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©Eduardo Amos, Elisabeth Prescher, 2008 Richmond Diretoria: Paul Berry Gerencia editorial: Sandra Passas Coordenai;ao
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©Eduardo Amos, Elisabeth Prescher, 2008
Richmond Diretoria: Paul Berry Gerencia editorial: Sandra Passas
Coordenai;ao de arte: Christiane Sorin de pesquisa iconografica: Ana Lucia Soares Coordenai;ao de bureau: America Jesus Coordenai;ao de produi;ao grafica: Andre Monteiro, Maria C oo rden ai;ao de produi;ao industrial: Wilson Troque Co orde n ai;ao
de Lourdes Rodrigues
Edii;ao de texto: Ray Shoulder Preparai;ao: Maiza Prande Bernardello Revisao linguist ica: Ray Shoulder Revisao: Ibraima Dafonte Tavares Edii;ao de arte: Gilciane Munhoz Projeto grafi co: Gilciane Munhoz Il ustra i;o es: Attilio, Luiz Moura, Moo Capa: Gilciane Munhoz Criai;oes especiais: Daniel de Souza Fantini, Gl6ucia Correa Koller, Pesqu isa iconografica: Rosana Carneiro Tratamento de imagens: Fabio N. Precendo, Rubens M. Rodrigues Diagramai;ao: Citara Editora Ltda Pre-impressao: Helio P. de Souza Filho, Marcia H. Kamoto Impressao e acabamento: Brasilform Editora e Ind. Grafica
Raquel Buim Barradas
Embora todas as medidas tenham sido tomadas para identijicar e contatar as detentores de direitos autorais sabre materiais reproduzidos nesta obra, isso nem sempre Joi passive I. A editora estar6 pronto a retijicar quaisquer erros dessa natureza assim que notijicada. Although every effort has been made to trace and contact copyright holders before publication, this has not been possible in some cases. We apologize for any apparent infringement of copyright and, if notified, the publisher will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity.
Dados Internacionais de Cataloga�ao na Publica�ao (CIP) (Camara Brasileira do Livro, SP, Brasil) Amos, Eduardo The Richmond
express
grammar of English /
Amos, Prescher. -- Sao Paulo: Moderna, 2008.
Inclui CD. 1. Ingles - Estudo e ensino I. Prescher,
Creditos das fotos:
Elisabeth. II. Titulo.
CID: pag. 13; pag. 15; pag. 11;
08-06572
pag. 21; pag. 65; pag. 89; pag. 95;
CDD-420.7
pag. 99; pag. 129; pag. 147. As imagens identificadas com a sigla CID
foram
indices para catalogo sistematico:
1. Ingles : Estudo e ensino
©Cortesia Julio Fiadi/AKPP pag. 59 ©Paulo Liebert/AE pag. 57
ISBN 85-16-06066-4
©Marcos Andre/Opi;ao Brasil Imagens pag. 21 ©Juca Martins/Pulsar pag. 77
Todos as direitos reservados.
Ofl.l)'fOJU,a-�
·"�� l�\
RICHMOND EDITORA MODERNA
lTOA.
Rua Padre Adelina, 758 - Belenzinho Sao Paule - SP - Brasil - CEP 03303-904 Central de atendimento ao usuario: 0800 771 8181 www.richmond.com.br 2014
fornecidas pelo Centro de lnformai;ao e Documentai;ao da Editora Moderna.
420.7
��-=>---=-
1\.SSOCIAc;:�o�OSR!Pl!OGl!AFICOS
""*��/ � o orRJn'IO
©Felicia Safady/Folha Imagem pag. 67 ©Laerte pags. 16 e 55
Fontes consultadas: Jeordan Legon, CNN, Weds,
J an 7, posted 1:45 PM EST (1845 GMT), ACESSO: dia 30/4/04 as 15:52; Schuma Schumaher e Erico Vital Brazil (orgs.),
Diciondrio de mu/heres do Brasil - de 1500 ate a atualidade, 2005. Credito Grammar_Mar/07 13/7 /07, 6:51
Contents Introduction
6
Simple Diagnostic Test
... 8
Grammar Units 1
Personal Pronouns
2
Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
3
Verb to be (Present Simple)
4
Verb to be (Past Simple)
5
There+ to be (Present & Past)
6
The Indefinite Article
7
Demonstratives
8
Countable Nouns (Plural Forms)
9
Special Plural Forms
10
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
-
-
I, you, he... , me, you, him,
-
-
-
12
my, your. .. , mine, yours
... 14 . 16
I am, you are, he is .
-
I was, you were, he was
. 18 .. 20
there is, there was
-
22
a car, an egg
24
this, that, these, those
-
-
girls, buses, pianos
.26
politics, people . -
.28
a train, some advice
30
Progress Check 1
.. 32
11
Gender of Nouns
12
Possessive with 's
13
Present Continuous I
14
Present Continuous 11
15
Past Continuous I
16
Past Continuous II
17
Going to - Future
18
Going to - Future in the Past
19
Simple Future
20
Will and Going to
21
Imperative
22
Simple Present I
23
Simple Present II
24
Simple Present 111
-
boy-girl, man-woman
-
-
-
drive-driving, cut-cutting, tie-tying
I was leaving, he was going
-
... 38
I am studying, he is studying .
40 .. 42
When I arrived, he was having dinner .
44
I am going to study, he is going to study .
46
-
I was going to, he was going to
-
48
I will go, she will go
-
I'll stay, I'm going to stay
-
Look! Don't run! Let's go! -
I work, she works
-
-
fix-fixes, try-tries Do they study?, they don't study
Progress Check 2
52 ..... 54 .56 58 60 .. 62
25
Simple Past I (Regular Verbs)
26
Simple Past II (Spelling Rules)
27
Simple Past Ill (Irregular Verbs)
28
Used to
-
.... 36
my brother's car, my sister's husband
-
-
34
-
I walked, she walked
-
I used to, they used to
love-loved, stop-stopped
-
buy-bought, drink-drank
.. 66 ... 68 10
29
To Have - I have, he has
72
30
Future Continuous - I will be working, they will be working
74
31
Quantifiers
76
32
Some, Any, No, None - some money, any time, no people
78
33
Somebody, Anybody, Nobody - There is nobody here...
80
34
All, Every, Each - all the students, every student, each student
82
35
Both, Either, Neither
84
-
much, many, few, little
-
both hands, either is fine, neither of them...
Progress Check 3
86
36
Reflexive Pronouns I
37
Reflexive Pronouns 11 - by myself, she herself
90
38
The Definite Article I (use)
92
39
The Definite Article 11 (omission) - She's in hospital. They're at school.
40 Adjectives
I
myself, yourself, himself
-
-
the boy, the boys
- a pretty girl, an old woman
88
94 96
41
Adjectives 11 - an exciting movie, an excited child
42
Adjectives 111 (Order and Position) - a big old house, a beautiful young woman
100
43
Question Words I - What?, Who?, How?
102
44
Question Words 11 - How long?, How far?, How much?
104
45
Adverbs I (Form) - slowly, here, fast. She speaks slowly
46
Adverbs (Use I) - manner, place, time .
108
47
Adverbs (Use 11)
110
-
frequency, probability, degree, intensity
Progress Check 4
98
. 106
112
48
Comparison I - as ... as, not as ... as, more than, the most
49
Comparison 11
50
Comparison of Adverbs
51
Present Perfect I
52
Present Perfect 11 - recently, ever, since, for
53
Present Perfect 111 - just, already, yet, many times
124
54
Present Perfect Continuous - have been doing, has been doing
126
55
Past Perfect
56
Relative Pronouns I - who, which.. that, whom
130
57
Relative Pronouns II - where, whose, what
132
58
Relative Clauses - defining and non-defining
. 134
59
Future Perfect - I will have fixed, she will have fixed
. 136
-
-
larger, the largest, hotter, the hottest
-
-
faster, easier, more seriously
I have studied, she has done
. 114 116 118 120 .. 122
. 128
had done
Progress Check 5
....... ...... 138
60
Prepositions of Place I - in, on, at ..
. 140
61
Prepositions of Place II - behind, opposite, outside
. 142
62
Prepositons of Movement
-
out of, up, down...
144
63
Prepositions and forms of transport
64
Prepositions of Time I
65
Prepositions of Ti me 11
66
Modals I (Form)
67
Modals II
68
Modals Ill
69
Modals IV
70
Conditionals (Form)
71
Zero and First Conditionals
72
Second and Third Conditionals
73
Special Conditional Structures
-
-
-
-
by, on, into
...... 146
in, on, at ..
-
... 148
from. .. to, until, by
.. .. .. .. .
. .
.
150
. .
she may go, we might stay
152 154
can, could, must
-
may, might, would
156
-
should, ought to, deductions
158
-
-
if it rains,... -
-
75
Passive Voice
76
Have (something) done
77
Indirect Speech I
78
Indirect Speech 11
79
Infinitive
80
Gerund
81
Indirect Questions
82
Agreement
83
Phrasal Verbs
-
-
164
unless, provided, in case, as long as
.
Tag Questions
.
.
.. . . .. . . .
168
.
isn't it?, did he... ?
170
is done, were done
172
-
-
I had my house painted
174
.
She said that...
-
. 176
She asked me... , She told me...
.. 178
to do, to go
180
doing, going
182
-
-
162
if it rained, if it had rained
Progress Check 6 74
160
will, would, would have
-
-
Do you know what time it is? ......
184
.
186
Each child has a pet -
Progress Check 7 .
get up, look up, put up with...
.
.
. .. . .
. . .
188
.
. .
. . .
.
190
.
Appendices 1
Linking Words
2
Basic Adverbs
3
Grammar Patterns after Adjectives
4
Grammar Patterns after Verbs
5
Phrasal Verbs
6
Common Irregular Verbs
7
Final Test ......
. . .... .... . ...... .... ...
.. 196
.
Test Answers Grammar Units Answers ........ .
198 .. . ....... 200 . 201
English - Portuguese, similarities and differences
Index
192
.. 202 205 209 . 225 ........... 226 266
Introduction The Richmond Express Grammar combina uma gramatica de referencia e exercfcios em um unico volume. Esta obra foi especialmente desenvolvida para servir de material de 2poio para alunos que estudam sozinhos ou para aqueles que frequentam cursos de lfngua inglesa. Veja a seguir outros destaqLes desta edic;:ao: 1. The Richmond Grammar Practice CD-ROM (com audio) - Mais de 230 questiSes de gramatica, com respostas gravadas com falantes nativos da lingua inglesa. 2. English - Portuguese, similarities and differences - Com base nas diferenc;:as mais relevantes entre as duas lfnguas, as explicac;:oes e os exercfcios desta sec;:ao enfocam dificuldades e duvidas especfficas do aluno brasileiro, permitindo-lhe ampliar seu conhecimento de maneira rapida e efetiva. 3. Progress Checks - Apresentadas a intervalos regulares, estas sec;:oes oferecem ao aluno a oportunidade de avaliar seu desempenho e competencia lingufstica, par meio de exercfcios que utilizam a linguagem do dia a dia.
Cada Progress Check refere-se as unidades
l.
•.
Fill
the gaps w·1th the determiners from he box below. (Sometimes more than one answer may be
correct and you will need to use some of the words morethan once). Remember to read the text oncethrcughfirstto understandthe meaning. inani
alDIDf
,
.
:
.. , ..�IJm:i�sT.JJ"JOM--
:
, _____ (lood)onour plar;etin1938. StiHa baby,Jor-Elandlara 'sonlychld______ {be)sentinto space
that
, --
(inciude)the�ofloisle,andthenew�they
!t_
The
figures areurld Superman
in 1940, Ji which Superman
th111een:hfloor
_
,,
'
k hem' [!hie I Thece I ThoceJ ic my high echool photo album. [Thie I The'° I That) three men were my
�
teachers. (This I These I Those) one on the left was Mr. Peters. He was an excellent teacher. Everybody in
I=
I the school loved him. (That I Those I This) woman on the right is Ms. Winslett, the principal. Look at (that I � these I this) other four pictures. (That I These I This) are my parents and (these I that I those) '.ittle girl is my � sister when she was three! She was so cute. Can you believe Mr. Peters is her teacher now! (That I This I
I These) last one is our summer vacation ten years ago. Can you guess which one is me?
=
=
�l//lltlll11111!111111Hlllll!llfllllllllll!llll!lll11111111111111111111fllt111!1'11!111!111lll!llllllflllllllllllllll111111!111111Jlllflllllllll!lll11111!11tlllllltllllll!llllllllllllllltllllll!llllll!llltll!llllllllllllllllll!lll!llllll!llllll111fllltllll!11tlllllltllllll!lll!llf11111111111\\\\.f
Source: Challenge. Amos, Prescher and Pasqualin. Richmond Publishing, 2006.
Read the article once and then complete the text. Use a I an or KJ (no article).
4.
Almost everyone has
______
wish, but not
many people are able to make their wishes come true'.
once in ancient China,
_______
strange wish. "I want to see the
man had difference between
______
heaven and
______
hell before I die," he used to say. Then, one day, his wish came true. When he was visiting full of
______
______
hell he saw
______
table
delicious food, but everyone was hungry and angry. food, but had to sit far from the table because they
They had
were forced to use very long chopsticks2• It was impossible for them to put any food into their mouths. When the man was visiting
______
heaven, he had
sur prise. Everything looked the same: ______
______
big table full of
delicious food, people sitting far from the table, and using
very long chopsticks to eat. It was exactly like
hell, but in
heaven the people were happy and well-fed3• The difference is that in ______
heaven they have realized that
______
chain4
does not stop you feedings others!
•
•
•
•
•
realizar um dese10 hashi, pauzinhos 3well-fed bem alimentado 4cha in corrente 5feed alimentar 'make a wish come true
'chopsticks
=
=
=
=
=
Source: Graded English. Amos, Prescher & Pasqualin. Moderna, 2006.
Gender of Nouns boy - girl, man - woman ... •
Ha tres generos em ingles:
•
Ha, porem, substantivos que se referem a pessoas e animais e que apresentam uma forma para o
Neutro: boat, person, lawyer, doctor, shark.
masculino e outra para o feminino.
Masculino: boy, man, wa,ter, brother.
boy• girl
Feminino: girl, sister, aunt, wife.
man• woman
•
Em sua maioria, os substantivos, mesmo aqueles que se referem a pessoas e animais, sao neutros, isto e, podem ser usados tanto coma masculino
•
0 genera e indicado por: "' palavras diferentes brother • sister
coma feminino. lawyer• advogado I advogada doctor• medico I medica
IJ,..,-____ )
terminac;oes diferentes actor• actress
son • daughter
waiter• waitress
father• mother
heir• heiress
nephew• niece
steward • stewardess
bull• cow
lion• lioness
man• woman
host • hostess
uncle• aunt
godfather• godmother
king• queen
grandfather• grandmother
husband• wife
\j/
.�
I.
Find the hidden word. Put the masculine form of the nouns below into the puzzle. wife
waitress
lawyer
godmother
niece
woman
sister
heiress
aunt
actress
II. Rewrite the sentences below using the feminine form for the words in italics. Example: My father is waiting for his brother.
N\�
molher is woi\iV19 �r her sisltr.
1. The actor is sick. 2. He is the heir of all this land. 3. He is a waiter.
__________________________ _ __
-------
4. The Englishman lives near that boy.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
5. The king is an old man. 6. These men are my uncles.
__________________ _ _ __________
7. My boyfriend went shopping. 8. My son-in-law is an air-steward. 9. My brother is a successful businessman. 10. My father-in-law is an excellent cook. 11. Her husband works for my uncle.
_________________________
____ _____________________ _
___________ _________________
12. My grandfather I ives in another city.
----
£
Possessive with 's my brother's car, my sister's husband ... •
o ap6strofo seguido de s ['sl colocado depois de um substantivo indica o possuidor. the boy's name
the cat's eyes
the men's cars
Charles's book
the girl's dress
the boy's books
" No caso de substantivo plural terminado em s, acrescenta-se apenas o ap6strofo [
•
Quando o possuidor for um objeto, usa-se a constru�ao com of au um substantivo composto. The door of the car ou The car door
•
J.
the wives' presents
the girls' books
the babies' toys
'
The leg of the table ou The table leg
Quando o possuidor for um substantivo composto, e sempre tratado coma substantivo simples. My father-in-law's car.
•
0 ['s] tambem pode ser usado para se referir a lugares. I'm going to Grandma's� Grandma's house.
•
Quando ha mais de um possuidor: " para indicar posse comum, apenas o ultimo possuidor recebe o ('s]. Sally and Susan's car� o mesmo carro . ., para indicar posse individual, usa-se o ('sl para cada um dos possuidores. Bob's and Jane's fathers� pais diferentes
•
Pode-se ainda usar o ('s] em referencias ao tempo, lugares que levam names de pessoas e corpos celestes. a day's work
I.
two weeks' vacation
St. Peter's Cathedral
�.,,,A -'"
Underline the correct word in each sentence.
Example: About 70% of the Earth's I Earths' surface is covered by salt water. 1. The doctors' I doctor's wife is a friend of mine. 2. The womens' I women's husbands are waiting. 3. My fathers' I father's car is in the garage. 4. The boys' I boy's bicycles are outside. 5. The children's I childrens' toys are in the basket. 6. I will graduate in two years' I year's time.
the moon's surface
II. Complete the sentences by adding ('s) ou ( ' ) to the nouns in parentheses. Example: We are having a
c\-\i\clm\s porty
on Sunday. (a party for children)
1. Do you know John? He's 2. I borrowed 3. My
father. (David and Steve)
_______
_______
4. 5.
car. (James)
family is very artistic. (sister-in-law)
fathers are both architects. (Bob and Jane) . Do you want to come with me? (Grandma)
I'm going to
Ill. Rewrite the questions below using ('s) or ( ' ). Example: What's the name of your mother?
W\-\ots �O\,\f momers Y\Ome?
1. What's the favorite pastime of your parents? 2. What's the new film of the actress?
__________________________
3. What is the job of your father-in-law? 4. Which are the cars of Fred and Eric? 5. Are they the toys of your son?
_______________________
_________________________
_________________________
____________________________
IV. Rewrite these sentences. Follow the example. Example: The door of the car is open. 1. I can't find the keys of the house.
1\-\e rnr cloor is opm __________________________
2. The manager is using the car of the company. 3. The window of the kitchen is dirty. V.
_____________________ _
_________________________ _
Use ('s) to form new sentences. Follow the example. Example: The population of the world is increasing. 1. The beaches of Bali are crowded in summer. 2. These sunglasses filter the rays of the sun. 3. That shop sells clothes for women.
Susan's dog
1\-\e WQr\& s po�ulo\ioY\ is iY\mOSiY\g.
______________________
_______________________
__________________________
Jane's dog
-
£
Present Continuous I I •
0 present continuous e formado pelo presente do verbo to be
+
verbo principal
+
+
ing.
am
studying, he is studying...
0 presente contfnuo e usado para expressar ac;:oes que: ,. acontecem no momenta da fala.
am You
Look! It's raining.
a re
" 0 presente contfnuo e geralmente usado com adverbios de tempo: at the moment, at present,
He She
now etc. is
Lucas is studying at the moment.
working It We •
You
0 presente contfnuo tambem pode ser usado para expressar a�oes que estao ocorrendo na
a re
atualidade. They
I am taking driving classes.
I'm having English lessons.
Negativa
lnterrogativa
He is not wor ki n g.
Is he work in g?
•
confirmados.
Formas abreviadas
I.
I am seeing John this evening. I'm going on vacation next week.
am•'m
are•'re
is•'s
am not• 'm not
are not• aren't
is not•isn't
..,..
o�
E eventos futuros que tenham sido planejados e
.. ���'""
Complete the sentences with the present continuous of the verbs in parentheses. l. My sister and I
(do) our homework now.
2. My neighbors 3. The cat
(travel) around the world. (sleep) in the garden.
4. The children
(watch) TV in their room.
5. The teacher
(correct) our exercises now.
6. "Susan, can you answer the phone?" "Sorry, I can't. I 7.
All of them
8. Why are you
(wear) black trousers. (work) so hard?
(wash) the dishes."
II. Complete the questions with the present l. Where
continuous of the verbs in parentheses. (work) these days?
you
2.
(meet) their friends after school?
they
3. What
(have) for dinner tonight?
she
4. Who
(come) to dinner tomorrow?
5.
they
(build) their house next year?
Ill. Look at the picture and write sentences. Follow the example. Example: (The man I not read)
I he mcm isvi 1 nocling. \-\e is �lo�ing boll. 1. (The tall woman I not play ball)
2. (The boy I not do nai Is)
3. (The girl I not paint the wall)
4. (the short woman I not Iisten to music)
5. (the dog I not barking)
:::���i
IV. Look at Mariana's diary for this week and answer the questions. Example: What's Mariana doing on Friday?
Shes woshing her hoir.
=��;�o
1. What's Mariana doing on Sunday?
2. What's Mariana doing on Wednesday?
3. What's Mariana doing on Saturday?
4. What's Mariana doing on Tuesday?
5. What's Mariana doing on Monday?
�Q\-�:_illDaR Ba' ::."-"
1
Present Continuous 11 drive - driving, cut - cutting, tie - tying •
Geralmente os verbos nao sofrem modificar;6es ao
•
Se o verbo terminar em ie, troca-se o ie por y e
receber ing. Porem:
acrescenta-se ing.
" se o verbo terminar em e, ele perde o e ao
tie• tying
lie• lying
die• dying
receber ing. drive• driving •
write• writing
love• loving
Dobra-se a ultima consoante e acrescenta-se ing quando:
•
" o verbo termina em consoante I vogal I consoante cut• cutting �
swim • swimming
o verbo tern duas sflabas, sendo a ultima t6nica. begin • beginning
Nao se dobram as
•
Em ingles britanico,
consoantes w e x.
dobra-se a consoante I.
snow� snowing
travel� travelling
fix� fixing
omit• or'1itting
refer• referring
I.
lr
Complete the sentences with the present continuous of the verbs in parentheses. Example: I
om
1rnve\iY\9
(travel) a lot this year.
1. The children 2. I 3. He
(swim) in the lake. (cut) apples to make a pie. (take) a walk in the park.
4. Grandma
(knit) a new sweater.
5. We
(not refer) to your problem.
6. She
(walk) along the beach.
7. My brother
(borrow) my car tonight.
8. They
(develop) some new research.
9. It 10. The boys 11. I 12. We 13. It 14. We 15. I
(begin) to rain. (tie) their shoelaces. (not write) a letter. I (leave) for school. (snow) again! (not go) out this weekend. (study) harder from now on!
(write) a postcard.
II. Underline the mistakes in the sentences below and write the correct form of the verbs. Example: They are rideing their bikes.
RicliV\9
1. It is rainning now. 2. The birds are dieing because of the pollution. 3. Are the men fixxing that car?
_______
4. They are cuting down the trees. 5. Is it snowwing outside? 6. I am moveing to Paris.
_______
_______
______ _
7. Aren't you listenning to me? 8. Is Oscar makeing a cake?
__________ _
_______
9. My friend sleeping on the sofa.
________
10. I was studing for my exams at the time.
_______
Ill. Unscramble and write questions. Example: they / travel I at the moment? 1. snow I outside I it I is? 2. they/where/swim? 3. refer I you I to me?
he the� rrnve\liV\9 I troveliV\9
01
the momem?
______________________________
_______________________________
______________________________ _
4. the boys I behave well?
_______________________________
5. a letter I write I your mother?
____________________________
IV. What are the people in the park doing? Look at the picture and write sentences about
what you see. swim
fix
argue
tie
Example: The man isn't reading.
\--le s swimmiV\9 iV\ the lol\e. 1. The girl isn't dancing.
