.7

30.0

30.0

27.4 25.6 26.5 23.1 24.0 24.4 26.4 27.0 23.9 24.1 23.7 25.5 23.0 23.5

18.2

21.5 18.9 20.4

17.1 17.1 16.9 16.9 17.4 16.5 16.7 17.4 17.1 17.7 16.1 17.5 16.9 17.3 18.2 17.4 17.4 17.0 16.4 17.1 17.2 16.8 17.1 17.7 16.9 16.6 17.4 16.9

19.3

26.2

27.2

22.8 22.7 23.0 18.0 18.1 18.5 20.9 23.0 18.2 17.9 18.2 19.5 17.7 17.8

15.8

16.2 13.8 15.1

12.3 12.2 12.1 12.1 12.5 11.9 12.3 12.5 12.4 12.8 12.2 12.7 12.1 12.5 13.3 12.6 12.7 12.3 12.5 12.9 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.7 12.6 12.4 12.9 12.1

14.8

21.7

23.0

17.6 17.5 18.1 13.0 13.4 13.7 15.6 17.8 13.3 13.0 13.2 14.5 13.0 13.1

20.7

28.5 26.2 27.4

21.1 21.3 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.6 21.4 21.9 21.2 21.8 21.8 21.4 21.2 21.6 23.5 21.9 21.5 21.8 21.1 21.4 22.2 20.6 21.3 20.9 21.5 22.2 22.4 22.0

26.9

29.5

29.2

26.6 25.0 25.9 22.3 23.5 23.5 25.8 26.5 22.8 23.0 22.8 24.7 21.7 22.4

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 14 sites, 145 more on CD-ROM 17.1 15.0 13.3 1578 568 23.5 20.7 17.9 1523 457 12.2 9.9 8.0 1269 561 9.9 8.7 7.7 2511 171 11.3 9.8 8.4 2393 381 10.6 9.1 7.9 2526 321 16.3 14.2 12.3 1655 623 11.9 10.1 8.3 1404 537 11.5 10.0 8.8 2617 166 7.3 6.4 5.7 2323 239 10.9 9.4 8.3 2609 182 10.5 9.3 8.2 2048 389 6.8 6.0 5.3 2696 139 9.5 8.4 7.5 2757 152 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 6.9 6.2 5.5 0 3020 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 8.7 7.9 7.0 1 3128 1 site, 4 more on CD-ROM 20.6 17.3 14.8 2347 680 28 sites, 108 more on CD-ROM 7.4 6.5 5.9 3390 118 11.1 9.6 8.4 3508 101 10.4 9.2 8.2 3317 147 10.4 9.1 8.1 3284 147 11.4 10.0 8.8 3423 72 9.3 8.0 7.0 3288 119 9.6 8.3 7.3 3408 124 10.4 9.2 8.1 2929 139 9.7 8.4 7.4 3178 103 10.1 8.7 7.5 3094 171 11.1 9.3 7.7 3706 82 9.8 8.4 7.4 3090 114 10.2 9.0 8.1 3514 61 10.2 8.9 8.0 3368 80 7.9 6.8 5.9 2741 264 8.9 7.8 6.9 3082 107 6.6 5.8 5.1 3149 157 12.5 10.8 9.4 3393 120 7.8 6.4 5.3 3337 157 11.6 9.7 8.3 3540 104 10.0 8.4 7.2 2966 123 9.2 7.9 6.8 3507 128 10.8 9.4 8.3 3460 108 8.9 7.5 6.6 3458 59 8.1 6.9 5.8 3586 107 9.4 7.9 6.8 3490 106 9.1 7.7 6.6 3152 160 10.6 9.3 8.2 3183 122 3 sites, 23 more on CD-ROM 10.0 8.9 8.1 1117 1131 10.1 9.0 8.2 1231 1173 11.5 9.6 8.2 1801 823 1 site, 2 more on CD-ROM 11.9 10.3 9.5 65 701

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 125

DENPASAR/NGURAH RAI JAKARTA/SOEKARNO-HA MEDAN/POLONIA MENADO/ SAM RATULAN PADANG/TABING PEKAN BARU/SIMPANGT SURABAYA/JUANDA UJUNG PANDANG/HASAN

Indonesia

AHMADABAD AKOLA AURANGABAD CHIKALTH BANGALORE BELGAUM/SAMBRA BHOPAL/BAIRAGARH BHUBANESWAR BIKANER BOMBAY/SANTACRUZ CALCUTTA/DUM DUM COIMBATORE/PEELAMED CWC VISHAKHAPATNAM GAUHATI GWALIOR BEGUMPET AIRPORT INDORE JABALPUR JAIPUR/SANGANER JAMSHEDPUR JODHPUR KOZHIKODE LUCKNOW/AMAUSI MADRAS/MINAMBAKKAM MANGALORE/BAJPE NAGPUR SONEGAON NELLORE NEW DELHI/PALAM NEW DELHI/SAFDARJUN PATIALA PATNA POONA RAJKOT SHOLAPUR SURAT THIRUVANANTHAPURAM TIRUCHCHIRAPALLI

India

BUDAORS BUDAPEST/FERIHEGY I BUDAPEST/PESTSZENTL

Hungary

HONG KONG INTERNATI HONG KONG OBSERVATO

Hong Kong

LA MESA (SAN PEDRO SULA) TEGUCIGALPA

Honduras

Station Long

Elev

8.75S 6.12S 3.57N 1.53N 0.88S 0.47N 7.37S 5.07S

23.07N 20.70N 19.85N 12.97N 15.85N 23.28N 20.25N 28.00N 19.12N 22.65N 11.03N 17.70N 26.10N 26.23N 17.45N 22.72N 23.20N 26.82N 22.82N 26.30N 11.25N 26.75N 13.00N 12.92N 21.10N 14.45N 28.57N 28.58N 30.33N 25.60N 18.53N 22.30N 17.67N 21.20N 8.48N 10.77N 115.17E 106.65E 98.68E 124.92E 100.35E 101.45E 112.77E 119.55E

72.63E 77.07E 75.40E 77.58E 74.62E 77.35E 85.83E 73.30E 72.85E 88.45E 77.05E 83.30E 91.58E 78.25E 78.47E 75.80E 79.95E 75.80E 86.18E 73.02E 75.78E 80.88E 80.18E 74.88E 79.05E 79.98E 77.12E 77.20E 76.47E 85.10E 73.85E 70.78E 75.90E 72.83E 76.95E 78.72E

47.45N 18.97E 47.43N 19.27E 47.43N 19.18E

22.32N 113.92E 22.30N 114.17E

1 8 25 80 3 31 3 14

55 305 579 921 747 523 46 224 14 6 399 66 54 207 545 567 393 390 142 224 5 128 16 102 310 20 233 216 251 60 559 138 479 12 64 88

132 185 139

8 62

15.45N 87.93W 31 14.05N 87.22W 1007

Lat

21.8 22.0 22.5 20.5 21.5 21.8 21.0 20.4

11.0 12.9 10.6 15.2 13.3 10.0 14.0 6.2 16.8 11.5 18.2 20.0 10.9 6.0 13.9 9.3 8.5 7.2 10.1 8.8 22.4 6.9 19.9 20.7 11.8 20.4 6.1 6.2 5.0 8.0 9.9 11.9 15.9 14.2 22.1 20.0

-11.2 -12.1 -10.1

8.9 9.6

17.3 11.6

99.6%

22.8 22.8 22.8 21.4 22.1 22.3 21.9 21.1

12.3 14.1 12.0 15.9 14.5 11.2 15.1 7.6 18.0 12.7 19.1 20.8 11.9 7.2 15.1 10.7 9.8 8.6 11.3 10.1 23.0 8.1 20.8 21.5 13.0 21.1 7.2 7.2 6.1 9.2 11.0 13.4 17.1 15.5 22.7 20.8

-9.0 -9.8 -8.1

10.4 10.9

18.2 12.9

99%

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

32.4 33.8 34.2 33.0 32.2 34.5 34.1 34.1

42.1 43.2 40.2 34.2 36.4 41.8 38.6 44.2 35.9 37.4 36.5 33.7 34.6 43.7 40.2 40.9 42.4 42.5 42.3 42.7 34.1 42.1 38.7 34.4 43.9 40.7 43.8 42.2 41.6 41.1 38.3 41.1 41.1 38.0 33.8 39.0

31.0 32.6 32.6

33.9 32.2

37.1 32.0

26.6 25.6 26.1 24.3 25.9 26.7 24.5 23.4

23.0 22.0 22.6 19.8 19.2 21.6 26.6 21.3 22.7 27.0 22.1 27.2 26.7 22.5 21.8 19.8 20.7 21.3 22.2 21.2 28.1 22.8 25.9 25.0 22.5 26.8 22.6 22.7 24.6 23.0 19.8 22.2 22.2 22.4 25.8 25.8

20.1 22.0 20.3

26.5 26.5

25.9 19.2

32.0 33.1 33.7 32.5 31.9 34.0 33.5 33.3

41.0 42.0 39.2 33.4 35.4 40.6 37.3 42.9 34.9 36.3 35.6 33.0 33.7 42.6 39.1 39.7 41.2 41.2 40.7 41.4 33.5 40.8 37.2 33.8 42.8 39.2 42.1 40.7 40.1 39.6 37.2 40.0 40.1 36.5 33.2 38.1

29.3 30.9 30.9

33.1 31.7

36.0 31.0

26.4 25.8 26.1 24.4 25.9 26.7 24.7 23.9

22.8 21.7 22.7 19.8 19.3 21.4 26.6 22.0 23.1 27.0 22.4 27.6 26.7 22.7 21.7 19.8 20.7 21.3 22.5 21.6 27.7 22.8 25.8 25.0 22.4 27.1 22.5 22.9 24.4 23.1 19.7 22.2 22.5 22.7 25.7 25.7

19.7 21.0 19.8

26.3 26.4

26.1 19.7

31.5 32.8 33.1 32.1 31.6 33.6 33.0 32.9

39.9 40.9 38.2 32.6 34.4 39.4 36.2 41.6 33.9 35.4 34.7 32.4 33.0 41.3 38.0 38.6 40.0 40.0 39.1 40.2 33.1 39.2 36.2 33.3 41.4 38.0 40.8 39.4 38.5 38.0 36.2 38.9 39.0 35.2 32.8 37.3

27.8 29.0 29.2

32.2 31.2

35.0 30.1

26.3 25.8 26.1 24.6 25.9 26.6 24.8 24.1

22.9 21.5 22.4 19.8 19.4 21.3 26.5 22.3 23.4 26.8 22.7 27.4 26.7 22.6 21.8 19.8 20.9 21.3 23.0 21.8 27.3 23.5 25.8 24.8 22.2 26.9 22.5 23.1 24.5 23.8 19.8 22.6 22.3 23.0 25.6 25.5

19.2 20.0 19.2

26.1 26.3

26.1 19.7

27.6 27.8 27.5 26.4 27.2 28.1 27.0 27.1

28.5 26.8 26.6 23.6 24.0 26.2 29.4 28.1 27.7 29.6 25.7 29.2 28.7 28.3 25.7 25.6 26.6 27.5 28.2 27.5 28.8 29.2 28.4 27.2 27.4 29.0 29.5 28.7 29.6 28.9 24.7 27.9 26.6 28.2 27.6 27.8

21.3 23.0 21.6

27.7 27.4

28.4 22.5

30.8 31.3 32.0 30.4 31.0 32.8 31.1 30.5

33.7 34.3 35.2 28.9 29.3 31.5 34.1 34.5 31.2 34.5 31.4 32.1 32.7 33.2 31.5 30.4 31.1 31.2 33.2 32.4 33.0 33.8 33.1 31.4 32.3 35.8 33.3 34.0 33.6 33.7 29.9 33.4 33.1 31.7 31.7 35.0

28.9 30.6 29.2

30.9 30.5

33.2 27.8

27.2 27.4 27.2 26.1 26.9 27.7 26.7 26.7

28.0 26.2 25.7 23.1 23.6 25.8 29.0 27.6 27.4 29.1 25.2 28.7 28.4 27.9 25.1 25.1 26.2 27.0 27.7 27.1 28.4 28.8 28.0 26.8 26.8 28.5 28.9 28.2 29.2 28.6 24.2 27.4 25.9 27.9 27.2 27.2

20.5 21.8 20.7

27.3 27.1

27.8 22.1

30.4 31.0 31.5 30.1 30.7 32.4 30.7 30.2

32.7 32.1 33.1 28.3 28.4 30.7 33.6 33.9 30.9 33.8 30.7 31.7 32.1 32.5 30.8 29.8 30.3 30.9 32.4 32.1 32.5 33.2 32.3 30.9 31.6 34.9 32.7 33.4 33.4 33.0 29.1 32.2 32.1 31.4 31.2 34.1

27.5 28.5 28.5

30.6 30.1

32.4 27.4

26.9 26.9 26.2 25.2 26.1 26.7 26.0 26.2

27.3 25.2 24.6 22.2 22.7 25.1 28.4 26.8 26.9 28.4 24.6 28.4 27.7 27.2 24.2 24.5 25.6 26.7 27.0 26.5 27.6 28.2 27.3 26.2 26.2 27.5 29.0 27.5 28.6 27.9 23.5 26.8 25.1 27.4 26.5 26.2

18.6 20.2 19.1

26.9 26.6

27.2 21.1

22.5 22.6 21.7 20.6 21.6 22.4 21.3 21.6

23.3 21.2 21.0 19.0 19.1 21.6 24.8 23.1 22.6 24.7 20.5 24.9 23.9 23.6 20.5 20.9 21.8 23.5 23.2 22.6 23.6 24.8 23.1 21.8 22.5 23.5 26.3 24.1 25.9 24.2 19.6 22.8 21.5 23.3 22.2 21.9

13.7 15.3 14.1

22.6 22.3

23.0 17.8

29.8 30.3 29.9 28.2 29.9 31.4 28.7 28.6

30.6 28.5 29.4 25.4 25.5 28.1 31.4 30.5 29.9 32.2 27.3 31.5 31.1 30.5 27.8 27.4 28.4 29.0 30.1 29.5 32.1 31.4 30.5 29.0 29.0 31.5 30.9 31.2 31.8 30.9 26.3 29.3 29.0 30.2 29.7 30.1

24.3 26.7 24.5

30.1 29.3

30.6 24.4

26.2 26.2 26.0 25.1 25.7 26.3 25.7 25.9

26.9 24.9 24.0 21.7 22.4 24.7 28.0 26.2 26.4 28.0 24.1 27.9 27.3 26.8 23.8 24.1 25.2 26.1 26.6 26.0 27.2 27.9 27.0 25.8 25.9 27.1 28.1 27.1 28.2 27.5 23.1 26.4 24.5 27.0 26.1 25.8

17.9 19.8 18.2

26.2 26.2

26.9 20.7

21.7 21.7 21.5 20.4 21.0 21.8 20.9 21.3

22.8 20.7 20.3 18.4 18.7 21.0 24.2 22.2 21.9 24.2 20.0 24.2 23.3 23.1 20.0 20.4 21.3 22.6 22.6 21.9 23.0 24.3 22.7 21.3 22.0 22.9 25.0 23.5 25.2 23.6 19.1 22.3 20.7 22.8 21.7 21.3

13.1 14.8 13.3

21.7 21.8

22.6 17.4

29.2 29.4 29.6 28.1 29.5 30.9 28.5 28.4

30.1 28.0 28.3 24.9 25.2 27.6 31.1 30.3 29.5 31.9 26.9 31.2 30.5 30.1 27.3 26.9 27.9 28.7 29.6 29.1 31.5 31.2 30.3 28.7 28.8 31.2 30.7 30.8 31.6 30.5 25.9 29.0 28.4 29.9 29.4 29.7

23.6 25.7 23.6

29.6 29.1

30.2 23.8

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 2 sites, 1 more on CD-ROM 8.8 7.8 6.7 0 3228 9.3 8.2 7.2 13 1492 2 sites, 2 more on CD-ROM 10.4 9.1 8.2 170 2304 8.6 7.4 6.5 237 1976 3 sites, 31 more on CD-ROM 13.9 11.6 9.3 3072 246 13.9 11.2 9.2 3158 268 7.5 6.4 5.5 2958 347 36 sites, 30 more on CD-ROM 6.9 6.0 5.3 11 3478 5.7 4.8 4.0 3 3382 8.3 7.0 6.0 7 2779 5.5 4.8 4.1 0 2142 8.3 7.5 6.4 0 2233 9.0 8.1 7.1 53 2757 10.2 8.9 7.9 1 3361 6.9 5.4 4.4 172 3450 7.1 6.3 5.7 0 3435 6.0 5.1 4.4 17 3096 9.2 8.3 7.6 0 3116 8.1 7.1 6.2 0 3409 4.9 4.1 3.4 53 2392 4.5 3.6 3.1 181 3043 7.8 6.5 5.8 0 3096 11.0 9.5 8.7 41 2642 4.2 3.4 3.0 79 2842 7.8 6.3 5.3 161 2994 4.2 3.4 2.9 23 3111 5.4 4.5 3.5 69 3402 6.2 5.2 4.3 0 3526 6.9 5.9 5.0 183 2804 8.2 7.3 6.3 0 3814 7.9 6.7 6.0 0 3333 7.9 6.4 5.5 6 3287 5.2 4.2 3.4 0 4075 8.0 6.9 6.0 281 2981 6.7 5.7 4.8 261 2811 4.2 3.3 2.8 393 2427 6.3 5.6 5.0 131 2873 5.1 4.2 3.4 7 2358 10.7 9.2 8.3 6 3455 3.2 2.6 2.4 0 3501 5.5 4.7 3.9 1 3422 5.4 4.5 3.7 0 3401 11.4 10.3 9.0 0 4013 8 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM 8.1 7.0 6.1 0 3369 9.8 8.4 7.4 0 3388 6.1 5.3 4.8 0 3434 7.5 5.9 4.9 0 3055 5.4 4.6 4.1 0 3168 5.4 4.5 4.0 0 3499 8.3 7.3 6.2 0 3518 7.3 6.1 5.3 0 3221

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

126 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

AKITA ASAHIKAWA ASHIYA AB ATSUGI NAS CHIBA FUKUOKA FUKUOKA AIRPORT FUKUYAMA FUSHIKI FUTENMA MCAF GIFU GIFU AB HAMAMATSU

Japan

KINGSTON/NORMAN MAN

Jamaica

BARI/PALESE MACCHIE BOLOGNA/BORGO PANIG CATANIA/FONTANAROSS SIGONELLA FIRENZE/PERETOLA GENOVA/SESTRI GRAZZANISE MILANO/LINATE NAPLES NAPOLI/CAPODICHINO PALERMO/PUNTA RAISI PRATICA DI MARE ROMA FIUMICINO ROMA/CIAMPINO TORINO/BRIC DELLA C TORINO/CASELLE

Italy

BEN-GURION INT. AIR SDE-DOV (TEL-AVIV)

Israel

CASEMENT AERODROME DUBLIN AIRPORT

Ireland

ABADAN AHWAZ ANZALI ARAK BANDARABBASS ESFAHAN HAMEDAN KASHAN KERMAN SHAHID ASHRAFI ESFAH MASHHAD ORUMIEH SHIRAZ TABRIZ TEHRAN-MEHRABAD ZAHEDAN ZANJAN

Iran, Islamic Republic of

Station

48.25E 48.67E 49.47E 49.77E 56.37E 51.67E 48.53E 51.45E 56.97E 47.16E 59.63E 45.08E 52.53E 46.28E 51.32E 60.91E 48.48E

Long

16.75E 11.30E 15.05E 14.92E 11.20E 8.85E 14.07E 9.27E 14.30E 14.30E 13.10E 12.45E 12.23E 12.58E 7.73E 7.65E

39.72N 43.77N 33.88N 35.45N 35.60N 33.58N 33.58N 34.45N 36.80N 26.27N 35.40N 35.38N 34.72N

3

49 49 17 31 38 3 10 104 93 72 21 21 3 105 710 287

49 4

93 85

6 22 -26 1708 10 1550 1749 982 1754 1306 999 1316 1481 1361 1191 1378 1663

Elev

140.10E 7 142.37E 116 130.65E 33 139.45E 65 140.10E 19 130.38E 15 130.45E 12 133.25E 3 137.05E 13 127.75E 78 136.77E 17 136.87E 42 137.72E 33

17.93N 76.78W

41.13N 44.53N 37.47N 37.40N 43.80N 44.42N 41.05N 45.45N 40.90N 40.85N 38.18N 41.65N 41.80N 41.78N 45.03N 45.22N

32.00N 34.90E 32.10N 34.78E

53.30N 6.43W 53.43N 6.25W

30.37N 31.33N 37.47N 34.10N 27.22N 32.47N 34.85N 33.98N 30.25N 34.35N 36.27N 37.53N 29.53N 38.08N 35.68N 29.48N 36.68N

Lat

-5.0 -17.6 -0.9 -1.0 0.5 1.0 -0.1 -2.5 -2.2 10.9 -1.3 -3.1 0.3

22.0

0.8 -4.2 1.8 1.1 -3.1 1.1 -0.9 -4.9 2.0 0.8 6.6 0.8 -0.3 -1.1 -4.8 -5.9

5.2 7.3

-3.3 -2.7

4.0 4.8 1.4 -16.6 9.1 -7.9 -18.4 -5.8 -7.1 -8.1 -9.1 -11.6 -2.2 -11.2 -3.6 -4.9 -14.1

99.6%

-4.0 -15.2 0.2 0.0 1.3 2.0 1.0 -1.5 -1.4 11.8 -0.4 -2.1 1.1

22.8

1.9 -3.0 3.0 2.2 -1.2 2.8 0.2 -3.2 3.2 2.0 7.7 2.0 0.8 0.0 -3.2 -4.2

6.8 8.6

-1.7 -1.1

5.5 6.0 2.7 -12.4 10.8 -5.9 -14.3 -2.8 -5.1 -5.8 -6.1 -9.1 -0.9 -9.0 -1.9 -3.0 -11.3

99%

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

31.5 29.6 32.2 33.0 32.4 33.6 33.9 34.0 33.4 32.2 35.1 34.2 32.6

33.5

33.9 34.1 35.0 37.2 35.1 29.9 32.2 33.1 33.5 33.1 33.8 30.9 31.1 33.8 28.1 30.9

35.1 31.2

22.7 22.0

47.8 47.8 30.6 36.3 41.8 39.1 35.6 41.7 38.0 39.7 37.1 33.0 39.2 35.7 38.7 39.1 34.0

24.2 22.5 25.7 25.4 25.6 25.5 25.6 25.3 24.8 26.6 25.2 25.4 25.2

25.9

22.7 22.7 23.3 22.2 22.2 23.2 23.1 24.0 23.6 23.3 22.1 23.4 22.2 21.8 20.4 22.3

20.7 23.6

17.3 17.1

22.4 22.8 25.3 16.2 23.8 17.4 17.1 19.8 16.2 18.3 18.4 17.8 18.3 16.7 18.6 16.5 15.8

29.9 27.9 31.2 31.9 31.4 32.6 32.9 33.0 31.8 31.9 33.9 33.1 31.4

33.1

32.0 32.9 33.0 35.8 33.8 28.9 31.1 31.8 32.1 31.9 31.5 29.9 30.0 32.2 27.0 29.5

33.2 30.3

21.2 20.5

46.8 46.8 29.9 35.2 40.0 38.1 34.5 40.5 37.0 38.6 36.0 31.8 38.2 34.1 37.2 38.1 32.7

23.6 21.2 25.8 25.0 25.4 25.3 25.4 25.3 24.7 26.5 24.8 25.0 25.1

26.0

22.4 22.6 23.4 22.1 22.0 23.5 23.1 23.2 23.2 23.2 22.9 23.5 22.6 21.6 19.9 21.7

22.1 24.3

16.6 16.3

22.3 22.6 25.1 15.9 25.2 16.9 16.5 19.3 15.7 17.7 18.1 17.7 17.9 16.3 18.3 16.2 15.9

28.4 26.5 30.2 30.8 30.4 31.6 31.9 32.0 30.3 31.1 32.5 31.9 30.4

32.6

30.6 31.4 31.8 33.9 32.1 28.0 30.1 30.5 31.0 30.8 30.0 28.9 29.1 31.0 25.8 28.2

32.1 29.8

19.9 19.4

45.8 45.8 29.2 34.0 38.9 36.9 33.2 39.3 36.0 37.3 34.8 30.6 37.2 33.0 36.2 37.0 31.4

23.0 20.4 25.4 24.7 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 24.3 26.3 24.4 24.5 24.9

25.8

22.0 22.0 23.1 22.1 21.4 23.3 23.1 22.4 22.9 23.2 23.8 23.8 22.6 21.2 19.4 21.0

22.7 24.2

16.0 15.7

22.0 22.3 24.8 15.5 25.8 16.7 16.0 19.0 15.5 17.1 17.7 17.3 17.4 16.1 18.0 15.5 15.4