2. The little boy isn't doing exercise.
3. The teenage boy isn't riding his bicycle.
4. The couple isn't reading.
lie
Past Continuous I I was leaving, he was going... +
Formac;ao: passado do verbo to be+ verbo principal + ing. Negativa
was You
He was not working.
were
She
was
determinado momento no passado.
Was he working?
At 8:00 am, I was fly ing over New York.
working
Formas abreviadas
It
was not
We
•
were not
You
0 passado contfnuo e usado para: " indicar a�oes em andamento em um
lnterrogativa
He
•
.. narrar as circunstancias de uma situa�ao no passado.
wasn't
•
It was Saturday morning and the sun was
weren't
shin ing.
were
They
I.
�
'i;,)� -;,--;yf,"!f,,f-c'C
Complete the sentences with the past continuous of the verbs in parentheses. Example: Lucy was
SiY19iY19
(sing) in the shower again this morning.
1. The children
(cry) an hour ago.
(wear) a new shirt.
3. Everybody was at the party. Fred He Erica
(talk) to some friends. (dance) with her boyfriend. (do) in the library?
Maria
4. A: What B: She 5. A:
(argue).
(not do) their homework. They
2. The boys
(read). (feel) sick yesterday?
B: Yes, I
(not feel) well.
6. At lunchtime, Julio
(eat) in the cafeteria. (watch) television last night at 10 o'clock.
7. I 8. She
(not expect) her football team to win, but it did!
9. I t s a shame vacation is over. We '
10. He really
(have) such a good time! (not enjoy) himself at the party, so he left.
II.
Complete the text below with the past continuous of the verbs given.
';1estercla\;11 I hacl a reall\;l l:>acl clav. I woke up Late l:>ee-ause Wl\;I alarWl e-Loe-k (rai11) outsicle. The 11ei ghl:>ors
(11ot work). It
________
______
(hurt). I tur11ecl 011 the TY l:>ut there
M\;1 heacl
(11ot show). ______
110 9oocl Musie-
(shout).
________
I tur11ecl 011 the raclio l:>ut there
______
(pLav). I
________
(feel) clow11.
Ill.
Look at this diary and write what each person was doing at each time last week. -
·
- ' -
-
--�
�· .•···! -5.aturday. 80 : Q_pm_________ '- Paulo and Maria I ea�.[2iWL. • ··-� 2:00 pm
_
.· -
.
·
__________.
_· J)._Marws�f]oihalL
�-...------'h·'" Monday 9:00 pm _________ -�-- Joana J slA!i_Yl')_gi_fb_e_cJ_ld� ------ --
••._ •.
··
:
"f
·� · ··--- -- · -
Friday. 80Q_J2_�-------'•. dinner
��� /have _Saturda.yJl:OO am
__ ______ __
Bruno I type a report
_Wedn15.d.ay.J;OO_arr1 Beth I ffy to .Brasfk
·
----��
- �_i!raLdiliL.sbQfJPillg.
. :,,�.
ll
___
_____ -=-
TuesdgYcJJQ_gf'Y)
-_
_.
, � :i����, ���
____ _
."
-
_
·�nfic�·-·
-:
.--·
-------�
� .;
___
_ __
Example: (Tuesday, 9:30 am)
l'.iruY\o
wos
tlj?iY\9 o re?Ofl
1. (Wednesday, 7 .00 am) 2. (Friday, 8:00 pm) 3. (Saturday, 8:00 pm) 4. (Monday, 9:00 pm) 5. (Sunday, 2:00 pm) 6. (Thursday, 1:00 pm) 7. (Saturday, 11 :00 am)
---
0
Past Continuous 11 When I arrived, he was having dinner... •
., Com 0 passado contfnuo e frequente 0 USO dos
Frequentemente, usamos o passado contfnuo
adverbios when e while.
para nos referirmos a duas at;6es ou atividades que estavam em andamento ao mesmo tempo,
WHILE (enquanto)
ou para uma at;ao que estava em andamento
While I was cooking dinner, Carlos was
quando uma outra ocorreu .
watching TV. Carlos was watching TV while I was eating dinner. It started to rain while I was waiting for the bus. While I was waiting for the bus, it started to rain. PRESENTE
PASSADO
WHEN (quando)
FUTURO
When I arrived, they were eating dinner. They were eating dinner when I arrived. I was having a shower when the phone rang. When I was having a shower, the phone rang.
I.
,,.
·�,�.._'M'Nc"K�''h'·'
Look at the picture on the right and write what the students were doing when the teacher came into the classroom. Use the words in the box. play
Example:
A boy
1. A girl
read
eat
write
dance
listen
wos slee?iY\g. on the blackboard.
2. Two girls 3. A girl 4. Some boys 5. A boy 6. Two boys
to music. sandwiches. a comic book. cards.
-
"""---== -
-=-=---=
"""'" �
�
-
-
-
-
-�-
-
-
=
�
-
"'-"--
-
--
--
�
-
�
II. Complete the following sentences with when or while. Example: We were watching TV
w\.ieY\
Fred arrived home.
1. The students were listening to the radio 2.
_______
_______
the teacher came in.
my mother was making dinner we were playing in the garden.
3.
I entered the station, the train was leaving.
4.
the teacher was writing on the blackboard, the children were telling jokes.
5. Everyone was talking
the lights went out.
6. The workers were chatting
the boss was having a meeting. the accident happened.
7. We were traveling to the Northeast 8. I was waiting for the bus
I met you.
9. You were studying 10.
_______
I saw her.
Emma arrived, Dave was just leaving.
Ill. Ask questions with the words given. Then answer them using the information in parentheses. Example: Joana I sleep I when you got home? (watch TV)
W C\S JoC\Y\C\ s\ee?iY\g 1AA-lm �ou gar \iome?
I No. Siie WC\S WC\11.liiY\g IV w\.im \ gar \iome.
1. the students I argue I when the teacher arrived? (dance)
2. Sally I drink I wine I when they came in? (drink water)
3. Fred and Lisa I walk I in the street/ 15 minutes ago? (waiting for the bus)
4. Sofia I a magazine I read I on the bus? (read a newspaper)
5. When you arrived I dog I bark? (sleep)
6. While you were cooking breakfast I Maria I sleep? (jogging)
---
r0
Going To
Future I am going to study, he is going to study
Forma9ao: presente do verbo to be + going to+ verbo principal.
+
Negativa
am You
He is not going to eat
•
.
are
" eventos Que temos certeza que irao
lnterrogativa
He
Going toe usado para indicar:
acontecer em um futuro pr6ximo (pois ha evidencias claras disso no
Is he going to eat? going to
is
She
Formas abreviadas
eat It
We You
presente).
am • 'm
am not• 'm not
are • 're
are not• aren t
is • 's
is not • isn't
Look at those dark clouds! It is going
to rain!
'
,. pianos ou inten�oes
When I leave school, I'm going to
are
study architecture.
They
I.
.
11'
" "'"'"""°•''"
_,,,"l'�"' ·""'·�:-····
Put the verbs in parentheses into the going to (future in the past) form. Example: I
wos
9oiY\9
ro
stu��
(study) last night, but I was too tired.
1. He
(workout), but the gym was closed.
2. Ricardo 3. We
______
______
4. David and Mark 5. She
______
(go) to the party, but Pedro convinced her to go.
______
______
10. They
(do) when your boss discovered the money was gone?
______
8. The children
(go) to the beach on Sunday, but it started raining.
(travel) by plane, but she didn't have enough money.
______
7. Sarah
9.
(not go) to the cinema, but there was nothing else to do.
______
6. What
(visit) his friends yesterday, but he had to work until late.
(play) outside, but it was too cold.
(write) to you but decided to phone you instead.
______
(buy) the apartment, but then decided to rent it.
II. Check (
./)
the correct sentences. Underline and correct the mistakes. wm
Example: They was going to go on vacation last week. (
(
1. Bob and Carol were going to travel to Argentina. 2. I was going to call you, but I lost your number.
3. Where he was going to go on his vacation?
(
(
____
____
____
4. What were they talking about when you came in? 5. She were going to drive into town, but she changed her mind.
(
6. The cat were going to eat the bird, but the woman stopped it.
(
7. We was going to clean the garage when the visitors arrived.
(
____
___ _
____
8. I were going to go out with my friends, but they didn't call me.
(
____
9. It looked like it was going to rain, so I decided not to take the dog out.
(
____
10. All the bank clerks was going to go to lunch when the customers walked in.
(
____
Ill. Answer the questions. Use the words in parentheses.
\-le wos going
Example: What was he going to do when you saw him? (play tennis) 1. What were they going to sell before they moved? (house) 2. What was Ana going to study in the US? (math)
tu
�\o� \mnis.
_________________
____________________
3. Where was he going to do his shopping? (downtown)
___________________
4. What were you going to write when I interrupted you? (a letter) 5. Where was she going to go on vacation? (to Miami)
_______________
___________________
IV. Pedro and his friends had lots of plans for their vacation in Switzerland, but they had lots of problems
and had to change their plans. Underline the correct form of going to (in the past) to complete the text.
'Pedro and hi� frit:-nd� were
going to I CJre going to fly
fir�t cla��. but
when they arrived at the airport, there were no more �eat� available. When 'Pedro wa� on the plane, the flight attendant
going to offer
if; going to I WCJf;
him a drink., but �he could �ee he wa�n't feeling very well.
The flight attendant
if; going to I WCJf; going to a�k. him
if he wa� feeling
OK, but �he didn't.
When 'Pedro and hi� friend� arrived at the �k.i re�ort, there wa� no �now. They were going to go I WCJf; going to go �k.iing everyday, but had to �tay in the hotel in�tead. Before leaving home, 'Pedro had told hi� parent� that he were going to
f;tCJy I WCJf; going to f;fCJyfor two week.�.
bu� he �pent all hi� money after only three day�.
�--
0
Simple Future I will go, she will go... •
Formaeo.r Ko.ren, Wowl Europe is fo.nfo.sficl Rome is one of fhe mosf excifififj cifies I've ever visifed. The hofel wo.5 very cheo.p. Some Ifo.lio.ns Colosseum, plo.ces
I sfo.yed I mef fook me fa see fhe
is o. very old buildin3 They o.lso fook
me
fa
fheir fo.mily ho.s o. fo.rm. Ifo.ly ho.s mo.ny
fhe counfryside
o.re cheo.p o.nd beo.ufiful fa visif.
I wo.s fro.velin3 o.round Efifjio.nd beo.ufiful o.nd I ho.d o.n o.ccidenf
counfrys1de 1s very o.lmosf spoiled my frip
I wo.S drivin3 on o. no.rrow roo.d o.nd I 3of o. flo.f fire. I wo.sn'f o.ble fo cho.fif}e if so I decided fa o.sk for help. I slopped o. co.r o.nd o. very handsome mo.n 3of ouf! The mo.n,
wo.S o. mecho.nic,
cho.fifjed my fire o.nd invifed me fo 30 fa his vt!lo.3e fo Ao.ve if fixed. I o.ccepfed o.nd followed him. Affer ho.vin3 my fire fixed we wenf fo ho.ve lunch fo3efher in o. Smo.ll resfo.uro.nf I ho.d o. wonderful fime wifh fhis sfro.n3er
food wo.S very 3ood. 1s now my
boyfriend Who.f I fhou3M wo.s bo.d luck furned ouf fo be 3ood luck. Love, To.ho.no.
---�
---�
-------�
4 L
---�
.
')· · ·) . . .
Relative Clauses defining and non-defining •
•
Ha dais tipos de orat;oes subordinadas adjetivas:
" vem sempre entre vfrgulas ou depois de vfrgula
defining (restritivas) e non-defining (explicativas).
" nunca usam that.
Orat;oes subordinadas adjetivas restritivas
relative clauses)
sao essenciais para o entendimento
da mensagem e nao vem entre vfrgulas
on First Avenue.
nao sao essenciais
para o entendimento da mensagem. Elas:
I.
Paula's dog, which is a poodle, got lost in the park.
The house, where she lives with her parents, is
.
Orat;oes subordinadas adjetivas explicativas
(non-defining relative clauses)
., nao omitem o pronome relativo.
I met Professor Parker, who was very kind to me.
.
That's the woman who is looking for you •
(defining
Flavia, whose mother works with me, is living in Boston. Ver unidades 56 e 57, paginas 130 e 132.
11'
Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronouns. Example: He went to Austin 1. Einstein,
w\t1ic\-i
she works for the government.
3. I called the director, 4. That girl,
is the state capital of Texas.
was German, formulated an important theory.
2. Silvia lives in Brasilia,
was very understanding. mother is a doctor, is my girlfriend.
5. My brother has bought a new car, 6. My sister,
is very nice.
studies a lot, has just passed her final exams.
7. Sally's bike,
she bought on the weekend, is red.
8. Hemingway,
was American, wrote
9. Painting, 10. That's the man 11. My cousin, 12. They live in Washington, 13. The woman
The Old Man and the Sea.
is something I enjoy very much, is very relaxing. wife has just had a baby. lives in Australia, arrives tomorrow evening. they recently got married. was talking to you earlier is my neighbor.
14. The thieves were taken to the police station, 15. I have some friends
.
they were questioned.
house is in the mountains.
II. Make non-defining relative clauses using the sentences in parentheses.
Put in commas ( ) where necessary. ,
Example: Cora Peixoto (she lives in a cave on the top of a mountain) is a famous writer.
Corn ?ei"1'oto. wYio lives iY\ o. cove OY\ �e top of o. moumo.iY\. is o. fo.mous W'fittr l. The mountain is in Chapada Diamantina. (It's one of the most beautiful places in Brazil.)
2. Cora (her children study in the U.S.) lives with her husband and a cat.
3. She is very famous in Portugal. (She has sold more than a hundred thousand books there.)
4. Her editor (he is very ambitious) wants her to move to Sao Paulo.
5. But she likes to live in the mountains. (She has peace to write there.)
Ill. Join the sentences below with a suitable relative pronoun and put commas where necessary. Example: John lives in Stratford-upon-Avon. Stratford is about 2 hours from London.
JohY\ lives iY\ Srro.lfi rd-upoY1-f\voY\. wYlich is o.'oM 2. hours f om loY1cloY1. l. He has a house. His house was built in 1910.
2. He's married to an architect. The architect restored all the old buildings in the city.
3. Her children have a cat. It's name is Lear.
4. His younger daughter is six years old. She plays the piano very well.
5. Her older son is seventeen years old. He plays rugby for the local team.
6. His house has a big back yard. They always have barbecues there.
7. Stratford-upon-Avon receives a lot of tourists. Shakespeare lived in Stratford.
Future Perfect I will have fixed, she will have fixed +
Formac;:ao: will have
+
particfpio passado do
•
verbo principal.
0 future perfect indica o momenta em que a ac;:ao devera ter terminado
(OU
nao).
By the time Mom arrives, I will have fixed the vase. (Quando mamae chegar, terei consertado o vaso.) You He She
will have eaten.
It We You They
Negativa
lnterrogativa
They will not have eaten.
Will they have eaten?
Forma abreviada will•'ll will not• won't
1W'" I.
'�'�'c
Put the sentences into the required form:(?)interrogative or(-)negative. Example: We wi11 have had our first lesson by this ti me tomorrow. ( -)
We won 1 hM \-ie1d. our frs\ \essoY\ 'o� ihs lime \Omorrow. 1. The plane will have landed by 4:00 pm.
(?)
2. They will have finished the job by April.(-)
3. She will have had her baby by the end of November.
(?)
4. You will have taken the children home by 7:00 pm.{-)
5. They'll have met her this time tomorrow.
(?)
--"""'
-
-
-
-
-
-
""'
-=--��--
�
-
-
-
�
-
-
�
-
-
II. Join the sentences together using the expression by the time. Example: Lucy will leave for Chicago at 5:00 pm. Jim will arrive at 6:00 pm.
�� �e \\me Jim onives. \..uc.� will \rio.ve le� �r C\riic.o.go. 1. I will study the subject tomorrow. The teacher will give the test next week.
2. Carol will eat lunch at noon. We'll get home at 1:00 pm.
3. I will fix dinner at 6:00 pm. You will arrive at 7:00 pm.
4. T he secretary will type the reports at 8:00 am. The meeting will start at 9:00 a.m.
5. You will do your homework at 1 :00 pm. Your friend will arrive at 1 :30 pm.
Ill. While Cindy's parents are on vacation, Cindy and her brother Pat decide to have a party. Complete the
mini-dialogs with the future perfect or the future continuous. 1.
Cindy: Hi, Sean. It's Cindy. We are having a party next Saturday. Can you come? Sean:
Well, I'm having dinner with my grandparents on Saturday but
___________ _
(finish) dinner by 9:00 pm. I'll be there! No problem!
2.
Pat:
Steven is going to help us with the party. He
______
(come) over
tomorrow at about 7:00 pm to talk about the details.
Cindy: Oh, no, Pat! Tomorrow's Friday. We
______
(get) back from Spanish class
by 7:00 pm.
3.
Pat:
T he party was great, but the house is a mess.
Cindy: And somebody's broken Mom's favorite vase. Pat: 4.
Take it easy! By the time Mom and Dad get here, I
______
(fix) it.
Cindy: Well, we also need to clean the house. I'll wake you up at 9:00 am. tomorrow, OK? Pat:
Oh, no! At that time, I
______
(dream) about that girl I danced the whole
night with. Let's get up at 11:00 am!
Cindy: No way! By 11:00 am, you
______
______
(vacuum) the floor.
(do) the dishes and
Progress Check
Read this text taken from a general interest magazine. Then underline the correct form of comparative adjective or comparative phrase to complete the sentences.
�
' ,�
HaPPiness
,
,-
Do you consider yourself a happy person or a sad
However, we have to understand what happiness
one? Who are the (more happy I happiest I more
is. And (most importantly I most important I more
happiest) people in the world, anyway?
importantly) than that, we have to know exactly what
The organization known as The World Database of
makes people happy and the reasons for it.
Happiness has done some research 1 into how people
There is evidence, however, of what happiness is
appreciate life. The research involved over 1,500
not. For example, there's no guarantee that finding a
people in 68 countries.
great love makes you (happier I most happier I most
According to2 the research, happiness is one of the
happy), at least, not over a long period of time. And,
(most highly I higher I more highest) valued items for
believe it or not, the (most rich I more richest I richest)
human beings. Most people agree that it is (gooder
people are not necessarily the (more content I
I better I best) to enjoy life than to suffer; they also
most content I most contentest). A survey of 100
suppor t ideas that create (more great I greatest I
American millionaires proved that they were only as
greater) happiness for a (largest I larger I most large)
happy as middle class people.
. number of people. Source: Challenge. Amos, Prescher and Pasqualin. Richmond Publishing, 2006.
1do research into something= pesquisar 2.
'according to= segundo, de acordo com
Read the short story taken from a school magazine and complete the sentences using the correct relative pronoun that, which or no relative pronoun, fJ.
One day, I had a strange dream. I was visiting the house I'd lived when I was four years old. Everything
in
had belonged to my
was still there: some furniture
my
the old red curtains, everything. The dining table
had belonged
father had made was in the same place. Even the bicycle to my brother was in the exact place Then, I opened the door to the garage and saw the man
he always left it. used to take
care of our garden. I walked up to him. When I was really close to him, I noticed that it wasn't him at all. It was me! He gave me a look
scared me. Then I
screamed and woke up! Source: Sun 2. Amos, Prescher and Pasqua Jin. Richmond Publishing, 2005.
3. The Present Perfect x Past Simple: Read the scientific article
about moon craters. Then fill in the gaps with the correct option from alternatives A and B below.
·' ·.· · �, ,--d,,�
______
man's attention
since the beginning of civilization. Ancient Greeks ______
tides1• Poets
(3)
the influence of the moon upon the
______
the moon with romantic
eyes. Space scientists (4) telescopes, but however,
(2)
it with their
(5)
astronauts there. Nobody, all the answers to the mysteries of the
(6)
moon. The origin of moon craters , for example, is still obscure. According to one theory, thousands of meteors crashed against the surface of the moon. The impact of these crashes formed the craters. The craters have many shapes and sizes. Some scientists
to prove this theory with plastef, reproducing the
(7)
formation of craters. Unfortunately,
successful.
(8)
Other theories have tried to prove that the craters
(9)
_______
because of gas or
lava eruptions. One physicist said that the craters are the solidified residues of enormous bubbles3. Either way, (10)
to prove these theories.
So romantics, take heart!4 The moon is still an intriguing mystery to man! Source: Graded English. Amos, Prescher and Pasqualin. Moderna, 2003.
• 1tides: mare •'plaster: gesso
•'bubbles: bolhas •"take heart!: animar-se, tirar proveito do /ado positivo de alga au de uma informar;ao.
�
............................................. .................................................................... ......................................................... . ·
�-------
�
Prepositions of Place I in, on, at +
Ine usado em:
+
�
One usado em:
+
!!\
in a room I a building I
on the wall I the floor
at the window I home I
a city I a country
the left I the right
school I work / the station
in the water I the sea I
on the table I a page
at the top (of the page) I
the river
the bottom (of the page)
in a row I a line I a queue I bed I prison
I.
Ate usado em:
..,...
on a road I a street I
at the end of the line I
a river I the coast I a farm
a party
�-'�''' ..
Supply the appropriate prepositions.
___
Example: My aunt and uncle live 1. I live
___ ___
Sao Paulo, which is
2. We went sailing
___
oV\
a farm.
the river last week.
3. I met my boyfriend
a party.
4. There's a photograph of my grandmother 5. I have a flat screen TV
Brazil.
___ ___
___
6. There's an interesting story
___
the wall
my bedroom.
the bottom of the page.
7. Walk straight down the street and the library is 8. My sister has a beautiful house
___
___
the coast.
the right.
our living room.
���
-� -�"""""'
-
� -
--
-
-
-
-
-
�
-
-
-
-
--
�
�
�
-
II. Look at the pictures and underline the correct alternative. 1.
7.
4.
at the gate I
at the top of the stairs I
in the photograph I
on the gate
on the top of the stairs
on the photograph
8.
5.
2.
on the drawer I
on the armchair I
on the lake I
in the drawer
in the armchair
3.
in the lake
9.
6.
at the book I
in the left I
in the farm I
on the book
on the left
on the farm
Ill. Complete the sentences with in, at, or on. 1. Don't drop garbage 2. He lives
___
3. The hospital is 4. Laura is
___
5. She lives
___
6. They arrive
the countryside
___
___
the ground.
the first floor.
___
the airport tonight.
7. The Sahara is the biggest desert
the right.
8. Is Chile the biggest country
university.
___
___
the world.
South America?
4 L
.
IV. Lais is in New York. Complete her e-mail to her friend. Use in, at, or on.
Dear Bia, I arrived
___
the U.S. last week. New York is great and there are lots of people
a big house. My bedroom is comfortable. There's a picture of the family the floor. There's a swimming pool ___
sits
___
the table
___
walk to college every day and Jersey Shore, a beach I wish you were here! Love, Lais
___
___
the back yard. There are two floors
the top floor. Tommy, the cat, is always asleep
___
___
the streets. I am staying
the wall and a beautiful rug
___
the top of the stairs.
around ? p.m. and even the cat usually sits ___
___
___
__ _
___
the house and my bedroom is
___
supper time, everybody
a chair and watches everything. I
my way home, there's a big park. Next weekend, we are planning to go to New
the east coast.
�
Prepositions of Place 11 behind, opposite, outside... •
Observe os exemplos a seguir
A is next to B
A is opposite B.
A is in front of B.
B is behind A.
(ao lado de)
(oposto)
(em frente de)
(atras de)
B is inside A.
B is outside A.
B is above I over A.
B is under A.
(dentro de)
(fora de)
(em cima de)
(de baixo de)
B is between A and C.
C is far from A.
B is near A.
(entre)
(longe de)
(perto de)
' ' ,,.,,. __
I.
,,,
.�------
·�'§ft;:,A
[ _-p����""";J;;ff!i.!f!�-:i!efr'l;,:t![;{'J:'f!."';_ ___ _
Complete the sentences using the following prepositions. outside
opposite
inside
between
1. Come in! It's warmer
in front of
the house.
2. The cat was sitting
the window, in the rain.
3. I didn't see half the movie! There was a lady in a big hat sitting
me.
4. My best friend's apartment is
mine.
5. You'll find the sugar on the top shelf
the
tea and the coffee jars. II. Look at the picture and underline the correct alternatives
to describe the bedroom. There is a bookshelf (above I outside) the bed. There is a wardrobe (next to I behind) the bookshelf. There is a picture (over I under) the desk. There is a pair of tennis shoes (behind I under) the bed. The cat is (far from I next to) the dog. There's an umbrella (behind I over) the door.
"'"-------------�
�-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
--
-
--
-
-
-
Ill. Use the prepositions below to describe your town to a friend. behind
near
1. The hospital is 2. The hotel is 3. The gym is
in front of
next to
to the drugstore. the train station. the cinema and the
theater.
4. The train station is
opposite
6. The English school is 7. The university is 8. The hospital is
the hospital.
Example: bus station I supermarket I behind.
1 Vie b1,1s stotioV\ is be\-iiV\cl !Vie s1,1?ermor�e1. 1. post office I theater I far from.
2. hotel I cinema I behind.
3. drugstore I cinema I opposite.
4. swimming pool I English school I next to.
o u tside
5. The bakery is
9. The cash teller is
IV. Write sentences about the map. Use the words below.
5. bank I drugstore I near.
far from
between
the post office. the bank. the bus station. the university. the bank.
Prepositions of Movement out of, up, down ... +
Observe os exemplos a seguir:
round I around the hills
off the table
from the window to the tree
onto the table
across the street
along the wire
away from the dog
"�
into the lake
I.
.,..
through the window
...,.,A.
·-
out of the doghouse
past the dog
··�@:
II. Complete the sentences using would. Example: 1. 2.
Wov.lcl
you carry my books for me?
_______
you like a cup of coffee?
_______
go with you if I you asked me.
3. If I had known she I iked me, I 4. 5. T hey
have asked her on a date.
you come with me tonight, please? have brought some sandwiches, but they'd run out of bread.
Ill. Complete the sentences using help
may I might and a verb from the box.
study
have
be
1. She speaks French very well. She
like
_______
French. from Germany.
2. Carlos's surname is German. His father
a lot of money.
3. Sandra buys a lot of clothes every week. She
to stay home and rest.
4. Fred never goes out on the weekend. He 5. Marisa is always busy on the weekends. She IV. Rewrite the sentences. Use
her mother at home.
to be allowed to in the correct form.
Example: The doctor says he may go swimming tomorrow. The doctor says he
is ollowecl to I will be ollowecl to 90 swimmiV\9 tomorrow.
1. He may arrive late for class.
2. She may see the horror movie tonight.
3. She may not drive the car tomorrow night.
4. You may not go out on Friday night.
5. They may keep the bar open unti I 11 pm.
V.
Livia is new at school and is talking to a colleague about the rules. Complete their dialog using the
moda/s required in parentheses. Livia:
_______
Marcela: Sure. I hope I Livia:
_______
_______
not come tomorrow (possibilidade). go to the dentist. (possibilidade, obriga
Meu professor fala ingles muito bem.
This is a very good book.
>
Este livro e muito born.
I don't like Chemistry (very) much.
>
Nao gosto muito de qufmica.
My brother doesn't study (very) much.
>
Meu irmao nao estuda muito.
very much!
>
Muito obrigado/a !
My neighbors are too noisy.
>
Meus vizinhos sao barulhentos demais.
They have too many parties.
>
Eles fazem festas demais.
They make too much noise.
>
Eles fazem barulho demais.
Thank you
1.
Exemplos
Coloque as palavras entre parenteses na posic;:ao correta em cada frase. a)
Jean didn't enjoy studying. (very much)
b) When he was a child, books didn't interest him. (much)
c) They made mistakes. (too many) They will have to do the test again.
d)
It is raining heavily. (very)
e) We have spent time trying to find a solution. (too much)
l.
f)
I am going to go to bed now. I am tired. (very)
g)
I Iike her. (very much)
h)
This movie is exciting. (very)
Passe para o ingles. a)
Ha pessoas demais nesta sala.
b) Esta musica e boa demais. c) Esta muito quente hoje.
d)
Gosto muito de futebol.
--------�
_____ ___________________
__________________________
_________________________
ADJECTIVE STRUCTURES
ESTRUTURAS ADJETIVAS Exemplos
Examples >
My city is enormous
Estes biscoitos sao deliciosos.
These cookies a re delicious. I'm getting old.
'>
Estou ficando velho I velha.
You look wonderful!
·..
Voce esta maravilhoso/a!
It's a heavy old leather jacket.
>
E uma jaqueta de couro pesada e velha.
They seem very happy together.
1.
_>
Eles parecem muito felizes juntos.
My friend is bored.
>
Meu amigo I minha amiga esta entediado(a).
The children are starving.
>
As crian�as estao famintas.
little brown puppies with big ears.
>
Cachorrinhos pardos com orelhas grandes.
This one's bigger than that one.
.>
Esteemaior do que aquele.
She's not as pretty as her sister.
�>
Ela nao e tao bonita quanto a sua irma.
He's the best teacher in the school.
>
Ele e o melhor professor da escola.
That's the most expensive pen I've seen.
>
Essaea caneta mais cara que ja vi.
lndique se a frase esta correta (.I') ou errada (X) e reescreva-a quando for necessario. a) Those men are richs. (
2.
Minha cidadeeenorme.
)
b)
He is more tall than I am. (
c)
This is the hottest city in Brazil. (
d)
They are not so tired as us. (
)
)
)
Coloque os adjetivos na ordem certa. a) a (and I white I boring I black) movie
b)
(sports I American I big) cars
c)
(heavy I science I old) books
____ __ ______________ _
-------�
________________________
THERE + TO BE I TO HAVE
HAVERI TERI EXISTIR
Examples
Exemplos
There is a beautiful girl in that room.
>
There are some eggs in that box.
>
Ha alguns ovos naquela caixa.
There isn't a direct flight to London.
>
Nao h3 voo direto para Landres.
There aren't many houses in my street.
>
Nao h3 muitas casas na minha rua.
Is there a lot of pollution here?
>
Ha muita polui�ao aqui?
Are there trees in An tarctica?
>
Ha I Existem arvores na Antartida?
There was an accident!
>
Houve um acidente!
There were twenty people at the party.
>
Havia vinte pessoas na festa.
There wasn't time to phone the police.
. . >
Nao houve tempo para chamar a polfcia.
There weren't many factories here.
>
Nao havia I existiam muitas tabricas aqui.
Was there a line for the movie theater?
'>
Havia fila para o cinema?
Were there cars in Brazil in 1920?
>
Havia I Existiam carros no Brasil em 1920?
The city has many parks.
>
A cidade tem muitos parques.
--
Ha I Existem muitos parques na cidade.
There are many parks in the city.
1.
Ha uma garota bonita naquela sala.
The African countries have many problems.
>
Os paises africanas tem muitos problemas.
There are many problems in Africa.
>
Ha I Existem muitos problemas na Africa.
Sublinhe a opc;:ao certa. a)
There (is I are) 3 bedrooms in my house.
b) There (is I are) a lot of pollution in the city.
l.
c)
There (isn't I aren't) any water in the desert.
d)
There (isn't I aren't) many hotels in my city.
e)
There (was I were) an accident last night.
f)
There (was I were) lots of people at the party y esterday.
g)
There (wasn't I weren't) enough time to go to the zoo during our visit.
h)
There (wasn't I weren't) enough police in the street to prevent the riot.
Sublinhe a opc;:ao certa para completar os dialogos. a)
John: (Is I Are) there a supermarket in your street? Alex: No, but there (is I are) two grocery stores and a drugstore. John: This neighborhood (has I there are) good facilities.
b) Amy: (Was I Were) there any good movies on TV last night? Alex: No, there (wasn't I weren't).
John: But there (was I were) a great football match on Channel 9.
USED TO AND GET I BE USED TO
COSTUMAVA E ACOSTUMAR-SE
Examples
Exemplos
I used to play soccer but I don't anymore.
>
Where did you use to live?
>
Onde voce morava?
What did you use to do after lunch?
>
O que voce costumava fazer ap6s o almo�o?
We used to sleep in hammocks.
>
Nos dormiamos I A gente dormia em redes.
I'm not used to this new pen yet. ------��
2.
Ainda nao me acostumei com esta caneta nova.
They're already used to taking the bus.
>
Eles ja se acostumaram a pegar o onibus.
Are they used to food from Bahia?
>
Eles estao acostumados com comida baiana?
One day, I'll get used to the noise here.
1.
Eu jogava futebol mas nao jogo mais.
-�
Um dia vou me acostumar ao barulho daqui.
Are you used to working on computers?
_>
Esta acostumado a trabalhar com computadores?
Didn't you use to live next door to me?
>
Voce nao morava na casa ao lado da minha?
Passe as frases sobre sua nova vida na cidade grande para o ingles usando be ou get used toe as palavras indicadas ao lado de cada uma delas.
a)
Nao estou acostumado com a polui
Estou me concentrando.
Were you lying?
>
Voce estava mentindo?
Aren't you leaving?
/
Voce nao esta indo embora?
Have you seen this?
>
Voce Ja
She has never been there.
>
Ela nunca esteve la.
Do they do that often?
>
Efes fazem isso com trequencia?
Complete as frases abaixo com os verbos auxiliares a seguir: aren't were
a)
I
isn't
does
wasn't
did
______
doesn't don't
is
have didn't
had
have a eel I phone, but my brother
b)
you studying here last year? No, I
c)
you ever been to Sao Paulo?
e)
My brother and I
f)
She
returning my calls because she
g)
You
visited your grandmother for weeks!
i)
weren't
______
it late?
enjoying the karate classes so we
you remember to post the letter? It You
hasn't
hadn't
______
Why
we boarding the plane?
haven't
_____ _
d)
h)
l.
viu isto?
studied before doing the test,
practice. want to talk to me.
arrived yet. you?
Sublinhe a op�ao adequada.
My sister (has Iis) going to the beach this weekend, but I (don't I'm not) want to go because my friends (have I are) planning a big party and I ('m I've) been invited . We (did I've) passed our exams and (do I are) intending to celebrate. Unfortunately, my friend Paul (didn't Ihasn't) pass but he ('s I be) coming to the party anyway. We ('re I've) bought lots of food and drink and Tony (has Iis) invited some friends of his who have a rock band. They ('re I've) going to play all our favorite songs and we ('ve I're) planning to dance all night. We ('re I've) worked hard all year so we deserve some fun.
VERBOS ANOMALOS
MODAL VERBS Examples Can you help me, please?
>
Voce(s) pode(m) me ajudar, por favor?
He can't go out tonight.
>
Ele nao pode sair hoje a noite.
She can speak English and Spanish.
>
Ela sabe falar ingles e espanhol.
Students must register before classes begin.
>
Alunos devem matricular-se antes de as aulas com�arem.
You mustn't go swimming right after lunch!
>
Voce nao deve nadar logo ap6s o almo�o!
Should we turn off the TV?
>
Devemos destigar a televisao?
It shouldn't take very long.
>
Nao deve levar muito tempo.
May I come in?
>
Posso entrar?
It may take months to finish the project.
>
Pode tevar meses para terminar o projeto.
Shall I pick you up at 6 pm? We shall be leaving at 11 pm.
1.
Exemplos
,>
>
Posso te buscar as 18h? Nos v amos partir as 23h.
Marque as frases corretas {v') e corrija as que for preciso: a) Can she speaks Japanese?
b)
He can't to ride a bicycle.
c)
I must go now.
d)
People mustn't drink and drive.
e)
May I to use the telephone?
f)
She should to study more.
g)
Shall I to wait for you after class?
h)
Shouldn't he wears a jacket?
FUTURO
FUTURE Exemplos
Examples It's going to be hot today.
>
Vai fazer muito calor hoje.
Will you be here next week?
>
Voce estara aqui na semana que vem?
>
Acho que iremos embora amanha.
There's someone at the door. I l l open it.
>
Ha alguem na porta. You abri-la.
Are
>
Eles vem passar ferias aqui?
I think we'll leave tomorrow. '
1.
l.
they coming here on vac ation?
He's traveling on Wednesday, next week.
>
Ele ira I vai viajar I viajara na quarta-feira da semana que vem.
She's going to Mia mi in January.
>
Ela vai I ira para Miami em janeiro.
Are you all graduating this year?
>
Voces estio todos se formando este ano?
lndique se a frase esta correta (.f) ou errada (X) e reescreva-a se necessario: a)
We go eat out this evening.
b)
I go study on the weekend.
c)
They're going to go to a party.
d)
What time will the train get in?
e)
We're to traveling next week.
f)
I don't think it rains this afternoon.
g)
The plane leaves Rio de Janeiro at 11 pm next Sunday.
h)
I think the World Cup final is being between Argentina and Brazil.
________ __________________
_________________________
________________________ _
___________ ____________
_______________
Traduza. a)
I'm going to the beach on the weekend.
b)
The phone's ringing. I'll answer it.
c)
What are you going to do when you leave school?.
d)
It will rain in the South of Brazil tomorrow.
e)
We leave next week.
f)
i) It's mom's birthday next week
_____________________
__ _______ ______________
__________________
____________________
____________________________
ii) I haven't forgotten. I'm going to send her flowers. i) ii}
g)
__________________________________
i) It's mom's birthday next week. ii) Oh no! I forgot. I know, I'll send her some flowers! i) ii}
__________________________________
PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST
PRESENTE PERFEITO E PASSADO SIMPLES
Examples
Exemplos
I've been to Sao Paulo three times.
>
Ja estive em Sao Paulo tres vezes.
I went to Rio last July.
>
Fui ao Rio em julho do ano passado.
He's never eaten crab.
>
Ele nunca comeu caranguejo.
We danced all night. Where have you been recently?
,
Onde voce tern estado ultimamente?
They've broken the window.
>
Eles quebraram a janela.
Look what I've found!
.>
Olhe[m] o que eu achei !
I've already read that book.
>
Eu ja Ii aquele livro.
He's stopped smoking.
1.
Dan!(amos a noite toda.
-
/
Ele parou de fumar.
Sublinhe a op
Se eu estiver pronto a tempo, estarei la.
If I were you, I would go.
>
Se eu fosse voce, eu iria.
If I had seen you I would have said "hello".
'>
Se eu tivesse te visto, teria dito "oi".
If you don't like it, don't eat it.
>
Se voce nao gosta disso, nao coma.
If she'd seen you, she would have stopped.
>
Se ela tivesse te visto, ela teria parado. Se nos nao formos, eles nao irao
They won't go unless we do. Had I been there, I'd have done something.
>
Se eu tivesse estado la, teria feito algo.
They'll finish before us if we don't hurry up.
>
Eles terminarao antes se nao nos apressarmos.
If we'd paid attention we'd have learned.
>
Se tivessemos prestado aten�ao teriamos aprendido. Eles saberiam se tivessem estudado.
They would know it if they had studied.
>
We'll go to the party if it's not raining.
1.
lremos a festa se nao estiver chovendo.
Read the sentences 1-5 and answer the questions listed below. 1. If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have lost your job. 2. If you came to Brasilia, I 'd be really pleased. 3. If it rains, you'll get wet. 4. I won't go unless you tell me to. 5. If they had been present, they would have heard the news. A. Which two sentences talk about an unreal situation in the past? B. Which sentence talks about a highly probable situation?
___
&
_ __
__ _
C. Which sentence has the same meaning as the following: I will only do this on your instruction. D. Which sentence talks about an unlikely situation? l.
l.
__ _
___
Now join the two halves of the sentences to form conditional sentences. 1. If I had worked harder at university,
) take Euros with you.
2. If you spend all day at the beach,
) you won't learn properly.
3. I f you travel to the Scandinavia,
) you'll get sunburned.
4. If I saw my teacher now,
) I 'd have a better job today.
5. Unless you pay attention,
) I
wouldn't recognize him.
Passe estas frases do portugues para o ingles: a) Se eu for ao Rio, irei te visitar.
b)
Se eu viajasse para os Estados Unidos, eu iria a California.
c) Nao faria isso se fosse voce.
d)
______________
_____ ___________________ _
Se eu soubesse, eu teria te ligado.
_______________________
CAUSATIVO
CAUSATIVE Examples
I'm having I getting my phone repaired.
>
Meu telefone esta sendo consertado.
Have you had air conditioning put in?
>
Seu ar condicionado foi instalado?
He's had a burglar alarm installed.
_>
Ele instalou um alarme contra ladrao.
We'll get I have our photo enlarged.
>
Nossa foto vai ser ampliada.
You've had the apartment cleaned.
>
Seu apartamento foi limpo.
They'd better get I have their eyes tested.
>
E melhor que fa�am um exame de vista.
I had I got my hair cut.
_>
Eu cortei o cabelo.
I sometimes cut my own hair.
>
As vezes corto meu pr6prio cabelo.
>
Pedi para um medico assinar o atestado.
He had I got his tourist visa renewed.
>
Ele renovou seu visto de turista.
She had acupuncture done in China.
-_.,,_
Ela fez acupuntura na China.
I had I got
1.
the note signed by a doctor.
Complete as frases usando o particfpio passado. a)
She had her nails
b)
Susana is having her hair
c)
Daniel got his motorbike
d) I
2.
Exemplos
(do) (cut). (fix). (put) in my new apartment.
am going to have air conditioning
e)
They got carpet
f)
She is going to have a dress
(lay) in their bedroom. (make) for the wedding.
Relacione as situac;:oes descritas abaixo as frases acirna. 1. She is at the hairdresser.
___
2. She is going to the dressmaker. 3. She's at the manicurist.
___
_ __
4. He took it to a mechanic.
___
5. Someone came to their house and did it for them. 6. Someone will come and do it for me.
___
__ _
Test Answers Simple Diagnostic Test Part 1
(Units
1
8-1 O)
to 29)
22. had finished
his I theirs Are you
7. tomatoes I boxes I strawberries 8. Jack's I girls' (unit12)
11.
Were
(unit 13)
(unit 15)
12. when (unit 16) 13. to drive (unit 17) 14. arrive 15.
Don't
(unit19) (unit21)
16. every evening
(unit 22)
(unit23) finish (unit 26) didn't (unit 26) went (unit 28) my I you rs (unit1) some (unit 10) watches (unit 22) have (unit 29) bought (unit27) cleaned (unit 26) is going to go to (unit17) used to (unit 28)
19. does he 20.
23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
Part 2
(Units
30
2. any 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
12. 13. 14. 15.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
to 59)
(unit30) (unit 32) some (unit 32) much, little (unit31) anybody (unit 33) ourselves (unit 36) myself (unit 36) each other (unit 36) themselves (unit 37) 0 I the (unit 38, 39) 0 I 0 (unit 39) as (unit 48) happiest (unit 49) better (unit 49) fatter (unit 49) have cleaned (unit 51) since (unit53) for (unit 53) yet (unit52) working (unit 54) had been speaking (unit 55)
1. be traveling
27. 28.
(unit 8)
29. 30.
(Units
Part 3
60
to
83)
1. from I to 2. 3. 4. 5.
17. like (unit24) 18. studies (unit23)
21. 22.
26. whose
(unit5)
(unit 7)
9. aren't I are studying 10. Is she (unit13)
(unit 56) (unit57) that (unit56) will have (unit 59) will have left (unit 59) had had (unit 55)
25. that
4. There was I there aren't 5. a I an (unit 6) 6. This I Those
(unit 55)
23. 0 (unit 56) 24. who (unit 56)
(unit 2) (unit 3) (unit 4)
1. 2.
3. were
(Pages
6. 7. 8.
(unit62) through (unit 62) by I by (unit62, 64) on I off (unit 63) in I on (unit 63) off I onto (unit62) along (unit 62) past (unit 62)
9. to go to bed immediately 10. don't have to (unit 67)
(unit77)
11. can (unit 67) 12. that he had a test the next day. (unit 77) 13. needs (unit 82) 14. Despite (Appendix 1, Linking Words) 15. should (unit 69) 16. knew (unit 72) 17. would rather (unit79) 18. will speak (unit 71) 19. wou Id have seen (unit 72) 20. he had been working 5 minutes before. 21. I could call her the next day (unit 78) 22. repaired (unit 76) 23. my boss would be back. 24. hasn't (unit 74)
(unit 77)
25. Sinee (Appendix 1, linking Words) 26. Swimming (unit 80)
(unit 77) (unit 77) (Appendix 1, Linking Words)
27. are being polluted 28. were sent 29. as long as 30. go (unit 68)
Final Test 1.a
2. c
3.b
4. b
5.c
6. a
7.b
8.a
9.c
10.c 15. a
11.a
12.b
13. c
14. c
16.b
17. c
18.c
19. c
20.b
21. c
22.a
23.a
24. c
25.c 30. a
26. b
27.c
28. c
29. c
31.c
32. a
33.c
34. a
35. b
36.c
37.c
38.c
39. b
40.a
41. c
42.b
43. a
44.b
45.b
46. c
47.c
48.c
49. a
50. b
Grammar Units Answers 1
-
0
4. Our grandparents always come to lunch on Sundays.
Personal Pronouns (Pags. 12 e 13)
5. The children don't like their new school.
1. Can� help me7! am looking for a cyber cafe.
6. Marta and Leticia are friends of ours.
2. Yesterday,! got an e-mail from a friend.! will write to
7. My cat is eating its food.
him tomorrow.
8. "Where's Cristina?" "She's with her father."
3. My brother and! go to the gym after school. We like!!
9. Their car is white, but his is black.
a lot because our instructor is great.
10. This isn't our luggage. It's theirs.
He talks to us about exercise and healthy food.
4. What is wrong with them? They are so sad.
m
5. We gave the CDs to her. She gave them to him.
movie theater.
6. They're very tall and strong.
3. Give me your address and I'll give you mine'
7. My name is Daniel, !'m 15 years old. Everyone knows me at the local gym.
4. We really like our math teacher. Do you like yours?
8. ! think !!'s going to rain.
5. Dan is riding his bike. Rebecca is riding hers.
9. My boyfriend gets angry at me when! don't call him.
6. Diego and Luciana are our neighbors. Their apartment is near ours.
10. Don't tell her about me getting the job
m
1. Tatiana gave her friend a CD. 2. Marcelo and I are going to meet our friends at the
7. Do you know Rafaela? She's a friend of mine. We're
1. On Mondays, I usually meet him after school.
in the same class.
2. Dad's car isn't here.!! is in the garage.
8. Marcia and Paulo are visiting some of their relatives.
3. What's wr:Jng with them? They look sad. 4. At Christmas, Mom always buys some new clothes for us.
1111
Steve:
Look at my exam results! They are terrible! What
Ben:
Mine are OK. How are Rachel's results?
about yours?
5. Please don't tell her about me! 6. We live near her. We come to school together every day.
Steve: Hers are OK too.
7. My bicycle is broken.!! needs repairs.
Ben:
8. ! have to take my dog to the vet. He has to have his vaccination.
1111
1. She is doing it. 2. What's the matter with them?
Ben:
G!J
the other students in my class. On Friday, we had a
5. She is talking to her.
big party. I met a nice boy and I gave him my phone
6. He always spends time with us.
number. He gave me his too. An Italian boy asked all the girls for their e-mail addresses. Angela didn't give
7. What are they doing?
hers to Carlo. But she gave it to a really cute guy called
8. She gave her a beautiful birthday present.
Stefan. I'll write again soon with some more news. Bye for now!
4, 3, 1, 2.
Love
Hi, my name's 1iago. I am 16. My family lives in Rio.