25.1 23.7 26.7 26.2 26.5 26.5 26.6 26.2 26.1 28.0 26.2 26.5 26.7

28.1

25.2 24.7 26.3 24.8 24.3 26.0 26.5 25.1 25.9 26.2 26.7 26.2 25.7 24.7 22.7 23.8

25.9 26.8

18.2 17.9

28.8 28.2 26.8 18.8 31.1 19.0 19.1 21.9 17.7 20.2 21.7 19.7 20.4 18.4 22.2 18.7 18.4

29.4 28.1 30.1 30.4 30.6 31.5 31.1 32.1 30.7 30.5 32.1 31.1 30.1

30.4

29.7 31.0 30.0 31.5 31.4 27.8 29.5 31.0 30.9 30.0 29.2 28.6 28.4 28.5 25.7 28.4

30.8 29.4

21.3 20.7

35.3 35.7 29.4 32.2 35.2 36.3 32.7 38.1 34.5 37.2 33.3 29.4 35.2 31.2 32.7 33.9 30.1

24.5 22.7 26.2 25.8 26.1 26.0 26.2 25.7 25.4 27.4 25.7 26.0 26.2

27.7

24.2 23.8 25.6 24.1 23.5 25.2 25.5 24.2 24.9 25.3 26.0 25.5 24.9 23.9 21.8 22.9

25.2 26.1

17.4 17.1

27.5 26.7 26.2 17.6 30.7 18.1 18.0 20.9 16.9 19.1 20.5 19.1 19.5 17.7 20.7 17.5 17.5

28.4 26.5 29.6 29.8 30.0 30.9 30.7 31.5 29.9 29.9 31.2 30.5 29.3

30.4

28.9 30.1 29.5 31.0 30.3 27.3 28.9 29.7 30.2 29.3 28.7 28.1 27.8 28.0 24.8 27.5

30.2 29.0

20.1 19.6

35.3 37.2 29.0 31.6 34.8 35.6 31.5 37.5 34.2 36.2 32.7 28.9 34.7 30.3 33.2 35.0 29.0

24.0 22.2 25.9 25.1 25.4 25.0 25.2 24.5 24.8 27.2 24.8 25.2 25.8

27.7

24.0 22.9 25.2 23.1 22.2 25.2 25.7 23.3 24.2 25.1 26.0 25.3 24.9 23.9 21.8 22.3

24.2 26.1

17.0 16.7

27.2 26.4 26.0 13.9 30.2 12.1 14.0 16.1 10.9 13.2 17.6 16.4 15.2 14.1 18.2 12.8 14.0

18.9 17.2 21.3 20.4 20.6 20.1 20.3 19.5 19.9 23.2 19.9 20.5 21.2

23.6

19.0 17.7 20.4 17.9 17.0 20.4 21.0 18.4 19.3 20.4 21.4 20.5 19.9 19.0 18.0 17.5

19.3 21.5

12.3 12.0

23.0 21.9 21.2 12.2 27.5 10.6 12.3 12.9 10.1 11.1 14.3 13.7 12.9 11.8 15.2 10.9 12.3

27.4 26.4 28.9 28.1 29.0 29.4 28.9 29.2 28.7 29.6 28.2 27.9 28.4

29.4

27.7 28.2 28.1 27.5 27.0 27.2 28.8 28.1 29.3 28.6 28.6 28.2 27.5 26.6 24.2 25.8

29.2 29.0

19.6 19.3

32.6 33.0 29.0 26.3 33.8 28.0 26.2 32.4 22.6 27.2 29.5 25.0 30.2 23.1 30.5 25.1 24.0

23.3 21.3 25.2 24.8 24.9 24.5 25.0 24.1 24.1 26.7 24.3 24.9 25.4

27.0

22.9 21.9 24.2 22.1 21.2 24.2 24.2 22.4 23.1 24.1 25.1 24.6 24.0 22.9 20.8 21.5

23.8 25.1

16.2 15.9

25.5 24.0 25.3 12.1 29.8 10.8 12.5 14.4 9.6 11.9 16.0 15.3 13.8 13.1 16.1 10.6 13.2

18.1 16.2 20.4 20.0 20.1 19.5 20.1 19.0 19.1 22.5 19.3 20.1 20.6

22.8

17.7 16.7 19.2 16.8 15.9 19.2 19.1 17.4 18.1 19.1 20.2 19.7 18.8 17.8 16.9 16.7

18.7 20.3

11.6 11.4

20.7 19.0 20.4 10.8 26.9 9.7 11.2 11.5 9.2 10.2 12.8 12.7 11.8 11.1 13.3 9.4 11.6

26.8 25.3 28.2 28.0 28.6 29.0 28.7 28.9 28.0 29.2 28.1 27.8 28.1

29.2

26.9 27.3 27.5 27.3 26.6 26.7 27.7 27.2 28.4 27.8 28.0 27.7 26.9 26.0 23.8 25.3

28.8 28.5

18.8 18.4

32.5 32.8 28.5 24.8 33.6 26.4 26.0 31.4 22.6 26.2 27.6 24.6 29.1 23.2 28.6 20.9 22.9

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 17 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM 10.4 9.2 8.1 413 3304 9.0 7.5 6.4 429 3323 11.3 9.3 7.3 1506 857 8.5 7.6 6.5 2424 879 8.5 7.5 6.8 73 3246 10.1 8.4 7.1 1968 1081 10.3 8.6 7.3 2789 555 7.2 5.5 4.4 1460 1832 11.0 9.3 7.8 1604 1028 9.8 8.3 7.2 2054 1014 8.9 7.6 6.6 2044 1022 9.1 7.1 5.6 2873 452 9.4 7.9 6.6 1353 1443 10.5 9.3 8.0 2638 814 11.1 9.6 7.8 1573 1546 11.8 10.0 8.5 1165 1462 10.2 8.4 7.1 2953 432 2 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM 15.0 13.2 11.7 3156 8 13.4 12.0 10.6 3158 5 2 sites, 4 more on CD-ROM 10.0 8.8 7.9 573 1369 11.9 9.7 8.2 509 1294 16 sites, 68 more on CD-ROM 9.4 8.2 7.2 1536 657 7.2 6.1 5.3 2169 669 10.1 8.5 7.4 1081 861 9.4 8.2 7.3 1094 989 8.4 7.1 6.1 1680 730 11.5 10.3 9.3 1378 644 9.9 8.3 7.0 1564 608 7.1 5.5 4.4 2196 614 8.2 6.8 5.7 1218 862 9.1 7.5 6.4 1319 768 13.3 11.6 10.1 797 991 10.2 8.7 7.5 1374 597 11.3 9.6 8.3 1513 556 11.2 9.2 7.7 1614 661 8.8 7.0 5.5 2624 279 6.4 4.8 4.0 2491 386 1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM 14.1 12.8 11.4 0 3580 65 sites, 127 more on CD-ROM 12.3 10.7 9.3 2811 489 8.2 6.7 5.6 4291 228 10.4 9.2 8.1 1704 822 10.5 9.2 8.2 1674 858 12.2 10.4 8.9 1616 871 8.2 7.2 6.4 1431 1049 9.3 8.2 7.4 1532 1033 6.0 5.2 4.4 1828 959 7.5 6.4 5.5 2170 722 11.1 9.5 8.4 193 1851 8.0 7.0 6.2 1736 1037 8.1 7.1 6.1 1958 905 8.8 8.0 7.2 1503 935

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 127

AMMAN AIRPORT IRBED QUEEN ALIA AIRPORT

Jordan

HAMAMATSU AB HIMEJI HIROSHIMA IIZUKA IRUMA AB KADENA AB KAGOSHIMA KANAZAWA KANSAI INTERNATIONA KOBE KOCHI KOMATSU AB KUMAGAYA KUMAMOTO KURE KYOTO MATSUYAMA MIYAZAKI NAGANO NAGASAKI NAGOYA NAGOYA AIRPORT NAHA NAHA AIRPORT NARA NIIGATA NYUTABARU AB OITA OKAYAMA ONAHAMA OSAKA OSAKA INTERNATIONAL OTARU OZUKI AB SAPPORO SENDAI SHIMOFUSA AB SHIMONOSEKI SHIZUHAMA AB SHIZUOKA SUMOTO TADOTSU TAKAMATSU TOKYO TOKYO INTERNATIONAL TOYAMA TSUIKI AB UTSUNOMIYA WAKAYAMA YOKOHAMA YOKOSUKA FWF YOKOTA AB

Station 137.70E 134.67E 132.47E 130.70E 139.42E 127.77E 130.55E 136.63E 135.25E 135.22E 133.55E 136.40E 139.38E 130.70E 132.55E 135.73E 132.78E 131.42E 138.20E 129.87E 136.97E 136.92E 127.68E 127.65E 135.83E 139.05E 131.45E 131.62E 133.92E 140.90E 135.52E 135.43E 141.02E 131.05E 141.33E 140.90E 140.02E 130.93E 138.30E 138.40E 134.90E 133.75E 134.05E 139.77E 139.78E 137.20E 131.05E 139.87E 135.17E 139.65E 139.67E 139.35E

Long

31.98N 35.98E 32.55N 35.85E 31.72N 35.98E

34.75N 34.83N 34.40N 33.65N 35.83N 26.35N 31.55N 36.58N 34.43N 34.70N 33.57N 36.40N 36.15N 32.82N 34.23N 35.02N 33.85N 31.93N 36.67N 32.73N 35.17N 35.25N 26.20N 26.20N 34.70N 37.92N 32.08N 33.23N 34.67N 36.95N 34.68N 34.78N 43.18N 34.05N 43.07N 38.27N 35.80N 33.95N 34.82N 34.98N 34.33N 34.28N 34.32N 35.68N 35.55N 36.72N 33.68N 36.55N 34.23N 35.43N 35.28N 35.75N

Lat

779 616 722

48 40 53 38 93 48 32 33 8 30 5 9 31 39 5 46 34 15 419 35 56 16 53 6 106 6 82 13 18 5 83 15 26 7 26 43 33 19 10 15 112 5 10 36 9 17 20 140 18 42 53 142

Elev

1.0 1.8 -0.8

99.6% -0.9 -2.1 -0.7 -1.6 -3.7 9.8 1.3 -1.3 1.8 -0.1 -0.8 -2.0 -2.0 -1.6 0.1 -0.8 0.0 -0.1 -6.6 0.9 -1.2 -2.1 11.8 12.2 -2.1 -1.7 -1.1 -0.3 -1.0 -2.3 0.8 -1.2 -9.6 -0.2 -10.2 -3.7 -2.1 1.6 -0.2 -0.2 0.1 0.1 -0.5 0.9 0.8 -2.4 -2.1 -4.1 0.5 0.6 1.8 -3.8 2.3 3.4 0.5

99% 0.1 -1.2 0.2 -0.6 -2.2 10.9 2.4 -0.5 2.8 1.0 0.3 -1.1 -1.1 -0.4 1.1 0.1 1.0 1.1 -5.3 2.0 -0.3 -1.1 12.7 13.0 -1.3 -0.8 0.1 0.7 -0.1 -1.3 1.6 -0.2 -8.3 0.8 -8.9 -2.6 -1.0 2.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.5 1.7 1.8 -1.5 -1.0 -3.0 1.5 1.4 2.8 -2.2

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

35.9 34.5 37.0

18.8 19.3 19.9

34.2 33.0 35.2

18.4 19.2 19.2

33.1 31.8 34.1

18.2 19.0 19.1

Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB 32.9 25.4 31.2 25.2 30.1 24.8 33.4 25.5 32.5 25.3 31.5 24.9 33.6 25.3 32.7 25.1 31.7 24.7 33.6 25.6 32.6 25.5 31.5 25.1 34.0 25.6 32.4 25.0 31.0 24.6 33.2 26.9 32.8 26.9 32.0 26.7 33.3 25.6 32.5 25.4 31.7 25.3 33.1 24.8 32.0 24.6 30.8 24.3 33.0 25.6 32.0 25.4 31.1 25.4 33.0 25.0 31.9 24.9 30.9 24.6 32.8 25.1 31.9 25.0 31.0 24.8 33.1 24.7 31.9 24.7 30.2 24.2 35.3 25.5 33.9 25.1 32.4 24.4 34.4 25.3 33.4 25.1 32.4 24.8 32.5 25.2 31.6 25.0 30.7 24.6 34.8 24.6 33.7 24.4 32.4 24.0 33.2 24.7 32.4 24.5 31.5 24.3 33.7 25.7 32.5 25.6 31.4 25.4 32.8 23.5 31.4 23.1 29.9 22.5 32.6 25.4 31.7 25.3 30.7 25.1 34.5 24.7 33.2 24.5 32.0 24.1 35.0 24.9 33.8 24.7 32.1 24.2 32.2 26.3 31.7 26.2 31.2 26.1 32.2 26.4 32.0 26.4 31.2 26.5 34.1 24.8 33.0 24.7 31.8 24.3 32.8 25.0 31.5 24.6 30.1 24.2 32.8 25.5 31.2 25.7 30.1 25.5 33.3 25.3 32.3 25.1 31.2 24.8 34.5 25.2 33.5 25.0 32.5 24.7 29.0 24.1 27.8 23.8 26.9 23.3 34.2 24.7 33.3 24.6 32.3 24.4 34.2 25.3 33.2 25.0 32.2 24.7 28.1 22.2 26.5 21.2 25.0 20.5 32.2 25.8 31.2 25.8 30.2 25.4 29.1 22.5 27.5 21.5 26.1 20.5 31.1 24.3 29.5 23.7 28.0 23.0 33.2 25.6 32.1 25.2 30.9 25.0 32.0 25.5 31.1 25.3 30.2 25.0 32.2 25.7 31.1 25.7 30.1 25.3 32.9 25.2 31.6 25.1 30.6 24.8 31.8 25.4 30.8 25.2 29.8 24.9 33.7 24.9 32.7 24.7 31.7 24.5 34.2 25.1 33.1 25.0 32.0 24.9 33.3 25.0 32.2 24.7 31.1 24.3 32.9 25.8 31.8 25.3 30.2 24.9 33.6 25.4 32.2 25.0 30.8 24.6 32.2 25.9 31.2 25.9 30.1 25.5 33.3 25.4 31.9 24.8 30.4 24.2 33.2 24.6 32.2 24.7 31.2 24.6 32.3 25.3 31.3 24.9 30.2 24.5 33.9 25.8 32.0 25.1 30.3 24.6 34.0 25.8 32.2 25.0 31.0 24.5 22.3 23.1 22.9

30.3 28.8 32.3

21.4 22.2 21.9

29.4 27.7 31.6

20.1 21.6 20.1

16.2 17.6 16.1

25.4 25.2 26.7

19.0 20.8 19.0

15.2 16.7 15.0

24.5 24.1 26.3

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 25.8 21.3 28.3 25.1 20.3 27.8 25.1 20.3 28.9 24.6 19.7 28.5 24.9 20.1 28.7 24.5 19.6 28.5 25.2 20.4 28.8 24.8 19.9 28.4 25.1 20.4 28.5 24.2 19.4 27.8 27.8 23.9 30.0 27.1 23.0 29.7 25.5 20.8 29.0 25.1 20.3 28.9 24.4 19.5 28.6 23.8 18.7 28.2 26.0 21.3 29.0 25.2 20.3 28.5 25.3 20.5 28.6 24.8 19.9 28.4 25.6 20.8 28.5 25.1 20.2 28.2 24.8 19.9 28.5 24.1 19.0 27.9 25.0 20.1 28.2 24.4 19.5 28.2 25.3 20.6 28.5 24.9 20.1 28.3 24.5 19.5 28.5 24.1 19.0 28.3 24.0 18.9 28.5 23.5 18.4 28.3 24.2 19.2 27.8 23.7 18.6 27.8 25.8 21.1 28.9 25.4 20.6 28.6 22.6 18.2 27.2 22.0 17.6 26.8 25.8 21.1 28.7 25.3 20.5 28.4 24.6 19.7 27.7 24.1 19.1 27.5 25.1 20.2 28.0 24.2 19.2 27.7 26.3 22.0 29.2 26.1 21.6 29.0 27.0 22.8 29.9 26.2 21.7 29.3 24.3 19.5 28.2 23.8 18.9 27.8 24.4 19.4 28.9 23.8 18.7 28.4 26.1 21.7 28.6 25.8 21.3 28.3 25.1 20.2 28.5 24.5 19.6 28.1 24.7 19.7 28.4 24.2 19.2 28.4 24.3 19.2 26.6 23.8 18.6 26.1 24.5 19.7 28.9 24.1 19.1 28.6 25.1 20.2 28.7 24.8 19.8 28.6 21.8 16.5 25.4 21.0 15.7 24.8 25.9 21.3 29.6 25.2 20.3 28.7 22.1 16.9 26.2 21.3 16.0 25.4 24.1 19.1 27.1 23.5 18.4 26.6 25.2 20.4 28.7 25.0 20.1 28.4 25.2 20.4 28.9 24.7 19.8 28.5 26.1 21.6 28.7 25.8 21.2 28.5 25.4 20.6 28.6 24.9 20.0 28.4 25.4 20.9 28.5 24.9 20.2 28.0 24.4 19.3 28.7 23.9 18.8 28.6 25.0 20.1 28.6 24.5 19.5 28.5 24.5 19.6 28.7 24.0 19.0 28.7 25.2 20.4 28.8 25.0 20.1 28.6 25.2 20.4 29.1 24.6 19.6 28.4 26.2 21.6 29.1 25.8 21.1 28.8 24.6 20.0 28.6 24.1 19.3 28.1 25.0 20.1 29.2 24.5 19.5 28.8 25.0 20.2 28.5 24.4 19.5 28.1 25.2 20.4 28.9 24.8 19.9 28.6 25.1 20.6 28.8 24.8 20.1 28.5

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 9.6 8.7 7.9 1603 867 8.4 7.2 6.2 1859 923 9.3 8.1 7.3 1651 1006 7.2 6.2 5.4 1713 949 9.9 8.4 7.3 2044 734 11.6 9.9 8.7 202 1908 8.8 7.5 6.6 1097 1266 11.8 10.0 8.6 2017 789 12.5 10.8 9.5 1497 1080 9.5 8.2 7.2 1591 1041 5.5 4.7 4.0 1386 1031 11.2 9.6 8.4 2118 713 8.0 6.8 5.8 1844 883 7.2 6.1 5.2 1498 1132 7.1 6.1 5.3 1583 989 5.3 4.6 4.1 1741 1038 5.9 5.2 4.5 1572 994 9.2 7.8 6.7 1240 1085 7.9 7.0 6.2 2711 633 7.7 6.5 5.6 1351 1048 8.6 7.5 6.6 1726 1002 9.8 8.5 7.3 1803 1002 12.7 10.9 9.6 148 1957 13.2 11.6 10.3 119 2034 4.5 3.9 3.4 1928 874 10.3 9.0 7.8 2223 711 9.9 8.2 6.9 1365 935 7.1 6.2 5.4 1545 943 9.8 8.3 7.0 1709 1067 8.2 7.1 6.2 2156 478 8.9 7.6 6.6 1537 1134 8.4 7.4 6.5 1749 1041 8.1 7.0 6.1 3686 210 11.1 9.4 8.2 1697 864 9.5 8.2 7.1 3609 273 10.2 8.7 7.5 2508 467 10.3 8.6 7.4 1828 800 10.1 8.7 7.5 1433 963 10.7 9.6 8.7 1482 881 6.3 5.5 5.0 1438 923 7.0 6.0 5.2 1716 868 7.4 6.3 5.5 1621 1031 8.0 6.9 5.9 1661 1023 8.5 7.4 6.5 1569 928 12.5 11.1 9.9 1595 868 9.2 7.8 6.6 2142 750 10.1 8.8 7.8 1858 807 9.2 7.7 6.5 2144 709 10.8 9.1 7.9 1545 1043 9.4 8.3 7.2 1607 846 13.7 12.0 10.4 1430 914 9.3 8.0 6.8 1994 733 3 sites, 5 more on CD-ROM 10.1 8.7 7.6 1235 1114 8.8 7.7 6.8 1133 1063 12.0 10.1 9.0 1388 803

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 26.5 30.1 26.1 29.3 26.4 31.4 25.9 30.6 26.2 31.3 25.8 30.6 26.6 31.6 26.1 30.8 26.4 31.5 25.8 30.6 28.2 30.9 27.9 30.6 26.7 31.0 26.3 30.5 25.8 30.6 25.3 30.2 26.7 30.3 26.4 29.9 26.4 30.4 26.0 29.8 26.5 30.2 26.1 29.8 26.0 30.6 25.4 29.9 26.4 32.5 25.9 31.6 26.5 31.4 26.1 30.8 25.9 30.6 25.5 30.1 25.7 32.1 25.2 31.4 25.6 31.0 25.2 30.4 26.8 30.9 26.4 30.4 24.3 30.5 23.7 29.5 26.7 30.1 26.2 29.6 25.8 31.3 25.4 30.6 26.2 31.1 25.7 30.6 27.2 30.3 27.0 30.1 27.7 30.2 27.3 29.9 25.9 31.8 25.4 31.0 25.9 30.8 25.2 30.0 26.8 29.9 26.3 29.3 26.2 30.9 25.8 30.3 26.1 32.0 25.7 31.2 25.1 27.6 24.6 26.9 26.0 31.6 25.6 31.0 26.5 31.8 26.0 31.1 23.1 26.9 22.2 25.4 26.8 30.3 26.4 29.9 23.6 27.8 22.6 26.4 25.2 29.0 24.6 28.0 26.6 31.1 26.1 30.2 26.3 30.2 25.9 29.8 27.0 30.2 26.5 29.6 26.5 30.6 26.0 29.8 26.4 30.0 25.9 29.3 25.9 31.4 25.5 30.8 26.3 31.4 25.9 30.9 26.0 31.0 25.5 30.4 26.6 30.6 26.1 29.8 26.5 31.1 25.8 30.2 27.1 30.2 26.5 29.7 26.1 31.5 25.5 30.4 26.2 30.7 25.8 30.2 26.1 30.5 25.6 29.7 26.6 31.3 25.8 30.0 26.6 31.6 25.9 30.6

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

128 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

BENINA MISURATA TRIPOLI INTERNATION

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

RAFIC HARIRI INTL

Lebanon

RIGA

Latvia

BISHKEK

Kyrgyzstan

BUSAN CHEONGJU CHEONGJU INTL AIRPO DAEGU DAEGU AB DAEJEON GIMHAE INTL AIRPORT GIMPO INTL AIRPORT GWANGJU GWANGJU AB INCHEON JEJU JEJU INTL AIRPORT JEONJU JINJU CHANGWON OSAN AB POHANG POHANG AB A511/PYEONGTAEK SEOGWIPO SEOUL SEOUL (KOR-AF HQ) SEOUL AB SUWON ULSAN YEOSU

Korea, Republic of

CHONGJIN HAMHEUNG KAESONG NAMPO PYONGYANG SINUIJU WONSAN

Korea, Democratic People's Republic of

MOMBASA JOMO KENYATTA INTL

Kenya

ALMATY ASTANA KARAGANDA PAVLODAR SHYMKENT TARAZ

Kazakhstan

Station

851 350 553 122 604 655

Elev

129.03E 127.45E 127.50E 128.62E 128.67E 127.37E 128.93E 126.78E 126.90E 126.82E 126.63E 126.53E 126.50E 127.15E 128.12E 128.57E 127.03E 129.38E 129.42E 127.03E 126.57E 126.97E 126.93E 127.12E 126.98E 129.32E 127.75E

129.82E 127.55E 126.57E 125.38E 125.78E 124.38E 127.43E

32.10N 20.27E 32.42N 15.05E 32.70N 13.08E

33.82N 35.48E

56.92N 23.97E

132 32 63

19

10

760

70 59 60 59 35 72 4 17 74 13 70 23 24 55 23 37 12 1 20 16 51 86 49 20 35 36 67

43 22 70 47 36 7 36

39.62E 55 36.92E 1624

76.93E 71.37E 73.15E 76.93E 69.70E 71.38E

Long

42.85N 74.53E

35.10N 36.63N 36.72N 35.88N 35.90N 36.37N 35.17N 37.57N 35.17N 35.12N 37.47N 33.52N 33.52N 35.82N 35.20N 35.17N 37.10N 36.03N 35.98N 36.97N 33.25N 37.57N 37.50N 37.43N 37.27N 35.55N 34.73N