Manuela XXXX
I have a brother called Daniel and a sister called Patricia. We live in a big house. It has 3 bedrooms. My sister and I like swimming. We go swimming every day at a pool near my house. It is an Olympic-size pool. We have swimming lessons there. Our swimming teacher gives us lots of practice, but we have fun too.
-
0
Hi, guys' How's school? I am studying hard. My English and patient. And after school, I have a lot of fun with
4. We are sick.
2
Oh, no'
classes are difficult, t}ut my teacher is really friendly
3. Where are they?
m II
And Tom's?
Steve: His results are OK too'
3 - Verb to Be - Present Simple (Pags. 16 e 11)
0
1. Carlos is hungry. Let's eat a burger' 2. Mrs Carvalho and my mother are very good friends. 3. This is the latest model keyboard. It is very powerful.
Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns (Pags. 14 e 1s)
4. He is fifteen and his brother is twelve.
1. Don't interrupt me. I'm doing my homework.
6. The children are in the classroom. Their teacher is in
5. It is very cold today in the south of Brazil. 2. "Is this her bike?" "Yes, it's hers." 3. Look, there's Rachel' Is she a friend of yours?
the hall.
7. My sister is a doctor and my brother is an electrician.
8. I am tall, but she is short.
llD
1. No, Brazil wasn't a Spanish colony in the past. Brazil was a Portuguese colony.
9. We are on vacation. Let's go to the beach!
10. Ill 1.
2. No, Pero Vaz de Cam inha wasn't the man who
You're the bossl Tell me what to do!
discovered Brazil. Pedro Alvares Cabral was.
Are Dani and Marcelo actors?
2. Is your motorcycle new? 3. Are we early for the party? 4. Am I late for the movie?
m l!I
Is she your sister?
2. Are they tired?
3. Was she in the library yesterday?
l!JI
Hi, guysi We are in ltacare today. But yesterday, we were in
3. Is he from Brazil?
Salvador. Salvador is a great place, but it was really
4. Is it sunny in the Northeast?
hot there. We walked all around Pelourinho. At night,
5. Am I OK then, doctor?
I was tired. I had so much exercise. So today we are
ll!J 1. Dolphins aren't fish. They're mammals.
relaxing. Our guesthouse is really comfortable, and
2. Paulo Coelho isn't a painter. He's a writer.
the breakfast is great. Take care. See you back
3. Kaka and Robinho aren't actors. They're football players.
at school. Fred and Camila
4. Fernanda Montenegro isn't a pop singer. She's an actress.
l!I
1. Was he late for class? 2. Were they at home yesterday?
5. Is she your best friend?
llD 1.
1, s. 3, 2, 4.
Hi, everyone! Guess where I am? Look at the picture I am attaching
5 - There +to be - Present & Past (Pags. 20 e 21)
D
to this e-maill What a beautiful sunset! It is Kuta Beach,
1. Is there a taxi stand near here? 2. Are there lots of students at your school?
in Bali. I am here for a few days. It is hot and sunny like
3. Were there many people at the game last week?
it is every day here. The food is great - lots of fish and
4. How many people were there at her birthday party?
seafood. But the waves are the best thing of all. They
5. There isn't a football field near our house.
are up to 3 meters high. And you, guys? Are you OK? Please, send me news asap.
6. Wasn't there anything good on TV last night?
Guto
7. How many people are there in your class? 8. Is there anything on your desk?
4 - Verb to be - Past Simple (Pags. 10 e 19)
D 1.
Julia and I were friends at high school.
2. Your exercise book was here a moment ago. 3. Was it very cold last night in the south?
9. There weren't a lot of children in the park.
1D. Ill 1.
3. Is there anybody in Room 201 at the moment?
5. Were the children hungry after school?
4. There is I There was a man waiting for me outside the
They were late for school and their teacher was angry
school.
at them.
5. There are two girls in reception. Are they your sisters?
2. Marcela was very happy. Her birthday party was a
6. There are five men here now, but there were seven a
success.
few minutes ago.
3. Daniela's dog is so naughty. It was in the kitchen
7. Is there a swimming pool at your school?
yesterday.
8. How many girls were there at your party last week?
4. After school, the children wwe very tired.
9. Are there I were there any patients in the waiting
5. I was fifteen and my brother was twelve when we
room?
moved here.
ID. She said there were twelve people waiting.
6. The football game was great on the weekend. My team won.
7. She was very upset yesterday. 8. Carlos was at home last night. 9. The students at our school were on vacation last week.
10.
We were sad to hear you hadn't won.
How many CDs are there I were there in your box?
2. There was an accident in our street yesterday.
4. My brother and sister weren't born in Brazil.
1111.
There were three tigers at the zoo.
lllJ
My neighborhood is great. There is a nice lake nearby where you can play sport or just relax. There are bicycle and jogging tracks. There is a kiosk where you can buy coconut milk and fruit juice. There are lots of good places to eat. There is a nice view of the city. There are
exercise bars so you can work out. There are boats to
Mountains. These are the famous mountains about an
rent. There are a lot of people sunbathing and there are
hour from Sydney. Gabi likes 0 scary movies and 0 horses. She is saving 0 money to travel to Brazil on her
lots of children and dogs.
l1!J Julia:
next vacation.
Hi, Carol1 This is Julia.
She wants to visit her relatives here. She also wants to
Carol: Oh, hi, Ju! Julia:
visit 0 beaches and 0 national parks. She wants to eat
How was the party?
0 typical Brazilian 0 food and see a Carnival parade.
Carol: Great! There were lots of people. JUiia:
Were there snacks and drinks?
7
-
Carol: Sure' And there was cake too! JUiia:
Were there many bciys7
0
Carol: Yes, there were. JUiia:
3. Mom, this is my friend, Laura, and those are her brothers. 4. Let's play with those children in the playground.
Really?
5. My father is that man talking to those women near
Carol: Yes. There were just old songs. Julia:
the bank.
Oh, I hate old songs.
6. This chair is very comfortable but that sofa isn't.
Carol: Listen, I have to go now. Let's talk at school'
6
-
0
7. What are you going to do about this problem?
The Indefinite Article (Pags. 22 e 23) 1. There is a computer in my room.
8. Are these the people you work with?
m
were so nice.
3. My uncle is a lawyer. He's a very honest man. 4. There is an elephant and a camel at the new zoo.
3. My book is on the desk. This I that one isn't mine'
5. This is an awful movie. Let's leave!
4. Bring those pictures here' They"re beautiful. 5. What are these red spots on my body, doctor?
6. I wear a uniform to school.
6. You see that man across the street? That is my new
7. The train leaves in an hour. Let's go1
English teacher.
8. It's a hot day today, isn't it?
7. Mom, these I those are my new friends from school.
9. Is he an honest man?
8. What's that on top of the building?
10. I'm a chemistry student at university.
9. "Hey guys, I passed my test!" "Wow, that is great!"
a: test; European country; hospital; useful thing. an:
hour; apple; engineer.
no article: students; bread; money; teachers.
IDJ
10. What can you tell me about this report I'm reading?
IDJ
1. These aren't the girls I want to talk to. 2. Those books belong to these boys.
1. My brother is a teacher and my sister works with kids.
3. These buses go tci those cities.
2. My friend, Carlos, really likes extreme sports.
4. Those are easy questions.
3. I need bread and butter.
5. These apples are delicious.
4. He is an honored guest at the cocktail party.
6. Who are those men in the red cars?
5. Henrique likes horses but he has a cat.
7. What are the answers to these questions?
6. I am an hour late for my class.
8. Are these boxes mine?
7. I am finishing a unit of my chemistry book.
9. Those are his favorite rock bands.
8. Work is difficult to find. I'm lucky to have a job. 9. I speak good English but I have a heavy accent. 10. They are working on a new project.
l1!J
1. Look! That is my girlfriend in the restaurant over there. 2. Let's contact those people we met on vacation. They
2. This isn't a good idea. Let's go home!
m
1. Those are the shoes I want' 2. I'm tired of this job. I'm going to look for another one.
Was there good music?
Carol: No, there wasn't. The music was terrible. Julia:
Demonstratives (Pags. 24 e 25)
My friend is Australian, but she has an unusual name for an Australian girl - Gabriela. Gabi's father is
10. These aren't the papers she's been looking for.
l1!J
At the beach Marcos: Can I borrow that towel? Adriana: No, this towel is mine. That's your towel over there.
Australian, but he married a Brazilian woman. Gabriela
Marcos: Oh, OK.
studies at a university in Sydney. When she graduates,
Adriana: Do you want a sandwich?
she wants to work as a tourist guide. She lives in a
Marcos: No, but I'd like one of those apples. Did you
huge house with her parents and her two sisters. On weekends, Gabi goes to the beach or the Blue
see me? I swam to those rocks.
Adriana: Which rocks?
8
-
a
Marcos: Those over there. Where that guy is.
3. The army is preparing an attack on the enemy.
Adriana: Which guy?
4. The government is meeting today to decide the laws.
Marcos: That guy on the surfboard.
5. Police arrested a gang yesterday. They are accused of robbery and bribery.
Countable Nouns - Plural Forms (Pags. 26 e 21)
6. The company is investing two million dollars in the project.
s: radios; chiefs; keys; windows; toys; safes; dwarfs. es: brushes; echoes; buses; boxes; peaches.
7. The audience is singing with the band.
ies: cities; berries; centuries.
8. The crowd is waiting for the store to open.
ves: thieves; dwarves.
G!J
other: policemen; children; women; teeth; sheep.
m
wearing 9- glasses. (a pair of)
2. In two hours, I learnt a lot about him. Physics was his
1. I put the books on the shelves.
main subject at university.
2. He saw the mice under the chairs.
book was very small. (were)
4. Can you see those beautiful babies?
4. He certainly looked poor. His glasses were broken.
5. Be careful of the knives!
His clothes was all old. (were)
6. His teeth are broken.
5. He said he didn't care about his surroundings. The
7. My feet hurt!
news weren't of interest (wasn't) to him.
8. I had to buy the dresses for my daughters. We arrived yesterday. The people here are friendly but the hotel is terrible. I saw mice in my room last night! And there are flies during the day and mosqu1tos
I mosquitoes at night. But the beaches are really
People was of no interest either. (were)
10 - Countable and Uncountable Nouns (Pags. 30 e 31)
D
-
0
oranges at a market. We took two buses to get to the
3. The mice are eating the cheese.
zoo. A Japanese tourist wanted to take some photos.
4. The address on the letter is wrong.
I was so embarrassed. Today my feet are hurting from
5. Sheep are typical farm animals.
so much sightseeing.
6. There is some food in the cupboard. 7. Travel is always exciting.
Countable Nouns - Special Plural Forms (Pligs. 2a e 29)
8. They say "work is good for the soul". 9. The train's leaving the station right now.
1. Physics is a fascinating subject.
10. The advice she gives is usually good advice.
2. My glasses are on the table.
3. All my savings are in the bank. 4. The police are investigating the case. 5. People are always worried about the future.
m IDI
2 u
3 u
4c
5 u
6 u
1 c
8 c
s c
10 u
1. Excuse mel Can you give me some information about 2. Why don't you leave home earlier? The traffic is
of town.
always very bad at this time.
7. His trousers are too big for him.
3. My work is very interesting but the salary is bad.
8. All my belongings are in my suitcase.
4. This equipment isn't working. Let's call the technician
1. a pair of JEANS.
to repair it.
2. a pair of TROUSERS.
5. Do you use gas or electricity to cook your meals?
3. a pair of SHORTS.
6. Please feel free to call me, if you need any help I advice.
4. a pair of PAJAMAS. 5. a pair of SHOES.
7. If you want my advice, you should start all over again.
6. a pair of SOCKS.
8. Happiness is an elusive quality.
7. a pair of GLOVES.
IDI
1 c
train schedules?
6. The government headquarters are on the outskirts
m
1. The children are leaving for school. 2. My brother is in the army.
beautiful. Yesterday, I bought peaches, tomatoes and
9
(,.r)
3. He even wrote a book about it. His earnings from the
3. Look at the sheep in the fields.
IDI
1. I met a very interesting man on the train. He was
G!J
1. Do you 1eed any help?
1. Which is the best football team in your country?
2. Can you give me some I a piece of advice?
2. I live in Sao Paulo, but my family lives in the
3. I am buying some I a piece of furniture for my new
Northeast of Brazil.
house.
4. I like to have a piece of/ some bread for breakfast.
difference between.@. heaven and.@. hell before I die,"
5.Would you like some I a coffee?
he used to say. Then, one day, his wish came true.
6. I need to put some oil ir my car.
When he was [email protected] he savv !!. table full of.@. delicious food, but everyone was hungry and angry.
7. I'm thirsty. Can I have some water?
They [email protected], but had to sit far from the table because
8. Can you give me a piece of I some paper?
they were forced to use very long chopsticks. It was
9. The scientists are doing some interesting research.
impossible for them to put any food into their mouths.
10. He isn't much help, to tell you the truth.
When the man was visiting.@. heaven, he had!!. surprise.Everything looked the same:!!. big table full of
Progress Check 1 (Pags. 32 e 33)
[email protected] food, people sitting far from the table, and
aI'm mad at _i:i:i_y friend Janice. The other day, I showed
using very long chopsticks to eat. It was exactly like.@.
her _i:i:i_y composition and later I found out that she'd
hell, but in heaven the people were happy and well-fed.
simply copied it!! Our teacher, Mr. Swan, thought that
The difference is that in.@. heaven they have realized
the composition was hers and not minelWhen I told him
that!!. chain does not stop you feeding others!
what had happened, he said that it wasn't his problem. When other friends of mine tried to help by talking to Mr. Swan, he said that they shouldn't get involved in a problem that isn't theirsl I had a huge argument with
11
-
0
HUSBAND WAITER
L AW Y E R
Janice and she finally confessed that the composition
NEPHEW
was, in fact, minel
fJ
G 0 D FA T H E R MAN
Carlos: The movie we saw last night wasn't very good.It
BR 0T H ER
was all about life in a small town like ours here.
Alex:
So?
Carlos:
There wasn't any point to the story, to tell you the truth.Why would anyone want to know what
HEI R U N C L E A C T 0 R
III
life is like in a place like this? There isn't ever
3. She is a waitress.
You obviously didn't hear what happened
4. The Englishwoman lives near that girl.
yesterday downtown then, did you?
Carlos:
No!What?
Alex:
There was a series of robberies in the afternoon!
5. The queen is an old woman. 6. These women are my aunts. 7. My girlfriend went shopping.
Three armed robbers broke into four different
8. My daughter-in-law is an air-stewardess.
banks.
9. My sister is a successful businesswoman.
Carlos: And aren't there any clues for the police to find Alex:
out who the robbers were?
10. My mother-in-law is an excellent cook.
So far they have no idea.
11. His wife works for my aunt. 12. My grandmother lives in another city.
Carlos: Wow! There was more going on here yesterday than at the movies thenl!!
II
1. The actress is sick. 2. She is the heiress of all this land.
anything exciting going on round here.
Alex:
Gender of Nouns (Pagina 34 e 35)
Take a look here1 This is my high school photo album. These three men were my teachers. This one on the left
12
0
-
Possessive with 's (Pags. 36 e 37)
1. The doctor's wife is a friend of mine. 2. The women's husbands are waiting.
was Mr Peters. He was an excellent teacher.Everybody in the school loved him. That woman on the right is Ms.
3. My father's car is 1n the garage.
Winslett, the principal. Look at these other four pictures.
4. The boys' bicycles are outside.
These are my parents and that little girl is my sister
5. The children's toys are in the basket.
when she was three! She was so cute. Can you believe
6.I'll graduate in two years' time.
Mr. Peters is her teacher nowl This last one is our summer vacation 10 years ago. Can you guess which one is me?
IIAlmost everyone has!!. wish, but not many people are
III
1. Do you know John? He's David and Steve's father. 2. I borrowed James's car. 3. My sister-in-law's family is very artistic.
able to make their wishes come true. Once in ancient
4. Bob's and Jane's fathers are both architects.
China,!!. man had!!. strange wish. "I want to see the
5.I'm going to Grandma's. Do you want to come with me?
IIll
6. She is walking along the beach.
1. What's your parents' favorite pastime? 2. What's the actress's new film?
7. My brother is borrowing my car tonight.
3. What is your father-in-law's Job?
8. They are developing some new research.
4. Which are Fred's and Eric's cars?
9. It is beginning to rain.
5. Are they your son's toys?
G!J
10. The boys are tying their shoelaces. 11. I am not writing a letter. I am writing a postcard.
1. I can't find the house keys.
12. We are leaving for school.
2. The manager is using the company car.
13. It is snowing again.
3. The kitchen window is dirty.
1!1
14. We are not going out this weekend.
1. Bali's beaches are crowded in summer. 2. These sunglasses filter the sun's rays. 3. That shop sells women's clothes.
15. I am studying harder from now on.
III
1. It is rainning now. raining 2. The birds are dieing because of the pollution. dying
13
0
-
Present Continuous I (Pags. 38 e 39)
3. Are the men fixxing that car? fixing 4. They are cuting down the trees. cutting
1. My sister and I are doing our homework now.
5. Is it snowwing outside? snowing
2. My neighbors are traveling I travelling around the world.
6. I am moveing to Paris. moving
3. The cat is sleeping in the garden.
7. Aren't you listenning to me? listening
4. The children are watching TV in their room.
8. Is Oscar makeing a cake? making
5. The teacher is correcting our exercises now.
9. My friend sleeping on the sofa. is sleeping
6. "Susan, can you answer the phone?" "Sorry, I can't.
10. I was studing for my exams at the time. studying
I am washing the dishes." 7. All of them are wearing black trousers. 8. Why are you working so hard?
III
3. Are you referring to rre7
2. Are they meeting their friends after school? 3. What is she having for dinner tonight?
5. Is your mother writing a letter?
G!J
1. She's lying on the grass. 2. He's tying his shoelaces.
1. The tall woman isn't playing ball. She is doing her nails.
3. He's fixing his bicycle.
2. The boy isn't doing his nails. He is painting the wall.
4. They are arguing.
3. The girl isn't painting the w2ll. She is listening to music. 4. The short woman isn't listening to music. She is singing. 5. The dog isn't barking. He I it's reading the newspaper. 1. She's having dinner with Maria. 2. She's having lunch with Mario. 3. She's going to the movies with Pedro. 4. She's visiting her grandmother. 5. She's meeting friends.
14- Present Continuous II (Pags.40e41)
D
2. Where are they swimming? 4. Are the boys behaving well?
5. Are they building their house next year?
G!J
1. Is it snowing outside?
1. Where are you working these days?
4. Who is coming to dinner tomorrow?
IIll
1I11
15 - Past Continuous I (Pags.42 e43)
D
1. The children were crying an hour ago. 2. The boys weren't doing their homework. They were arguing. 3. Everybody was at the party. Fred was wearing a new shirt. He was talking to some friends. Erica was dancing with her boyfriend. 4. A: What was Maria doing in the library? B: She was reading. 5. A: Were you feeling sick yesterday? B: Yes, I wasn't feeling well. 6. At lunchtime, Julio was eating in the cafeteria.
1. The children are swimming in the lake.
7. I was watching television last night at 10 o'clock.
2. I am cutting apples to make a pie.
8. She wasn't expecting her football team to win, but it did.
3. He is taking a walk in the park.
9. It's a shame vacation is over. We were having such a
4. Grandma is knitting a new sweater. 5. We are not referring to your problem.
good time. 10. He really wasn't enjoying himself at the party, so he left.
m
Yesterday, I had a really bad day. I woke up late because my alarm clock wasn't working. It was raining outside. The neighbors were shouting. My head was hurting.
17 - Going To - Future (Pags. 46 e 47)
0
1. Look outl We are going to crash. 2. I'm starting a new course next month. I'm going to
I turned on the TV but there wasn't anything interesting
study Spanish.
showing. I turned on the radio but there was no good music playing. I was feeling down.
llIJ
3. A: What are you going to do on your next vacation? B: I'm going to visit my family in the countryside.
1. Beth was flying to Brasilia.
4. I'm not going to spend any money this year. l'rr going
2. Leo and Leticia were having dinner.
to save for a new car.
3. Paulo and Maria were eating pizza.
5. Monica 's not going to eat dinner tonight. She's on a
4. Joana was swimming at the club.
diet.
5. Marcos and Mario were watching football.
6. The company is going to build a new factory in the
6. Ugia was having a rest.
countryside. They are going to recruit 100 new
7. lsabela was doing her shopping.
workers.
7. Are they going to drive into town or are they going to
16 - Past Continuous II (Pags. 44 e 45)
0
catch the train?
8. Have you decided what you're going to have for
1. A girl was writing on the blackboard.
lunch?
2. Two girls were dancing.
9. I'm sorry, but I'm not going to write that report all over
3. A girl was listening to music.
again.
4. Some boys were eating sandwiches.
10. My team's going to win. T hey've been playing well all
5. A boy was reading a comic book. 6. Two boys were playing cards.
m
1. The students were listening to the radio when the teacher came in.
season.
m llIJ
2
3
4
5
1
7
s
6
1. Marco's going to take photos of himself and his friends. 2. His friend Leandro is going to write about his physics
2. While my mother was making dinner, we were playing
projects.
in the garden.
3. When I entered the station, the train was leaving.
3. Together they are going to create a blog.
4. While the teacher was writing on the blackboard, the
4. I'm/ am going to advertise some computer equipment I don't use anymore, on the site.
children were telling jokes.
5. Are you going to participate in Marco's Website?
5. Everyone was talking when the lights went out. 6. The workers were chatting while the boss was having
ll!J
a meeting.
1. Is she going to see a doctor this afternoon? 2. Is he going to have a test tomorrow?
7. We were traveling to the Northeast when the accident
3. Is she going to go away this evening?
happened.
8. I was waiting for the bus when I saw her. 9. You were studying when I met you. 10. When Emma arrived, David was just leaving.
llIJ
1. Were the students arguing when the teacher arrived? No. They were dancing when the teacher arrived.
2. Was Sally drinking wine when they came in? No. She was drinking water when they came in.
3. Were Fred and Lisa walking in the street 15 minutes ago? No. They were waiting for the bus 15 minutes ago.
4. Was Sofia reading a magazine on the bus? No. She was reading a newspaper on the bus.
5. When you arrived, was the dog barking? No, when I arrived, it was sleeping.
6. While you were cooking breakfast, was Maria sleeping? No. She was jogging while I was cooking breakfast.
18
a
-
Going To - Future in the Past {Pags. 48 e 49)
1. He was going to workout, but the gym was closed. 2. Ricardo was going to visit his friends yesterday, but he had to work until late.
3. We weren't going to go to the cinema, but there was nothing else to do.
4. David and Mark were going to go to the beach on Sunday, but it started raining.
5. She was going to travel by plane, but she didn't have enough money.
6. What were you goi'lg to do when your boss discovered the money was gone?
7. Sarah wasn't going to go to the party, but Pedro convinced her to go.
8. The children were going to play outside, but it was too cold.
9. Do you think you'll pass the entrance exam, or no:?
9. I was going to write to you, but decided to phone you
10.
instead.
10.
They were going to buy the apartment, but then decided to rent it.
III 1.
III 1.
Bob and Carol were going to travel to Argentina. ./
3. She's not feeling well, so Susana won't be at the party.
3. Where he was going to go on his vacation? Where
4. I know you can't do it today, but will you help me
was he...
tomorrow?
4. What were they talking about when you came in?./
5. She were going to drive into town, but she changed her mind. She was going to ...
5. So goodbye then' We probably won't meet again.
1111 1.
3. I'll call you tonight.
stopped it. The cat was going to ...
4. We'll finish at 6:00 pm.
7. We was going to clean the garage when the visitors
5. We'll get there by bus.
arrived. We were going to clean ...
6. He'll meet her in the park.
8. I were going to go out with my friends, but they didn't
7. I'll call you at about 10 o'clock.
call me. I was going to ....