41.78N 39.93N 37.97N 38.72N 39.03N 40.10N 39.18N

4.03S 1.32S

43.23N 51.13N 49.80N 52.30N 42.32N 42.85N

Lat

6.9 8.4 4.6

8.1

-18.9

-18.2

-5.0 -10.7 -12.7 -6.9 -8.0 -10.3 -6.1 -13.1 -6.3 -7.1 -10.1 0.5 0.0 -8.3 -8.2 -4.7 -12.9 -6.1 -7.1 -12.1 0.3 -11.1 -11.8 -14.8 -11.2 -5.7 -4.7

-12.8 -12.9 -12.6 -12.6 -14.9 -15.5 -10.2

20.0 9.9

-19.8 -31.2 -30.8 -33.3 -16.0 -18.8

99.6%

7.8 9.3 5.8

9.3

-14.2

-14.8

-3.3 -8.8 -10.2 -5.2 -6.2 -8.5 -4.9 -11.1 -4.8 -5.8 -8.2 1.4 1.0 -6.7 -6.8 -3.0 -10.9 -4.4 -5.8 -10.2 1.5 -9.1 -10.1 -12.0 -9.2 -4.2 -3.2

-11.0 -11.0 -10.7 -10.7 -12.6 -13.4 -8.3

20.8 11.0

-16.8 -29.0 -27.7 -30.5 -12.2 -15.7

99%

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

37.2 36.8 42.0

32.2

28.9

35.2

31.1 32.6 33.1 34.0 34.8 32.4 32.8 32.0 32.4 34.1 30.9 31.8 31.9 33.1 32.8 32.3 33.0 33.6 34.0 33.0 31.4 32.0 33.2 33.2 32.0 33.0 30.3

27.5 31.2 30.8 30.1 31.2 30.8 31.4

33.1 29.0

34.0 32.2 32.1 32.9 37.2 35.5

21.1 21.9 23.2

22.8

20.3

19.8

25.6 24.6 26.1 24.3 25.5 24.8 25.9 25.1 24.9 26.3 24.6 25.1 26.5 25.1 24.9 25.5 26.0 24.9 25.9 25.7 26.4 24.4 25.2 25.3 24.9 24.8 24.9

22.4 23.5 25.1 25.1 24.1 24.1 23.4

25.2 15.7

18.6 17.8 16.7 18.6 19.2 18.4

35.2 34.3 39.9

31.1

27.0

33.7

30.0 31.3 32.0 32.6 33.1 31.1 31.2 30.9 31.2 32.9 29.6 30.8 30.8 31.8 31.5 31.1 31.8 32.1 32.7 31.8 30.5 30.7 32.0 31.9 30.7 31.7 29.3

26.1 29.7 29.4 28.9 30.0 29.3 29.8

32.5 28.1

32.2 30.2 30.1 30.8 36.0 33.9

21.0 21.6 22.8

24.0

19.7

18.9

25.2 23.8 25.3 23.8 24.9 24.2 25.5 24.6 24.4 25.6 23.8 25.1 26.6 24.4 24.5 25.1 25.4 24.4 25.4 24.8 26.1 23.3 24.5 24.6 24.0 24.5 24.6

21.9 23.1 24.0 24.4 23.6 23.2 22.8

25.1 15.8

18.1 17.3 16.3 18.3 18.9 17.9

33.8 32.3 38.0

30.3

25.1

32.2

28.9 30.1 30.8 31.3 31.9 29.9 30.1 29.8 30.1 31.2 28.5 29.8 29.8 30.6 30.2 29.9 30.1 30.6 31.0 30.2 29.6 29.5 30.8 30.2 29.5 30.2 28.2

25.0 28.2 28.2 27.8 28.8 28.1 28.3

32.0 27.3

30.9 28.3 28.2 29.0 34.8 32.5

20.6 21.7 22.4

24.3

18.3

18.3

24.7 23.1 24.6 23.2 24.1 23.3 24.8 23.6 23.8 24.8 23.1 24.9 26.1 23.6 23.9 24.5 24.3 24.0 24.8 23.8 25.7 22.8 24.1 23.5 23.3 24.0 24.2

21.4 22.3 23.4 23.7 23.1 22.8 22.4

25.0 16.0

17.8 16.8 15.6 17.7 18.5 17.6

25.2 26.5 26.9

26.8

21.8

21.8

26.5 26.0 27.2 25.7 26.7 26.2 26.8 26.7 26.1 27.1 25.7 26.7 28.1 26.3 26.4 26.5 27.5 26.2 26.8 26.9 27.3 25.8 26.3 26.3 26.1 26.1 26.1

24.0 25.5 26.3 26.2 25.8 25.8 25.4

26.5 18.7

20.6 19.6 18.5 20.7 21.1 19.7

30.5 29.6 35.9

30.1

26.8

32.5

29.5 30.0 31.3 30.8 31.8 30.1 30.7 29.6 30.1 31.6 29.0 29.8 30.1 30.1 30.5 30.4 30.1 30.7 32.0 30.6 30.0 29.8 31.0 31.1 29.5 30.4 28.6

26.1 29.4 29.0 28.9 29.3 28.8 29.0

30.1 23.2

29.9 27.4 27.1 28.1 33.5 31.1

24.4 25.9 25.6

26.2

20.5

20.4

25.9 25.3 26.4 25.2 26.1 25.5 26.2 26.1 25.6 26.5 25.1 26.0 27.3 25.7 25.8 26.0 26.6 25.6 26.2 26.1 26.8 25.1 25.8 25.7 25.4 25.5 25.6

23.1 24.6 25.6 25.5 25.2 24.9 24.6

26.2 18.4

19.6 18.8 17.7 19.8 20.2 19.0

29.4 29.1 33.4

29.7

25.1

30.8

28.9 29.2 30.2 30.1 30.8 29.2 30.0 28.7 29.4 30.9 28.0 29.3 29.3 29.5 29.6 29.6 29.6 30.0 30.9 29.4 29.5 28.7 30.1 30.0 28.7 29.6 28.0

25.0 27.9 27.9 27.8 28.2 27.4 27.9

29.8 22.9

29.0 26.5 26.0 27.2 32.3 30.7

23.9 25.6 24.8

25.9

20.0

18.1

25.7 24.9 26.1 24.4 25.2 25.1 25.9 26.1 25.0 26.1 24.8 25.7 27.8 25.4 25.2 25.5 27.0 25.0 25.2 26.1 26.6 24.8 25.1 25.1 25.1 24.9 25.4

23.2 24.3 25.5 25.5 24.8 24.9 24.4

25.4 17.7

17.6 17.2 16.0 18.4 17.0 16.2

19.1 21.0 20.0

21.3

14.7

14.3

21.1 20.1 21.6 19.5 20.4 20.4 21.2 21.5 20.3 21.5 20.0 21.0 23.9 20.7 20.4 20.8 22.7 20.1 20.4 21.5 22.3 20.0 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.1 20.7

18.1 19.2 20.9 20.8 20.0 20.0 19.4

20.8 15.5

14.0 12.9 12.2 13.5 13.1 12.5

27.2 28.5 30.4

29.6

24.4

27.2

28.3 27.9 29.5 28.0 28.7 28.2 29.5 27.9 28.0 29.1 27.5 28.9 29.8 28.2 28.4 28.8 28.6 28.4 29.2 28.5 29.2 27.7 28.3 28.7 27.8 28.2 27.6

25.3 27.5 27.8 28.0 27.7 27.4 27.4

27.9 19.5

24.6 21.6 20.5 23.3 26.0 22.7

23.1 25.0 23.7

25.1

18.9

16.8

25.1 24.2 25.2 23.8 24.9 24.3 25.1 25.2 24.5 25.2 24.2 25.1 26.9 24.7 24.7 24.9 26.0 24.4 24.9 25.2 26.1 24.0 24.7 24.2 24.5 24.3 24.8

22.4 23.6 24.9 24.9 24.2 24.2 23.6

25.2 17.2

16.3 16.2 15.0 17.3 16.0 15.2

18.1 20.1 18.7

20.3

13.7

13.1

20.3 19.2 20.5 18.8 20.1 19.4 20.2 20.3 19.7 20.3 19.3 20.2 22.7 19.8 19.8 20.0 21.4 19.4 20.1 20.3 21.6 19.1 19.9 19.2 19.6 19.4 20.0

17.2 18.5 20.1 20.0 19.3 19.1 18.5

20.4 15.0

12.8 12.1 11.4 12.6 12.2 11.7

26.8 28.0 29.3

29.2

23.1

25.6

28.0 27.5 28.4 27.7 28.6 27.5 28.6 27.2 27.7 28.4 26.9 28.5 29.0 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.2 28.1 29.0 27.9 28.8 27.1 28.0 27.6 27.3 27.9 27.1

24.6 26.6 27.1 27.1 27.1 26.5 26.6

27.7 19.1

23.5 21.1 19.9 22.7 25.2 22.4

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 6 sites, 71 more on CD-ROM 6.2 5.0 4.1 3585 456 11.8 10.1 8.8 5722 199 11.9 10.0 8.5 5564 181 9.7 8.4 7.4 5698 248 8.1 6.8 5.9 2537 831 10.5 8.1 5.9 3168 594 2 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM 9.3 8.4 7.7 0 2982 9.4 8.4 7.6 98 552 7 sites, 20 more on CD-ROM 7.4 5.8 4.5 3771 221 8.0 6.6 5.4 3186 406 8.8 7.4 6.1 3056 545 9.8 8.2 6.9 3156 560 6.8 5.7 4.8 3245 591 7.8 6.5 5.6 3472 514 7.8 6.4 5.4 2912 441 27 sites, 26 more on CD-ROM 10.1 8.6 7.5 1858 688 6.5 5.4 4.7 2682 718 7.1 5.9 5.1 2805 718 8.0 6.9 6.1 2197 821 8.8 7.6 6.5 2316 802 7.1 5.8 4.9 2684 669 8.9 7.8 6.9 2107 758 8.2 7.1 6.2 3004 630 7.5 6.4 5.5 2264 781 7.6 6.5 5.7 2386 838 9.2 7.7 6.5 2707 615 10.6 9.1 7.9 1658 789 12.3 11.0 9.8 1758 744 5.7 5.0 4.3 2441 784 7.0 5.9 5.1 2378 707 6.6 5.8 5.2 1943 789 8.3 7.1 6.1 2860 701 7.9 6.6 5.7 2065 721 9.6 8.3 7.4 2237 686 7.8 6.6 5.6 2827 712 8.1 7.0 6.2 1390 872 7.0 6.1 5.3 2684 705 6.3 5.2 4.5 2620 796 6.2 5.3 4.5 2911 671 6.3 5.4 4.6 2784 678 6.9 6.0 5.3 2080 696 12.1 10.5 9.2 2014 673 1 site, 8 more on CD-ROM 8.1 6.7 5.6 3074 609 1 site, 9 more on CD-ROM 9.1 8.1 7.3 4098 93 1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM 10.5 8.7 7.3 416 1467 3 sites, 3 more on CD-ROM 15.1 13.3 11.4 614 1356 13.2 10.8 9.5 453 1381 10.5 9.5 8.5 639 1656

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 129

SKOPJE- AIRPORT

MAPUTO/MAVALANE

Mozambique

AGADIR INEZGANNE AGADIR AL MASSIRA CASABLANCA FES-SAIS MARRAKECH MEKNES NOUASSEUR OUJDA RABAT-SALE TANGER (AERODROME) TETOUAN

Morocco

ULAANBAATAR

Mongolia

KISINEV

Moldova, Republic of

AEROP. INTERNACIONA AEROP.INTERNACIONAL CANCUN INTL DE GUANAJUATO INTL DON MIGUEL Y HIDALG GENERAL ABELARDO L GENERAL FRANCISCO J GENERAL HERIBERTO J GENERAL JUAN N ALVA GENERAL MARIANO ESC GENERAL RAFAEL BUEL LICENCIADO ADOLFO L LICENCIADO BENITO J GENERAL RAFAEL BUEL MONTERREY (CITY) SAN LUIS POTOSI GENERAL FRANCISCO J VERACRUZ/GEN JARA

Mexico

NOUAKCHOTT

Mauritania

BAMAKO/SENOU

Mali

KOTA KINABALU KUALA LUMPUR SUBANG KUANTAN KUCHING SANDAKAN TAWAU

Malaysia

ANTANANARIVO/IVATO

Madagascar

Long

22.15N 113.60E

54.88N 23.83E 54.63N 25.28E

Lat

239

6

770 156

Elev

116.05E 101.55E 103.22E 110.33E 118.07E 117.88E

99.13W 89.65W 86.87W 101.48W 103.30W 116.97W 97.87W 96.18W 99.75W 100.10W 106.27W 99.57W 99.07W 106.27W 100.30W 100.98W 97.87W 96.18W 173

2235 9 6 1815 1529 149 24 27 4 390 12 2580 2230 12 515 1883 24 29

3

381

3 22 16 27 13 20

9.57W 9.40W 7.67W 4.98W 8.03W 5.53W 7.58W 1.93W 6.77W 5.90W 5.33W

25.92S 32.57E

30.38N 30.32N 33.57N 33.93N 31.62N 33.88N 33.37N 34.78N 34.05N 35.73N 35.58N 44

23 23 57 579 466 560 206 470 79 21 10

47.92N 106.87E 1306

47.02N 28.98E

19.43N 20.98N 21.03N 20.98N 20.52N 32.53N 22.28N 19.13N 16.75N 25.77N 23.15N 19.33N 19.43N 23.15N 25.73N 22.18N 22.28N 19.15N

18.10N 15.95W

12.53N 7.95W

5.93N 3.12N 3.78N 1.48N 5.90N 4.27N

18.80S 47.48E 1276

41.97N 21.65E

Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of

TAIPA GRANDE

Macao

KAUNAS VILNIUS

Lithuania

Station

11.9

5.0 5.1 6.3 0.9 3.9 2.3 3.2 0.3 4.9 4.1 6.5

-35.2

-14.1

4.1 13.4 13.1 4.0 1.8 5.9 10.1 14.9 19.4 3.2 8.8 -2.1 3.0 8.8 4.2 0.1 10.1 14.0

12.9

15.0

22.8 22.5 21.4 21.9 22.9 22.1

7.8

-12.1

7.4

-19.1 -19.9

99.6%

13.0

6.5 6.8 7.3 2.0 5.2 3.7 4.8 2.0 6.0 5.8 7.8

-32.6

-11.5

5.6 15.3 14.8 5.8 3.0 6.9 11.9 16.0 20.8 5.2 10.1 -0.9 4.8 10.1 6.0 2.0 11.9 15.2

14.1

16.4

23.0 22.9 21.9 22.3 23.3 22.6

8.9

-8.8

9.0

-15.5 -16.2

99%

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

35.4

35.2 38.2 29.4 39.2 41.7 38.8 35.8 37.5 32.2 33.2 32.8

31.0

32.0

29.0 38.5 34.1 34.0 33.2 32.2 34.1 35.2 33.6 38.8 34.0 26.2 29.2 34.0 38.2 32.1 34.1 34.2

41.2

40.2

33.3 34.5 34.0 33.9 33.6 32.6

29.5

36.0

33.0

28.0 28.2

23.6

19.4 19.6 21.9 20.2 20.7 21.4 21.8 20.8 22.2 21.5 20.9

15.9

19.9

13.8 24.4 27.0 14.8 15.9 20.9 26.7 26.8 26.7 23.5 25.5 12.4 12.7 25.5 23.5 15.2 26.7 26.9

20.5

19.9

27.6 25.9 26.5 25.7 26.3 26.0

19.3

20.5

27.2

19.5 19.0

33.6

31.8 34.8 27.3 37.2 39.5 36.6 33.0 35.5 29.8 31.9 30.9

28.8

30.3

27.9 37.2 33.2 32.8 32.2 30.2 33.2 34.2 33.1 37.8 33.2 25.1 28.1 33.2 37.2 30.8 33.2 33.2

39.5

39.5

33.0 34.0 33.3 33.2 33.0 32.1

28.7

34.1

32.2

26.2 26.3

23.7

18.8 19.0 22.1 20.1 20.6 21.3 21.7 20.7 21.9 21.3 20.8

15.1

19.5

13.7 24.5 26.8 14.9 15.5 20.4 26.6 26.8 26.6 23.3 25.3 12.3 12.5 25.3 23.6 15.1 26.6 26.7

20.5

20.0

27.5 25.9 26.4 25.8 26.3 26.0

19.4

20.2

27.0

18.6 18.2

32.1

29.0 32.0 26.2 35.4 37.5 34.4 31.0 33.8 27.8 30.2 29.4

26.5

28.7

26.9 36.2 33.0 31.8 31.2 28.8 33.0 33.2 32.9 36.8 32.9 24.0 27.0 32.9 36.2 29.6 33.0 32.8

37.8

38.8

32.6 33.5 32.9 32.8 32.4 31.8

27.9

32.4

31.4

24.5 24.8

23.8

18.4 19.0 22.0 19.9 20.3 20.8 21.1 20.5 22.0 21.2 20.7

14.4

19.0

13.6 24.5 26.7 14.9 15.2 19.9 26.6 26.6 26.4 23.5 25.2 12.1 12.4 25.2 23.7 15.1 26.6 26.6

20.3

20.2

27.3 25.7 26.4 25.8 26.3 26.0

19.3

19.7

26.9

17.5 17.4

26.6

22.5 22.6 24.1 22.6 23.5 24.0 23.7 23.7 24.7 23.2 24.2

17.7

21.7

16.6 28.2 28.3 19.8 20.2 23.1 28.6 28.1 27.9 26.5 27.8 16.1 16.1 27.8 27.2 18.7 28.6 27.8

28.4

27.1

28.6 27.7 27.9 27.2 27.6 27.6

22.5

22.0

28.2

20.9 20.7

31.1

28.7 30.6 26.7 33.7 35.0 34.1 31.5 32.4 29.0 29.7 27.4

25.8

28.6

23.4 31.5 32.4 26.6 26.8 29.5 32.2 33.2 32.5 34.5 31.8 21.2 22.6 31.8 34.6 25.3 32.2 33.0

30.6

31.6

32.6 31.7 31.9 31.3 31.3 30.7

26.6

32.3

30.9

26.1 25.8

26.1

21.8 22.1 23.5 21.7 22.4 22.9 22.8 22.9 23.6 22.6 23.7

16.8

20.7

16.1 27.6 27.9 19.2 19.7 22.2 27.8 27.6 27.5 26.0 27.2 15.3 15.7 27.2 26.2 18.2 27.8 27.2

27.6

26.3

28.2 27.3 27.5 26.8 27.2 27.2

21.7

21.2

27.8

19.7 19.6

30.4

26.6 29.4 26.0 33.0 34.1 32.6 29.9 31.0 27.4 28.7 26.8

24.4

27.4

23.0 31.3 32.0 25.6 26.2 28.1 31.5 32.4 31.9 33.6 31.0 20.4 22.0 31.0 33.6 24.7 31.5 31.9

30.2

31.1

32.3 31.3 31.5 30.8 31.0 30.6

25.9

31.1

30.4

24.3 24.2

25.4

21.0 20.2 23.2 19.1 20.1 20.8 21.3 21.1 23.2 21.2 23.3

15.2

19.4

14.8 27.8 27.2 18.2 18.2 21.1 27.8 26.9 26.9 24.8 26.9 14.2 14.2 26.9 25.1 17.2 27.8 26.2

28.0

26.1

27.2 26.8 26.9 26.1 26.4 26.6

21.2

18.9

27.3

19.2 19.0

20.7

15.7 14.9 18.1 14.9 15.6 16.6 16.4 16.7 18.1 15.9 18.1

12.7

14.4

13.9 23.8 22.9 16.4 15.8 16.0 23.9 22.7 22.5 20.8 22.6 14.0 13.3 22.6 21.6 15.5 23.9 21.7

24.2

22.5

23.1 22.5 22.7 21.6 21.9 22.2

18.5

14.1

23.1

15.3 14.1

28.7

24.1 24.3 25.5 27.7 29.0 30.5 26.1 27.0 26.9 25.7 25.7

19.9

24.6

18.2 29.0 30.9 19.9 22.2 26.9 31.7 30.8 31.4 29.7 30.8 17.1 17.1 30.8 32.3 19.7 31.7 30.2

29.2

28.7

32.0 30.1 30.6 29.5 29.7 29.9

24.3

24.8

29.7

23.3 22.8

25.0

20.2 19.9 22.7 18.1 19.0 19.7 20.8 20.4 22.2 20.8 22.8

14.2

18.5

14.1 27.0 26.9 17.9 17.9 20.1 26.9 26.2 26.2 24.1 26.1 14.0 14.0 26.1 24.2 16.8 26.9 26.1

27.1

25.2

27.0 26.2 26.3 25.8 26.2 26.2

20.2

18.0

27.1

18.1 18.0

20.1

15.0 14.7 17.5 14.0 14.6 15.5 15.9 16.0 17.1 15.5 17.6

11.8

13.7

13.3 22.7 22.6 16.1 15.5 15.1 22.7 21.7 21.6 19.9 21.6 13.7 13.1 21.6 20.3 15.1 22.7 21.5

22.8

21.3

22.7 21.6 21.7 21.2 21.6 21.6

17.5

13.3

22.9

14.3 13.1

28.3

23.2 24.1 25.0 26.0 26.7 28.5 25.3 26.3 25.6 25.5 25.4

19.4

23.8

17.4 28.6 30.8 19.7 22.1 25.4 30.8 29.9 30.6 29.1 29.9 17.0 17.0 29.9 30.8 19.5 30.8 30.0

28.9

28.0

31.8 29.4 29.6 29.1 29.5 29.6

23.1

24.1

29.6

22.2 21.6

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 2 sites, 5 more on CD-ROM 9.6 8.5 7.6 4161 74 10.1 8.8 7.8 4321 80 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 11.1 9.8 8.7 278 2004 1 site, 5 more on CD-ROM 8.8 7.6 6.2 2601 532 1 site, 3 more on CD-ROM 7.8 7.0 6.3 319 680 6 sites, 9 more on CD-ROM 6.7 5.4 4.5 0 3453 6.3 5.4 4.8 0 3622 6.3 5.4 4.9 0 3318 5.3 4.5 4.0 0 3241 6.9 6.0 5.3 0 3456 5.7 5.1 4.4 0 3224 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 8.3 7.1 6.3 1 3529 1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM 9.9 8.8 8.0 3 2987 18 sites, 16 more on CD-ROM 21.1 9.6 7.9 563 190 10.2 9.0 8.1 2 3247 10.3 9.4 7.9 3 2894 10.5 9.7 8.1 285 765 10.1 8.3 6.6 367 713 8.3 7.0 6.2 697 511 14.9 11.9 10.0 79 2579 19.8 14.9 11.2 4 2779 8.3 7.3 6.2 0 3288 13.3 10.4 9.5 356 2156 8.8 7.5 6.5 26 2169 8.9 7.6 6.4 1773 3 10.7 9.5 8.0 599 197 8.8 7.5 6.5 26 2169 6.0 4.9 4.1 328 2139 9.9 8.4 7.4 688 426 14.9 11.9 10.0 79 2579 20.2 15.2 12.8 8 2568 1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM 6.8 5.7 5.0 3259 369 1 site, 39 more on CD-ROM 10.3 9.0 7.6 6967 101 11 sites, 9 more on CD-ROM 10.5 8.7 7.2 522 649 9.5 8.1 7.1 375 931 7.2 6.0 5.2 659 617 10.1 8.3 6.9 1214 834 7.5 6.2 5.2 633 1392 8.5 7.3 6.3 1093 848 9.8 8.4 7.4 819 758 11.8 10.1 9.0 1148 842 8.3 7.1 6.2 798 540 16.5 14.0 12.3 799 714 11.9 10.4 9.5 626 820 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 15.5 13.2 10.9 19 1985

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

130 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

GDANSK-REBIECHOWO GDANSK-SWIBNO HEL KATOWICE

Poland

CAGAYAN DE ORO DAVAO AIRPORT GEN. SANTOS ILOILO MACTAN MANILA NINOY AQUINO INTERN SANGLEY POINT SCIENCE GARDEN ZAMBOANGA

Philippines

AREQUIPA CHICLAYO CUZCO IQUITOS LIMA-CALLAO/AEROP. PIURA PUCALLPA TRUJILLO

Peru

AEROPUERTO PETTIROSS

Paraguay

MARCOS A GELABERT I TOCUMEN

Panama

JERUSALEM AIRPORT

Palestinian Territory, Occupied

ISLAMABAD AIRPORT KARACHI AIRPORT LAHORE AIRPORT

Pakistan

BURAIMI

Oman

HAKADAL OSLO-BLINDERN

Norway

NIAMEY-AERO

Niger

MANAGUA A.C.SANDINO

Nicaragua

AUCKLAND AERO AWS AUCKLAND AIRPORT CHRISTCHURCH CHRISTCHURCH AERO A

New Zealand

AMSTERDAM AP SCHIPH HOEK VAN HOLLAND IJMUIDEN ROTTERDAM THE HAGUE VALKENBURG WOENSDRECHT

Netherlands

Station

174.80E 174.80E 172.55E 172.52E

4.77E 4.10E 4.57E 4.45E 4.43E 4.33E

Long

2.17E

54.38N 54.33N 54.60N 50.23N

8.48N 7.12N 6.12N 10.70N 10.30N 14.58N 14.52N 14.50N 14.63N 6.90N

16.33S 6.78S 13.53S 3.78S 12.00S 5.20S 8.37S 8.08S

101

9 45

759

508 22 217

299

170 97

227

56

7 6 30 37

-4 14 13 -4 1 17

Elev

18.47E 18.93E 18.82E 19.03E

124.63E 125.65E 125.18E 122.57E 123.97E 120.98E 121.00E 120.92E 121.02E 122.07E 138 7 3 284

6 18 15 8 24 13 15 4 46 6

71.57W 2520 79.82W 30 71.93W 3249 73.30W 126 77.12W 13 80.60W 55 74.57W 149 79.10W 30

25.25S 57.52W

8.97N 79.55W 9.05N 79.37W

31.87N 35.22E

33.62N 73.10E 24.90N 67.13E 31.52N 74.40E

24.23N 55.78E

60.12N 10.83E 59.95N 10.72E

13.48N

12.15N 86.17W

37.00S 37.02S 43.48S 43.48S

52.30N 51.98N 52.47N 51.95N 52.17N 51.45N

Lat

-16.1 -17.0 -9.6 -15.1

22.1 22.6 22.7 22.8 23.1 23.1 21.2 23.3 20.2 22.6

5.9 14.9 0.0 19.0 13.9 15.8 17.6 14.2

5.1

22.8 20.2

0.7

2.1 10.3 3.0

9.5

-19.0 -14.5

15.9

19.9

4.4 1.9 -2.8 -2.5

-6.7 -5.5 -6.4 -6.6 -6.6 -7.4

99.6%

-12.2 -12.7 -7.2 -12.0

22.8 23.0 23.0 23.3 23.8 23.8 22.1 23.9 21.1 23.1

6.8 15.2 1.1 20.1 14.2 16.3 18.9 14.8

7.1

22.9 21.0

2.0

3.2 11.9 4.8

10.9

-16.0 -12.2

17.0

20.8

5.6 2.9 -1.8 -1.5

-4.5 -3.6 -4.1 -4.5 -4.5 -5.2

99%

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

27.1 25.8 25.3 29.4

34.6 33.9 35.1 34.8 33.2 34.5 35.0 34.7 35.2 34.1

24.1 32.2 23.0 34.1 28.9 34.1 34.9 28.2

37.0

34.9 34.1

32.9

41.0 38.9 43.1

45.2

26.9 26.7

42.3

36.0

25.3 25.2 28.0 27.7

27.6 27.0 25.6 27.8 27.0 29.2

18.9 19.5 20.2 19.8

27.5 26.6 27.3 27.7 27.2 26.4 26.3 27.9 26.2 27.4

11.5 24.2 10.5 26.5 22.8 25.4 26.2 23.6

23.8

25.4 25.5

18.7

22.5 22.7 22.9

21.9

17.6 17.2

20.9

24.3

19.8 19.7 16.9 16.6

19.7 19.2 18.7 19.8 19.5 19.8

25.1 23.6 23.7 27.5

34.1 33.2 34.4 34.0 32.8 33.8 34.1 34.1 34.5 33.6

23.5 31.7 22.1 33.7 27.8 33.3 34.1 27.4

35.9

34.1 33.2

31.7

39.2 37.2 41.8

44.2

25.0 24.9

41.7

35.1

24.3 24.5 26.0 25.6

25.5 24.6 23.6 25.6 24.7 27.0

18.0 18.3 19.2 18.8

27.4 26.6 27.2 27.5 27.1 26.3 26.1 27.7 26.2 27.3

11.2 24.0 10.3 26.5 22.3 25.1 26.2 23.3

24.0

25.2 25.2

18.5

22.6 23.1 23.0

21.5

16.9 16.5

20.9

24.2

19.2 19.3 16.1 15.8

18.8 18.5 17.8 19.0 18.6 19.2

23.2 21.9 22.2 25.8

33.6 32.9 33.9 33.3 32.2 33.2 33.5 33.5 33.8 33.1

23.0 30.8 21.4 33.0 26.9 32.7 33.6 26.7

34.9

33.8 33.0

30.2

37.9 36.0 40.1

43.2

23.2 23.1

40.8

34.8

23.5 23.8 24.0 23.6

23.6 22.7 21.8 23.8 22.9 25.0

17.1 17.6 18.4 18.0

27.3 26.6 27.1 27.3 27.0 26.3 26.1 27.4 26.2 27.2

11.0 23.5 10.0 26.4 22.0 24.9 26.1 22.8

24.0

25.2 25.1

18.3

22.6 23.5 23.0

21.4

15.9 15.6

20.8

24.1

18.8 18.9 15.6 15.2

17.9 18.0 17.6 18.0 17.8 18.2

20.2 20.3 21.0 20.7

28.8 28.1 28.2 28.6 28.6 28.2 28.5 28.7 27.7 28.2

14.8 25.6 12.6 27.4 23.6 26.5 27.0 24.0

26.7

27.7 27.6

21.8

28.0 28.2 29.2

27.8

19.2 18.5

27.1

26.6

21.2 21.3 18.4 18.1

20.7 20.6 20.0 20.8 20.5 21.0

25.1 24.4 24.1 27.0

33.1 32.1 33.2 33.0 31.3 32.0 31.6 33.3 32.4 32.7

21.1 30.3 20.2 32.6 27.3 32.3 33.1 27.4

32.3

31.5 31.2

28.8

34.0 33.4 34.1

33.5

23.7 23.7

33.2

31.4

23.6 23.7 24.4 24.2

25.7 24.7 23.3 25.9 25.0 26.6

19.2 19.1 20.0 19.8

28.4 27.7 28.0 28.2 28.2 27.7 28.0 28.3 27.5 27.8

14.2 24.9 12.1 27.1 22.9 25.9 26.7 23.5

26.3

27.3 27.1

21.0

27.5 27.9 28.6

27.0

18.2 17.7

26.6

26.2

20.5 20.6 17.6 17.3

19.6 19.7 19.2 19.8 19.4 20.0

23.8 22.5 22.8 25.8

32.8 31.7 32.9 32.6 31.0 31.6 31.0 32.8 32.0 32.3

20.5 29.6 19.6 32.1 26.7 31.9 32.7 26.9

31.9

31.0 30.9

27.3

33.2 32.8 33.4

34.1

23.0 22.7

32.8

31.1

22.9 23.0 23.0 22.7

24.0 23.0 21.5 24.1 23.3 25.1

18.2 18.8 19.7 18.6

27.6 27.0 26.9 27.4 27.9 27.2 27.8 27.5 26.6 26.9

12.7 24.1 9.9 26.1 22.2 24.9 25.2 22.9

25.2

26.8 26.8

19.9

26.5 27.1 28.1

26.6

17.8 16.7

25.9

25.2

20.3 20.4 16.4 16.2

19.0 19.3 19.0 19.1 18.9 19.1

13.4 13.6 14.4 13.9

23.6 22.7 22.6 23.3 24.1 22.9 23.9 23.4 22.3 22.6

12.5 19.1 11.3 21.8 16.9 20.1 20.7 17.7

20.6

22.5 22.6

16.0

23.5 22.9 24.9

23.0

13.1 12.1

21.8

20.5

15.0 15.1 11.7 11.6

13.8 14.1 13.8 13.9 13.7 13.9

22.1 22.1 22.8 23.1

32.3 31.3 31.7 31.5 30.4 30.8 30.2 32.0 30.3 31.4

16.4 28.8 15.1 30.9 26.3 29.5 29.9 26.3

29.3

30.3 29.6

24.4

31.2 30.9 32.1

30.9

20.6 20.1

29.4

28.3

22.5 22.6 19.6 19.3

22.6 22.2 21.1 23.0 22.4 22.8

17.2 17.7 18.9 17.7

27.2 26.5 26.6 27.0 27.5 26.7 27.2 27.1 26.2 26.6

12.0 23.2 9.2 25.7 21.3 24.2 25.0 22.2

24.8

26.2 26.1

19.1

26.1 26.7 27.6

25.2

16.4 15.7

25.1

25.1

19.6 19.8 15.8 15.5

18.0 18.4 18.4 18.1 18.0 18.2

12.5 12.7 13.7 13.2

23.0 22.1 22.2 22.8 23.5 22.3 23.0 22.8 21.8 22.1

12.0 18.1 10.8 21.3 16.0 19.3 20.5 16.9

20.1

21.6 21.7

15.2

22.8 22.4 24.1

21.1

11.9 11.3

20.8

20.3

14.3 14.5 11.3 11.0

12.9 13.3 13.3 13.0 12.9 13.1

21.1 21.1 21.7 22.0

32.1 30.7 31.4 31.3 30.2 30.4 29.6 31.7 29.8 31.0

15.8 28.3 14.3 30.7 25.3 29.4 29.9 26.3

29.0

29.8 29.1

23.0

30.9 30.7 31.7

31.3

19.3 19.4

29.1

28.2

22.0 22.1 19.0 18.4

21.4 21.0 20.2 21.7 21.1 22.0

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 6 sites, 33 more on CD-ROM 13.6 11.9 10.4 2986 66 16.2 14.5 13.2 2790 68 18.6 16.4 15.0 2921 51 12.4 11.0 9.6 2963 66 13.3 11.8 10.4 2995 53 9.8 8.4 7.4 2988 80 4 sites, 33 more on CD-ROM 12.7 11.2 9.9 1234 159 12.9 11.4 10.3 1301 163 11.3 10.1 9.0 2607 59 11.4 10.1 9.0 2609 53 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 8.2 7.3 6.4 0 3462 1 site, 11 more on CD-ROM 9.5 8.2 7.1 0 4202 2 sites, 54 more on CD-ROM 8.3 7.1 6.2 4428 52 8.0 6.9 6.0 4217 56 1 site, 9 more on CD-ROM 8.3 7.2 6.3 77 3734 3 sites, 2 more on CD-ROM 12.7 10.3 9.1 641 2019 9.2 8.2 7.3 20 3251 8.0 6.4 5.4 422 2584 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 9.5 8.5 7.8 1400 723 2 sites, 0 more on CD-ROM 7.9 7.1 6.3 0 3584 7.8 6.6 5.7 0 3295 1 site, 3 more on CD-ROM 10.4 9.4 8.5 262 2064 8 sites, 5 more on CD-ROM 9.5 7.9 7.0 1118 2 10.4 9.7 8.9 2 1600 8.6 7.0 5.9 2042 0 6.2 4.8 3.9 0 3044 9.3 7.8 6.8 183 775 8.4 7.7 6.8 0 2383 6.7 5.5 4.5 1 3133 7.4 6.6 6.1 129 729 10 sites, 34 more on CD-ROM 4.8 3.7 3.0 0 3601 7.8 6.0 5.0 0 3506 6.1 5.4 4.9 0 3582 7.4 6.4 5.6 0 3576 8.3 7.1 6.1 0 3536 9.4 7.5 6.1 0 3726 16.0 12.1 9.9 0 3517 9.5 7.5 6.4 0 3778 5.7 4.8 4.0 0 3406 5.6 5.0 4.4 0 3617 13 sites, 48 more on CD-ROM 12.3 10.3 8.9 4016 46 10.2 8.7 7.5 3891 34 10.0 8.5 7.6 3639 52 8.4 7.4 6.5 3708 97

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 131

SOCHI (ADLER) ARHANGELSK ASTRAHAN BARNAUL BRJANSK CHEREPOVEC CHELJABINSK-BALANDI CHITA EKATERINBURG ELABUGA GOR'KIJ HABAROVSK IRKUTSK IZHEVSK KALININGRAD KALUGA KAZAN KEMEROVO KIROV KIROV KRASNODAR KRASNOJARSK KRASNOJARSK OPYTNOE KURGAN KURSK MAGNITOGORSK MAHACKALA MOSKVA MURMANSK NIZHNYJ TAGIL NIZNIJ NOVGOROD

Russian Federation

BUCURESTI AFUMATI BUCURESTI INMH-BANE CLUJ-NAPOCA CONSTANTA CRAIOVA IASI KOGALNICEANU TIMISOARA

Romania

DOHA INTERNATIONAL

Qatar

SAN JUAN INTL ARPT LUIS MUNOZ MARIN IN

Puerto Rico

LISBOA/GAGO COUTINH

Portugal

KRAKOW-BALICE LODZ LUBLIN RADAWIEC POZNAN RACIBORZ SZCZECIN TERESPOL WARSZAWA-OKECIE WROCLAW II

Station 19.80E 19.40E 22.40E 16.85E 18.20E 14.62E 23.62E 20.97E 16.88E

Long

43.43N 64.50N 46.28N 53.43N 53.25N 59.27N 55.30N 52.08N 56.83N 55.77N 56.22N 48.52N 52.27N 56.83N 54.72N 54.57N 55.73N 55.23N 58.65N 58.57N 45.03N 56.00N 56.03N 55.47N 51.77N 53.35N 43.02N 55.83N 68.97N 57.88N 56.27N

44.48N 44.48N 46.78N 44.22N 44.32N 47.17N 44.33N 45.77N 39.90E 40.72E 48.05E 83.52E 34.32E 38.02E 61.53E 113.48E 60.63E 52.07E 43.82E 135.17E 104.32E 53.45E 20.55E 36.40E 49.20E 86.12E 49.62E 49.57E 39.15E 92.88E 92.75E 65.40E 36.17E 59.08E 47.48E 37.62E 33.05E 60.07E 44.00E

26.18E 26.12E 23.57E 28.65E 23.87E 27.63E 28.43E 21.25E

25.25N 51.57E

18.42N 66.00W 18.43N 66.00W

38.77N 9.13W

50.08N 51.73N 51.22N 52.42N 50.05N 53.40N 52.07N 52.17N 51.10N

Lat

13 8 -23 184 216 114 227 671 283 192 82 76 469 159 21 201 116 260 164 158 34 277 276 79 247 382 32 156 51 258 157

90 91 413 14 195 104 102 88

10

4 3

105

237 190 240 84 206 7 137 106 124

Elev

-2.0 -33.2 -18.1 -32.9 -22.6 -30.3 -29.2 -37.2 -30.8 -29.2 -27.4 -30.0 -35.5 -30.1 -17.4 -25.4 -28.6 -33.6 -33.5 -29.5 -14.8 -33.7 -37.1 -32.7 -22.8 -29.5 -11.6 -22.8 -32.2 -31.9 -26.6

-13.2 -12.5 -14.8 -8.9 -12.0 -15.8 -11.0 -11.4

11.2

20.8 21.0

4.6

99.6% -16.1 -15.3 -17.3 -14.0 -15.6 -12.7 -19.2 -16.2 -14.9

-0.6 -29.5 -15.0 -29.8 -19.4 -26.8 -26.3 -35.0 -27.9 -25.6 -23.9 -28.0 -32.1 -26.5 -13.2 -22.0 -25.0 -30.3 -28.7 -26.2 -11.1 -31.1 -34.6 -29.5 -19.5 -26.5 -8.6 -19.5 -28.8 -29.2 -23.2

-10.8 -10.0 -12.0 -6.9 -9.6 -12.6 -9.0 -8.9

12.8

21.3 21.5

5.8

99% -13.1 -12.2 -13.7 -10.9 -12.2 -9.4 -15.1 -12.9 -11.2

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

30.2 27.2 35.4 30.0 28.5 28.0 30.5 30.9 29.4 30.6 28.4 30.5 28.2 29.7 27.8 27.9 30.7 28.7 28.3 29.6 34.2 28.4 29.0 31.3 30.4 30.4 31.5 29.4 24.1 28.6 30.8

33.9 34.1 30.4 30.1 33.9 32.7 32.5 33.9

43.9

32.8 32.9

33.6

23.9 19.5 21.5 19.1 19.4 20.1 19.6 19.3 19.5 20.1 19.5 22.2 17.9 19.8 19.7 19.5 19.8 19.1 20.0 20.6 22.5 18.3 19.2 19.5 19.6 18.5 23.4 20.9 16.0 19.2 20.4

21.6 21.1 20.5 23.7 22.0 21.2 22.0 21.2

22.2

25.4 25.2

20.4

29.1 25.0 33.7 28.2 26.8 25.9 28.6 28.9 27.7 28.6 26.7 28.8 26.8 27.8 25.8 26.2 28.4 26.9 25.9 27.7 32.2 26.6 27.1 29.4 28.4 28.6 30.1 27.5 21.5 26.9 28.6

32.1 32.5 28.9 28.7 32.1 30.9 30.9 32.1

42.8

31.9 32.1

31.5

23.5 18.1 21.1 18.5 18.6 19.0 19.0 18.2 18.7 19.5 18.8 21.6 17.6 18.9 18.7 18.8 19.4 18.2 18.5 19.4 22.0 17.6 18.7 19.2 18.8 17.9 23.3 20.2 14.9 18.4 19.7

21.4 20.7 19.7 22.9 21.6 20.7 21.4 20.9

22.4

25.5 25.4

19.8

28.0 22.9 32.2 26.7 25.1 24.0 26.9 26.9 25.9 26.7 25.0 27.1 25.0 26.0 24.1 24.6 26.6 25.1 24.1 25.9 30.6 24.8 25.2 27.6 26.6 26.9 28.9 25.6 19.2 25.1 26.8

30.8 30.9 27.2 27.5 30.5 29.2 29.1 30.2

41.3

31.4 31.6

29.6

23.1 17.0 20.7 17.7 17.8 17.8 18.2 17.3 17.8 18.5 17.8 20.6 16.8 18.0 17.6 18.0 18.5 17.4 17.5 18.3 21.2 16.8 17.7 18.4 18.2 17.3 22.8 19.1 13.8 17.6 19.0

20.7 20.1 19.0 22.3 21.0 19.9 21.0 20.1

22.9

25.4 25.5

19.3

Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB 29.9 20.4 27.9 19.6 26.0 18.6 29.6 19.4 27.6 18.6 25.8 17.7 28.8 20.3 26.8 19.4 25.1 18.4 30.1 19.4 28.1 18.4 26.3 17.7 29.5 20.1 27.7 19.3 25.9 18.5 29.0 19.9 27.0 19.1 25.2 18.3 29.3 20.2 27.4 19.5 25.6 18.5 29.8 20.3 27.8 19.4 26.0 18.3 30.1 19.8 28.1 19.0 26.3 18.2

25.4 20.6 23.6 21.0 20.6 21.1 21.0 21.0 21.1 21.4 20.9 24.0 20.0 20.9 21.1 20.9 21.3 20.7 20.7 21.2 24.1 20.0 20.8 21.3 20.9 20.0 25.5 21.9 17.0 20.7 21.4

23.4 23.1 21.9 25.6 24.1 22.9 25.2 22.8

31.1

26.9 27.2

21.5

28.7 25.5 30.8 27.0 26.3 26.4 27.6 28.2 27.1 28.2 26.3 27.8 25.6 27.4 25.6 25.7 27.6 25.8 26.1 27.7 30.9 25.7 26.5 28.4 27.3 27.2 29.3 27.8 21.6 26.5 27.8

30.2 29.9 28.1 28.2 30.7 29.5 27.6 30.0

35.2

30.4 30.3

30.5

24.5 19.3 22.6 19.9 19.6 20.0 20.1 19.7 20.0 20.4 19.8 22.9 19.0 20.0 19.8 19.8 20.4 19.6 19.6 20.4 23.1 19.0 19.6 20.4 20.1 19.2 24.7 20.8 15.6 19.6 20.5

22.4 22.1 20.8 24.3 23.0 21.9 23.8 21.8

30.6

26.6 26.7

20.8

27.9 23.7 29.8 25.7 24.9 24.5 26.5 26.2 25.8 26.8 24.8 26.7 24.3 26.2 24.2 24.4 26.4 24.7 24.4 26.4 29.6 24.3 24.9 27.2 26.1 26.2 28.5 26.0 20.3 25.0 26.8

29.5 29.1 26.6 27.2 29.3 28.2 27.0 28.8

34.9

30.1 30.1

28.5

24.2 18.8 21.6 19.0 18.6 19.3 18.9 18.8 19.1 19.1 19.1 23.0 18.1 18.7 19.5 19.1 19.1 18.9 18.7 19.1 22.0 18.1 18.8 18.9 18.8 17.6 24.3 19.8 14.9 18.6 19.2

21.3 21.2 20.0 24.8 22.1 21.0 24.5 21.0

30.2

25.9 26.2

19.2

19.1 13.6 16.2 14.1 13.8 14.2 14.1 14.7 14.3 14.2 14.0 17.9 13.8 13.8 14.2 14.2 14.1 14.2 13.8 14.2 16.8 13.4 14.1 13.8 14.0 13.2 19.3 14.8 10.7 13.9 14.3

16.2 16.0 15.4 19.9 17.2 15.8 19.8 15.8

27.5

21.2 21.6

14.2

27.8 23.2 26.3 23.7 23.0 24.0 23.3 23.7 23.8 24.1 23.5 25.7 22.2 23.8 23.2 23.7 24.2 23.3 23.7 24.0 27.5 22.4 23.8 24.0 23.6 23.0 28.4 25.0 19.2 23.2 24.0

25.4 25.0 24.6 27.3 27.1 25.9 26.3 24.7

34.0

28.8 28.9

22.5

23.4 17.4 20.5 17.9 17.6 18.2 17.9 17.5 18.0 18.1 17.9 21.8 17.0 17.7 18.2 18.1 18.2 17.8 17.7 18.2 21.1 17.0 17.7 18.0 17.9 16.6 23.4 18.8 13.3 17.5 18.3

20.2 20.1 18.9 23.4 21.0 19.9 23.0 19.9

29.7

25.5 25.8

18.6

18.2 12.5 15.2 13.1 12.9 13.3 13.2 13.6 13.4 13.4 13.0 16.6 12.9 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.3 13.2 12.9 13.4 15.8 12.6 13.2 13.1 13.3 12.4 18.2 13.9 9.6 12.9 13.4

15.0 15.0 14.4 18.2 16.1 14.8 17.9 14.8

26.7

20.8 21.2

13.6

26.9 21.7 25.5 22.9 22.0 22.4 22.7 22.5 22.7 23.3 22.2 24.9 21.2 22.7 21.8 22.4 23.2 22.2 22.1 23.1 26.3 21.3 22.2 23.0 22.8 22.3 27.7 23.7 17.5 22.0 22.9

24.5 23.8 23.2 26.3 25.8 24.4 25.0 23.8

33.9

28.6 28.8

22.3

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 19.1 14.3 24.1 18.2 13.5 22.7 18.8 14.0 22.7 17.9 13.1 21.7 19.4 14.6 24.2 18.4 13.7 22.7 18.5 13.5 22.5 17.7 12.8 21.9 19.1 14.2 23.8 18.2 13.4 22.7 19.3 14.1 23.6 18.3 13.2 22.4 19.6 14.5 24.1 18.6 13.6 23.0 19.3 14.3 23.8 18.5 13.5 22.9 18.8 13.8 23.3 17.9 13.0 22.3

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 9.4 8.2 7.3 3667 119 9.0 7.9 7.0 3744 115 8.5 7.4 6.5 3931 93 9.6 8.4 7.4 3582 123 10.1 8.7 7.5 3559 111 9.4 8.4 7.4 3506 94 7.4 6.5 5.9 3909 109 10.2 9.1 8.1 3727 124 9.0 7.9 7.0 3494 121 1 site, 25 more on CD-ROM 8.8 7.7 6.9 1045 549 2 sites, 2 more on CD-ROM 8.8 8.1 7.4 0 3131 9.2 8.5 7.9 0 3137 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 10.5 9.3 8.3 68 3631 8 sites, 45 more on CD-ROM 10.2 8.2 7.1 2995 419 8.4 7.4 6.3 3012 399 8.1 6.4 5.3 3526 169 12.2 10.3 9.7 2627 442 12.1 9.5 8.1 2884 457 9.5 8.0 7.0 3248 339 11.2 9.4 8.5 2881 402 8.4 7.0 5.9 2877 362 62 sites, 512 more on CD-ROM 7.6 6.6 5.9 2012 469 8.1 7.0 6.2 6263 47 9.8 8.6 7.9 3397 667 10.7 9.0 7.9 5846 157 9.2 8.0 7.2 4572 116 8.9 7.4 6.3 5577 53 10.6 9.2 8.1 5563 153 10.1 8.7 7.6 6979 100 8.9 7.9 7.1 5893 99 13.2 11.0 9.4 5380 172 9.3 8.3 7.3 5163 96 10.6 9.3 8.3 6046 222 10.1 8.8 7.7 6612 52 9.8 8.4 7.2 5706 126 9.1 7.9 7.1 3848 67 9.1 7.6 6.7 4898 71 11.1 9.9 9.1 5299 172 10.9 9.5 8.6 6240 106 9.8 8.7 7.8 5907 67 6.2 5.4 5.0 5587 131 10.3 9.1 8.2 2866 509 10.1 8.4 7.0 6227 70 7.2 6.2 5.4 6149 105 10.8 9.3 8.2 5848 174 9.1 7.9 7.1 4420 183 10.0 8.5 7.4 5758 142 10.9 9.4 8.2 2729 581 4.3 3.5 3.2 4662 131 10.9 9.4 8.1 6645 10 7.4 6.4 5.6 6118 71 7.2 6.3 5.5 4997 154