9. It looked like it was going to rain, so I decided not to take the dog out../ All the bank clerks was going to lunch when the customers walked in. All the bank clerks were. They were going to sell their house.
2. She was going to study matti. 3. He was going to do his shopping downtown.
They'll arrive next week.
2. Brazil will win the World Cup.
6. The cat were going to eat the bird, but the woman
1111 1.
Bye! I'll see you tomorrow.
2. Don't worry' I'll pay the phone bill tomorrow!
2. I was going to call you, but I lost your number../
10.
She won't answer you if you're not polite.
8. I don't know what they'll do when they see her.
m
6
l!J 10 20
0
-
5
4
2P
4D
I don't know exactly, but I think I'll stay for a few days.
Receptionist: OK. Can I have your passport? I'll give it Pedro and his friends were going to fly first class, but
back right away.
when they arrived at the airport, there were no more
Guest:
seats available. When Pedro was on the plane, the flight
Receptionist: I'll check if we have one available.
attendant was going to offer him a drink, but she could
Guest:
see he wasn't feeling very well. The flight attendant
Receptionist: Yes, we have one.Daniel will take your
was going to ask him if he was feeling OK, bL.t she resort, there was no snow. They were going to go skiing everyday, but had to stay in the hotel instead. Before
III
Thank you very much.
Fabiana:
Can you come to the movies at the weekend?
Fernando: Fabiana:
Simple Future (Pags. 50
0 1.
e
51)
The population will increase 50% in the next ten years.
2. There is somebody at the door. I'll open it. 3. Don't worry about the test. I'll help you study. 4. Mom won't lend me the $50 I need.
5. Who do you think will win the next World Cup? 6. Marco and Julia will probably arrive at midnight. next week.
8. They said they will not go to their friends' wedding
What are you going to do there?
Fernando:
I'm going to visit my sister.
Fabiana:
When are you going to be back?
Fernando:
I have no idea'
1111 Marcelo:
Bye, Mom' Time to go!
Siivia:
Oh, Marcelo!Promise you 'II phone when
Marcelo:
Sure, Mom! I 'II call you every week.
you arrive in Boston. Siivia:
Remember' Be careful with your luggage
Marcelo:
Don't worry, Mom' I 'II be careful.
7. The government won't make a final decision until
next month.
No, I can't. I won't be here. I'll be in Fortaleza.
after only three days.
-
Thanks a lot!
Guest:
leaving home, Pedro had told his parents that he was going to stay for two weeks, but he spent all his money
No problem' I'd like a room with a view.
bags to your room. Have a nice stay!
didn't. WhenPedro and his friends arrived at the ski
19
3R
3
Receptionist: How long are you going to stay, sir?
5. She was going to go to Miarii.
l1!J
2
Will and Going to (Pags. 52 e 5l)
Guest:
4. I was going to write a letter.
1
and your valuables. Siivia:
And don't talk to any strange people and don't forget to write.
Marcelo:
9.
I'm going to stay with our friends and I'm going to study at a good university.
Siivia:
I know, Marcelo... but...
Marcelo:
10. It rains a lot in January. (Ut)
llII
-
Mom, Mom... I have to go. The gate is closing1
3. He reads a lot before his exams. 4. My sister plays the guitar.
Imperative (Pags. 54 e 55)
5. Victor phones his girlfriend every day.
82 4 5 1 7 3 6 m
6. The prime minister of Australia arrives in Brazil tomorrow.
1. Don't go outside!
7. The children usually watch DVDs after school.
2. Let's not give the books to him.
G!J
3. Don't put your shoes on the table.
leaves work at
5. Don't do that now!
am. to
and so11etimes visits his friends.
23
a
5. Don't sit on the bench. The paint is wet. 7. Open your books at page
-
Simple Present II (Pags. 58 e 59)
1. Jessica tries to go to the gym every day, but she's too busy.
6. Don't listen to him. He is lying.
7 and do the exercises.
2. My cousin has a new computer.
8. Turn right at the next corner. The bank is there.
3. He often goes dancing on weekends.
9. There's lots of food, so help yourself to some more!
4. She always kisses her mother when she arrives home.
10. Watch your head I Those shelves are very low.
5. It orly snows in the south of Brazil
11. You look tired. Have a rest before you do anymore work.
6. Eric buys a newspaper every morning.
12. Please stop talking1 I'm trying to concentrate.
7. The boy catches the bus to school in the morning.
G!J
1 Or -
2A
3D
4 Of
5 R
6 Or
7 I
8. We never have dinner early at home.
8A
9. My father watches the soap opera every evening. 10. My brother washes my mom's car every Saturday.
Simple Present I (Pags. 56 e 57)
1. My brother often waits for me after school.
m
1. He I She hurries to catch the bus every day. 2. He I She often watches horror movies.
2. He always buys fruit at the street market. 3. You always arrive late for class.
3. He I She brushes his I her teeth in the morning.
4. She usually eats cereal in the morning.
4. He I She usually has lunch at midday.
5. The train arrives at
8:00 o'clock every morning.
6. Carla likes hamburgers.
5. It often barks at night.
llII
7. I get up early, even on the weekend.
2. Ray never watches TV in the morning.
9. It always rains on my birthday.
3. The boys don't study on Saturdays.
10. Lessons start next week.
4. Carla doesn't always wash the dishes immediately after having dinner.
1. Babies cry when they want their mother's attention. (Ut)
5. Does she have cereal for breakfast?
2. I usually take a bus to school. (Ha) 3. He works near his house. (Ut) 4. They always drive to work. (Ha)
1. Does he always wait for you in front of the school building?
8. They work hard during the week.
m
4:00 pm. When he wakes up, he takes a shower
1. Don't open the windowi It's very cold. 2. Come in and have a cup of coffee. 4. Don't forget to take your medicine!
a
7:00 am. He arrives home at around 7:45 9:00
a.m. He eats a sandwich and then he sleeps from
3. The bus is leaving. Hurry upl
22
Fabio lives in Sao Paulo and works for a TV station. He arrives at work at midnight and works all night. He
4. Don't call me in the morning!
llII
1. Brazilians speak Portuguese. 2. Children start schcol when they are six years old.
The plane is going to leave without me!
21
6:00 am on weekdays. (Ut I Ha) The film starts at 8:00 pm. (Fa)
8. John gets up at
OK, Mom! I won't forget to write and I won't talk to strangers. I'll be all right. You know
G!J
1. My friend is traveling to Curitiba at the moment. 2. She usually brushes her hair before going to bed.
5. The plane leaves at midday on Monday next week. (Fa)
3. Karen and I frequently do our homework together.
6. Sarah likes her job. (Ut)
4. I am studying a lot these daysi
7. We love horror movies. (Ut)
5. Mana knows a lot about cars.
l!I
Nunuk:
7. Where's Dad? He is walking the dog.
Pedro:
Do they get upvery early too, Nunuk?
Nunuk:
Not so early, around 6:00 am. What time do
Amyr gets up very early because there's lots to do.
you start school, Pedro?
After he has breakfast and a shower, he starts work. He
Pedro:
washes the boat and he fixes the equipment. He checks his radio and reads his e-mails from all over the world. They ask a lot of questions about his experiences. Amyr replies to the messages as soon as he can. At night, he usually writes in his diary.
Nunuk:
D
changes, and an increasing population are some of the reasons for this terrible situation.
I. Does he watch TV on Sundays?
Fortunately,people are starting to worry about garbage
2. Do they usually eat pizza?
and its impact on health and the environment. Young
3. Do you go to school by car?
people are learning about it at school. Governments are
4. Does Marco go to the gym every day?
thinking of ways to reduce the amount of garbage and
5. Does Lisa study English?
increase the amount of reused and recycled materials. n I Brazil. for example, TV campaigns are raising public awareness and are promoting environmental education.
1. Fernanda likes spaghetti.
An example of this is the School Project: many schools are collecting waste material and exchanging it for
2. Fernanda likes pizza.
equipment, such as desktop computers, batteries and
3. Fernanda doesn't like coffee.
so on. They are saving money and saving the planet!
4. Fernanda likes hamburgers. 5. Fernanda doesn't like fish.
fJ
1. Monica and her brother doesn'tlike science fiction
Last Sunday,around 4:00 pm, everybody was at home. My brother was reading a bookin his bedroom, Mom
2. She doesn't keepsher money in the bank. keep
was painting in the garden, Grandma was baking a
3. Sue havelunch at midday.has
cake, Dad was washing the car and the cats were
4. Dohe study Spanish at school? Does
sleeping on the sofa in the living roonr. As usual, I was
5. Oon tshe want to go out tonight? Doesn't
talking on the phone with my best friend.
'
All of a SJdden, my sister Joanne arrived with her two
1. How do theygo to school?
kids and their dog' Within a few minutes, the house
2. How much does this shirt cost?
turned into absolute chaos! Immediately the dog saw the
3. How long is this table7
cats, he chased them offthe verandah. My mom was
4. What does he watch (on weekends)?
shouting at my nephews to catch the dog, but they were
5. How many people are (there)in your class?
already running towards the swimming pool and didn't
6. Where do they go on vacation?
hear. When Joanne and the kids left at 90 : 0pm., one of them was crying and the other was sleeping. And that
7. What do you study?
was it' Sunday was over'
8. Where do you live?
l!I
I love Sunday afternoons because everything is calm and peaceful.
movies. don't
G!J
The amount of garbage around the world is increasing dramatically. New packaging materials, lifestyle
6. Do I have to go?
llIJ
No, she doesn't.
Progress Check 2
24 - Simple Present Ill (Pags. 60 e 61)
III
At 7:00 am, but I get up at 6:00 am too. Does your wife work?
Generally,people want toknow about his life at sea.
0
In the morning.
6. We often go out after school.
Pedro:
Where do you live, Nunuk?
Nunuk:
I live in the north of Alaska. What about you?
Pedro:
I live in Curitiba, Brazil. How do you travel around on all that snow?
IJ II
lb
2c
3c
4a
5c
6b
7a
Sb
9b
10a
Kitesurfing !_?_currently considered one of the most extreme water sports. n I fact, itcombines sports like windsurfing, wakeboarding, surfing and paragliding. Kitesurfers in Hawaii
flymore than ten meters in the air
Nunuk:
I travel around by sled. We don't use cars here.
Pedro:
Wow' That's cool! What do you do, Nunuk?
above the waves. They descend and surf on the water's
Nunuk:
I' m a fisherman.
surface, then�high into the air again.
Pedro:
That's interesting. How early do you start work?
Nunuk: Very early! At 5:30 am'
Kitesurfers control a wing of fabric -the kite -which �them across the water or above it. The sport!_?_ more exciting than other sports and it(is becoming )
Pedro:
Do you have any children, Nunuk?
Nunuk:
Yes, I do. I have two daughters and a son.
the center of attention in the water sports scene. Most
Pedro:
When do they go to school?
kitesurfers are also windsurfers.
25 - Simple Past I - Regular Verbs (Pags. 64 e 65)
13. The car belonged to him.
0
14. Our company developed a new communication
1. Priscilla talked to her friends all day.
2. We walked to school yesterday. Dad couldn't drive us. 3. We entered the class late. The teacher was upset.
system.
m
my house.
4. Those students worked hard last semester.
2. When did they study English? They studied English
5. Daniel waited a long time for you. Then, he decided
last year.
to go home.
3. Why did they hurry? They hurried because they had a
6. I lived in an apartment when I was a child.
test.
7. The dog followed us down the road.
4. What did they decide? They decided to study
8. The mailman delivered some mail this morning.
Japanese.
9. We waited a long time to see a doctor.
5. When did the accident occur? The accident occurred
10. He called the office to tell them he was sick.
m
last Sunday.
6. How did they travel to Argentina? They traveled to
1. Did he clean his room before school?
Argentina by car.
2. The teacher didn't correct our tests last night. 3. Did Tom want to go to the movies alone?
llD
As a girl, Aida dos Santos lived in a very poor
4. Helena didn't offer Henrique a piece of cake.
neighborhood. Her mother washed clothes and her
5. Did Alexandre help Anita with her homework?
father worked in a bakery. She studied at a school called Aurelino Leal. This is where her first contacts with
6. They didn't turn off the TV after the news.
sport occurred. She participated in many teams and
7. Did you talk to her earlier?
encouraged the other girls to play sport too. Athletics
8. I didn't know what to do.
llD
1. Where did he stop his car? He stopped his car near
Theo:
Hi, Guto! Where are you?
Guto:
I'm on Lombok. It's an Indonesian island off Bali.
entered her life after she watched a friend at training. She started to train and immediately attracted attention. People invited her to participate in competitions. Aida's father didn't support her participation in
Theo: When did you arrive? Guto:
sport. He believed that athletes didn''. want to work.
Yesterday. I crossed the channel by ferryboat.
Aida didn't listen to him. She trained without her
Theo: Wow! What did you do in Bali? Guto:
Well, I went surfing every day as you know.
parents' knowledge and was soon taking part in major
And I visited lots of temples.
competitions in South America. Aida competed in the
Theo: Wow! Did you buy any souvenirs?
high-jump at the 1964 Olympic Games in Japan. She
Guto:
achieved fourth place. At that time, there was a lot
Well, another surfboard, of course, and a mask a tribal mask. An artist painted it by hand.
of discrimination against sports women, particularly
Theo:
Neati
black women. She went to the Olympic Games in
Guto:
And I rented a jeep and traveled to the north
Japan because she was the only Brazilian woman who
of the island. I stayed in a guesthouse there.
qualified. She was also the only woman on the Olympic
They cooked fresh fish on the beach. It was
team and she didn't have access to the team's coach, doctor or masseur. She always trained alone and she
so goodl
didn't receive the uniform of the team. Even with all these difficulties, she obtained the best performance for
26 - Simple Past II - Spelling Rules (Pags. 66 e 67)
0
a Brazilian in the Olympic Games in any sport. 1. I tried to talk to Helen last night.
2. The fire occurred while we were out. 3. He loved his wife very much.
4. We jogged in the park yesterday.
27 - Simple Past Ill - Irregular Verbs (Pags. 68 e 69)
a
bring, brought eat, ate
know, knew
sing, sang
leave, left
sleep, slept
make, made
speak, spoke
5. She studied hard and passed the exam.
buy, bought
6. They decided not to go out.
catch, caught find, found
7. We carried her home because she fainted.
come, came
fly, flew
meet, met
take, took
cost, cost
get, got
pay, paid
teach, taught
do, did
give, gave
read, read
tell, told
drink, drank
go, went
run, ran
wake, w:Jke
drive, drove
have, had
sell, sold
write, wrote
8. Lucio stopped at the corner and called us. 9. A tornado destroyed the village last week. 10. She was cleaning the vase when she dropped it. 11. I talked to her a few minutes ago.
12. They arrived late and missed the bus.
fall, fell
Ill
1. She brought
a
6. Where did you use to study?
lot of friends to our party.
7. I used to hate playing squash.
2. They left home very early yesterday. 3. They did their homework and went to school.
8. I didn't use to go out much.
4. I had a terrible headache and I took an aspirin.
9. Did you use to work at a radio station? 10. You used to be a lot nicer.
5. I spoke to the director as he was leaving the room. 6. Bob came home from school late. 7. Chris found a ten-dollar bill and gave it to me.
Ill
Marisa: Ivan, we don't have any fun these days. We used to go out a lot.
8. Dr Johnson got up early this morning.
Ivan:
9. They knew each other very well when they were kids.
Marisa: And we used to have dinner in fancy restaurants, and now we always eat at home.
10. I slept until late on the weekend. Then, I went out to Ivan:
lunch.
Marisa: And you used to buy me flowers every day, and
12. My dad caught a cold when he was in Bahia.
now you never buy me flowers.
1. He bought a new car.
Ivan:
have rice and beans most days.
3. He traveled by plane.
Marisa: Well, we used to be lovers as well as husband
4. She got up late because she was tired.
and wife. Now we are just husband and wife!
5. They sold their car in April.
IIIJ
8. I told her the truth.
3. Did you use to enjoy your work?
9. I came home by bike.
4. Did you use to be married? 5. Did you use to do sport?
10. He read two books. Laura:
6. Did you use to have many friends?
What did you do on the weekend?
7. How did you use to get to work?
Patricia: Well, I went to the shopping mall with my boyfriend. We bought some CDs and then we went to the movies. After that, we ate
G!J
3. He didn't use to exercise.
What did you do?
Laura:
4. Paula used to live here.
Well, Eric and I went to a great show. The band
5. Did I use to do that?
sang all our favorite songs and we danced a
6. You didn't use to like carrots.
lot. I got home really late and my dad wasn't very happy with me.
Patricia: What did you do on Sunday? Laura:
Well, I was very tired so I slept until late. When
I woke up, I had a big breakfast and I studied all afternoon. What about you?
Patricia: Well, I got up early and made breakfast. It was my mo11's birthday. We all went out to lunch.
0
-
1. He used to swim very well. 2. Did you use to have a car?
hamburgers and drank coke. How 2bout you?
28
1. Where did you use to live? 2. What did you use to do?
7. They met at a party.
G!J
Well, you're right. But you used to cook me magnificent romantic dinners, and now we just
2. She taught English before she was married.
6. He called his office at 7 o'clock.
And we didn't use to argue, and now we argue all the time.
11. I paid the phone bi II yesterday.
IIIJ
Yeah, and now we just stay home.
29
0
-
To Have (Pags. 12 e 73)
1. Julia and I have many things in common. 2. They didn't have a good time yesterday. 3. Did you have a nice day?
4. I always have lunch at home.
After we came home, I read all afternoon. You
5. Do you usually have a rest after lunch?
know, that really good book I told you about!
6. Will you have breakfast in the hotel tomorrow?
Used to (Pags. 70 e 71)
1. Veronica and her sister used to play volleyball with me. 2. They used to live in the countryside, but now they live in the city.
7. I need to have a shower before I go out. 8. I had a strange dream last night. 9. He has a swim every morning before going to work. 10. She had a terrible argument with her sister. 11. Did you have the meeting at 8 o'clock this morning?
3. I used to read a lot of comic books when I was a child.
12. My sister-in-law is having a baby next month.
4. We used to enjoy ourselves at the weekend.
13. Let me have a look at the newspaper.
5. Rodrigo didn't use to go out much, but now he goes
14. What time do you want to have dinner tonight?
out every day.
15. The weather is so dry' I must have some water.
IJl 1.
5. I will be listening to the waves.
Does she have brothers and sisters?
6. I won't be thinking about work.
2. Do they have a house in Sao Paulo? 3. I have a dog. 4. Has Sflvia got a headache?
G!J 1.
5. My brother hasn't got long hair.
3. Clara will be studying for a test.
6. We didn't have full-time jobs.
4. Clara will be going to a wedding.
7. You had a good rest on the weekend. 8. You didn't have a shower this morning.
31
9. Will I have a look at your composition?
0 1.
10. I didn't have a good vacation last summer.
11111.
-
Quantifiers (Pags. 76 e 77}
beans.
3. We don't have much coffee. Let's go to the supermarket.
3. Have they got brown hair? 4. She didn't have a cold las: winter.
4. After the party, there wasn't much food left.
5. Did he have a bad dream last night?
5. There are many different languages in the world.
6. The car has four doors.
6. We don't have much time. Hurry up or we'll miss the show.
7. I don't have any pets. 8. I like to have a walk after dinner.
G!J
My brother and I are completely different. I have I have got long hair, but he has I has got very short hair. He has I has got lots of money because he has I has got a
7. Many people go on vacation in July. 8. She didn't receive rr1uch love wheri she was a child. 9. How much money did you spend last night? 10. There are many magazines to read on the Internet nowadays.
good job. I don't have I haven't got a job right now. I'm unemployed. He and his family have holidays in Mexico every year. I don't have holidays. I don't have I haven't got enough money.
30
-
Future Continuous (Pags. 74 e 75)
0 1.
Ill 1.
I work a lot. I have little free time.
2. My salary is very low. I save little money each month. 3. I live near downtown, so there are few parks in my neighborhood.
4. She's just arrived from the U.S. and speaks little Portuguese.
This time tomorrow, I will be flying to Italy.
2. When you arrive, she will be cooking lunch.
5. There are few people in the city on weekends.
3. When we get there, they will be preparing dinner.
6. I don't like that supermarket. It has few products.
4. We will be walking back home at 5 o'clock.
7. There's little water in the bottle. There won't be enough for both of you.
5. Even if you arrive a little late, I'll be waiting for you. 6. Don't visit us tomorrow! We will be working.
8. There's a little watw in the bottle. There will be enough for both of you.
7. I will be painting my bedroom on the weekend. 8. She will be visiting her friends tonight. 9. I won't be driving you to work next week.
9. She has few friends in this town. She feels lonely.
10.
interview.
1. They will be playing tennis this afternoon. 2. She will be finishing her homework tonight. 3. He will be taking his final exams in December. 4. We'll be driving to the beach on Saturday. 5. I'll be having dinner with Tony at 8 o'clock.
11111.
I will be drinking lemonade.
She has a few friends in this town. So she doesn't feel lonely.
10. They'll be asking you lots of questions during the
IJl
I don't have many problems. I guess I'm a lucky man.
2. A great many dishes in Brazil are eaten with rice and
She hasn't got a car.
2. He always has breakfast with his mother.
Clara will be having an English class.
2. Clara will be washing her hair.
11111.
There are less cars in the street during school vacacions. fewer
2. We have less money than they do. ./ 3. I have fewer time these days than in the past. less 4 Much of my friends live out of town. Many 5. There is less water in the rivers these days than there used to be . ./
6. We'll need lots of time to finish this exercise. ./
2. It won't be raining.
7. I eat fewer sugar than my brother does. less
3. We won't be sitting at home.
8. After many hard work, the new product was
4. My colleagues will be working hard in the office.
launched. much
aJ
Interviewer:
Do many Brazilians play sport?
Doctor X:
Well, some do, but many people say that
aJ
they have Iittle time to exercise. Interviewer:
What are Brazilian people's favorite sports?
Doctor X:
A lot of I lots of I plenty of I many men
2. They never bring
some
3. If you have
problems, just call me. any
4. You can have
l!I
some
food. any
toy you like. any
Husband: I'm going to the supermarket. Do we need any
few places to play sports.
milk?
Interviewer: What are some other favorite sports? Doctor X:
some
5. I'd like anyapples, please. some
and women like walking in parks. Unfortunately, in the big cities, there are
1. Would you like anytea7 some
Wife:
Yes, we don't have any.
Well, running is becoming popular. You
Husband: Is there any bread left7
don't need much I a lot of I lots of money to
Wife:
practice this sport. In the amateur marathons,
Husband: Do we need any eggs?
many I a lot of I lots of I plenty of athletes
Wife:
compete in the streets of the big cities. And
Husband: And what about meat?
Well, there's none in the cupboard. Yes. There aren't any eggs le"t.
football continues to be popular. Many I A lot
Wife:
of I Lots of I Plenty of children join clubs at
Husband: Is there anything else?
an early age. Of course, few actually become
Wife:
Hum, there's no meat in the "reezer. Yes, I think we need some margarine too.
famous and earn a lot of money. Interviewer:
32
0
-
Many thanks. It was really interesting
33
talking to you.
0
1. John's going to be fired, but don't tell anybody I 2. We can't just lose the contract, there must be
1. Can I have some coffee, please?
something we can do.
3. The children are somewhere in the rouse.
3. I bought you some flowers.
4. Is there anything wrong7 You look worried.
4. Do you have any good ideas?
5. I lost my house keys somewhere in the garden.
5. There aren't any interesting books to read.
I can't remember where.