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 21.3 27.9 20.4 26.4 20.7 26.5 19.7 25.4 21.3 26.8 20.2 25.3 20.7 27.5 19.7 25.9 21.1 27.0 20.2 25.9 21.2 26.8 20.1 25.1 21.5 27.1 20.4 25.6 21.4 27.5 20.5 26.0 20.9 27.5 19.9 26.0

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

132 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

BLOEMFONTEIN AIRPOR CAPE TOWN INTNL. AI DURBAN INTNL. AIRPO EAST LONDON JOHANNESBURG INTNL. PORT ELIZABETH

South Africa

BRATISLAVA-LETISKO

Slovakia

SINGAPORE/CHANGI AI

Singapore

BEOGRAD BEOGRAD/SURCIN

Serbia

DAKAR/YOFF

Senegal

ABHA AL-MADINAH DHAHRAN GASSIM JEDDAH (KING ABDUL AZIZ INTL) KHAMIS MUSHAIT MAKKAH RIYADH OBS. (O.A.P.) TABUK

Saudi Arabia

NOVOKUZNETSK NOVOSIBIRSK OMSK OREL ORENBURG PENZA PERM RJAZAN' RJAZAN' ROSTOV-NA-DONU SAMARA SARATOV SHEREMETYEVO SMOLENSK PULKOVO STAVROPOL SURGUT TJUMEN TOMSK TULA TVER UFA ULAN-UDE ULYANOVSK VLADIMIR VLADIVOSTOK VNUKOVO VOLGOGRAD VORONEZ VORONEZ VLADIKAVKAZ

Station

134

16

132 99

24

26.30E 1354 18.60E 42 30.95E 14 27.83E 125 28.23E 1720 25.62E 63

48.20N 17.20E

1.37N 103.98E

44.80N 20.47E 44.82N 20.28E

29.10S 33.97S 29.97S 33.03S 26.15S 33.98S

308 176 122 203 117 174 170 160 158 77 40 166 190 239 6 452 56 104 139 204 137 104 515 127 170 183 209 147 104 149 703

Elev

42.65E 2093 39.70E 636 50.17E 17 43.77E 648 39.18E 17 42.80E 2056 39.77E 240 46.73E 620 36.60E 768

86.88E 82.90E 73.38E 36.00E 55.10E 45.02E 56.20E 39.72E 39.70E 39.82E 50.45E 46.03E 37.42E 32.07E 30.26E 42.08E 73.50E 65.43E 84.92E 37.62E 35.87E 55.83E 107.60E 48.33E 40.35E 131.93E 37.25E 44.35E 39.25E 39.22E 44.68E

Long

14.73N 17.50W

18.23N 24.55N 26.27N 26.30N 21.70N 18.30N 21.43N 24.70N 28.38N

53.82N 55.08N 55.02N 52.93N 51.68N 53.12N 57.95N 54.62N 54.63N 47.25N 53.25N 51.55N 55.97N 54.75N 59.80N 45.12N 61.25N 57.12N 56.50N 54.23N 56.88N 54.72N 51.83N 54.32N 56.12N 43.12N 55.58N 48.78N 51.65N 51.70N 43.03N

Lat

-4.8 3.8 9.2 7.9 0.1 5.3

-11.2

23.1

-8.4 -10.2

16.8

6.0 9.0 7.8 3.0 15.2 7.1 16.2 5.8 1.8

99.6% -32.5 -35.2 -32.8 -24.0 -29.5 -27.2 -31.0 -23.5 -25.0 -17.1 -27.2 -23.3 -25.0 -22.7 -23.2 -17.0 -40.7 -32.3 -36.3 -24.8 -25.9 -31.8 -36.4 -28.6 -26.4 -25.2 -24.0 -21.8 -24.6 -23.6 -14.0

-3.4 5.1 10.4 9.0 2.0 6.8

-8.7

23.8

-6.3 -8.0

17.0

7.2 10.8 9.1 5.0 16.8 8.3 17.6 7.2 3.0

99% -29.8 -31.9 -29.9 -20.5 -26.2 -23.9 -27.5 -20.7 -21.7 -14.5 -24.1 -20.6 -21.5 -19.5 -19.6 -13.9 -38.1 -29.7 -32.9 -21.3 -22.3 -28.2 -33.9 -25.2 -22.9 -22.8 -20.9 -19.1 -21.2 -20.4 -11.2

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

33.8 31.2 30.2 30.5 29.0 29.4

32.1

33.2

34.0 34.0

32.2

31.1 45.1 45.1 44.9 41.0 31.9 45.1 44.7 41.0

15.4 19.3 23.9 20.2 15.1 18.9

20.5

26.4

21.4 21.4

23.0

13.1 19.0 23.1 20.1 23.5 15.2 24.5 19.2 19.0

32.5 29.2 29.2 28.8 27.9 27.5

30.2

32.9

32.3 32.2

31.2

30.3 44.2 44.0 44.0 39.8 31.1 44.1 43.9 39.8

15.3 18.9 23.6 20.6 15.1 19.5

19.9

26.4

21.0 21.4

24.9

13.2 18.7 23.3 19.4 24.2 15.0 24.3 18.8 18.5

31.2 27.8 28.5 27.2 26.9 26.1

28.8

32.2

30.7 30.8

30.8

29.8 43.2 42.9 43.0 38.8 30.7 43.1 43.0 38.8

15.3 18.5 23.3 20.6 15.3 19.8

19.2

26.3

20.3 20.7

25.2

13.2 18.4 23.2 18.9 24.5 14.8 24.2 18.5 18.1

Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB 29.1 19.5 27.3 18.7 25.7 17.9 29.2 18.8 27.8 18.1 26.0 17.4 31.0 18.8 29.1 18.2 27.2 17.7 30.0 20.1 28.0 19.3 26.3 18.5 34.1 19.5 32.1 18.9 30.2 18.5 31.8 19.8 29.4 19.2 27.6 18.4 29.9 20.4 27.9 19.3 26.0 18.3 28.7 19.8 27.0 19.1 25.2 18.0 30.7 20.2 28.4 19.3 26.5 18.5 34.6 21.8 32.2 21.3 30.3 20.5 32.2 19.9 30.2 19.6 28.2 18.8 33.0 19.8 30.8 19.2 28.9 18.7 29.8 19.3 27.2 18.7 25.2 18.0 27.7 19.9 25.8 19.0 24.2 18.1 28.0 19.6 25.9 18.5 24.1 17.6 33.9 19.7 31.9 19.3 30.0 19.0 28.4 18.6 26.7 17.7 24.5 17.1 29.5 19.6 27.8 18.9 26.1 18.3 28.4 19.9 26.7 18.7 25.1 18.0 30.1 20.2 28.0 19.3 26.2 18.6 29.4 19.9 27.2 19.2 25.3 18.2 31.2 20.6 29.3 19.7 27.6 19.0 31.2 18.3 29.1 17.7 27.1 17.0 31.7 20.1 29.4 19.7 27.6 18.6 29.3 20.8 27.2 20.1 25.4 19.1 28.2 21.3 26.8 20.6 24.9 19.8 29.2 19.6 27.2 18.9 25.2 18.1 35.0 19.0 32.9 18.6 30.9 18.2 32.1 19.0 29.8 18.9 27.6 18.2 32.5 20.2 30.3 19.5 28.3 18.7 30.6 20.3 28.8 19.8 27.1 19.2

19.6 21.1 25.5 23.8 19.4 22.7

21.5

27.7

22.6 23.1

28.0

19.8 22.1 31.1 22.7 29.9 19.5 28.9 21.2 21.1

26.2 27.5 28.6 27.4 23.8 25.7

29.4

30.7

30.9 30.8

29.7

24.1 36.6 35.8 38.5 35.0 24.7 38.6 37.4 36.5

19.0 20.5 24.9 23.1 18.6 22.1

20.7

27.5

21.8 22.3

27.4

19.2 21.0 30.2 21.5 29.1 18.9 28.0 20.3 20.2

25.7 26.4 27.9 26.3 23.3 25.0

28.4

30.5

29.8 29.7

29.3

23.6 37.4 35.5 39.2 34.4 24.0 37.9 37.7 35.5

17.9 19.2 24.3 22.8 18.0 21.9

19.0

27.1

20.1 20.8

27.2

18.5 17.2 30.1 19.0 28.8 18.1 26.6 17.8 15.8

15.2 14.0 19.3 17.8 16.0 16.7

14.0

22.8

15.0 15.6

23.1

17.4 13.3 27.4 14.9 25.4 16.8 22.8 13.8 12.3

21.5 22.5 27.2 25.8 21.3 24.3

24.8

29.5

26.6 26.7

28.9

22.0 27.1 34.3 26.9 33.6 22.3 35.4 22.8 27.7

17.1 18.5 24.0 22.1 17.1 21.1

18.1

26.8

19.1 19.9

27.0

17.9 16.0 29.1 16.9 27.9 17.2 25.6 16.1 14.2

14.4 13.4 18.9 17.0 15.1 15.9

13.2

22.4

14.1 14.8

22.8

16.7 12.3 25.7 13.1 24.1 15.8 21.4 12.4 11.1

20.9 22.1 27.0 24.9 20.4 23.6

23.9

29.2

25.0 25.8

28.7

21.8 25.9 33.8 24.0 32.8 21.8 34.8 21.8 27.2

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 19.0 14.3 23.7 17.9 13.3 22.5 18.9 14.0 22.8 17.8 13.1 22.0 18.2 13.3 23.3 17.2 12.5 22.4 19.1 14.2 24.4 18.2 13.4 23.0 18.7 13.7 24.5 17.6 12.8 23.5 19.1 14.1 24.4 18.1 13.3 23.2 19.1 14.2 24.9 18.0 13.2 23.4 19.0 14.0 23.8 18.0 13.2 22.2 19.2 14.3 23.9 18.3 13.4 22.8 21.0 15.8 26.7 20.0 14.8 25.6 19.8 14.6 24.6 18.8 13.7 23.6 18.9 13.9 23.7 18.0 13.2 23.2 18.9 14.0 23.4 17.9 13.1 22.2 19.0 14.2 23.4 18.0 13.3 22.3 18.8 13.6 23.3 17.6 12.6 22.0 19.1 14.6 25.2 18.1 13.8 24.1 17.9 13.0 22.4 16.9 12.1 21.6 19.0 13.9 23.9 18.0 13.1 23.2 19.4 14.4 23.4 18.3 13.4 22.5 19.1 14.3 24.2 18.2 13.4 23.1 19.2 14.2 23.6 18.2 13.3 22.5 19.4 14.4 25.2 18.4 13.5 24.1 17.7 13.5 22.9 16.8 12.7 22.0 19.4 14.3 24.5 18.4 13.5 23.5 20.2 15.2 25.2 18.9 14.0 23.7 22.2 17.2 24.4 21.2 16.2 23.4 18.9 14.1 23.5 17.9 13.2 22.5 18.1 13.3 22.9 17.3 12.6 22.7 18.6 13.6 23.3 17.9 13.0 22.5 19.2 14.2 24.0 18.3 13.5 23.4 20.1 16.2 25.1 19.2 15.2 24.2

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 11.9 9.9 8.4 5967 99 10.2 8.8 7.6 6141 119 10.4 8.9 7.8 6036 166 10.4 9.2 8.1 4528 155 10.5 9.3 8.2 5116 314 10.2 9.3 8.5 4964 184 10.0 8.9 7.9 5778 116 9.8 8.2 6.9 4858 131 6.6 5.8 5.2 4748 166 12.5 10.9 9.5 3442 482 10.5 9.3 8.3 5043 234 10.3 9.0 7.9 4554 350 9.2 8.2 7.3 4924 104 7.3 6.3 5.4 4732 77 8.9 7.5 6.6 4778 68 12.5 10.6 9.3 3308 411 10.1 8.9 7.9 7422 80 6.4 5.7 5.1 6012 123 9.1 7.5 6.3 6423 88 7.2 6.2 5.4 4720 133 9.2 7.8 6.9 4924 101 10.2 8.7 7.5 5483 163 10.7 9.2 7.9 6890 128 11.1 10.0 9.1 5076 184 9.1 8.1 7.2 5035 122 13.1 11.2 9.8 4948 161 9.5 8.4 7.5 4868 113 12.4 10.8 9.7 4112 446 10.3 8.8 7.4 4472 191 8.1 7.0 6.2 4254 267 4.7 3.9 3.3 3407 250 9 sites, 19 more on CD-ROM 9.5 8.5 7.7 522 768 9.3 8.2 7.2 83 3757 11.1 9.8 8.9 181 3398 9.0 8.0 6.9 436 2918 9.8 8.8 8.0 1 3762 9.4 8.4 7.4 341 1009 6.2 5.2 4.5 1 4758 9.4 8.3 7.3 284 3342 10.3 8.7 7.1 677 2102 1 site, 7 more on CD-ROM 9.8 8.9 8.1 1 2375 2 sites, 24 more on CD-ROM 7.4 6.3 5.3 2482 528 9.9 8.5 7.4 2686 426 1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM 7.3 6.4 5.6 0 3572 1 site, 18 more on CD-ROM 10.3 8.9 7.8 3047 280 8 sites, 30 more on CD-ROM 9.1 7.9 7.0 1382 508 13.7 12.4 11.2 884 387 11.1 9.9 8.9 137 1115 12.4 10.9 9.7 416 575 9.3 8.3 7.5 1103 265 14.5 12.8 11.4 651 409

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 20.9 26.6 19.8 25.4 20.7 26.3 19.7 25.0 20.7 27.7 19.7 26.6 21.2 27.3 20.3 26.2 21.3 29.8 20.4 28.8 21.3 28.1 20.4 27.1 21.4 27.6 20.3 26.5 21.0 26.6 19.9 25.2 21.2 27.8 20.4 26.5 23.3 31.0 22.4 29.5 21.8 28.2 20.9 27.4 21.2 28.8 20.4 27.9 20.7 26.1 19.6 25.2 20.8 25.9 19.8 24.6 20.7 26.0 19.5 24.3 21.6 29.4 20.8 28.2 20.0 26.0 18.9 24.4 21.1 27.2 20.2 25.8 21.1 26.1 20.1 24.9 21.2 27.5 20.3 26.3 21.2 26.9 20.1 25.5 21.9 28.7 20.9 27.6 20.1 27.7 19.2 26.2 21.6 28.1 20.7 27.3 22.1 27.3 20.8 25.9 23.2 26.3 22.2 24.6 20.9 26.7 19.8 25.4 20.7 29.5 20.0 28.6 20.9 27.8 20.0 26.6 21.5 29.1 20.6 27.6 22.0 27.9 21.1 26.7

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 133

DUSHANBE

Tajikistan

CHIANG KAI SHEK CHILUNG CHINMEM/SHATOU(AFB) HSINCHU (TW-AFB) HSINCHU CITY KANGSHAN (TW-AFB) KAOHSIUNG KAOHSIUNG INTL ARPT PINGTUNG NORTH(AFB) PINGTUNG SOUTH AFB SUNGSHAN/TAIPEI TAIBEI TAICHUNG (TW-AFB) TAINAN TAINAN (TW-AFB) TAIZHONG TAOYUAN AB (=589650) WU-CHI OBSERVATORY WUCHIA OBSERVATORY

Taiwan, Province of China

ALEPPO INT. AEROPOR DAMASCUS INT. AIRPO DARAA HAMA LATTAKIA

Syrian Arab Republic

LAEGERE ZUERICH-FLUNTER ZURICH-KLOTEN

Switzerland

GOTEBORG GOTEBORG/LANDVETTER GOTEBORG/SAVE STOCKHOLM/BROMMA

Sweden

KATUNAYAKE

Sri Lanka

ALICANTE/EL ALTET BARCELONA/AEROPUERT BILBAO/SONDICA LAS PALMAS DE GRAN MADRID/BARAJAS RS MADRID/TORREJON MALAGA/AEROPUERTO MURCIA PALMA DE MALLORCA/S SEVILLA/SAN PABLO VALENCIA/AEROPUERTO VALLADOLID ZARAGOZA (USAFB) ZARAGOZA/AEROPUERTO

Spain

PRETORIA (IRENE) PRETORIA-EENDRACHT

Station Long

Elev

384 609 543 303 7

843 569 432

2 155 16 14

9

31 6 39 47 582 611 7 62 7 31 62 735 263 258

800

121.22E 33 121.80E 3 118.37E 9 120.93E 8 120.93E 27 120.27E 10 120.28E 29 120.35E 9 120.48E 29 120.47E 24 121.55E 6 121.52E 9 120.65E 112 120.22E 14 120.20E 19 120.68E 78 121.23E 45 120.52E 5 120.62E 5

37.20E 36.52E 36.10E 36.75E 35.77E

8.40E 8.57E 8.53E

12.00E 12.28E 11.88E 17.90E

79.88E

0.55W 2.07E 2.90W 15.38W 3.55W 3.45W 4.48W 1.17W 2.73E 5.90W 0.47W 4.77W 1.05W 1.00W

38.55N 68.78E

25.08N 25.15N 24.43N 24.82N 24.83N 22.78N 22.63N 22.58N 22.70N 22.68N 25.07N 25.03N 24.18N 23.00N 22.95N 24.15N 25.07N 24.25N 24.27N

36.18N 33.42N 32.60N 35.12N 35.53N

47.48N 47.38N 47.48N

57.72N 57.67N 57.78N 59.37N

7.17N

38.28N 41.28N 43.30N 27.93N 40.45N 40.48N 36.67N 38.00N 39.55N 37.42N 39.50N 41.65N 41.67N 41.67N

25.92S 28.22E 1523 25.73S 28.18E 1326

Lat

-7.9

9.0 10.2 7.0 9.1 8.8 9.9 12.5 11.9 11.1 11.8 9.1 9.7 8.0 10.7 10.2 9.5 8.8 10.0 7.9

-2.0 -3.7 0.9 -1.4 4.0

-10.7 -8.4 -9.2

-12.1 -13.2 -14.0 -16.1

20.9

3.5 1.2 -0.2 13.5 -4.0 -4.6 4.0 2.4 0.1 1.9 0.9 -3.9 -2.2 -2.8

99.6% 2.6 2.9

-5.2

10.1 11.3 8.0 10.2 10.1 11.2 13.8 13.0 12.7 13.0 10.7 10.8 9.2 12.0 11.8 10.9 9.8 11.1 9.0

-0.6 -1.9 2.4 0.2 5.4

-8.8 -6.6 -7.0

-9.5 -10.7 -11.0 -12.9

21.9

4.8 2.5 1.0 14.1 -2.7 -3.1 5.3 3.9 1.5 3.2 2.2 -2.7 -0.9 -1.1

99% 3.9 4.1

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

37.7

34.3 33.9 33.1 33.1 33.8 33.2 32.7 33.2 34.4 35.0 35.1 35.0 34.2 33.5 33.5 33.4 34.0 32.8 32.2

39.1 39.3 36.2 39.2 33.0

26.1 28.8 30.0

26.9 26.0 25.8 27.0

33.1

32.7 30.2 32.1 30.2 36.3 36.2 35.0 35.9 33.0 39.8 33.1 34.3 36.1 36.2

19.3

26.9 26.1 28.5 27.9 27.1 27.2 27.1 26.6 27.3 27.3 26.7 26.8 27.8 27.2 27.7 26.3 28.1 27.3 27.2

20.1 18.5 19.4 20.8 22.0

17.8 19.1 19.9

18.1 16.7 17.7 17.8

24.8

21.5 23.6 20.8 20.3 19.1 19.9 20.3 21.6 22.9 23.6 21.2 18.2 20.7 21.4

36.2

33.8 33.0 32.2 32.6 33.1 32.9 32.2 33.0 34.0 34.2 34.2 34.1 33.9 33.0 33.0 32.9 33.2 32.3 31.8

37.8 38.0 34.7 37.7 31.7

24.5 27.1 28.2

25.4 24.2 24.1 25.1

32.4

31.2 29.2 29.6 28.5 35.1 35.0 32.9 34.6 31.8 38.0 31.8 32.7 34.0 34.8

19.0

26.9 26.0 28.1 27.7 27.0 27.1 27.1 26.6 27.2 27.1 26.7 26.6 27.8 27.1 27.6 26.2 27.8 27.2 27.1

19.8 18.2 19.5 20.5 23.3

17.2 18.5 19.1

17.5 16.1 17.1 16.9

25.2

21.9 23.4 20.0 20.4 18.8 19.3 20.2 21.5 22.9 22.4 21.7 17.9 20.4 20.9

35.1

33.0 32.2 31.8 32.1 32.4 32.1 31.8 32.2 33.2 33.7 33.7 33.4 33.1 32.5 32.3 32.4 32.7 31.9 31.1

36.2 36.8 33.3 36.4 30.9

23.0 25.5 26.5

23.6 22.4 22.2 23.4

32.0

30.2 28.3 27.5 27.2 33.8 33.7 30.9 33.3 30.3 36.2 30.5 31.0 32.2 32.9

18.7

26.8 26.0 28.0 27.5 26.7 26.9 27.0 26.3 26.9 26.9 26.6 26.4 27.5 26.9 27.3 26.0 27.6 27.1 26.9

19.7 18.1 19.5 20.1 24.0

16.6 17.8 18.5

16.8 15.3 16.3 16.2

25.4

22.0 22.9 19.3 20.7 18.4 18.6 20.0 21.4 22.8 21.8 21.8 17.4 20.0 20.3

22.6

28.5 27.2 29.4 28.9 28.0 28.2 28.1 27.7 28.2 28.3 28.1 27.7 29.0 28.2 28.7 27.1 29.1 28.2 28.3

22.9 21.2 22.8 23.1 26.4

19.3 20.0 20.7

19.7 18.4 19.5 19.4

27.7

25.5 25.4 22.7 24.4 21.5 21.8 24.0 24.6 25.8 25.1 24.9 19.6 22.4 22.8

33.6

32.1 31.2 31.9 32.0 32.5 31.4 31.4 31.0 32.8 33.0 32.7 33.1 33.2 31.7 32.2 31.9 32.7 31.7 30.9

32.9 30.6 31.0 34.0 30.2

23.3 26.7 27.8

24.3 22.9 23.0 24.0

30.8

28.6 28.7 28.4 26.6 33.8 34.3 28.1 30.9 29.4 36.3 29.3 30.8 32.1 33.1

21.4

27.9 26.9 28.9 28.3 27.5 27.9 27.7 27.4 27.8 27.9 27.6 27.2 28.4 27.9 28.2 26.7 28.5 27.8 27.7

22.2 20.5 22.1 22.2 26.0

18.2 19.3 19.9

18.7 17.4 18.5 18.4

27.3

24.7 24.6 21.7 23.6 20.4 20.7 23.4 23.9 25.0 23.9 24.2 18.8 21.6 21.9

32.4

31.6 31.0 31.6 31.5 31.9 31.2 31.1 30.9 32.3 32.5 32.0 32.4 32.7 31.5 31.7 31.4 32.3 31.4 30.5

32.1 29.9 29.8 33.4 29.8

22.6 25.4 26.5

23.0 21.8 22.0 22.7

30.6

28.3 28.0 26.6 25.9 32.1 32.4 27.5 29.9 28.9 34.4 28.5 29.8 31.0 31.4

18.9

27.3 26.3 28.9 28.0 26.7 27.2 27.2 27.0 27.1 27.1 27.0 26.3 27.9 27.4 27.8 25.8 28.1 27.2 27.6

19.9 19.1 20.6 19.6 25.2

18.0 17.8 18.2

18.0 16.9 18.2 17.9

26.8

24.5 24.2 21.1 23.8 17.1 17.1 22.8 23.0 24.8 22.1 23.6 16.1 19.2 19.9

15.1

23.2 21.8 25.5 24.2 22.4 23.0 23.0 22.8 22.9 23.0 22.7 21.8 24.3 23.3 23.9 21.3 24.4 23.0 23.6

15.3 14.9 16.4 14.9 20.4

14.3 13.6 13.8

12.9 12.3 13.1 12.8

22.5

19.5 19.1 15.9 18.7 13.1 13.1 17.6 17.9 19.9 16.8 18.5 12.5 14.5 15.1

29.7

30.5 29.4 31.4 31.5 31.0 30.2 30.3 29.8 30.6 30.9 30.5 30.5 32.4 30.4 31.4 29.6 32.2 30.8 30.6

27.4 23.1 25.1 28.6 29.5

21.2 22.3 23.1

21.9 20.0 20.8 20.9

30.1

27.2 27.8 24.2 25.9 26.2 28.1 26.3 26.6 28.0 28.4 27.5 22.4 25.3 25.9

17.5

27.0 25.9 28.1 27.2 26.2 27.0 26.7 26.2 26.7 26.8 26.2 25.9 27.2 27.0 27.2 25.5 27.2 26.7 27.0

19.1 18.2 20.0 18.6 24.7

16.7 17.1 17.6

17.1 15.9 17.1 16.8

26.2

23.8 23.2 20.1 22.8 16.0 16.1 22.0 22.2 23.9 21.1 22.9 15.2 18.8 18.9

13.8

22.8 21.2 24.3 23.0 21.7 22.7 22.4 21.7 22.3 22.5 21.7 21.3 23.2 22.7 23.0 20.9 23.1 22.3 22.6

14.6 14.1 15.7 14.0 19.7

13.2 13.1 13.3

12.2 11.5 12.3 12.0

21.7

18.7 18.0 14.9 17.7 12.2 12.3 16.7 17.0 18.8 15.8 17.8 11.8 14.1 14.2

28.2

30.2 29.3 30.9 30.9 30.5 30.1 30.1 29.5 30.3 30.5 29.9 30.2 31.7 30.2 30.8 29.4 31.5 30.6 30.2

26.9 22.7 24.7 27.6 29.1

20.0 21.4 22.3

20.7 18.6 19.8 20.2

29.6

27.0 27.1 23.1 25.3 25.5 26.4 26.1 26.3 27.6 26.9 27.2 21.4 25.2 25.4

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 8.7 7.4 6.5 784 494 5.5 4.7 4.0 582 865 14 sites, 24 more on CD-ROM 10.2 8.9 7.8 891 874 9.8 8.4 7.4 1355 603 9.9 8.3 7.2 1529 351 14.6 13.8 13.0 69 1058 9.6 8.3 7.3 1993 635 9.5 8.2 7.1 2114 582 10.4 9.2 8.1 823 856 8.0 6.9 6.0 899 1092 10.3 8.9 7.9 1289 692 9.0 7.8 6.9 858 1196 10.8 9.2 7.8 1102 806 8.2 6.9 5.8 2398 363 12.5 10.8 9.6 1741 667 13.3 11.9 10.6 1721 702 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 8.6 8.0 7.3 0 3406 4 sites, 122 more on CD-ROM 8.4 7.2 6.3 3634 63 11.1 9.9 8.8 4149 31 11.2 9.9 8.8 3991 24 8.9 7.8 7.0 4232 51 3 sites, 52 more on CD-ROM 12.0 10.4 9.2 3882 73 8.8 7.2 5.8 3256 143 8.3 6.9 5.8 3262 134 5 sites, 7 more on CD-ROM 10.5 9.4 8.4 1494 1378 12.3 10.7 9.6 1472 1134 8.8 7.4 6.3 1147 1076 7.2 5.7 4.7 1300 1399 9.9 8.1 6.7 724 1187 19 sites, 17 more on CD-ROM 13.0 11.8 10.9 271 1908 9.1 7.8 6.9 247 1836 9.7 8.5 7.7 522 1573 13.5 12.0 10.8 275 1846 10.0 8.8 7.6 281 1832 8.7 7.3 6.4 79 2262 7.1 6.1 5.3 34 2516 8.6 7.3 6.3 37 2548 7.4 6.1 5.2 40 2512 7.4 6.2 5.3 31 2623 9.0 7.9 7.2 223 2077 7.8 7.0 6.3 218 2078 9.2 8.0 7.1 181 2081 8.5 7.3 6.4 78 2470 9.4 8.2 7.3 72 2375 4.9 4.3 3.9 137 2177 12.1 10.7 9.8 323 1821 15.6 13.9 12.4 203 1968 12.4 10.5 9.4 312 1652 1 site, 2 more on CD-ROM 6.5 5.3 4.3 1900 937

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% 0.4% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 30.6 15.9 29.5 16.1 28.4 16.2 20.1 25.8 19.6 25.1 18.4 16.0 21.9 18.0 15.6 21.4 32.2 17.5 31.0 17.3 30.0 17.4 21.0 27.0 20.4 26.4 19.4 16.7 22.7 18.9 16.1 22.5

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

134 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

AUGHTON BINGLEY NO.2 BIRMINGHAM AIRPORT BRISTOL

United Kingdom

ABU DHABI BATEEN AI ABU DHABI INTER. AI AL AIN INTERNATIONA DUBAI INTERNATIONAL SHARJAH INTER. AIRP

United Arab Emirates

CHERNIHIV DNIPROPETROVSK DONETSK KHARKIV KHERSON KRYVYI RIH KYIV LUHANSK LVIV MARIUPOL ODESA POLTAVA SIMFEROPOL VINNYTSIA ZAPORIZHZHIA

Ukraine

ASHGABAT KESHI

Turkmenistan

ADANA ADANA/INCIRLIK AB ANTALYA BURSA DIYARBAKIR ERZURUM ESENBOGA ESKISEHIR ETIMESGUT GAZIANTEP ISTANBUL/ATATURK IZMIR/A. MENDERES IZMIR/CIGLI KAYSERI/ERKILET KONYA MALATYA/ERHAC SAMSUN VAN

Turkey

TUNIS-CARTHAGE

Tunisia

LOME

Togo

BANGKOK METROPOLIS DON MUANG

Thailand

DAR ES SALAAM AIRPO

Tanzania, United Republic of

Station

39.20E

Long

1.25E

35.30E 35.43E 30.73E 29.07E 40.18E 41.17E 33.00E 30.57E 32.68E 37.37E 28.82E 27.15E 27.02E 35.43E 32.55E 38.08E 36.30E 43.35E

53.55N 53.82N 52.45N 51.38N

24.43N 24.43N 24.27N 25.25N 25.33N

51.47N 48.60N 48.07N 49.97N 46.63N 48.03N 50.40N 48.57N 49.82N 47.03N 46.43N 49.60N 45.02N 49.23N 47.80N

2.92W 1.87W 1.73W 2.72W

54.47E 54.65E 55.60E 55.33E 55.52E

31.25E 34.97E 37.77E 36.13E 32.57E 33.22E 30.57E 39.25E 23.95E 37.50E 30.77E 34.55E 33.98E 28.60E 35.02E

37.99N 58.36E

36.98N 37.00N 36.87N 40.18N 37.88N 39.95N 40.12N 39.78N 39.95N 37.08N 40.97N 38.27N 38.52N 38.82N 37.97N 38.43N 41.28N 38.47N

36.83N 10.23E

6.17N

13.73N 100.57E 13.92N 100.60E

6.87S

Lat

56 267 99 190

5 27 265 10 34

141 143 225 155 54 124 167 62 323 70 42 160 181 298 112

211

20 73 54 100 677 1758 949 786 806 701 37 120 5 1054 1031 849 4 1662

4

25

4 12

53

Elev

-2.9 -4.2 -5.1 -3.8

13.1 11.5 10.9 12.9 9.9

-20.0 -17.7 -18.7 -19.6 -15.4 -17.8 -17.5 -20.6 -17.0 -15.3 -13.3 -19.2 -12.2 -18.8 -17.5

-7.0

1.1 0.1 1.8 -3.2 -8.9 -29.1 -14.8 -10.3 -10.8 -4.8 -2.0 -2.8 -1.8 -16.0 -12.7 -11.5 -0.9 -13.5

5.1

21.3

19.7 19.4

17.8

99.6%

-1.5 -2.9 -3.2 -2.1

14.2 12.8 12.0 13.9 11.1

-16.9 -15.0 -15.8 -16.7 -12.7 -15.1 -14.6 -17.2 -13.9 -12.9 -10.7 -16.0 -9.9 -15.5 -14.7

-4.5

2.9 1.8 3.0 -2.0 -6.0 -26.2 -11.2 -8.1 -8.6 -3.0 -0.5 -1.1 -0.2 -12.6 -9.9 -8.6 0.2 -11.6

6.2

22.1

21.1 20.9

18.5

99%

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

24.5 23.6 26.2 25.2

43.8 44.9 46.0 42.9 44.1

30.5 33.1 32.6 32.2 33.8 32.7 30.7 34.4 28.9 31.5 32.1 31.5 33.1 29.4 33.6

40.2

36.9 36.9 38.2 34.4 40.2 30.2 33.7 33.2 34.8 39.0 31.8 37.1 36.8 34.1 34.1 37.9 28.2 29.0

37.6

33.2

35.9 37.2

33.2

17.4 17.1 17.8 17.6

23.5 23.0 23.0 23.6 23.8

20.1 20.9 19.5 19.7 21.3 20.4 20.3 20.6 20.1 21.7 20.7 20.2 20.3 19.6 20.4

19.7

22.2 22.4 20.4 22.0 19.7 15.4 17.3 19.5 18.1 21.5 21.5 20.7 21.6 17.5 16.9 19.6 22.5 18.9

22.6

26.3

26.5 26.3

25.6

22.4 21.5 24.2 23.1

42.2 43.3 45.1 41.4 42.9

28.6 31.0 30.5 30.1 31.8 30.8 28.8 32.1 27.1 29.8 30.2 29.6 31.1 27.6 31.5

38.9

35.2 35.1 36.7 32.9 39.1 28.8 31.9 31.8 32.9 37.6 30.2 35.8 35.2 32.5 32.6 36.4 27.3 27.9

35.4

32.9

35.2 36.3

32.7

16.7 16.2 16.9 16.8

23.9 23.3 23.0 24.0 23.8

19.5 20.3 19.2 19.1 20.5 19.8 19.7 20.0 19.2 21.5 20.1 19.5 19.8 19.0 19.8

19.6

23.0 22.7 20.5 21.7 19.6 15.2 17.1 19.2 17.9 20.9 21.3 20.4 21.4 17.2 16.8 19.0 22.3 18.9

22.6

26.6

26.4 26.4

25.5

20.5 19.8 22.5 21.2

40.9 42.1 44.1 40.2 41.8

26.8 29.3 28.7 28.2 30.0 29.2 27.0 30.1 25.3 28.2 28.8 27.8 29.3 26.1 29.8

37.7

34.1 34.0 34.9 31.6 38.0 27.1 30.1 30.1 31.2 36.2 29.1 34.4 34.0 30.9 31.0 35.1 26.6 26.9

33.9

32.2

34.6 35.8

32.1

15.9 15.3 16.3 16.1

24.1 23.5 22.9 24.3 24.2

18.7 19.6 18.7 18.6 19.8 19.1 18.9 19.3 18.2 20.9 19.7 18.9 19.1 18.4 19.3

19.4

23.4 23.1 20.6 21.3 19.5 14.8 16.7 18.5 17.4 20.5 21.0 20.1 21.1 16.7 16.4 18.8 22.0 18.7

22.4

26.5

26.3 26.4

25.2

18.3 18.0 18.8 18.7

30.8 30.5 29.1 30.3 29.9

21.5 22.3 21.4 21.2 22.6 22.0 21.6 22.0 21.1 23.7 22.9 21.7 22.2 21.0 22.1

23.1

26.5 26.6 26.3 23.7 23.0 17.6 19.2 21.6 20.2 23.5 24.5 22.6 23.7 19.2 19.1 22.4 23.9 21.9

25.7

28.2

28.1 29.6

26.7

23.0 21.7 24.2 23.0

34.6 35.3 36.2 35.0 36.4

28.2 29.8 28.5 28.2 30.3 29.0 27.8 30.2 26.9 28.5 27.6 28.4 28.3 27.2 29.3

34.7

32.2 32.2 30.7 31.6 36.3 26.8 29.4 30.2 30.4 36.2 27.9 33.1 33.0 30.0 30.1 34.8 27.0 26.9

31.2

30.9

32.9 33.8

30.7

17.4 16.9 17.9 17.7

30.3 29.9 28.3 29.8 29.3

20.6 21.4 20.5 20.4 21.7 21.0 20.7 21.2 20.0 22.7 22.0 20.8 21.2 20.1 21.2

22.2

26.1 26.1 25.8 22.9 21.9 16.6 18.3 20.7 19.3 22.5 23.5 21.7 22.9 18.3 17.9 21.0 23.3 20.7

25.0

28.0

27.7 29.0

26.5

21.2 20.3 22.6 21.4

34.4 34.7 36.0 34.6 35.8

26.7 28.6 27.4 27.0 29.0 28.0 26.7 29.4 25.3 27.6 26.8 27.2 27.6 25.7 28.4

33.6

31.5 31.5 30.2 30.7 35.8 25.9 28.6 28.7 29.3 35.3 27.3 32.2 32.2 29.1 29.1 33.4 26.5 26.3

30.5

30.7

32.4 33.2

30.3

16.7 16.6 17.0 17.2

30.0 29.2 27.8 29.2 28.6

19.3 20.0 19.0 19.0 20.4 19.7 19.6 19.5 19.0 22.2 21.4 19.4 20.4 18.9 19.9

19.0

25.1 25.1 25.1 21.1 18.2 14.0 15.2 18.9 16.7 19.1 23.2 19.2 20.8 15.6 15.0 17.9 22.9 20.2

24.2

27.8

27.0 28.7

25.9

12.0 12.2 12.3 12.5

27.2 26.1 24.7 25.9 25.2

14.3 14.9 14.2 14.0 15.2 14.6 14.6 14.3 14.4 17.0 16.2 14.4 15.4 14.2 14.8

14.2

20.2 20.4 20.3 15.9 14.2 12.4 12.1 15.1 13.1 15.1 18.1 14.2 15.5 12.6 12.0 14.2 17.6 18.2

19.1

24.0

22.7 25.2

21.4

19.4 19.2 20.4 19.6

33.4 33.4 32.5 33.3 33.1

24.4 25.5 23.9 23.5 25.0 24.9 24.4 25.0 23.9 26.4 25.2 24.7 24.4 23.8 24.8

29.5

28.8 29.0 29.5 28.4 32.3 22.9 23.4 25.8 25.1 32.3 26.4 26.2 28.5 23.3 24.3 32.6 26.5 26.1

28.1

29.6

30.5 32.0

28.3

15.8 15.6 16.1 16.2

29.2 28.9 26.5 28.8 27.9

18.4 19.1 18.2 18.2 19.5 18.7 18.7 18.6 18.0 21.1 20.3 18.6 19.2 18.0 19.0

18.0

24.2 24.2 24.2 20.2 16.8 12.9 14.2 17.8 15.5 17.9 22.2 18.2 19.8 14.3 13.6 16.1 22.1 18.8

23.5

27.2

26.6 28.1

25.4

11.3 11.4 11.6 11.8

26.0 25.5 22.7 25.3 24.1

13.5 14.1 13.5 13.3 14.3 13.7 13.8 13.6 13.5 15.9 15.1 13.7 14.3 13.4 14.0

13.3

19.2 19.3 19.3 15.1 13.0 11.5 11.3 14.1 12.1 14.0 16.9 13.3 14.6 11.6 11.0 12.7 16.8 16.7

18.3

23.1

22.2 24.3

20.7

18.7 18.1 19.6 18.5

33.2 33.2 32.4 33.3 32.9

23.3 24.4 23.0 23.1 24.4 23.9 23.4 24.1 22.7 25.7 24.4 23.8 23.4 22.7 23.8

29.3

28.2 28.8 29.1 27.3 30.8 21.5 22.8 25.2 24.0 31.5 25.7 25.9 28.0 22.6 22.8 29.9 26.0 25.6

27.7

29.3

30.2 31.4

27.9

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 9.0 8.2 7.5 0 2879 2 sites, 67 more on CD-ROM 6.0 5.2 4.5 0 3930 7.9 6.9 6.1 0 3958 1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM 8.3 7.4 6.8 0 3380 1 site, 14 more on CD-ROM 11.6 10.3 9.1 778 1225 18 sites, 38 more on CD-ROM 7.9 6.7 6.0 924 1497 8.3 7.2 6.2 1091 1318 10.6 9.1 7.8 1029 1254 7.4 6.2 5.3 1955 644 9.1 7.9 6.9 2155 1199 10.3 9.4 8.4 5001 73 8.9 7.6 6.7 3215 275 8.9 7.9 7.1 2859 349 8.9 7.7 6.4 2826 429 8.3 7.3 6.3 1935 1180 11.2 10.0 9.1 1868 671 11.9 10.8 10.0 1556 1016 10.4 9.3 8.4 1369 1029 9.2 7.4 5.8 3104 289 11.4 9.7 8.6 2852 484 10.0 8.7 7.4 2616 821 8.1 6.8 5.7 1959 411 8.5 7.0 5.5 3489 232 1 site, 18 more on CD-ROM 9.3 8.1 7.1 1856 1467 15 sites, 29 more on CD-ROM 8.8 7.8 7.0 4096 180 11.1 9.7 8.8 3692 354 12.1 10.2 8.8 3859 301 9.6 8.4 7.7 3973 272 9.3 8.0 6.8 3290 398 11.3 9.9 8.4 3673 309 8.5 7.3 6.4 3823 222 9.7 7.7 6.5 3769 344 9.5 8.2 7.2 3887 102 13.7 12.1 10.3 3521 378 10.7 9.2 8.2 3169 384 9.6 8.1 6.9 3918 255 12.4 10.8 9.5 3027 366 10.9 9.2 8.0 4011 143 9.8 8.6 7.7 3583 364 5 sites, 2 more on CD-ROM 9.4 8.3 7.4 18 3578 9.4 8.4 7.6 32 3608 10.3 9.1 8.1 43 3966 9.1 8.1 7.3 21 3568 8.2 7.2 6.4 51 3388 25 sites, 187 more on CD-ROM 11.5 10.2 9.1 3193 18 12.4 10.8 9.4 3641 9 10.0 8.8 7.9 3152 29 12.0 10.6 9.6 3052 25

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 2% 0.4% 1% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 135

HARARE (KUTSAGA)

Zimbabwe

DA NANG HA NOI PHU LIEN TAN SON HOA

Viet Nam

CARACAS/MAIQUETIA A SAN ANTONIO DEL TAC

Venezuela

NAMANGAN SAMARKAND TASHKENT

Uzbekistan

CARRASCO PRADO

Uruguay

BRISTOL WEA CENTER CARDIFF WEATHER CEN CARDIFF-WALES ARPT CHURCH LAWFORD CILFYNYDD CROSBY EAST MIDLANDS EDINBURGH AIRPORT EMLEY MOOR GLASGOW AIRPORT GRAVESEND-BROADNESS HAWARDEN KENLEY AIRFIELD LECONFIELD LEEDS BRADFORD LEEDS WEATHER CTR LIVERPOOL LONDON WEATHER CENT LONDON/HEATHROW AIR MANCHESTER AIRPORT NORTHOLT

Station 2.60W 3.18W 3.35W 1.33W 3.30W 3.07W 1.32W 3.35W 1.67W 4.43W 0.30E 2.98W 0.08W 0.43W 1.65W 1.55W 2.85W 0.10W 0.45W 2.28W 0.42W

Long

108.35E 7 105.80E 6 106.63E 116 106.67E 5

48 378

474 724 466

32 16

11 52 67 106 194 9 93 41 259 8 3 9 170 7 208 47 24 43 25 69 39

Elev

17.92S 31.13E 1480

16.07N 21.03N 20.80N 10.82N

10.60N 66.98W 7.85N 72.45W

40.98N 71.58E 39.57N 66.95E 41.27N 69.27E

34.83S 56.00W 34.85S 56.20W

51.47N 51.48N 51.40N 52.37N 51.63N 53.50N 52.83N 55.95N 53.62N 55.87N 51.47N 53.17N 51.30N 53.87N 53.87N 53.80N 53.33N 51.52N 51.48N 53.35N 51.55N

Lat

6.7

16.6 10.1 9.9 20.0

20.8 20.0

-8.2 -10.0 -9.4

1.2 2.9

99.6% -2.2 -1.0 -2.8 -4.6 -4.1 -3.6 -3.9 -5.6 -3.3 -6.1 -2.3 -4.7 -3.1 -3.8 -3.8 -2.3 -3.0 -0.6 -2.8 -4.1 -4.0

7.8

17.5 11.1 11.0 21.1

21.2 20.8

-5.9 -7.1 -6.9

2.8 4.2

99% -0.7 0.1 -1.3 -3.1 -2.6 -2.0 -2.2 -3.6 -2.3 -4.1 -1.2 -2.9 -1.9 -2.2 -2.2 -1.1 -1.2 0.4 -1.5 -2.4 -2.6

Heating DB

Meaning of acronyms: DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C

30.9

36.1 35.9 34.0 35.4

33.9 34.9

36.6 36.1 38.2

31.4 31.6

16.4

26.1 27.4 28.8 25.8

28.0 23.6

21.4 18.9 19.8

21.6 22.6

29.9

35.1 34.8 33.1 34.7

33.1 34.2

35.3 34.9 37.1

29.9 30.2

16.4

26.3 27.5 28.6 25.8

27.7 23.4

21.0 18.7 19.4

21.4 22.0

28.9

34.1 33.9 32.3 34.0

32.7 33.8

34.2 33.7 35.8

28.2 28.9

16.3

26.3 27.4 28.3 25.7

27.6 23.3

20.6 18.3 19.2

20.9 21.7

Cooling DB/MCWB 0.4% 2% 1% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB 26.6 18.2 24.6 17.2 22.9 16.5 26.2 18.2 24.3 17.4 22.7 16.6 24.2 17.7 22.3 16.8 20.9 16.3 26.4 18.6 24.3 17.4 22.5 16.6 25.5 18.0 23.4 16.8 21.5 16.1 24.3 18.1 22.2 17.4 20.5 16.7 26.2 18.0 24.1 17.0 22.2 16.2 22.2 16.6 20.7 15.9 19.2 15.0 23.8 17.5 21.8 16.6 20.2 15.7 23.1 17.1 21.1 16.2 19.7 15.4 27.9 19.9 25.8 18.8 24.0 17.9 25.1 18.3 23.1 17.5 21.4 16.7 26.3 17.9 24.4 17.1 22.7 16.4 24.9 18.2 23.1 17.3 21.5 16.4 24.0 17.6 22.0 16.5 20.1 15.7 26.1 17.9 24.1 16.9 22.4 16.1 25.1 17.8 23.0 16.8 21.2 16.2 28.2 18.3 26.2 17.6 24.4 16.8 28.2 18.6 26.2 17.7 24.4 17.0 25.5 17.8 23.4 16.9 21.7 16.1 28.1 18.5 26.0 17.7 24.1 17.0

20.2

28.0 29.3 30.0 28.0

29.9 26.3

23.2 20.7 22.4

24.1 24.2

25.2

32.3 32.6 32.6 31.8

32.0 31.4

33.1 32.6 33.8

28.1 29.4

19.7

27.6 28.8 29.3 27.6

29.2 25.7

22.3 19.9 21.3

23.2 23.5

24.6

31.9 32.1 31.9 31.4

31.5 31.0

32.6 31.6 32.9

26.8 28.0

19.0

27.0 28.8 29.2 27.1

29.2 25.1

19.8 16.9 18.6

23.0 22.7

16.6

22.7 25.3 26.4 22.8

26.1 21.2

15.4 13.1 14.2

17.8 17.5

21.2

30.5 31.2 32.0 29.8

31.2 28.9

29.9 25.4 29.0

25.8 26.5

18.5

26.5 28.1 28.6 26.7

28.9 24.2

18.7 15.8 17.3

22.1 22.1

16.0

22.0 24.2 25.4 22.3

25.6 20.1

14.4 12.3 13.1

16.9 16.8

20.9

30.0 30.7 31.3 29.6

30.9 27.9

29.0 24.5 27.1

24.8 26.0

Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB 0.4% 1% DP / HR / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB 17.3 12.4 20.7 16.5 11.8 19.8 17.3 12.5 20.8 16.6 11.9 19.9 17.2 12.4 19.6 16.8 12.0 19.0 17.7 12.8 20.5 16.6 11.9 19.8 17.1 12.5 20.1 16.2 11.8 18.8 17.9 12.9 20.2 17.0 12.1 19.4 17.1 12.3 20.7 16.1 11.6 19.7 16.2 11.6 18.9 15.4 11.0 18.1 16.8 12.3 19.9 15.8 11.5 18.8 16.7 11.9 19.7 15.8 11.2 18.8 18.9 13.7 22.9 17.8 12.8 21.8 18.0 12.9 21.0 16.8 12.0 20.0 17.2 12.5 20.4 16.3 11.8 19.7 17.4 12.5 20.5 16.5 11.7 19.5 16.9 12.4 20.0 16.0 11.6 18.7 16.7 11.9 20.8 15.7 11.2 19.6 16.9 12.1 20.5 16.0 11.4 19.8 17.2 12.3 21.7 16.4 11.7 21.0 17.5 12.5 21.3 16.7 11.9 20.7 16.9 12.2 20.3 16.0 11.5 19.3 17.5 12.6 21.4 16.7 11.9 20.7