6. He told us some stories.
6. Did he tell you anything about the accident?
7. Are there any good movies showing?
7. She will build her house somewhere in the countryside.
8. I didn't buy any fruit.
8. Is there anything I can do for you?
9. There are some museums here.
9. Will you have someone I somebody paint the house, or will you do it yourself?
10. Did you invite any girls to the party7
10. He can't see anything without his glasses.
11. Generally my teacher has some good ideas about improving my English.
11. I'm bored. I don't have anything to do. 12. Is anybody I anyone coming with me?
12. Do you have any suggestions about the project?
13. By the way, I have something to tell you.
1. We have no money to buy a new car.
14. You know, I feel like someone's I somebody's
2. I couldn't find any paper in the drawer. 3. We don't have any money to go to the movies. 4. There are no people in the park today. It's closed. 5. There weren't any girls at the party. 6. There's no milk in the refrigerator. 7. Did you invite any boys to your party? 8. He's a vegetarian, so he eats no meat. 9. They're very lazy. They do absolutely no work. 10. I don't think any of his films are bad films.
IID
Somebody, Anybody, Nobody (Pags. 80 e 81)
anyone. It's a secret.
Some, Any, No, None (Pags. 78 e 79)
2. There aren't any good beaches here.
Ill
-
1. Are there any boys waiting for you outside7 2. He didn't buy any magazines at the newsstand. 3. Did she tell them any good jokes7 4. I have some time. 5. He likes some of my friends.
watching me.
Ill
1. I have nothing to wear to the party. 2. It is winter now. That's why there are no leaves on the trees.
3. When I arrived home, there was somebody I someone in the house.
4. He offered me something to drink. 5. Please don't make any noise. We are trying to study. 6. I can't tell you anything about my job. It's confidential' 7. I asked him to lend me some money, but he said he didn't have any.
8. The girls aren't here. They must be somewhere else. 9. He's done nothing all day. 10. Look! Do anything you like. Just don't bother me!
llIJ
1. Somebody phoned you yesterday, but I forgot his name.
m
3. Listen! He is trying to tell you something.
3. ./
4. There was no one at the party when I arrived.
4. All of I All the students are studying for the test.
5. There was nothing in the store that I liked, so I didn't
5. He lived in Sao Paulo all of I all his life. 6. I spend all of I all the money I earn.
buy anything. 6. I didn't know anybody at the party, so I went home early.
7 . ./
7. I have no time to talk at the moment. I'm late for work.
8. ./
8. When I arrived at the beach, there was nowhere to stay. 9. I'm hungry. I didn't have anything for breakfast. 10. Can you think of anywhere to go for lurch?
G!J
Boy:
35
0
I'm sure I know you from somewhere. Or maybe
4. Fernanda doesn't like classical music. Mauricio
I don't think we've met before. Do you know
doesn't like it either.
5. If both Kiko and Theo come to the party, I'll be very
Yes! A few people. I know someone I somebody
happy.
in that group over there. I'm hungry. Would you like something/anything to eat?
6. Neither Igor nor Matheus are crazy about football.
Girl:
Sure! But there isn't anywhere to sit here.
Boy:
7. If Caio doesn't go to the beach, I won't go either.
This place has a beautiful garden. Maybe, there
8. Carla and Ana both have cars.
is somewhere to sit there. Shall we get something
9. You can go either by bus or by car.
to drink before we go outside?
0
1. Both Michael and Tom like rock music.
they didn't study.
anyone I anybody here?
Boy:
Both, Either, Neither (Pags. 84 e 85)
3. Neither Ivan nor Henrique passed the test because
you just look like someone I somebody I met in
Girl:
-
2. I don't like either of those movies. They are boring.
the past.
34
1. ./
2. We liked all I all of the books we read.
2. I don't have any time today, but I'll help you tomorrow.
-
10. Waiter: "Which table do you prefer?" Customer: "Either is fine."
All, Every, Each (Pags. 82 e 83) 1. I wake up at 6:00 am every I each day
m
Customer:
2. I work from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm. So I spend all day in
Shop Assistant: Well, both look great on you. Why don't
the office.
you take both? Then you can use one at
3. All of us are meeting at Fred's house.
night and one during the day.
4. Every I Each bedroom has its own bathroom.
Customer:
5. I'm going to be in Rio next weekend and I want to
I'll take either this one or this one. Which one do you prefer?
6. I went to every shop in the mall to find her present.
Shop Assistant: Well, both of them are really beautiful.
7. Each I Every one of us is responsible for reducing the greenhouse effect.
llIJ
9. All of my relatives live in the U.S.
those actors.
3. Both Hugo and Ivan play tennis. Or: Hugo and Ivan both play tennis.
I spent all week studying for my exams. I got up at 7:00
4. Mara read both books, but I read neither of them I
am every day. I worked all I every morning. I stopped for
didn't read either of them.
lunch and then I worked all I every afternoon. I stopped
5. I like neither of these sweaters. Or: I don't like either
work every hour to have a coffee. I also worked every
I all evening. Well, I passed all my exams and now I'm on vacat;on. I'm going to spend every I all day on the beach.
llIJ
1. Both of them are studying English. 2. I don't like either of those actors. I I like neither of
10. It's like every I each day is a holiday.
m
But neither of them is on sale and I don't have enough money to buy both.
spend each day on the beach.
8. All I Each of the candidates arrived late for the test.
I can't decide which of these dresses to take.
of these sweaters.
m
1. I like neither coffee nor tea. 2. I'll either go to the mountains or the beach.
1. Everyone/ everybody I know was at the party.
3. Neither Paula nor Carla are going to study tonight.
2. I bought everything I needed at the supermarket.
4. Both Thais and Gabriela have bikes. Or: Thais and
3. All my family lives in the countryside. 4. Everything in the store was very expensive.
Gabriela both have bikes.
5. They are either from Italy or Spain.
4. The children amused themselves in the park.
Progress Check 3 (Pags. 86 e 87)
5. You must protect yourselves I yourself from the sun.
a
Is it a bird? Is it a plane? No' It's Superman.
6. I cut myself with a sharp knife.
Superman landed on our planet in 1938.
7. We must behave ourselves in class.
Still a baby, Jor-EI and Lara's only child was sent into
8. Tom and I hurt ourselves.
space on an unmanned spaceship before their planet,
9. Kids, behave yourselves at the party.
Krypton exploded. The spaceship landed on Earth close to the Kent's home. The Kents found the baby and
10. Carol, look at yourself'. You're filthy.
decided to raise him and call him Clark, Clark Kent.
11. This CD player turns itself off.
The story is well-known to all of us.
12. John hurt himself when he fell off his bike.
Almost everyone followed Superman's adventures - in
13. My grandmother cut herself while she was cooking.
action cartoons, on the radio, on TV and in the movies -
14. Help yourself I yourselves to some more food. There's
each one telling a different part of Superman's story. Action Comics first printed the comic strip in 1938. It included the appearance of Lois Lane, and the
plenty there.
1I1
1. Last year, Jack taught himself how to play the piano. 2. At night, she always c::ioks herself a nice meal.
newspaper they worked for was the Daily Star. Superman's worst enemy, Luthor, only appeared in
3. Bruno was playing football when he hurt himself.
Action Comics #23. It was on the radio, not in the
4. The dog barked when it saw itself in the mirror.
comics that Kryptonite, Superman's famous weakness,
5. They will have to amuse themselves tonight. I'm
came into the story.
going to be very busy, I'm afraid.
The figures around Superman are impressive. The
6. Kids, be careful of the glass. Don't cut yourselves!
comic book published in 1940, in which Superman
7. She made herself a big sandwich and ate it all.
asked Lois Lane to marry him and she accepted, sold
8. We have some extra money so next month we'll buy
out in a few days.
ourselves a new car.
Superman #75 told the story of Superman's death in
9. She saw herself in the mirror and started to cry.
November 1992. It is the best seller of the series: it sold
10. We enjoy ourselves a lot when we're teenagers.
6 million copies.
fJ
There is a lot of (some) evidence that suggests that some
llIJ
1. My sister and I help each other I one another with our homework.
(many) ancient civilizations were very superstitious. But
2. My boyfriend and I love each other I one another.
superstition is also part of our modern world.
3. The children hurt themselves while their mother was
Some (A lot of) very old beliefs are still with us today:
working.
a broken mirror, for example, means seven years' bad
4. I met a man on the bus. We talked to each other I
luck. In some (many) cultures a black cat can bring
one anether during the whole trip.
you either good luck or bad luck if it crosses your
5. We enjoyed ourselves at the party because all our
path. Some (Many) people never walk under a ladder
friends were there.
because it also means bad luck. New Yorkers have a curious superstition; the number 13 is a sign of bad luck and many (a lot of) buildings have no
G!J
I am a professional tennis player. I taught myself how to play tennis because my parents didn't think sport was
thirteenth floor.
a good profession. Every day, I have the same routine.
Thankfully, there is also a place for good luck in
I wake up early and make myself breakfast. Then I
superstition. Many (Some) charms and beliefs are
meet my coach on the tennis court and we train with
popular because, in the past, a lot of (many) people
each other I one another for about four hours. We stop
believed they brought good luck.
at about 12:30 and make ourselves lunch. Then we
Superstition is certainly part of the past and present and
train for another four hours in the afternoon. I love my
will probably remain with us into the future too.
profession but I often worry that I will hurt myself during
For some (many) people it is ignorance; for others,
training.
it is an important part of their lives.
36
0
-
Reflexive Pronouns I (Pags. 88 e 89)
1. We wash ourselves in the morning. 2. The boy hurt himself when he fell from the tree. 3. We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
37
0
-
Reflexive Pronouns II (Pags. 90 e 91)
1. You children should be ashamed of yourselves. Look at this mess'
2. Sandra was angry at herself. She forgot her husband's birthday.
5. The dog found its way home ourselves after it got lost.
3. My sisters love looking at themselves in the mirror.
itself
4. Stop feeling sorry for yourself! It was your fault.
6. Jake, you have to solve the problem yourselves.
5. The children can look after themselves now.
yourself
6. Victor is very pleased with himself. He passed his
7. Nobody talked to us at the party so we sat by
final exams.
m
themselves. ourselves
1. I want to do the work by myself.
8. It was the photographer yourself who took those
2. Do your homework by yourself. 3. The boy solved the puzzle by himself. 4. The children went to the park by themselves. 5. My alarm turns off by itself after 10 minutes.
IDJ
pictures. himself I herself
38
D
-
1. I painted the room myself.
1. The Browns like tc play the guitar. I drove past.
4. We are going to the Hilton to see friends.
talk to me.
5. They play tennis in the morning.
4. The children built the doghouse themselves.
6. The secretary at our school has a new computer.
5. She herself spoke to the school director.
7. I bought an English book and a Spanish book. The
6. The teacher couldn't answer the questi:ms herself I
English book cost
himself.
9. The Thompsons have bought a house in the suburbs.
themselves.
10. The children bought a dozen balloons for the party.
8. We will finish the project ourselves, our boss is on
11. The milk in the fridge is for the cat.
vacation.
12. New York is the biggest city in the United States.
9. You have to write the letter yourself. It has to be your
13. I am going to the movies after school. Would you like
handwritirg.
to come?
10. Well, if you can't, I 'll take it to the office myself1
14. The climate is becoming hotter and hotter.
m
himself I herself who met us.
3. I am leaving for 0 Spain tomorrow.
3. My grandparents live by themselves in a small
4. He took 0 dancing lessons for years.
apartment.
5. 0 Russian is a difficult language.
4. The little girl flew to New York by herself. Her uncle
6. The French have an excellent cuisine.
met her at the airport.
7. 0 Brasilia was made the capital in 1960.
5. We always prepare ourselves for exams by studying a
8. Al I of the students there were the ones that passed
lot.
really her 'ault.
1. 0 Krakatoa, which was an island, exploded. 2. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
2. When we arrived at the guest house, it was the owner
6. She blamed herself for the accident, but it wasn't
$10.
8. We had a very good time at the company dinner.
7. My daughters chose a present for their father
believed the explanation itself.
93)
3. He decided to cross the Atlantic in a small boat.
3. You have to phone her yourself. She doesn't want to
1. He himself explained the problem, but nobody
e
2. There was a boy standing near the corner when
2. My neighbor built his house himself.
ll!J
The Definite Article I (use) (Pags. 92
the exam.
IDJ
0 Brazil is a huge country. In the North, there are 0 I the rain forests and the longest river is also situated
7. I went to the theater by myself because my boyfriend
here. In the South, the climate is more European. 0
was working.
Brazil also has many social differences. The rich own
8. They don't want a picture of themselves.
most of the country's wealth and the poor often live on a I
9. I myself didn't like the movie, but my husband
the minimum wage.
enjoyed it a lot.
10. The car alarm went off by itself. Nobody was trying to steal it, thank goodness.
l!I
1. The girl cut himself while she was playing in the garden. herself
39
0
-
The Definite Article II (omission) (Pags. 94 e 95)
1. Eating 0 fish is good for your health. 2. The book you wanted about the Sahara Desert is now available.
2. The old woman likes living by themself herself
3. They like 0 cheese, 0 milk and 0 eggs.
3. Behave yourself. children. yourselves
4. The postman delivered a letter from 0 Switzerland.
4. She herself is responsible for the children. ./
5. 0 Susan is in 0 hospital. She's having an operation.
6. She studies 0 math at a college 0 downtown.
9. Mmmm! Dinner smells goodl What time are we going to eat?
7. 0 Silver is used to make 0 jewelry.
10. Jill seems sad today. Let's try to find out what's wrong.
8. The gold in my necklace comes from Peru. 9. Do you like studying 0 Spanish?
Ill
2. These films are interesting.
11. 0 John loves sitting in the sun.
3. The girls were watching exciting movies.
12. 0 My parents had to go to the school to talk to the
4. Those cars look expensive.
principal.
5. The students need new shirts.
13. He was sent to 0 prison for seven years.
6. The little babies are laughing.
14. The woman w'lo lives in the house over the street
7. Those are cheap computers.
works in the bank.
8. These women have excellent jobs.
15. Some people say the Amazon is the biggest river in
9. Those old men are lonely.
the world.
Ill
10. The big apartments are expensive.
1. At school, I was a terrible student.
11. These dishes are traditional in the Northeast.
2. Rice and cocoa are grown in Brazil.
12. Look at those beautiful mountains!
3. I like coffee with milk and sugar. 4. The Smiths live on Maple Street and the Martins live
IDJ
on Third Avenue.
3. ,/ 4. ,/
6. I am going home after work.
5. I live in a big house.
7. Courage and honesty are the qualities I most admire
6. He is asleep.
in people.
7. ,/
8. Portuguese is :he official language of Brazil.
8. Carla is well.
9. Aconcagua is the highest mountain in the Andes.
9. This is the only way to improve your English.
10. The Netherlands is one of the most densely
10. ,/
populated countries in Europe. To Whom it May Concern,
41
Lorena Tyler worked for 0 my company for 10 years.
a
During this time, she was a very reliable and enthusiastic employee. She joined the company as an office assistant, but her 0 initiative soon led to her 0 promotion to supervisor of telemarketing where she was responsible for a team of thirty. In this position, 0 Ms. Tyler implemented a training program and increased the productiv ty
Ill
1. fascinated
5. horrifying
2. shocking
6. amused
3. amazing
7. worried
4. depressed
8. embarrassing
1. I was really amazed when they offered me the job.
5. Everybody laughed because his story was so amusing.
Luisa Santos
D
II (Pags. 98 e 99)
4. After the journey, I was so tired that I slept all afternoon.
Sincerely,
Adjectives
Adjectives
3. Her husband has some very annoying habits.
recommending 0 Lorena for future 0 positions.
-
-
2. The trip to New York was very exciting.
of the department by 20%. I have no hesitation in
40
1. He is alone. 2. Paula is ashamed.
5. My brother likes sports. He plays tennis on Fridays.
IDJ
1. My brothers are intelligent.
10. I go to 0 church every 0 Sunday.
6. Mr. Caulker was disappointed because his son's
I (Pags. 96 e 97)
1. This problem is difficult. I don't know the answer. 2. They need a new car. Theirs is very old.
exam results were very bad.
IDJ
1. This book isn't very interesting. 2. The lights went out. I was so frightened.
3. The children are tired. They went to bed late last night.
3. He was very depressed after his wife died.
4. Our mother is an excellent cook. She makes all kinds
4. The teacher's explanation was confusing.
of delicious cakes.
5. I feel ill. I need to see a doctor. 6. The main problem in our town is pollution.
5. I have an amazing story to tell you. 6. Their mother was very worried when they didn't arrive on time.
7. Her parents are rich. They're both very good lawyers.
7. When I forgot his name, I was very embarrassed.
8. I'm sure I'm going to pass my exams.
8. The result of the election was surprising.
G!J
tiring but very interesting too. I travel all around the world
3. 4.
and meet lots of interesting people. I'm never bored.
5. Whose car is that over there? It's my brother's.
My name's Vera. I'm a professional model. My job is very
There are too many amazing things happening all the
6. Why did he miss class yesterday? He was sick.
time.
7. Where did you study? I studied in the U.S.
At the beginning, I was embarrassed when the
8. What time are you leaving for work? At 8:00 am.
photographers took photos of me, but now I'm used to
9. How do you spell your name? It's K
it. My parents were disappointed when they discovered
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
I wanted to be a model. I think they were worried. They thought people would be interested in me just for my money. But when they saw I was interested in my profession and successful, they changed their minds.
l!J
Police are looking for a young, long I dark I fair-haired man. He is blue I green I brown -eyed and he wears glasses because he is short I near I long-sighted. He is also tall and broad-shouldered.
42
-
Adjectives Ill
a 1. 2. 3. 4.
-
Order and Position (Pags. 100
1119 1111 1.
e
2. 3.
It's a lovely old lta Iia n table.
G!J
7. ,/
8
1
7
10
2
5
3
4
Who can play the guitar?
Who did Clara meet in Spain?
Who used to play football?
a. Where do Simone and Marco go on weekends? b. Who goes to the beach on weekends?
44
-
Question Words II (Pags. 104 e 10s)
0 1. 2. 3. 4.
"How many brothers do you have?" "How tall are you?" "How often do you go to the beach?" "How far is your house from here?"
8. This is an interesting, old, European city.
5. "How long have you been married?"
9. This is a big exciting amusement park.
6. "How much sugar do you take in your coffee?"
10. 1111 1. 2. 3. 4.
,/ It's exhausting to work 12 hours a day. It's exciting to travel to exotic countries. It's difficult to understand him. This game is exciting to play.
5. A good restaurant is hard to find in this town. 6. Some words are impossible to translate. 7. It's easy to do this exercise. 8. It's wrong to lie to your parents. 9. Brazil is certain to win the volleyball game.
10. 43
6
b. What does Rachel study?
3.
He has an old, blue and white car.
6. They are hungry, thirsty and tired.
Which car is yours?
2. a. Who studies Spanish?
8. They're a small, Brazilian rock band.
,/
When did you start working here?
1. a. What did Rogerio buy?
7. I like good, strong, black coffee.
5. My bedroom is red and white I white and red.
Who are you going to the movies with?
b. Who bought a new car?
6. His girlfriend has big round blue eyes.
,/
What are you doing now?
What did I use to play?
They live in a pretty little village.
His girlfriend is a lovely dark-haired Brazilian woman.
A - T - E.
Where did Clara meet her husband?
His dog is black and white.
My house has a lovely big garden.
-
Which shirt do you like best? The red one.
Which instrument can Pedro play?
101)
5. My boyfriend has short, blond hair.
111 L 2. 3. 4.
When are they leaving? Tomorrow morning. Whose coat is this? It's mine.
-
It's very useful to study English as often as you can.
Question words I (Pags. 102 e 103)
0 1. 2.
Who did you see? I saw Silvia. Why is she tired7 She walked a long way.
1111. 2. 3. 4.
How much did that car cost? How often do they eat in restaurants? How well do they speak English? How old is your mother?
5. How big is your city? I How many people live in your city7 6. How much does this T-shirt cost? 7. How fast can they run? 8. How well do you know Catarina? 9. How far is Rio de Janeiro from Sao Paulo?
10. 1111 1. 2. 3. 4.
How many bedrooms are there in your apartment? It took them 3 hours to get to the beach. It took me 6 weeks to finish the job. It will take her 4 days to reach the city. It takes 15 minutes.
G!J
Interviewer:
8. Sam played terribly last night.
Can I ask you a few questions about the traffic in our city?
Man:
9. He arrived early becm.se there was no traffic.
Sure'
Interviewer:
How long does it take you to get to work?
Man:
It usually takes me 30 minutes.
Interviewer:
And how long did it take you to get to work
Man:
It took me an hour because the traffic was
today7
10. My hometown hasn't changed much since I was a child.
46
-
D
1. He wasn't in class yesterday. He was at home sick. 2. "What do you think Ja1r is doing now?" "I don't know. He might be at home."
very bad.
Interviewer:
How long does it usually take you to find a
Man:
Sometimes, it doesn't take long, but today
3. Can you speak more slowly? I can't understand what
parking spot near your office?
you are saying.
4. Flavio doesn't live here I there anymore. I think he
it took me 20 minutes to find somewhere
has moved to another city.
to park.
45
D
-
5. I am not feeling very well. I think I'll go home. 6. The music was playing so loudly that I couldn't hear
Adverbs I - Form (Pags. 106 e 101)
them talking.
1. They are intelligent boys.
7. I have to leave work early.
2. She truly loves her boyfriend.
8. You need to get here quickly.
3. Can you speak more clearly, please?
9. We'll meet there I here tomorrow afternoon. 10. I'll see you in the morning, ok?
4. He looks happy today. 5. Our final exam was easy. 6. Why are you walking so slowly?
Ill
3. Does she normally have a shower after work?
8. I take monthly trips to the mountains.
4. She walks home quickly after work.
9. My father goes to the beach frequently. 10. Fred is an enthusiastic student. 11. My mother walks very slowly.
5. I finish work at 6:00 pm. on weekdays.
llIJ
1. They study in their room at night. 2. She is working in Rio c:t the moment.
12. The problem is that the bus is slow. Go by subway'
3. We usually go to the gym before work. ACROSS
4. He learnt English at a language school in Florida.
1. They came in so silently that nobody noticed. 2. We had to go to a nearby store to buy sugar. 3. My son is very curious. He is always asking questions.
5. She gets up early every morning.
G!J
3. They play tennis there in the afternoon.
not very low.
4. Manuel was here at this time yesterday.
5. I was so busy yesterday that I hardly had time to eat.
5. Children seem grown up these days.
DOWN 1. The accident happened because he was driving too fast. 2. That thin man over there is my cousin. 3. Mark fell off his bicycle and nearly broke his arm. 4. Our final exam was very hard. 5. The new supermarket will be near the gas station. 1. The students are behaving badly.
1. My cousin goes jogging at six o'clock every morning. 2. I go to work by bus in the morning.
4. At the beginning of winter, ternperatures are normally
llIJ
1. They play tennis here on Saturday aternoons. 2. Carlos studies at home in the evening.
7. The wind always blows very strongly in my city.
Ill
Adverbs - Use I (Pags. 10s e 109)
47
D
-
Adverbs - Use II (Pags. 110 e 111)
1. I usually play basketball on weekends. 2. They were so tired last weekend that they stayed at home.
3. They love each other very much. 4. It's quite late. I think we should go home.
2. He spoke very kindly to me.
5. He probably won't go to the party. He's too tired.
3. My son plays soccer well.
6. Lisa is such a nice girl.
4. We have missed her lately.
7. The Martins rarely go out these days.
5. I could answer the questions easily.
8. She seldom does exercise these days.
6. My brother paints beautifully.
9. He'll certainly be going to the party on Saturday.
7. They worked hard last weekend.
10. We'll definitely be there at 9 o'clock.
1111.
contaminated by 0nitrates which come from agricultural
I am so tired today. I think I'll go home early.
fertilizers and the decomposition of 0organic waste.
2. She is such an intelligentgirl.
What can we do? We can fight for 0clean water
3. It was raining so heavily I couldn't see the road ahead.
and convince our neighbors to do the same. We
4. The teacher talks so quickly it's difficult to
can demand an end to 0 water pollution by the I 0
understand him.
industries and cities.