Heat./Cool. Extreme Degree-Days Annual WS 1% 2.5% 5% HDD / CDD 18.3 10.4 9.0 7.9 2637 54 11.7 10.2 9.0 2531 57 13.0 11.4 10.1 2932 21 9.8 8.4 7.4 3158 29 11.5 9.9 8.7 3277 22 17.4 15.0 13.3 2963 18 12.5 10.9 9.7 3088 35 12.4 10.8 9.5 3456 4 14.8 12.9 10.9 3491 14 12.8 11.2 9.8 3418 7 10.9 9.7 8.6 2593 82 10.4 9.1 8.1 3062 18 10.7 9.4 8.3 2972 43 12.4 10.8 9.6 3199 16 12.9 11.1 9.7 3433 13 13.0 11.0 9.4 2943 39 13.3 11.4 10.0 2938 28 9.3 8.3 7.4 2322 123 10.2 8.9 8.0 2629 90 11.1 9.8 8.8 3118 28 10.3 9.2 8.2 2812 68 2 sites, 9 more on CD-ROM 12.8 10.8 9.7 1221 468 10.3 8.7 7.7 1104 576 3 sites, 15 more on CD-ROM 7.2 5.6 4.3 2220 1085 9.8 8.5 7.3 2211 827 6.2 5.2 4.4 2099 1027 2 sites, 1 more on CD-ROM 4.3 3.5 3.3 0 3334 12.2 10.7 9.8 0 3278 4 sites, 21 more on CD-ROM 7.5 6.3 5.4 3 2913 7.0 6.0 5.2 161 2376 6.8 5.4 4.5 162 2193 11.8 8.5 6.9 0 3598 1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM 9.0 7.9 7.1 336 763

Long: Longitude, ° Elev: Elevation, m HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air WS: Wind speed, m/s HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day

Evaporation WB/MCDB 0.4% 1% WB / MCDB WB / MCDB 19.2 24.2 18.1 22.5 19.2 24.5 18.2 22.6 18.6 22.5 17.7 20.8 19.3 24.3 18.3 22.7 18.8 23.8 17.6 21.7 19.1 22.7 18.1 21.0 18.9 24.5 18.0 22.5 17.6 21.0 16.7 19.5 18.3 22.1 17.2 20.7 18.0 21.7 17.0 20.0 20.8 26.2 19.7 24.3 19.4 23.3 18.3 21.9 19.0 24.2 18.0 22.6 19.0 23.1 18.0 21.9 18.3 22.0 17.2 20.9 18.7 24.3 17.7 22.8 18.6 23.4 17.7 21.8 19.4 25.6 18.6 24.1 19.7 26.0 18.7 24.0 18.6 23.5 17.7 22.0 19.7 25.7 18.7 23.9

Lat: Latitude, ° DP: Dew point temperature, °C MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C

136 Appendix C Climatic Design Information

Appendix D— Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation Table D-1 Temp., °C t –60 –59 –58 –57 –56 –55 –54 –53 –52 –51 –50 –49 –48 –47 –46 –45 –44 –43 –42 –41 –40 –39 –38 –37 –36 –35 –34 –33 –32 –31 –30 –29 –28 –27 –26 –25 –24 –23 –22 –21 –20 –19 –18 –17 –16 –15 –14 –13

Absolute Pressure pws, kPa 0.00108 0.00124 0.00141 0.00161 0.00184 0.00209 0.00238 0.00271 0.00307 0.00348 0.00394 0.00445 0.00503 0.00568 0.00640 0.00720 0.00810 0.00910 0.01022 0.01146 0.01284 0.01437 0.01607 0.01795 0.02004 0.02234 0.02489 0.02771 0.03081 0.03423 0.03801 0.04215 0.04672 0.05173 0.05724 0.06327 0.06989 0.07714 0.08508 0.09376 0.10324 0.11360 0.12490 0.13722 0.15065 0.16527 0.18119 0.19849

Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation

Specific Volume, m3/kgw Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor vi /vf vig /vfg vg

Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgw Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor hi /hf hig /hfg hg

Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgw ·K) Temp., Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor °C si /sf sig /sfg sg t

0.001081 0.001082 0.001082 0.001082 0.001082 0.001082 0.001082 0.001082 0.001083 0.001083 0.001083 0.001083 0.001083 0.001083 0.001083 0.001084 0.001084 0.001084 0.001084 0.001084 0.001084 0.001085 0.001085 0.001085 0.001085 0.001085 0.001085 0.001085 0.001086 0.001086 0.001086 0.001086 0.001086 0.001086 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001088 0.001088 0.001088 0.001088 0.001088 0.001088 0.001089

–446.12 –444.46 –442.79 –441.11 –439.42 –437.73 –436.03 –434.32 –432.61 –430.88 –429.16 –427.42 –425.68 –423.93 –422.17 –420.40 –418.63 –416.85 –415.06 –413.27 –411.47 –409.66 –407.85 –406.02 –404.19 –402.36 –400.51 –398.66 –396.80 –394.94 –393.06 –391.18 –389.29 –387.40 –385.50 –383.59 –381.67 –379.75 –377.81 –375.88 –373.93 –371.98 –370.01 –368.05 –366.07 –364.09 –362.10 –360.10

–1.6842 –1.6764 –1.6687 –1.6609 –1.6531 –1.6453 –1.6375 –1.6298 –1.6220 –1.6142 –1.6065 –1.5987 –1.5909 –1.5832 –1.5754 –1.5677 –1.5599 –1.5522 –1.5444 –1.5367 –1.5289 –1.5212 –1.5135 –1.5057 –1.4980 –1.4903 –1.4825 –1.4748 –1.4671 –1.4594 –1.4516 –1.4439 –1.4362 –1.4285 –1.4208 –1.4131 –1.4054 –1.3977 –1.3899 –1.3822 –1.3745 –1.3668 –1.3591 –1.3514 –1.3437 –1.3360 –1.3284 –1.3207

90971.58 79885.31 70235.77 61826.23 54488.28 48077.54 42470.11 37559.49 33254.07 29474.87 26153.80 23232.03 20658.70 18389.75 16387.03 14617.39 13052.07 11666.02 10437.46 9347.38 8379.20 7518.44 6752.43 6070.08 5461.68 4918.69 4433.64 3999.95 3611.82 3264.15 2952.46 2672.77 2421.58 2195.80 1992.68 1809.79 1644.99 1496.36 1362.21 1241.03 1131.49 1032.38 942.64 861.34 787.61 720.70 659.94 604.72

90971.58 79885.31 70235.78 61826.24 54488.28 48077.54 42470.11 37559.50 33254.07 29474.87 26153.80 23232.04 20658.70 18389.75 16387.03 14617.39 13052.07 11666.02 10437.46 9347.38 8379.20 7518.44 6752.43 6070.08 5461.68 4918.69 4433.64 3999.95 3611.82 3264.16 2952.46 2672.77 2421.58 2195.80 1992.68 1809.79 1644.99 1496.36 1362.21 1241.03 1131.49 1032.38 942.65 861.34 787.61 720.70 659.94 604.73

2836.27 2836.45 2836.63 2836.81 2836.97 2837.13 2837.28 2837.42 2837.56 2837.69 2837.81 2837.93 2838.04 2838.14 2838.23 2838.32 2838.39 2838.47 2838.53 2838.59 2838.64 2838.68 2838.72 2838.74 2838.76 2838.78 2838.78 2838.78 2838.77 2838.75 2838.73 2838.70 2838.66 2838.61 2838.56 2838.49 2838.42 2838.35 2838.26 2838.17 2838.07 2837.96 2837.84 2837.72 2837.59 2837.45 2837.30 2837.14

2390.14 2391.99 2393.85 2395.70 2397.55 2399.40 2401.25 2403.10 2404.95 2406.81 2408.66 2410.51 2412.36 2414.21 2416.06 2417.91 2419.76 2421.62 2423.47 2425.32 2427.17 2429.02 2430.87 2432.72 2434.57 2436.42 2438.27 2440.12 2441.97 2443.82 2445.67 2447.51 2449.36 2451.21 2453.06 2454.91 2456.75 2458.60 2460.45 2462.29 2464.14 2465.98 2467.83 2469.67 2471.51 2473.36 2475.20 2477.04

13.3064 13.2452 13.1845 13.1243 13.0646 13.0054 12.9468 12.8886 12.8310 12.7738 12.7171 12.6609 12.6051 12.5498 12.4950 12.4406 12.3867 12.3331 12.2801 12.2274 12.1752 12.1234 12.0720 12.0210 11.9704 11.9202 11.8703 11.8209 11.7718 11.7231 11.6748 11.6269 11.5793 11.5321 11.4852 11.4386 11.3925 11.3466 11.3011 11.2559 11.2110 11.1665 11.1223 11.0784 11.0348 10.9915 10.9485 10.9058

11.6222 11.5687 11.5158 11.4634 11.4115 11.3601 11.3092 11.2589 11.2090 11.1596 11.1106 11.0622 11.0142 10.9666 10.9196 10.8729 10.8267 10.7810 10.7356 10.6907 10.6462 10.6022 10.5585 10.5152 10.4724 10.4299 10.3878 10.3461 10.3047 10.2638 10.2232 10.1830 10.1431 10.1036 10.0644 10.0256 9.9871 9.9489 9.9111 9.8736 9.8365 9.7996 9.7631 9.7269 9.6910 9.6554 9.6201 9.5851

–60 –59 –58 –57 –56 –55 –54 –53 –52 –51 –50 –49 –48 –47 –46 –45 –44 –43 –42 –41 –40 –39 –38 –37 –36 –35 –34 –33 –32 –31 –30 –29 –28 –27 –26 –25 –24 –23 –22 –21 –20 –19 –18 –17 –16 –15 –14 –13

138

Appendix D Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation Table D-1

Temp., °C t –12 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0

Absolute Pressure pws, kPa 0.21729 0.23771 0.25987 0.28391 0.30995 0.33817 0.36871 0.40174 0.43745 0.47604 0.51770 0.56266 0.61115

Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation (Continued)

Specific Volume, m3/kgw Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor vi /vf vig /vfg vg

Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgw Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor hi /hf hig /hfg hg

Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgw ·K) Temp., Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor °C si /sf sig /sfg sg t

0.001089 0.001089 0.001089 0.001089 0.001089 0.001090 0.001090 0.001090 0.001090 0.001090 0.001091 0.001091 0.001091

–358.10 –356.08 –354.06 –352.04 –350.00 –347.96 –345.91 –343.86 –341.79 –339.72 –337.64 –335.56 –333.47

2836.98 2836.80 2836.62 2836.44 2836.24 2836.03 2835.82 2835.60 2835.37 2835.13 2834.88 2834.63 2834.36

2478.88 2480.72 2482.56 2484.40 2486.23 2488.07 2489.91 2491.74 2493.57 2495.41 2497.24 2499.07 2500.90

–1.3130 –1.3053 –1.2976 –1.2899 –1.2822 –1.2745 –1.2668 –1.2592 –1.2515 –1.2438 –1.2361 –1.2284 –1.2208

10.8634 10.8213 10.7795 10.7380 10.6967 10.6558 10.6151 10.5747 10.5345 10.4946 10.4550 10.4157 10.3766

9.5504 9.5160 9.4819 9.4481 9.4145 9.3812 9.3482 9.3155 9.2830 9.2508 9.2189 9.1872 9.1558

–12 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0

–0.04 4.18 8.39 12.60 16.81 21.02 25.22 29.43 33.63 37.82 42.02 46.22 50.41 54.60 58.79 62.98 67.17 71.36 75.55 79.73 83.92 88.10 92.29 96.47 100.66 104.84 109.02 113.20 117.38 121.56 125.75 129.93 134.11 138.29 142.47 146.64 150.82 155.00 159.18 163.36 167.54 171.72 175.90 180.08 184.26 188.44 192.62 196.80 200.98

2500.93 2498.55 2496.17 2493.80 2491.42 2489.05 2486.68 2484.31 2481.94 2479.58 2477.21 2474.84 2472.48 2470.11 2467.75 2465.38 2463.01 2460.65 2458.28 2455.92 2453.55 2451.18 2448.81 2446.45 2444.08 2441.71 2439.33 2436.96 2434.59 2432.21 2429.84 2427.46 2425.08 2422.70 2420.32 2417.94 2415.56 2413.17 2410.78 2408.39 2406.00 2403.61 2401.21 2398.82 2396.42 2394.02 2391.61 2389.21 2386.80

2500.89 2502.73 2504.57 2506.40 2508.24 2510.07 2511.91 2513.74 2515.57 2517.40 2519.23 2521.06 2522.89 2524.71 2526.54 2528.36 2530.19 2532.01 2533.83 2535.65 2537.47 2539.29 2541.10 2542.92 2544.73 2546.54 2548.35 2550.16 2551.97 2553.78 2555.58 2557.39 2559.19 2560.99 2562.79 2564.58 2566.38 2568.17 2569.96 2571.75 2573.54 2575.33 2577.11 2578.89 2580.67 2582.45 2584.23 2586.00 2587.77

–0.0002 0.0153 0.0306 0.0459 0.0611 0.0763 0.0913 0.1064 0.1213 0.1362 0.1511 0.1659 0.1806 0.1953 0.2099 0.2245 0.2390 0.2534 0.2678 0.2822 0.2965 0.3108 0.3250 0.3391 0.3532 0.3673 0.3813 0.3952 0.4091 0.4230 0.4368 0.4506 0.4643 0.4780 0.4916 0.5052 0.5187 0.5322 0.5457 0.5591 0.5724 0.5858 0.5990 0.6123 0.6255 0.6386 0.6517 0.6648 0.6778

9.1559 9.1138 9.0721 9.0306 8.9895 8.9486 8.9081 8.8678 8.8278 8.7882 8.7488 8.7096 8.6708 8.6322 8.5939 8.5559 8.5181 8.4806 8.4434 8.4064 8.3696 8.3331 8.2969 8.2609 8.2251 8.1895 8.1542 8.1192 8.0843 8.0497 8.0153 7.9812 7.9472 7.9135 7.8800 7.8467 7.8136 7.7807 7.7480 7.7155 7.6832 7.6512 7.6193 7.5876 7.5561 7.5248 7.4937 7.4628 7.4320

9.1558 9.1291 9.1027 9.0765 9.0506 9.0249 8.9994 8.9742 8.9492 8.9244 8.8998 8.8755 8.8514 8.8275 8.8038 8.7804 8.7571 8.7341 8.7112 8.6886 8.6661 8.6439 8.6218 8.6000 8.5783 8.5568 8.5355 8.5144 8.4934 8.4727 8.4521 8.4317 8.4115 8.3914 8.3715 8.3518 8.3323 8.3129 8.2936 8.2746 8.2557 8.2369 8.2183 8.1999 8.1816 8.1634 8.1454 8.1276 8.1099

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

554.51 508.81 467.19 429.25 394.66 363.09 334.26 307.92 283.82 261.78 241.60 223.10 206.15

554.51 508.81 467.19 429.26 394.66 363.09 334.26 307.92 283.83 261.78 241.60 223.11 206.15

Transition from saturated solid to saturated liquid

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

0.6112 0.6571 0.7060 0.7581 0.8135 0.8726 0.9354 1.0021 1.0730 1.1483 1.2282 1.3129 1.4028 1.4981 1.5989 1.7057 1.8188 1.9383 2.0647 2.1982 2.3392 2.4881 2.6452 2.8109 2.9856 3.1697 3.3637 3.5679 3.7828 4.0089 4.2467 4.4966 4.7592 5.0351 5.3247 5.6286 5.9475 6.2818 6.6324 6.9997 7.3844 7.7873 8.2090 8.6503 9.1118 9.5944 10.0988 10.6259 11.1764

0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001001 0.001001 0.001001 0.001001 0.001001 0.001001 0.001001 0.001002 0.001002 0.001002 0.001002 0.001003 0.001003 0.001003 0.001003 0.001004 0.001004 0.001004 0.001004 0.001005 0.001005 0.001005 0.001006 0.001006 0.001006 0.001007 0.001007 0.001007 0.001008 0.001008 0.001009 0.001009 0.001009 0.001010 0.001010 0.001011 0.001011

206.139 192.444 179.763 168.013 157.120 147.016 137.637 128.927 120.833 113.308 106.308 99.792 93.723 88.069 82.797 77.880 73.290 69.005 65.002 61.260 57.760 54.486 51.421 48.551 45.862 43.340 40.976 38.757 36.674 34.718 32.881 31.153 29.528 28.000 26.561 25.207 23.931 22.728 21.594 20.525 19.516 18.564 17.664 16.815 16.012 15.252 14.534 13.855 13.212

206.140 192.445 179.764 168.014 157.121 147.017 137.638 128.928 120.834 113.309 106.309 99.793 93.724 88.070 82.798 77.881 73.291 69.006 65.003 61.261 57.761 54.487 51.422 48.552 45.863 43.341 40.977 38.758 36.675 34.719 32.882 31.154 29.529 28.001 26.562 25.208 23.932 22.729 21.595 20.526 19.517 18.565 17.665 16.816 16.013 15.253 14.535 13.856 13.213

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition Table D-1 Temp., °C t 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115

Absolute Pressure pws, kPa 11.7512 12.3513 12.9774 13.6305 14.3116 15.0215 15.7614 16.5322 17.3350 18.1708 19.0407 19.9458 20.8873 21.8664 22.8842 23.9421 25.0411 26.1827 27.3680 28.5986 29.8756 31.2006 32.5750 34.0001 35.4775 37.0088 38.5954 40.2389 41.9409 43.7031 45.5271 47.4147 49.3676 51.3875 53.4762 55.6355 57.8675 60.1738 62.5565 65.0174 67.5587 70.1824 72.8904 75.6849 78.5681 81.5420 84.6089 87.7711 91.0308 94.3902 97.8518 101.4180 105.0910 108.8735 112.7678 116.7765 120.9021 125.1472 129.5145 134.0065 138.6261 143.3760 148.2588 153.2775 158.4348 163.7337 169.1770

Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation (Continued)

Specific Volume, m3/kgw Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor vi /vf vig /vfg vg 0.001012 0.001012 0.001013 0.001013 0.001014 0.001014 0.001015 0.001015 0.001016 0.001016 0.001017 0.001017 0.001018 0.001018 0.001019 0.001019 0.001020 0.001020 0.001021 0.001022 0.001022 0.001023 0.001023 0.001024 0.001025 0.001025 0.001026 0.001026 0.001027 0.001028 0.001028 0.001029 0.001030 0.001030 0.001031 0.001032 0.001032 0.001033 0.001034 0.001035 0.001035 0.001036 0.001037 0.001037 0.001038 0.001039 0.001040 0.001040 0.001041 0.001042 0.001043 0.001043 0.001044 0.001045 0.001046 0.001047 0.001047 0.001048 0.001049 0.001050 0.001051 0.001052 0.001052 0.001053 0.001054 0.001055 0.001056

139

12.603 12.027 11.481 10.963 10.472 10.006 9.5639 9.1444 8.7461 8.3678 8.0083 7.6666 7.3418 7.0328 6.7389 6.4591 6.1928 5.9392 5.6976 5.4674 5.2479 5.0387 4.8392 4.6488 4.4671 4.2937 4.1281 3.9699 3.8188 3.6743 3.5363 3.4042 3.2780 3.1572 3.0415 2.9309 2.8249 2.7234 2.6262 2.5330 2.4437 2.3581 2.2760 2.1973 2.1217 2.0492 1.9796 1.9128 1.8486 1.7870 1.7277 1.6708 1.6161 1.5635 1.5129 1.4642 1.4174 1.3724 1.3290 1.2873 1.2471 1.2083 1.1710 1.1351 1.1005 1.0671 1.0349

12.604 12.028 11.482 10.964 10.473 10.007 9.5649 9.1454 8.7471 8.3688 8.0093 7.6677 7.3428 7.0338 6.7399 6.4601 6.1938 5.9402 5.6986 5.4684 5.2490 5.0397 4.8402 4.6498 4.4681 4.2947 4.1291 3.9709 3.8198 3.6754 3.5373 3.4053 3.2790 3.1582 3.0426 2.9319 2.8259 2.7244 2.6272 2.5341 2.4448 2.3591 2.2771 2.1983 2.1228 2.0502 1.9806 1.9138 1.8497 1.7880 1.7288 1.6719 1.6171 1.5645 1.5140 1.4653 1.4185 1.3734 1.3301 1.2883 1.2481 1.2094 1.1721 1.1362 1.1015 1.0681 1.0359

Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgw Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor hi /hf hig /hfg hg 205.16 209.34 213.52 217.70 221.88 226.06 230.24 234.42 238.61 242.79 246.97 251.15 255.34 259.52 263.71 267.89 272.08 276.27 280.45 284.64 288.83 293.02 297.21 301.40 305.59 309.78 313.97 318.17 322.36 326.56 330.75 334.95 339.15 343.34 347.54 351.74 355.95 360.15 364.35 368.56 372.76 376.97 381.18 385.38 389.59 393.81 398.02 402.23 406.45 410.66 414.88 419.10 423.32 427.54 431.76 435.99 440.21 444.44 448.67 452.90 457.13 461.36 465.60 469.83 474.07 478.31 482.55

2384.39 2381.97 2379.56 2377.14 2374.72 2372.30 2369.87 2367.44 2365.01 2362.57 2360.13 2357.69 2355.25 2352.80 2350.35 2347.89 2345.43 2342.97 2340.50 2338.03 2335.56 2333.08 2330.60 2328.11 2325.62 2323.13 2320.63 2318.13 2315.62 2313.11 2310.59 2308.07 2305.54 2303.01 2300.47 2297.93 2295.38 2292.83 2290.27 2287.70 2285.14 2282.56 2279.98 2277.39 2274.80 2272.20 2269.60 2266.98 2264.37 2261.74 2259.11 2256.47 2253.83 2251.18 2248.52 2245.85 2243.18 2240.50 2237.81 2235.12 2232.41 2229.70 2226.99 2224.26 2221.53 2218.78 2216.03

2589.54 2591.31 2593.08 2594.84 2596.60 2598.35 2600.11 2601.86 2603.61 2605.36 2607.10 2608.85 2610.58 2612.32 2614.05 2615.78 2617.51 2619.23 2620.96 2622.67 2624.39 2626.10 2627.81 2629.51 2631.21 2632.91 2634.60 2636.29 2637.98 2639.66 2641.34 2643.01 2644.68 2646.35 2648.01 2649.67 2651.33 2652.98 2654.62 2656.26 2657.90 2659.53 2661.16 2662.78 2664.39 2666.01 2667.61 2669.22 2670.81 2672.40 2673.99 2675.57 2677.15 2678.72 2680.28 2681.84 2683.39 2684.94 2686.48 2688.02 2689.55 2691.07 2692.58 2694.09 2695.60 2697.09 2698.58

Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgw ·K) Temp., Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor °C si /sf sig /sfg sg t 0.6908 0.7038 0.7167 0.7296 0.7424 0.7552 0.7680 0.7807 0.7934 0.8060 0.8186 0.8312 0.8438 0.8563 0.8687 0.8811 0.8935 0.9059 0.9182 0.9305 0.9428 0.9550 0.9672 0.9793 0.9915 1.0035 1.0156 1.0276 1.0396 1.0516 1.0635 1.0754 1.0873 1.0991 1.1109 1.1227 1.1344 1.1461 1.1578 1.1694 1.1811 1.1927 1.2042 1.2158 1.2273 1.2387 1.2502 1.2616 1.2730 1.2844 1.2957 1.3070 1.3183 1.3296 1.3408 1.3520 1.3632 1.3743 1.3854 1.3965 1.4076 1.4187 1.4297 1.4407 1.4517 1.4626 1.4735

7.4015 7.3711 7.3409 7.3109 7.2811 7.2514 7.2219 7.1926 7.1634 7.1344 7.1056 7.0770 7.0485 7.0201 6.9919 6.9639 6.9361 6.9083 6.8808 6.8534 6.8261 6.7990 6.7720 6.7452 6.7185 6.6920 6.6656 6.6393 6.6132 6.5872 6.5613 6.5356 6.5100 6.4846 6.4592 6.4340 6.4090 6.3840 6.3592 6.3345 6.3099 6.2854 6.2611 6.2368 6.2127 6.1887 6.1648 6.1411 6.1174 6.0938 6.0704 6.0471 6.0238 6.0007 5.9777 5.9548 5.9320 5.9092 5.8866 5.8641 5.8417 5.8194 5.7972 5.7750 5.7530 5.7310 5.7092