5. It was so cold when we arrived at the top of the
We must learn how to use the I 0 Earth's water properly
mountain.
because that is all the water we have'
6. tI was such a beautiful day we decided to go for a walk. 7. Marco said such horriblethings about me. I was so
IJ 1c
shocked. 8. It's such bad weather. Let's stay home.
9. I have such a lot of work to do. 10. I have so much work. tI 's driving me mad. 1I11 1a.tbX 2aXb.f 3a.fbX 4a.fbX
48
19b
20a
-
Sc 15a
7b 1 6c
8b
9c 10a
17a
18c
Comparison I (Pags. 114 e 115) Myolder brother isn'tas tallasme. He's 1.72m. l'rn 1.75m.
founded in 1960. Brasilia isn't as old as Sao Paulo. 4. Lucy and Jane are top models. Lucy is as pretty as Jane.
one, please?
5. I'm very bad at history and geography. History is as
3. The car was too expensive. I didn't have enough
hard as geographyfor me.
money to buy it.
6. Ahelicopter is not as fast as an airplane.
4. You are not old enough. You can't go out alone.
7. I always make chocolate cake but mine is not as
5. fI I feel well enough, I will go to work tomorrow.
good as yours.
6. There isn't enough pizza for everyone. Let's order
8. Today isn't as hot as yesterday.
another one.
9.
7. He drives too carelessly. One day, he's going to have
She only weighs about 40 kg, she's as light as a feather.
10.
Progress Check 4
I saw the film, but it wasn't as good as the book, which is usual.
1111 .
She is more intelligent than you.
2. His office is more comfortable than mine.
When I arrived in New York for the first time, I was absolutely amazed at all the skyscrapers. tI is a fascinating
3. This road is more dangerous than the highway.
city. I was verfsurprised to discover that the island of
4. John is more successful than his brother.
Manhattan isn't actually very big and that not everyone
5. Naomi is more beautiful than Gisele.
there is bad-tempered as some people say. People say
6. Professor Johnson is more demanding than Professor
that New York is the most interesting city in the world.
Smith.
I don't know about that, but t is certainly impressive.
fJ
5a 14b
Peter is as smart as his friend Bill.
another one, please?
NEW YORK
4b 13a
3. Sao Paulo is over four hundred years old. Brasilia was
2. This tea is too cold. Would you make me another
a
3c
2. Peter and Bill always get top marks in their tests.
1. This coffee isn't hot enough. Would you bring me
an accident.
12b
0 1.
5a Xb.f
l1!J
2a
llc
7. Going to the theater is more interesting than going to
H20
the movies.
The water we drink usually comes from 0reservoirs,
0lakes or 0 'ivers. Alarge number of 0 cities use 0 river water and dump it back into the rivers. Sometimes
8. Technology today is more advanced than 5 years ago.
IIll
1. This is the most difficult thing I've ever done.
another city downstream uses the same water. This
2. His wife is the most sophisticated woman I know.
water may be badly polluted with 0chemicals and
3. This coat is the most expensive in the shop.
0 pathogenic bacteria. Many different chemical treatments are necessary to make it safe and palatable. Many communities add some form of 0fluorine to their water. Fluorine in concentrations of 0.7 to 1.0 ppm (parts per million)can significantly reduce 0tooth decay in 0 children. Some communities that obtain 0water from 0wells have problems because sometimes the ground water is
4. I think that history is the most interesting subject we have at school. 5. What is the most important economic activity in your country? 6. Love is the most complicated thing for me. 7. Peleis the most famous soccer player of all time. 8. Paris is the most visited city in the world.
G!J
Jo:
1. Robinson Crusoe lived on the most isolated island on
Carla: So, let's go to the Paramount! The 9:00 pm session
2. This exercise is not so I as easy as the previous one.
is the best I better for me . What about you?
3. That 18th century table is more expensive than this
Jo:
chair.
5. Joe thinks Japanese is more difficult than English.
0
-
Comparison II (Pags. 116 e 117)
Adjective:
50
0
3. I can speak English better than she can.
busiest, coldest, hungriest, richest, smallest,
5. Joao writes more carefully than Vera.
nicest, fattest, worst, slowest, youngest
6. The new office is nearer than the old one. 7. It rains more heavily in summer.
1. Nancy is the happiest girl in class today. It's her birthday.
8. I must get up earlier this week.
2. I want to buy the best book in the store.
9. The visitors arrived sooner than I expected.
3. Do you know which is the highest mountain 1n the world?
10. I take life more seriously than most of my friends.
4. Do you have the latest edition of Computers Today magazine?.
III
2. The sick person is getting badder. worse.
6. As far as I know, he's the richest businessman in town.
3. My sister speaks more slowly than her husband . ./
7. Last night was the coldest night this winter.
4. The more I read this book, the mosr I like it. more 5. The faster he speaks, the less I understand him. ./
1. Who is the best football player in Brazil?
6. The more she avoids the subject, the more he insists. ./
2. Jack is funny. but his brother is much funnier.
7. The more he thinks about the problem, the least he
3. Today is the hottest day this year.
understands it. less
4. Don't you think Tod is the worst singer in the group?
8. I really need to go to the dentist and the sooner the
5. Of the six puppies, that one's the hungriest. 6. That's the car I Iike the least. 1. Today is more hot than yesterday. hotter
better. ./
IIIJ
Men are not as clean as women. The dirtiest men (10%) take a shower only three times
a
week. But men have
2. He is the most young boy in the class. youngest
cleaner hair than women. On average, women wash treir
3. Mark is more funny than his brother. funnier
hair three times a week and men every day. It seems that
4. The Atacama Desert is the most dry in the world. driest 5. I think Portuguese is the less difficult subject I have. the least difficult
1!1
1. You have two hours to do the test. The later you arrive, the later you leave . ./
5. Who is the nicest person in your class?
G!J
1. She has been arriving at work later since her
4. Cida speaks English more fluently than Henrique.
fatter, worse, slower, younger
IIIJ
Comparison of Adverbs (Pags. 118 e 119)
2. My father drives faster than my mother.
bad, slow, young
III
-
promotion.
busy, cold, hungry, rich, small, nice, fat,
Comparative: busier, colder, hungrier, richer, smaller, nicer, Superlative:
Can't we go to an earlier session? I have to wake up early on Monday.
4. I think chess 1s the most complicated game in the world.
49
Yes, it is. But the review says it's the saddest movie ever'
Earth.
Carla: Would you like to go to the movies on Saturday? Jo:
for men the less they shower the better' In general, adult women are smaller than men. The healthiest people are single women. Married men are healthier than single men. Men get up later than women and women go to bed earlier than men.
Actually I think Sunday is better for me.
Women are more reliable than men. Generally, they
Saturday's my busiest day.
are more superstitious and go to church more regularly
Carla: OK! What would you like to see?
than men. Women are more organized and, believe it
Jo:
or not, drive better than men. All in all they drive more
How about Jim Carey's latest movie? It's on at the Paramount.
Carla: The Paramount is a long way away. Can't we go somewhere nearer7
Jo:
slowly. Young men between 18 and 25 drive the most dangerously. At work, women still receive lower salaries than men even
Let's check the newspaper. There's a war movie
being just as competent. They are also more demanding
on at the Plaza but my friend Dani said it is more
and are becoming more and more competitive. For a
violent than Rambo V.
woman in the 21st century, the more she works, the
Carla: How about the latest Nicole Kidman movie? It's on at the Plaza too, isn't it?
better. Who knows, maybe one day soon, there will be justice and women will earn as much as men?
51
D
-
6. Have you seen Michele lately?
Present Perfect I (Pags. 120 e 121)
7. I haven't ever done anything like :his. 1. He hasn't cleaned his room.
8. The children have learned a lot of new things recently.
2. Have they bought a house?
Ill
3. She has been to Bahia.
2. for ten years
4. He hasn't cut himself.
Ill
5. Have you done your homework?
3. for three minutes
6. We've been there before.
4. for two days
7. Haven't they lived here very long?
5. for a long time
8. It hasn't been very hot today.
6. since 23rd August 7. since Wednesday
1. When I was a boy, I swam in that river.
8. for many weeks
2. What have you done to your hair?
9. since two o'clock
3. He bought that old car two years ago.
10. for hours
4. Somebody has spilt water on my desk.
11. sinee then
5. She has gone out.
IIII
Jane:
12. since last year
What are those people looking at7 What has happened?
IIII
Jane:
building next door.
3. She hasn't bought any clothes since she lost her job.
Really! The poor thing' Has it hurt itself? Tell
4. Have you read any good books recently?
me what happened?
Miranda: Well, it seems that the cat was on the window
G!J
balcony of the 5th floor apartment. The owner
3. They haven't written to me recently.
of the 5th floor apartment heard the noise and
4. They have played soccer at that club since 1999.
went to the balcony. He saw the cat and called
5. Susan has been sick for two weeks.
the doorman to help him. When did this happen?
l!I
summer. Maria went to England in September. She
Has anyone called for help?
hasn't written to me since then. Paulo is working in a
Miranda: Yes, a vet has already arrived.
bookshop. He is studying in the evening and I haven't
1. A: Look' Somebody has left the kitchen tap on. The
seen him for two weeks. Sorry I haven't been in touch
sink is full of water.
before. I haven't had much free time recently. What
B: It wasn'� me. I didn't do it.
about you? Have you done anything interesting lately?
2. A: Have you seen Lara?
Send me some news. We all miss you here!
B: No. I haven't seen her.
Love, Rita
3. A: Chris isn't at work. She has broken her arm. B: How did she do that?
53
A: She fell down the stairs.
4. A: Where did you go last night? B: I went to the theater. B: Yes, I finished them last Friday.
D
-
Present Perfect II (Pags. 122
D
-
Present Perfect Ill (Pags. 124 e 125)
1. "Would you like a snack?" "No, thanks, I have just had lunch."
5. A: Have you finished all your tests at school?
52
Dear Pedro, Many things have happened since I saw you last
Miranda: About ten minutes ago. Jane:
1. Have you seen any good movies lately7 2. How long has she worked there?
sill of the 9th floor apartment and fell onto the
Jane:
1. Have you checked your e-mails lately? 2. She hasn't made many mistakes since her promotion.
Miranda: A cat has jumped from the window in the
G!J
1. since 1994
e
123)
2. "Where is Mary?" "She hasn't come back from lunch yet."
3. Have they already ::iought their house? 4. Have you cleaned the windows yet?
1. We've studied English since 2005.
5. It's midnight and the children haven't gone to bed yet.
2. I've worked in this office for 4 years.
6. We have seen that movie many times.
3. I've traveled a lot recently.
7. Carlos and Fernanda have just come back from
4. Have you ever been to Paris? 5. He's never seen that movie.
Bahia.
8. Has the teacher corrected the test yet?
3. She has been walking in the rain.
9. Bia hasn't arrived yet. Do you know why she is late?
4. They have been waiting for hours.
10. My brother has been to Miami many times, but I haven't been there yet.
5. They have been arguing.
11. I've finally completed the project our teacrer gave us. 12. Hey congratulations! I hear you have just started a new job.
6. She has been baking cakes.
l1!J
2. He has been typing reports all morning.
13. We have already discussed this. I don't want to
3. He has been chatting on the phone for 40 minutes
discuss it again.
and hasn't finished typing the reports.
14. This is the first time I've traveled by plane.
4. His boss has been talking to clients for almost
15. John's not here. He has gone to work.
m
1. They have already been to Japan. 2. I have just had a shower.
1. His boss has told him to type some 'eports.
3 hours and hasn't asked for the reports yet.
l!J
1. A: Your clothes are dir:y. Have you been fixing your car? B: Well, I have tried but I can't. I have just left it with
3. She hasn't met Tom yet.
the mechanic.
4. Have you had lunch yet?
2. A: Lookl Somebody has broken the vase of flowers.
5. He has driven a truck many times.
There's water all over the floor.
6. Have you been to the U.S.?
B: Oh no! I have been cleaning this room all day.
1. How many times have you been to the gym this week?
3. A: Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?
8. We have already studied a lot today.
1111
B: Yes, I have just been robbed.
4. A: You look angry. Have you been waiting for a long
1. They already bought their books. They have already
time?
bought their books.
B: No, I have just arrived.
2. I did just cut myself. I have just cut myself 3. I saw that movie many times. I have seen that movie many times.
4. James hasn't yet did the homework. James hasn't done the homework yet.
5. Emma's not here now. She went to Rio for the week. Emma's not here now. She's gone to Rio for the week.
l1!J
1. I have already phoned her. 2. No, I haven't not read it yet.
their passports at home.
2. The fridge was full of 'ood because my husband had done tre shopping.
3. I knew someone had broken into my house because the lights were on.
5. The candidate didn't tell the headhunter she had lost
-
Present Perfect Continuous (Pags. 12& e 121)
1. She has been reading that book for two hours. 3 months. 3. We have beer working a lot this week.
her job 2 weeks before.
6. I got the promotion because I had sold more than two thousand cars.
7. I got dressed after I had had a shower. 8. That wasn't his first time in Japan. He had been there twice before.
9. I thanked them for what they had done. 10. She mailed the letter immediately after she had written it.
4. He has been sleeping for more than twelve hours.
11. By the time they arrived, we had already had dinner.
5. Have you been listening to the same song all morning?
12. I heard there had been an accident, so I came as
1. I haven't been sleeping all day. 2. She has been watching TV all night long. 3. Have you been talking about him? 4. He has been reading that book for two weeks.
1111
1. They couldn't board the plane because they had left
3. No, I haven't not read the newspaper yet.
2. He has been traveling around the world for the last
m
Past Perfect (Pags. use 129)
4. No, she hasn't arrived yet. 6. My girlfriend has just dumped me.
0
0
-
4. After they had gone, I sat down and rested.
5. Yes, Kiko has just told me.
54
55
1. They have been swimming. 2. They have been playing in the mud.
quickly as I could.
13. When she arrived at the station, the train had already left.
14. They told me they had worked very hard on the project.
15. He had never heard of the rock group, but he decided to go to the show.
III
1. When I After Jack had read the newspaper, he
The boy who is holding the dog is Eric. He's twelve years
phoned his friend.
old. His older brother, Tom, is the one who is weari1g a T-shirt. The little girl who is standing between Eric and
2. After I When Jack had put on his tennis shoes, he
Tom is Melody. She's the youngest in the family. The dog
went to the sports club.
is called Brizzy. Have you ever seen a dog which likes
3. After I When Jack had played football with his
candies? This one can eat a box in a few minutes. I took
friends, he swam for an hour.
this photograph in a country club which is in the suburbs
4. When I After Jack had written the report, he went for
of London.
lunch.
See you soon,
5. After I When Jack had rested in a hammock for 30
Ana
minutes, he played cards with his friends.
llD
1. Ted felt sick. He had been eating sweets.
57
2. Tina was tired. She had been walking for hours.
D
3. Sally woke up at midday. She had been sleeping all
4. The country where she lives is in Europe.
been dancing all night long.
5. This is the man whose wife won the lottery.
I went to New York for the first time in 2001 when I was
6. I can't hear what you're saying.
III
studied English for many years so they had no difficulty with the language. It snowed while we were there, but
3. This is the lounge where visitors can have coffee and read newspapers.
4. This is the place where you can photocopy
cold. When we came back to Brazil, I missed New York
documents.
because I had had such a wonderful time there.
-
Relative Pronouns I (Pags. 130 e 131)
11D
1. The girl who is beside him is his daughter.
3. She wrote what he said. 4. I don't want what she gave me for my birthday.
3. The man who you asked me about is my teacher.
G!J
3. She is the one whose hair is red.
6. Where is the person who sold me this book?
4. She is the one whose 4 daughters live in Japan.
7. The dogs which entered the room are mine. 8. The apple which I ate wasn't good.
1. He is the one whose son works with Mrs. Smith. 2. She is the one whose husband has a sports car.
5. The music which he is playing is a waltz.
l!J
Dear Karen, Wow! Europe is fantastic! Rome is one of the most
1. (no need to rewrite the sentence)
exciting cities that I 0 I've ever visited. The hotel where
2. The little boy you met is my son.
I stayed was very cheap. Some Italians who I that I 0 I
3. This is the book you were looking for.
met took me to see the Colosseum, which is a very old
4. (no need o rewrite the sentence)
building. They also took me to the countryside where
5. That's the guy I was talking to on the weekend. 6. (no need to rewrite the sentence).
llD
1. Her husband couldn't buy what she wanted. 2. I can't talk about what he told me.
2. The book which you lent me is very interesting. 4. That is the boy who I saw at the gym.
III
1. This is the room where people have lunch. 2. This is the floor where conferences are held.
we had taken all our winter clothes so we didn't feel the
D
1. I have just seen the woman whose son studied at my
3. It's difficu It to do what the teacher asks.
5. The girls left the nightclub in the morning. They had
56
133)
was a child.
garden.
knew the city. We went out every day. My parents had
e
2. This is the place where I came on vacation when I
4. The kids were dirty. They had been playing in the
10 years old. My parents had already been there so they
Relative Pronouns II (Pags. 132
school.
morning.
G!J
-
their family has a farm. Italy has many places which are cheap and beautiful to visit. I was traveling around England whose countryside is
Dear Paula
very beautiful and I had an accident which I that almost
How are you?
spoiled my trip. I was driving on a narrow road and I got
I'm having a great time here in England which is really
a flat tire. I wasn't able to change it so I decided to ask
a beautiful country. I'm living with a family which owns
for help. A car stopped and a very handsome man got
a big house. Here's a photo which I took last Sunday.
out! The man, who was a mechanic, changed my tire
The father, Jonathan, is the one who is sitting on the left.
and invited me to go to his village to have it fixed.
Jonathan's wife, Helen, is the woman in the brown dress.
I accepted and followed him. After having my tire fixed
6. His house has a big backyard where they always
we went to have lunch together in a small restaurant
have barbecues.
whose food was very good. I had a wonderful time with this stranger who is now my boyfriend. What I thought
7. Stratford-upon-Avon, where Shakespeare lived,
was bad luck turned out to be good luck. Love, Tatiana
58
0
-
Relative Clauses (Pags. 134 e 135)
receives a lot of tourists.
59
D
4. You won't have taken the children home by 7:00 pm.
2. Silvia lives in Brasflia, where she works for the
5. Will they have met her this time tomorrow?
111
2. By the time we get home, Carol will have eaten lunch.
5. My brother has bought a new car, which is very nice.
3. By the time you arrive, I will have fixed dinner.
6. My sister, who studies a lot, has just passed her final
4. By the time the meeting starts, the secretary will have
exams.
typed the reports.
7. Sally's bike, which she bought on the weekend, is red.
5. By the time your friend arrives, you will have done
8. Hemingway, who was American, wrote The Old Man 9. Painting, which is something I enjoy very much, is
1. By the time the teacher gives the test, I will have studied the subject.
4. That girl, whose mother is a doctor, is my girlfriend.
and the Sea.
1. Will the plane have landed by 4:00 p11? 3. Will she have had her baby by the end of November?
theory.
3. I called the director, who was very understanding.
Future Perfect (Pags. ll6 e 137)
2. They won't have finished the job by April.
1. Einstein, who was German, formulated an important
government.
-
your homework.
cm
very relaxing.
1. Cindy:
Hi, Sean. It's Cindy. We are having a party next Saturday. Can you come?
Sean:
10. That's the man whose wife has just had a baby.
Well, I'm having dinner with my grandparents on Saturday but I'll have finished dinner by
11. My cousin, who lives in Australia, arrives tomorrow
9:00 pm. I'll be there! No problem!
evening.
2. Pat:
12. They live in Washington, where they recently got
Steven is going to help us with the party. He will be coming over tomorrow at about
married.
7:00 pm to talk about the details.
13. The woman that I who was talking to you earlier is my
Cindy: Oh, no, Pati Tomorrow's Friday. We won't have
neighbor.
gotten back from Spanish class by 7.00 pm.
14. The thieves were taken to the police station, where
3. Pat:
they were questioned.
Cindy: And somebody has broken Mom's favorite vase.
15. I have some friends whose house is in the mountains.
111
The party was great, but the house is a mess.
Pat:
Take it easy! By the time Mom and Dad get here, I will have fixed it.
1. The mountain is in Chapada Diamantina, which is 4. Cindy:
one of the most beautiful places in Brazil.
Well, we also need to clean the house. I will wake you up at 9:00 am tomorrow.
2. Cora, whose children study in the U.S., lives with her
Oh, nol At that time, I will be dreaming abou:
Pat:
husband and a cat.
that girl I danced the whole night with. Let's
3. She is very famous in Portugal, where she has sold
get up at 11:00 am.
more than a hundred thousand books.
Cindy: No way1 By 11:00 am, you will have done the
4. Her editor, who is very ambitious, wants her to move
dishes and I wil have vacuumed the floor.
to Sao Paulo.
5. But she likes to live in the mountains, where she has peace to write.
cm
1. He has a house which I that was built in 1910. 2. He's married to an architect who I that restored all the old buildings in the city.
3. Her children have a cat whose name is Lear. 4. His younger daughter, who plays the piano very well, is six years old.
5. Her older son, who plays rugby for the local team, is seventeen years old.
Progress Check 5 (Pags. 138 e 139)
a
Happiness Do you consider yourself a happy person or a sad one? Who are the happiest people in the world, anyway? The organization known as The World Database of Happiness has done some research into how people appreciate life. The research involved over 1,500 people in 68 countries. According to the research. happiness is one of the most highly valued items for human beings. Most people
agree that it is better to enjoy life than to suffer; they
4. There's a photograph of my grandmother on the wall
also support ideas that create greater happiness for a
in our living room.
larger number of people.
5. I have a flat screen TV in my bedroom.
However, we have to understand what happiness is. And
6. There's an interesting story at the bottom of the oage.
more importantly than that, we have to know exactly
7. Walk straight down the street and the library is on the
what makes people happy and the reasons for it.
right.
There is evidence, however, of what happiness is not.
8. My sister has a beautiful house on the coast.
For example, there's no guarantee that finding a great love makes you happier, at least, not over a long period of time. And, believe it or not, the richest people are not
Ill
2. in the armchair
necessarily the most content. A survey of 100 American
3. on the book
millionaires proved that they were only as rappy as
4. at the top of the stairs
middle class people.
fJ
5. in the drawer A Weird Dream
6. on the left
One day, I had a strange dream. I was visiting the house in
7. in the photograph
which I'd lived when I was four years old. Everything was
8. in the lake
still there: some furniture which I that had belonged to my
9. on the farm
grandmother, the old red curtains, everything. The dining table which I that I 0 my father had made was in the same place. Even the bicycle which I that had belonged to
IIIJ
my brother was in the exact place that I 0 he always left it.
3. The hospital is on the right.
that I who used to take care of our garden. I walked up
4. Laura is at university.
to him. When I was really close to him, I noticed that it
5. She lives on the first floor.
wasn't him at all. It was me' He gave me a look which I
6. They arrive at the airport tonight.
that scared me. Then I screamed and woke up'
7. The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 8. Is Chile the biggest country in South America?
Moon Craters The moon has attracted man's attention since the beginning of civilization. Ancient Greeks discovered the
G!J
there are lots of people in the streets. I am staying in a
looked at the moon with romantic eyes. Space scientists
big house. My bedroom is comfortable. There's a picture
have not only studied it with their telescopes, but have
of the family on the wall and a beautiful rug on the floor.
also sent astronauts there. Nobody, however, has found
There's a swimming pool in the backyard. There are two
out all the answers to the mysteries of the moon. The
floors in the house and my bedroom is on the top floor.
origin of moon craters, for example, is still obscure.
Tommy, the cat, is always asleep at the top of the stairs.