8.0923 8.0749 8.0576 8.0405 8.0235 8.0066 7.9899 7.9733 7.9568 7.9405 7.9243 7.9082 7.8922 7.8764 7.8607 7.8451 7.8296 7.8142 7.7990 7.7839 7.7689 7.7540 7.7392 7.7245 7.7100 7.6955 7.6812 7.6669 7.6528 7.6388 7.6248 7.6110 7.5973 7.5837 7.5701 7.5567 7.5434 7.5301 7.5170 7.5039 7.4909 7.4781 7.4653 7.4526 7.4400 7.4275 7.4150 7.4027 7.3904 7.3782 7.3661 7.3541 7.3421 7.3303 7.3185 7.3068 7.2951 7.2836 7.2721 7.2607 7.2493 7.2380 7.2268 7.2157 7.2047 7.1937 7.1827

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115

140

Appendix D Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation Table D-1

Temp., °C t

Absolute Pressure pws, kPa

Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation (Continued)

Specific Volume, m3/kgw Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor vi /vf vig /vfg vg

Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgw Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor hi /hf hig /hfg hg

Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgw ·K) Temp., Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor °C si /sf sig /sfg sg t

116 117 118 119

174.7678 180.5090 186.4036 192.4547

0.001057 0.001058 0.001059 0.001059

1.0038 0.9739 0.9450 0.9171

1.0049 0.9750 0.9461 0.9182

486.80 491.04 495.29 499.53

2213.27 2210.51 2207.73 2204.94

2700.07 2701.55 2703.02 2704.48

1.4844 1.4953 1.5062 1.5170

5.6874 5.6658 5.6442 5.6227

7.1719 7.1611 7.1504 7.1397

116 117 118 119

120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138

198.6654 211.5782 225.1676 239.4597 254.4813 270.2596 286.8226 304.1989 322.4175 341.5081

0.001060 0.001062 0.001064 0.001066 0.001068 0.001070 0.001072 0.001074 0.001076 0.001078

0.8902 0.8392 0.7916 0.7472 0.7058 0.6670 0.6308 0.5969 0.5651 0.5353

0.8913 0.8403 0.7927 0.7483 0.7068 0.6681 0.6318 0.5979 0.5662 0.5364

503.78 512.29 520.80 529.32 537.85 546.39 554.93 563.49 572.05 580.62

2202.15 2196.53 2190.88 2185.19 2179.47 2173.70 2167.89 2162.04 2156.15 2150.22

2705.93 2708.82 2711.69 2714.52 2717.32 2720.09 2722.83 2725.53 2728.20 2730.84

1.5278 1.5494 1.5708 1.5922 1.6134 1.6346 1.6557 1.6767 1.6977 1.7185

5.6013 5.5587 5.5165 5.4746 5.4330 5.3918 5.3508 5.3102 5.2698 5.2298

7.1291 7.1081 7.0873 7.0668 7.0465 7.0264 7.0066 6.9869 6.9675 6.9483

120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138

140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158

361.5010 382.4271 404.3178 427.2053 451.1220 476.1014 502.1771 529.3834 557.7555 587.3287

0.001080 0.001082 0.001084 0.001086 0.001088 0.001091 0.001093 0.001095 0.001097 0.001100

0.5074 0.4813 0.4567 0.4336 0.4118 0.3914 0.3722 0.3541 0.3370 0.3209

0.5085 0.4823 0.4577 0.4346 0.4129 0.3925 0.3733 0.3552 0.3381 0.3220

589.20 597.79 606.39 615.00 623.62 632.25 640.89 649.55 658.21 666.89

2144.24 2138.22 2132.15 2126.04 2119.88 2113.67 2107.41 2101.10 2094.74 2088.32

2733.44 2736.01 2738.54 2741.04 2743.50 2745.92 2748.30 2750.64 2752.95 2755.21

1.7393 1.7600 1.7806 1.8011 1.8216 1.8420 1.8623 1.8825 1.9027 1.9228

5.1900 5.1505 5.1112 5.0723 5.0335 4.9951 4.9569 4.9189 4.8811 4.8436

6.9293 6.9105 6.8918 6.8734 6.8551 6.8370 6.8191 6.8014 6.7838 6.7664

140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158

160

618.1392

0.001102

0.3057

0.3068

675.57

2081.86

2757.43

1.9428

4.8063

6.7491

160

Skill Development Exercises To receive full continuing education credit, all questions must be answered and submitted at www.ashrae.org/sdlonline. Please log in using your student ID number and the SDL number. Your student ID number is composed of the last five digits of your Social Security Number or another unique five-digit number you create when first registering online. The SDL number for this course can be located near the top of the copyright page of this book.

Chapter 1 Skill Development Exercises

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 1 Total number of questions: 4 1-1

How many basic processes of air conditioning can be performed on moist air? a) Two b) Three c) Four

1-2

Which combination process will increase both the temperature and the moisture content? a) Cooling and dehumidification b) Heating and dehumidification c) Heating and humidification

1-3

Enthalpy is the total heat content of the air. a) True b) False

1-4

Change in elevation has no effect on the air density. a) True b) False

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

Total number of questions: 8 2-1

Dry-bulb temperature is measured with a wet sock around the sensing bulb. a) True b) False

2-2

Saturation temperature of air is the point at which the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and dew-point temperatures are equal. a) True b) False

2-3

Relative humidity does not change as the dry-bulb temperature changes. a) True b) False

2-4

The dry-bulb temperature can be above the dew-point temperature. a) True b) False

2-5

According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy hs of saturated air at 5°C? a) 15.231863 b) 18.63 c) 5.02 d) None of the above

2-6

According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-5, what is the specific volume v? a) 0.811 b) 0.794 c) 0.006 d) None of the above

2-7

According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy of dry air hda at 50°C? a) 52.33 b) 225.03 c) 50.31 d) None of the above

Chapter 2 Skill Development Exercises

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

Chapter 2 Skill Development Exercises

2-8

According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-7, what is the specific volume v? a) 0.915 b) 1.24 c) 0.012 d) None of the above

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

Total number of questions: 10 3-1

On a psychrometric chart, the y-axis is humidity ratio and the x-axis is: a) Relative humidity b) Dew-point temperature c) Dry-bulb temperature d) Wet-bulb temperature

3-2

Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the relative humidity of an air parcel with W = 6.4 and tdb = 15°C. a) 60% rh b) 70% rh c) 80% rh d) 90% rh

3-3

Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the dew-point temperature of an air parcel with tdb = 21°C and  = 50% rh. a) 10°C b) 12°C c) 15°C d) 19°C

3-4

Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the humidity ratio W of an air parcel with a saturation temperature of tdb = 10°C. a) 6.5 b) 7.6 c) 30% d) 10°C

3-5

Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the specific volume v of an air parcel with tdb = 21°C and W = 10. a) 0.82 b) 0.846 c) 0.86 d) none of the above

3-6

According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the enthalpy of tdb = 25°C dry air? a) 22

Chapter 3 Skill Development Exercises

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 3

Chapter 3 Skill Development Exercises

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition b) 35 c) 76 d) 25 3-7

According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb temperature of a moist air parcel with tdb = 21°C and  = 50% rh air? a) 21°C b) 14°C c) 10°C d) 13°C

3-8

According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the dew point of tdb = 10°C saturated air? a) 10°C b) 4°C c) 0°C d) –5°C

3-9

According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb temperature of tdb = 21°C dry air? a) 0°C b) –4°C c) 4°C d) 6.5°C

3-10

Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, plot the points tdb = 21°C, h = 24, and tdb = 21°C, twb = 14°C, then connect the points with a line. Upon investigation of the line, which of the following is the best description? a) The line is almost vertical. b) The line has a slope of about 45° (angle). c) The line almost horizontal.

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

Total number of questions: 10 4-1

Moist air that is heated without humidification has the following change in relative humidity: a) Increase b) Decrease c) Stays the same d) Depends on the type of humidifier

4-2

What is the equation that converts enthalpy changes into capacity (kW)? a) 1210× airflow × (t1 – t2) b) 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) c) 3300 × airflow × (W1 – W2) d) None of the above

4-3

Which of the following is true concerning humidification by steam versus by (cold water) atomization? a) Atomization always maintains a constant relative humidity. b) Steam humidification adds no net energy to the airstream. c) Heat to make steam in the steam humidifier comes from the air entering the humidifier. d) Heat to evaporate water in the atomizer comes from the air entering the humidifier.

4-4

A heating coil can provide for both heating and humidification. a) True b) False

4-5

A cooling coil can provide for both cooling and dehumidification. a) True b) False

4-6

What is the change in enthalpy when dry air is heated from 10°C to 23°C? a) 10 b) 13 c) 16 d) 18

Chapter 4 Skill Development Exercises

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 4

Chapter 4 Skill Development Exercises

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 4-7

What is the enthalpy change when saturated air at 10°C is conditioned to be saturated air at 23°C? a) 39 b) 35 c) 13 d) 45

4-8

One day in Phoenix, Arizona, the temperature reaches 40.5°C with 20% rh. Water is sprayed into the air to cool it. What will the temperature of the air be when the relative humidity increases to 50% rh? a) 30°C b) 35°C c) 40°C d) 22°C

4-9

If the air entering a heating coil is dry and 21°C db and the leaving air is 43°C, how many watts of cooling are supplied by the coil at 2.35 m3/s if the fan is located at the coil inlet? a) 58 000 W b) 65 000 W c) 61 000 W d) 62 550 W

4-10

Air enters a cooling coil at 38°C and 40% rh and leaves saturated at a temperature of 7°C. What is the total watts of cooling required if a 2.35 m3/s fan is located at the inlet of the cooling coil? a) 190 200 W b) 176 840 W c) 160 000 W d) 158 960 W

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

Total number of questions: 11 5-1

The definition of sensible heat ratio (SHR) is the: a) Ratio of sensible to latent load b) Ratio of latent to sensible load c) Ratio of total load to sensible load d) Ratio of sensible load to total load

5-2

If the sensible load on a building is equal to the latent load, the value of SHR is: a) 2 b) 1 c) 0.5 d) –2

5-3

The psychrometric condition for supply air that will satisfy the requirements of a room depends on: a) The amount of outdoor air needed b) The desired room condition c) Room SHR d) All of the above e) Answers b and c only

5-4

Why is it possible to satisfy a room with a variety of “assumptions” about the temperature change across a coil (heating or cooling)? a) Because there is a corresponding airflow with every t. b) Because the heat/cool load calculation is never accurate. c) Because the comfort zone is large. d) Because there is a wide variety of methods for heating and cooling.

5-5

Which condition below is not possible to show on a psychrometric chart? a) tdb = 24°C, h = 54 kJ/kg b) tdb = 32°C, twb = 25°C c) twb = 25°C, h = 84 d) tdb = 24°C,  = 50%

Chapter 5 Skill Development Exercises

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 5

Chapter 5 Skill Development Exercises

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 5-6

In a system, 1 m3/s of air at 15³C and 30% rh is mixed with 4 m3/s air at 27°C and 80% rh. Find the mixed-air temperature using the mixing equation. a) 18°C b) 17.5°C c) 16°C d) 25°C

5-7

In Exercise 5-6, what is the mixed-air relative humidity? a) 51% rh b) 40% rh c) 60% rh d) None of these

5-8

In a system, 1 m3/s of air at 4°C and 90% rh is adiabatically mixed with moist air at 26°C but unknown relative humidity. The final mixture is at 22°C and 50% rh. What is the relative humidity and airflow rate of the second airstream? a) 42% rh, 5 m3/s b) 42% rh, 3 m3/s c) 60% rh, 5 m3/s d) 35% rh, 6 m3/s

5-9

If the sensible load is 600 000 W and the latent load is 300 000 W, what is the SHR? a) 2.0 b) 1.0 c) 0.66 d) 0.76

5-10

If the room design is tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh and we mix in 25% outdoor air at tdb = 48°C and  = 10% rh, what is the mixed-air dry-bulb temperature? a) 45°C b) 42°C c) 30°C d) Not possible

5-11

From Exercise 5-10, what is the mixed-air relative humidity? a) 33% rh b) 15% rh c) 21% rh d) 28% rh

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

Total number of questions: 10 6-1

Which type of humidification requires the change to not exceed the temperature rise capacity of a heating coil? a) Water spray b) Steam c) Both the same d) Neither has an impact

6-2

From the discussion of the psychrometrics of cooling coils, which “rule of thumb” will best select the cooling coil conditions? a) Temperature drop across a cooling coil should be about 10°C. b) Relative humidity off the coil should be 90%. c) Volume of air across a cooling coil should be kept to a minimum. d) Coil temperatures should be selected to be as low as possible.

6-3

Which of the following statements best describe why cooling coils cannot accommodate large latent loads with small sensible loads? a) Cooling coils rust if too much condensate forms. b) Cooling coils will freeze up if the coil temperature gets too low. c) Cooling coils tend to dehumidify first, then drop the air temperature. d) Condensation requires a drop in air temperature to the dew point.

6-4

Consider a room heating load with a 200 000 W sensible loss and 40 000 W latent loss, with room design conditions of tdb = 22°C and approximately  = 40% rh. The air handler has an adiabatic humidifier downstream from a heating coil without any outdoor air. If the leaving air temperature is tdb = 38°C after the humidifier, what is the airflow required to satisfy the load? a) 12 b) 10.3 c) 8 d) None of these

Chapter 6 Skill Development Exercises

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 6

Chapter 6 Skill Development Exercises

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 6-5

What is the leaving air temperature tdb from the heating coil for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-4? a) 37°C b) 40°C c) 38°C d) None of these

6-6

What is the leaving relative humidity  from the heating coil for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-4? a) 15% rh b) 12% rh c) 20% rh d) 24% rh

6-7

What is the leaving relative humidity  from the adiabatic humidifier for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-4? a) 15% rh b) 25% rh c) 19% rh d) 28% rh

6-8

Using the air handler in Exercise 6-4 and 10.3 m3/s, adding a cooling coil to satisfy a room sensible heat gain of 146 kW and a room latent heat gain of 15 000 W, and room conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 40% rh and without outdoor air, what is the required leaving air temperature tdb and  from the cooling coil? a) 12°C tdb ,  = 90% rh b) 13°C tdb ,  = 80% rh c) 12°C tdb ,  = 75% rh

6-9

What is the room sensible heat ratio for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-8? a) 0.89 b) 0.95 c) 0.91 d) 1.0

6-10

Would you attempt to add humidity to the leaving airstream for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-8 in the cooling mode with an adiabatic humidifier? a) Yes b) No c) Not sure

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

Total number of questions: 11 For all of the Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7, consider three zones in a small office building that we are going to heat and cool. The cooling and heating loads are as follows: Zone

Sensible Cooling, W

Latent Cooling, W

Heating Sensible, W

1

12 000

1700

6000

2

16 000

2000

8000

3

20 000

3300

10 000

Assume room design conditions of the following: Coolingtdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh Heating tdb = 21°C and  = 40% rh Use a sea-level psychrometric chart. 7-1

What is the sensible heat ratio for all three zones in order 1, 2, 3? (Round to two decimal places.) a) 0.87, 0.89, 0.86 b) 0.88, 0.9, 0.91 c) 0.87, 0.89, 0.88

7-2

If we provide 25% outdoor air for code-required ventilation to all three zones, what is the mixed air condition in the summer if the outdoor air is tdb = 38°C and  = 25% rh? a) tdb = 34.5°C and  = 30% rh b) tdb = 29°C and  = 36% rh c) tdb = 27.5°C and  = 42% rh

7-3

For Zone 1 only, if we use individual fan-coils for each zone, what is the required supply airflow? a) airflow = 0.9 m3/s b) airflow = 0.99 m3/s c) airflow = 1.03 m3/s

Chapter 7 Skill Development Exercises

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7

Chapter 7 Skill Development Exercises

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition 7-4

For Zone 1 only, what are the leaving air conditions from the cooling coil assuming we use 25% outdoor air from Exercise 7-2 and the correct supply airflow? a) tdb = 12°C and  = 90% rh b) tdb = 14°C and  = 88% rh c) tdb = 16°C and  = 80% rh

7-5

For Zone 1 only, what is the total cooling capacity, qt , of the cooling coil with the correct airflow and leaving air conditions? a) 18 000 W b) 22 000 W c) 19 008 W

7-6

If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a constant-volume terminal reheat system, what would the airflow of all three zones be, in order 1, 2, 3? (Same outdoor design and percent outdoor air.) a) 0.99, 1.3, 1.6 b) 0.9, 1.4, 1.7 c) 0.99, 1.32, 1.65

7-7

If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a variable-air-volume reheat VAV box and 25% outdoor air, what are the required leaving air conditions from this air handler? a) tdb = 13.5°C and  = 91% rh b) tdb = 14.5°C and  = 88% rh c) tdb = 16°C and  = 82% rh

7-8

With the system in Exercise 7-7, what are the new required airflows by zone in order 1, 2, 3 with the new leaving conditions? a) 0.94, 1.26, 1.57 m3/s b) 0.99, 1.26, 1.6 m3/s c) 1.03, 1.3, 1.55 m3/s

7-9

What is the reheat required by zone in order 1, 2, 3 to meet the total reheat load plus the winter heat loss load? (Use tdb = 21°C for room condition and 25% outdoor air.) a) 14 000, 18 000, 25 000 W b) 14 530, 19 930, 24 240 W c) 16 000, 21 000, 26 000 W

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition From Exercise 7-7, with the correct leaving conditions and airflow, what is the total cooling capacity of the central air-handler cooling coil? a) 73 280 W b) 70 120 W c) 79 910 W

7-11

If the system in Exercise 7-7 were a constant-volume, dual-duct system, what would be the heat capacity of the hot-deck coil used in the central air handler? (Room at tdb = 24°C.) a) 75 000 W b) 65 000 W c) 55 100 W d) 60 500 W

Chapter 7 Skill Development Exercises

7-10

Chapter 8 Skill Development Exercises

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 8 Total number of questions: 10 8-1

A heat wheel with a desiccant coating is a: a) Sensible heat recovery device b) Total enthalpy heat recovery device c) Sensible-to-total heat recovery device d) Total-to-sensible heat recovery device

8-2

When is preheating of the outdoor airstream necessary on a heat recovery device? a) When the outdoor air temperature is below –16°C. b) When the outdoor air dew point is below 0°C. c) When the exhaust airstream has a dew point above 0°C and the leaving air temperature is below 0°C. d) All of the above.

8-3

Heat recovery effectiveness is the actual amount of heat transferred versus the maximum amount that could be transferred. a) True b) False

8-4

Energy recovery involves the transfer of sensible heat from one airstream to the other airstream. a) True b) False

8-5

An air-side economizer should be considered on any/all air systems that have 100% outdoor air capability and high operation hours with an ambient air temperature below 16°C and a demand for cooling. a) True b) False

8-6

Water-side economizers can be used on a chilled-water system with all terminal fan-coils and an air-cooled water chiller. a) True b) False

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition There is a sensible heat recovery system between equal outdoor air and exhaust airstreams in Phoenix, Arizona, and the summer design outside is tdb = 48°C and  = 10% rh. If the effectiveness is 75% of the heat recovery device and the exhaust airstream is tdb = 24°C and  = 40% rh, what are the dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity of the outdoor airstream leaving the recovery device? a) tdb = 32°C and  = 25% rh b) tdb = 35°C and  = 20% rh c) tdb = 38°C and  = 18% rh d) tdb = 30°C and  = 28% rh

8-8

From Exercise 8-7, what are the leaving air conditions of the exhaust airstream with everything else being the same? a) tdb = 30°C and  = 30% rh b) tdb = 35°C and  = 25% rh c) tdb = 40°C and  = 20% rh d) tdb = 42°C and  = 16% rh

8-9

If the entering air conditions to a cooling tower are tdb = 48°C and twb = 19°C and the cooling tower has a full-load approach temperature of 4°C, what is the leaving water from cooling tower (at full load)? a) 40°C b) 35°C c) 23°C d) 29°C

8-10

Supply air temperature reset can be used on all air-conditioning systems, any time of the year in all parts of the world, regardless of the ambient air conditions. a) True b) False

Chapter 8 Skill Development Exercises

8-7

Chapter 9 Skill Development Exercises

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition

Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 9 Total number of questions: 10 9-1

A cooling tower needs to reject heat from 0.075 cu m/s of water entering at 35°C and leaving at 30°C. What is the total heat required to be rejected? a) 1766 kW b) 184 kW c) 1610 kW d) 1495 kW

9-2

From Exercise 9-1, if the cooling tower has an airflow of 47.2 m3/s and ambient air conditions of tdb = 30°C and twb = 24°C, what are the leaving air conditions of the tower? a) tdb = 30°C, twb = 28.5°C b) tdb = 32°C, twb = 31°C c) tdb = 31°C, twb = 30.5°C d) tdb = 30°C, twb = 29.7°C

9-3

What is the cooling tower approach temperature for the cooling tower in Exercise 9-2? a) 3°C b) 7°C c) 4°C d) 6°C

9-4

In the design of an indoor swimming pool, it is best to keep the swimming pool water temperature and the room temperature as far apart as comfortably possible. a) True b) False

9-5

In a cleanroom with design conditions of tdb = 20°C and  = 40% rh, the makeup air must be cooled to what dry-bulb temperature or the relative humidity will not be met? a) tdb = 12°C b) tdb = 20°C c) tdb = 5°C d) tdb = 10°C

Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition If we cool the air via direct evaporative cooling from tdb = 43°C and  = 2% rh, what is the lowest leaving air temperature we can achieve? a) tdb = 17°C b) tdb = 20°C c) tdb = 18°C d) tdb = 12°C

9-7

In Exercise 9-6, if our evaporative efficiency is 80%, what are the leaving air conditions? a) tdb = 20°C and  = 70% rh b) tdb = 22°C and  = 70% rh c) tdb = 21°C and  = 58% rh d) tdb = 25°C and  = 50% rh

9-8

In Exercises 9-6 and 9-7, if the room sensible heat ratio is 0.9, what is the expected room relative humidity if the room is at tdb = 24°C? a)  = 53% rh b)  = 60% rh c)  = 50% rh d) Cannot maintain room at tdb = 24°C with this leaving condition

9-9

If we use the same outdoor conditions of tdb = 43°C and  = 2% rh from Exercise 9-6 and an indirect evaporative cooling section of 40% efficiency, what are the leaving air conditions from this section? a) tdb = 33°C and  = 3% rh b) tdb = 31°C and  = 20% rh c) tdb = 35°C and  = 5% rh d) tdb = 19°C and  = 5% rh

9-10

If we add a direct evaporative cooling section in series downstream of the indirect section in Exercise 9-9 and the direct section has an efficiency of 70%, what are the leaving air conditions? a) tdb = 15°C and  = 95% rh b) tdb = 15°C and  = 65% rh c) tdb = 19°C and  = 60% rh d) tdb = 19°C and  = 52% rh

Chapter 9 Skill Development Exercises

9-6

ASHRAE LEARNING INSTITUTE Self-Directed Learning Course Evaluation Form Course Title: Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition (2016) On a scale of 1 to 5, circle the number that corresponds to your feeling about the statements below. (1 = strongly agree, 5 = strongly disagree, 3 = undecided) Strongly Agree

Course Content 1. The objectives of the course were clearly stated. 2. The course content supported the stated objectives. 3. The content quality and format of the course material make it valuable as a future reference. 4. The quality and clarity of the charts and diagrams enhanced your ability to understand the course concepts. 5. The organization of course material supported effective mastery of the topic. 6. The material presented will be of practical use to you in your work. 7. The degree of difficulty (level) of this course was correct to meet your needs and expectations.

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General 1. Which description best characterizes your primary job function? _____Architect*

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_____Other (please specify) _______________________________________________________________________ *Are you a registered architect? ___No ___Yes, AIA Membership Number (required): _____________________ 2. Which describes your educational background? _____High School

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Flexible and Effective Continuing Education for HVAC&R Professionals

This revision of ASHRAE’S Fundamentals of Psychrometrics self-directed learning course book addresses the use of psychrometrics and the psychrometric chart for typical applications and systems. It is intended for HVAC designers of various backgrounds and to be an introduction for those new to psychrometrics. This second edition of the course was rewritten in an attempt to teach the fundamentals of psychrometrics in about half the time as the previous version. The author has used his 41 years of experience in the HVAC industry as the expertise for the format and content. Skill Development Exercises at the end of each chapter help readers assess their understanding of the material and apply what they learn to real-world situations. Answers to these exercises can be submitted online to earn PDH, CEU, or LU credits.

1791 Tullie Circle Atlanta, GA 30329-2305 Telephone: 404/636-8400 Fax: 404/321-5478 E-mail: [email protected] www.ashrae.org/ali ISBN 978-1-939200-32-7 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-939200-33-4 (PDF)

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