According to one theory, thousands of meteors crashed
At supper time, everybody sits at the table at around
against the surface of the moon. The impact of these
7 pm and even the cat usually sits on a chair and
crashes formed the craters. The craters have many
watches everything. I walk to college every day and on
shapes and sizes. Some scientists have tried to prove
my way home, there's a big park. Next weekend, we are
this theory with plaster, reproducing the formation of
planning to go to New Jersey Shore, a beach on the east
craters. Unfortunately, they have never been successful.
coast. I wish you were here!
Other theories have tried to prove that the craters
Love,
appeared because of gas or lava eruptions. One
Lais
physicist said that the craters are the solidified residues of enormous bubbles. Either way, it has been very difficult to prove these theories. So romantics, take heart! The moon is still an intriguing mystery to man!
0
-
Prepositions of Place I (Pags. 140 e 141)
Dear Bia I arrived in the U.S. last week. New York is great and
influence of the moon upon the tides. Poets have always
60
1. Don': drop garbage on the ground. 2. He lives in the countryside.
Then, I opened the door to the garage and saw the man
II
1. at the gate
61
0
-
Prepositions of Place II (Pags. 142 e 143)
1. Come in' It's warmer inside the house. 2. The cat was sitting outside the window, in the rain. 3. I didn't see half the movie' There was a lady in a big hat sitting in front of me.
1. I live in Sao Paulo, which is in Brazil.
4. My best friend's apartment is opposite mine.
2. We went sailing on the river last week.
5. You'll find the sugar on the top shelf between the tea
3. I met my boyfriend at a party.
and coffee jars.
Ill
There is a bookshelf above the bed. There is a wardrobe next to the bookshelf. There is a picture over the desk. There is a pair of tennis shoes under the bed. The cat is
63
Prepositions and Forms of Transport (Pags. 146 e 147)
-
0 1.
1111 1.
2. Milena traveled around Europe by bus.
The hospital 1s next to the drugstore.
3. I fell asleep and didn't get off the train when it arrived
2. The hotel is opposite the train station.
at the station.
3. The gym is between the cinema and the theater.
4. We arrived late but we still managed to get on the bus.
4. The train station is behind the hospital.
5. The policemen asked the passengers to get out of
5. The bakery is next to the post office.
the car.
6. The English school is next to the Bank.
6. We traveled to Bahia by car last summer.
7. The university is near the bus station.
7. They saw the man getting into the truck.
8. The hospital 1s far from the university. 9. The cash teller is outside I in front of the bank.
G!J 1.
Luciana likes to exercise. She goes to work on foot every day.
next to the dog. There's an umbrella behind the door.
Ill
He got into the car. He got out of the car.
The post office is far from the theater.
He went to the bank on foot.
2. The hotel is behind the cinema.
11111.
3. The drugstore is opposite tr·e cinema.
Enzo panics when he travels on pla1e. by
2. After the accident, they couldn't get her off the car.
4. The swimming pool is next to the English school.
out of
5. The bank is near the drugstore.
3. He was in a hurry and got on the car without his
62
-
Prepositions of Movement (Pags. 144
0 1.
e
suitcase. into
145)
4. A lot of people got out of the train in London. off The boys climbed up to the top of the mountain.
5. Roseli is lazy and never goes anywhere Q!tfoot. on
2. The bus went along the road.
6. They were getting into the train when I arrived. on
3. We tried to stop the dog but it ran across the street
7. They went to the island
and was hit by a car.
4. It takes me 40 minutes to go from home to work on
G!J
I arrived in Australia two weeks ago. I spent two days in Sydney and then I went to the Gold Coast by train.
5. The robber ran away from the police and escaped.
The beaches there are great for surfing. I had to rent a
6. He was fixing the roof and fell off it.
surfboard because I was not allowed to get on the train
7. The little girl jumped onto her mother's bed.
with the one I had. But I had a great time anyway. After
8. The cat is in the wardrobe. Get him out of it.
3 days, I went to Ayer's Rock by plane and stayed there
9. Go past the traffic lights and turn left.
for another 3 days. This rock is inside the Uluru National
10. He walked round the table for sometime and left the
Park and it changes colo' depending on the time of day.
living room.
After this, I traveled to Melbourne by bus. I was so tired that I fell asleep as soon as I got on the bus.
You need to walk across the park to get to the zoo.
When I arrived in Melbm.rne, I took a taxi from the bus
2. When we arrived at the beach, I dived into the water.
station to the hotel and I got out of the car without paying.
3. I walked around the park twice before going home.
I was so embarrassed but I apologized and everything
4. Her dog jumped off the sofa when she arrived.
was OK. I spent 3 days in Melbourne and then I went to
5. On their way to work, they walk past the movie
Tasmania by boat. After visiting Tasmania, I went back to
theater.
11111. G!J
boat. by
Dear Carlos
weekdays.
1I11.
on
past
2. from
Melbourne and traveled back to Sydney by car.
3. into
4. around
I hope everything is ok with you!
5. along.
Take care,
John woke up at 9 am and went down the stairs. He
Ricardo
went into the kitchen and walked round the table, looking for some matches. He saw his cat playing with the matches. He tried to catch the cat but it ran away from him. The cat went into the living room and up the
64
-
Prepositions of Time I (Pags. 14a e 149)
0 1.
Brazilian Independence Day is on September 7.
stairs with the matches in its mouth. The cat ran across
2. I'm going to Europe
the hall. John went after it but the cat jumped through
3. My birthday is in June.
the window.
4. In the 60s, there were many great rock bands.
01
Monday.
3. My brother is coming to stay. He's going to stay until
5. Meet me in front of the cinema at 9:00 pm.
Saturday.
6. Can you call me at night? I'll be working in the afternoon. 7. We don't go to school on Sundays.
4. My computer course goes on until July.
8. At Easter, I'm going to visit my relatives in the countryside.
5. We will have finished work by 6:00 pm. Then we'll go out for dinner.
9. Many advances in medicine will be made in the 21st
6. The movie was so boring that I didn't stay until the
century.
end.
10. Where are you going on your next vacation?
7. I worked until 6:00 pm. And then I had dinner.
11. My parents got married in 1980.
8. Do you think they'll be here by suppertime?
12. On Christmas Day, we normally eat turkey.
9. I have to find a job by next week.
13. I usually have lunch at midday.
10. He studied until 10 pm. Then he took a shower.
14. I like taking my vacation in summer.
11. It was a great party. We danced until the early hours
15. I'll see you on Tuesday morning.
of the morning.
16. My mother is arriving in the evening.
12. Let me have the report by Friday, 0K7
17. I was very tired at the end of the journey. 18. What are you doing at the moment?
l[I
aJ
2. I have lived here for 10 years.
Travel agent: Can I help you? Daniel:
3. We worked for hours. Then we stopped for lunch.
I hope so. I'm going on vacation soon. Can
4. What do you do during your English classes?
you recommend a good package tour?
5. We are going on vacation for 3 weeks.
Travel agent: Sure' When are you going7 Daniel:
1. During my trip to London, I visited The National Gallery.
6. I have been waiting for the bus for 20 minutes.
In December.
7. I work hard during the week and relax on weekends.
Travel agent: Package tours are usually more expensive
8. You cannot smoke during the flight from New York to
1n summer, but we have a good package to
Sao Paulo.
Porto Segura. Oh, I don't think so! A friend of mine was
Daniel:
l!J
there at Carnival and he said it was very
2. We work for 8:00 to 6:00. from
crowded.
3. Can you wait JQ the weekend? until
Travel agent: Well, of course, Carnival is very popular.
4. I went to the bank for my lunch hour. during
What day do you want to travel?
Daniel:
5. I'll have finished painting my house until the weekend. by
On Christmas Eve.
6. I'll be on vacation for next month. until
Travel agent: Really7 We have a very cheap flight at
7. They talked a lot for dinner. During
midnight.
8. Letters of application for the job should arrive until
At midnight? Forget Porto Segurol Do you
Daniel:
t. She has lived here during two years. for
next Friday. by
have anything in Australia?
65
a
-
Prepositions of Time II {Pags. 150 e 151)
1. He works from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm every day.
66
a
-
Form {Pags. 152 e 153)
1. She may I might play tennis in the afternoon. 3. My father may I might finish work by six.
3. I'll have gone to India by April.
4. I may I might give him my address.
4. You have until lunchtime to clean your room.
5. We may I might stay in Chicago.
5. They'll finish this work by tomorrow morning.
6. The next lesson may I might be more difficult.
t. He played tennis from 10:00 to 11:00 am.
7. It may I might snow later.
2. He had lunch from 12:00 to 1:00 pm.
8. We may I might go to the beach tomorrow.
3. He went to the park from 2:00 to 4:00 pm. 4. He visited friends from 7:00 to 9:00 pm. 5. He watched a movie from 10:00 to 12:00 pm.
m
Modals I
2. The boys may I might go to the movies tomorrow.
2. Will you be studying until 10 pm tonight?
l[l
-
1. I'm very hungry. I can't wait until lunchtime. I'm going to eat now.
2. I have to return this movie by Sunday.
1[1
1. Can I bring my brother to the party7 2. He might not I mightn't come here tomorrow. 3. I must not I mustn't attend the class today. 4. You may arrive early. 5. Can they play tennis? 6. She could not I couldn't swim when she was a child.
IJII
1. She could not I couldn't cone to class. 2. May I go to the bathroom? 3. You ought to arrive early.
5. I may I might visit them on Sunday.
III
1. Would you like a cup of coffee? 2. I would go with you, if you asked me.
4. Should I bring a bottle of wine?
3. If I had known she liked me, I would have asked her
5. We must catch the early train.
G!J
on a date.
1. We must stay in Chicago.
4. Would you come with me tonight, please?
2. The next lesson might be hard.
5. They would have brought some sandwiches, but they'd run out of bread.
3. She could dance very well when she was a child. 4. He can buy the tickets.
IJII
1. She speaks French very well. She may I might study French.
5. He ought to finish the report by 3 pm.
67
-
D
Medals II (Pags. 154
2. Carlos's surname is German. His father may I might e
155)
be from Germany.
3. Sandra buys a lot of clothes every week. She may i
1. Can I have a word with you?
might have a lot of money.
2. Can you drive well?
4. Fred never goes out on the weekend. He may might I
3. Students mustn't leave the room before the end of
like to stay home and rest.
the test.
5. Marisa is always busy on the weekends. She may I
4. The teacher could be on his way. Let's wait another five minutes.
5. I must go now. I'm in a hurry.
might relp her mother at home.
G!J
1. He is allowed to arrive late for class.
6. I can speak two languages fluently.
2. She is allowed to I will be allowed to see the horror
1. You can open the window.
3. She is not allowed to I will not be allowed to drive the
III
movie tonight.
2. Can you help me to move this weekend?
car tomorrow night.
3. You can borrow my pen.
4. You are not allowed to I will not be allowed to go oLt on Friday night.
4. Can you speak English?
5. They are allowed to keep the bar open until 11 pm.
5. This window must be broken. 6. You mustn't eat in the library. 7. You don't have to take your coat.
l!I
Waiter:
Could I Can I May I take your order, sir?
Fred:
Sorry, but we haven't decided yet. Elena, what
Livia:
arrive up to 15 minutes late.
Livia:
:omorrow. I must go to the dentist.
I don't know. Could I Can you give me the
Marcela: Would you like to borrow my notes? Livia:
Fred:
Sure, here it is. Waiter, can I could I have a beer? Yes, sir. Can I Could I bring the starter?
Elena:
Yes, please. Can I Could I May I smoke here?
Waiter:
Sorry, I'm afraid not, madam. Unfortunately,
Marcela: No, I haven't, but she might I may be in the cafeteria. I'm on my way there now. Would you like to come with me?
share a bottle of wine?
D
No, thanks. Could I Can you order a soda for me?
Fred:
Sure.
-
Livia:
What about you, Carlos? Would you like to
Carlos:
69
D
Medals IV (Pags. 158 e 159)
1. Workers oughtn't to arrive late for work. 3. You should study more. 4. We ought to leave now.
1. I may I might do my homework.
5. Mom must be cooking lasagna.
2. I may I might go to Tom's party. 3. I may I might go swimming.
-
OK! Let's go.
2. Claudia shouldn't spend a lot of money on sweets.
Modals Ill (Pags. 156 e 157)
4. I may I might study on Sunday afternoon.
Great, thanks! By the way, have you seen Clara today?
you must go outside to smoke.
68
Oh, I see. It's just that I may i might not come
menu, Fred?
Waiter:
Fred:
What time do the afternoon classes start at?
Marcela: At 2 pm but we can I are allowed to /may
would you like to drink?
Elena:
Can I Could I talk to you?
Marcela: Sure, I hope I can I am able to help.
8. Could you help me do my homework?
llD
Livia:
III
1. She may be at the hairdresser. 2. She might have changed her mind.
3. She may be in love with someone else.
4.
She might have had an accident.
llIJ 1. 2. 3.
6. The driver may not have picked her up yet.
4.
If you are living in the States and you have a student visa, you may I can study at any college you are
5. If we had known you were home, we would have visited you.
job. If the immigration department knows about your
6. If I had studied medicine, I would have worked as a
job, you may I might I could be sent back home
doctor.
immediately. If you are a tourist and you are traveling
7. They would have answered the question if they had
around the U.S., you must take your passport with you because a policeman may I might I could stop you and
understood it.
ask for identification. You nray I can drive with your
8. He would have arrived earlier if he hadn't taken the
Brazilian driver's license. You should I ought to carry
wrong turn.
some cash, but not much. You mustn't walk alone late
9. I would have lent you the money if you had asked me.
at night. Be careful if somebody you have never met
ll!J 1.
with your luggage?" This person may I might I could be
3. If they were rich, they wou Id study at a private school.
this from strangers.
4.
6. If you work hard, you will get promoted. If Helofsa arrives early, she will prepare dinner.
7. If they had known about your accident, they would
They won't allow you to enter if you forget your ID card.
have waited.
If she doesn't study the regulations, she won't pass
8. If she reads more, she will improve her writing.
her driving test.
4.
Your mother will come if you call her.
5. If he calls I'll speak to him.
71 - Zero and First Conditionals {Pags. 162 e 163)
6. If we have time, we'll visit her.
02
7. We'll go to the park, if it doesn't rain.
1111.
8. She'll talk to you, if you apologize.
1111. 2.
If he does well in the interview, he'll get the job.
3
4
7
8
9
10
6
Call me if Jane arrives late.
If she doesn't arrive on time, she won't see our presentation.
He'll buy it if the price is right.
5. Will you phone me if you decide to go to the movies?
You'll get there more quickly if you go by airplane.
6. They will arrive late if they come by bus.
If they need you, they'll call you.
7. Don't stay out late if you are tired.
I would buy a car if I knew how to drive. We would go to the beach if we didn't have so much
llIJ 1. 2. 4.
If we weren't so tired, we would work for another hour.
If you study hard, you will pass your examination.
Celsius.
6. What would she think if she saw the e-mail you sent me?
6. I will visit you if I have time.
7. She would write Tom a letter if she loved him.
7. If the tern perature is below zero, water freezes.
8. I would bring a cake if I could cook.
8. We will have lunch together if you arrive on time.
9. Would you get there on time if I gave you a ride? marry him?
Wood floats if you put it in water.
5. Water boils if the temperature reaches 100 degrees
5. If we left now, we would arrive there on time.
What would Gabriela say if Henrique asked her to
If he calls me, I will speak to him.
3. If dogs are frightened, they bark.
3. If I had the money, I would travel abroad.
10.
1
3. If Rafael is upset, talk to him.
4.
You will get sick if you don't look after yourself.
work to do.
4.
5
2. I will be glad if you come to my party.
9. I won't go if you don't call me first.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
If she arrives early, I will offer her a coffee.
5. If she had a car, she would be here now.
Conditionals - Form (Pags. 160 e 161)
D 1. 2. 3.
If the weather is good, I will go to the sports center.
2. If he hadn't written, she would have been worried.
a thief. You shouldn't I ought not to accept offers like
-
If she had done her homework, she would have been able to go out with her friends.
accepted into but you mustn't I can't have a steady
70
He would have received the message if he hadn't left early.
7. The driver may have taken her to the wrong church.
before approaches you and says, "May I Can I help you
If he had met her before, he might have asked her to marry him.
5. There mig1t be a lot of traffic.
llIJ
I would have told him the truth if I had known it.
m
Jack:
Hi, Linda, it's Jack here! I'm calling to see If you want to come to a barbecue on the weekend.
Linda: Oh, Jack! Hi' Look! If it's not on Sunday, I'll be able to go.
Jack:
Great' If it doesn't rain, 1t will be on Saturday
73
11
-
L He's going to take his umbrella in case it rains. 2. You can't use your bank card unless you have a
afternoon. If the weather is bad then it will be on
password.
Sunday. But the forecast is for good weather all weekend' It starts at 1:00 pm.
3. You can borrow my car as long as you fill up the tank.
Linda: Where is it? If it's at Patty's house, I won't go. You
4. She can watch TV provided that she finishes her
know I can't stand her!
Jack:
homework first.
I don't understand you! Don't you think that if
5. I wish he were here to talk to me but he is at work
Patty invites you, it mea1s that she wants to be
now.
your friend again? She's really sorry for what she
6. If only she had spoken to him first, but she didn't.
did. I think that you should forgive her.
7. Unless you come to see me this weekend, I'll go to
Linda: Well, if she says sorry, I'll forgive her. Jack:
the theater.
... and if you call her, she'll apologize' Go on' Call
8. I will make more sandwiches in case more people arrive.
her! She'll invite you herself if you do'
9. As long as you follow the instructions you'll be alrig1t.
Linda: OK! I'll ca.I her. But if she doesn't apologize, I won't go to the barbecue! I'll call you in a few minutes, ok?
Jack:
Ok! If she isn't at home, call her on her cell phone. I'll speak to you in a few minutes. Bye!
Linda: Bye!
72
11 111
-
10. If I were you, I would take the doctor's advice.
Ill 11D
4
6
3
1
5
1. The secretary will type the letter if she isn't ill. 3. Unless you are too tired, I'll see you tonight.
Second and Third Conditionals (Pags. 164 e 165)
4. If it doesn't rain, we will go out this evening. 3
s
2
4
i
5. Unless you have too much work to do, we could go away for the weekend.
L If they invited me, I would go with them.
l1!J
Larry: Hi, Jenny. It's Larry here' Paul and I are thinkirg of going to the mountains this weekend. Do you
3. If they bought that car, they would use all their
want to come with us?
savings.
Jenny: Hi, Larry! Yeah. I'd love to, but I wish you'd called
4. She would have hurt herself if she had climbed that
me yesterday. I've already promised my sister I'd
tree.
help her study this weekend.
5. He would have punished her if she had disobeyed
Larry: Well, can't your mom help her?
him.
Jenny: That's a good idea! I'll talk to Mom. I can go then, Jose:
If I won the lottery, I would I I'd stop working.
unless she refuses' It might be a good idea to invite
Tania: If I won the lottery, I would I I'd have a handsome
someone else, though, just in case I can't go.
personal trainer.
Jose:
Larry: I have spoken to Cathy already, but she and Paul
Well, I would I I'd spend some time in Europe.
have had an argument - she'll go as long as he
Tiinia: I would I I'd buy a yacht and travel around the
doesn't go'
world with my personal trainer.
Jose:
Jenny: Oh, I see' And what about Helen? I know she'd
If my children wanted to go, I would I I'd send
love to go, unless she's visiting her parents this
them to study abroad.
weekend.
Tiinia: If I had children and were I was rich, I would I I'd
Larry: But give me her phone number anyway, in case I
force them to study abroad.
Jose:
don't have it at home.
If I were one of your children, I would I I'd pray
Jenny: Ok, I'll find out if mom can help my sister and
for you not to win the lottery.
l1!J
2
2. Don't go into the pool if you can't swim.
2. If he hadn't talked to me, I would have cried.
11D
Special Conditional Structures (Pags. 166 e 167)
call you back, ok?
Larry: Sure. Thanks. Bye'
1. If I hadn't always been late, she might have been more patient.
2. If I hadn't told so many lies, she would have trusted me this time.
3. She wouldn't have got jealous if I hadn't talked to my ex-girlfriend.
4. If I had paid more attention to her, she might not have left.
Progress Check 6 (Pags. 168 e 169)
a
STEM CELLS. What are stem cells? Stem cells are the master cells of the human body that have the potential to develop i1to almost any type of cell. They can be obtained in laboratories and, in theory, can change into nerve tissue, blood, heart muscle and
even brain cells. Researchers have demonstrated, for
1. Stay calm. Imagine your audience in underwear!
example, that bone marrow cells can become liver cells.
2. Don't be embarrassed! You don't have to be a great
Cells can be put into our bodies to repair the damage
singer -karaoke is for fun -the more you sing, the
caused by illnesses like heart disease, Parkinson's and
better you get!
Alzheimer's disease, and many others.
3. Know your limits. If you could sing like Celine Dion,
n I the future, stem cells are going to grow into complete
you probably would be Celine Diani fI you don't have
organs like the kidneys, the liver etc.
a great voice, stay away from songs that require a
The Ethical Issue. True stem cells come from human
great voice.
embryos, but they can also be found in adult tissue. The
4. If you feel intimidated at first, ask one of the other
problem begins when the scientists remove the cells
singers to join you on stage.
from the embryos. When they do this, they destroy the
74
embryo. Pro-life groups argue that this is immoral because when an embryo is destroyed a life is destroyed.
-
0
importance of stem cell research. They say it will help
3. The boys had gone to school, hadn't they?
millions of people.
4. They weren't hungry, were they?
la 11 b
2c
3b
4b
5a
6c
7c
Ba
9b
5. The girls can talk to you, can't they?
10a
6. That isn't your mother over there, is it?
12a
7. You've been to Fortaleza, haven't you?
EFFECTIVE READING. Basically there are two types of
8. Michael went to college last week, didn't he?
readers; those that must have informationand those
9. Ciera will be at your party, won't she?
that read for pleasure. What type should you be to be a
10. Cancun isn't in Florida, is it7
successful reader? Well, you should be both types! There are times when you can relax and enjoy your reading while at other
IJI
times you must skim through a lot of material in order to
3. I was late, wasn't I? 4. We had a good time, didn't we?
To become a good reader, you should develop reading
5. You don't travel a lot, do you?
strategies. Reading is made up of many kinds of details.
6. I am very lazy, aren't I?
You ought to find your own way of reading: one that
7. They play the piano,don't they?
works best for you. Before read 1ng a text for the first time, it might be a good idea to ask yourself a general question about the text. You might look at the title or related pictures to
1. The girl couldn't help you, could she7 2. Rita and Laura won't have to leave, will they?
perform your task.
8. Your mother can't drive, can she?
llD
1. It might rain, mightn't it7
give you an idea about the kind of question you can
2. You could have arrived earlier, couldn't you?
ask yourself. Then you read the text to check your
3. He hates spinach, doesn't he?
predictions. This helps you get the general idea (or gist)
4. Stop talking,will you?
of the text.
II
1. They are going to work, aren't they? 2. Bob arrived late, didn't he?
Scientists and researchers,however, emphasize the
fJ
Tag Questions (Pags. 170 e 171)
KARAOKE. fI you're happy,you'll sing! tI 's a way of expressing our feelings relaxing and forgetting our
5. It would be difficult to refuse the invitation, wouldn't it? 6. You have brought some chairs to sit on, haven't you? 7. You will be happy to get that o j b, won't you?
problems. That's why so many of us get addicted to
8. They should have helped me, shouldn't they?
karaoke!
9. There were a lot of people at the party,weren'tthere?
Karaoke started over 30years ago in the Japanese city of Kobe. tI became a traditional way for businessmen to relax. fI they were tense,they would go to a karaoke bar and sing to reduce their stress levels!!! fI you would like to get up and sing, but are too nervous, you'll be glad to know that everyone can sing. tI 's just a matter of picking the right songs for your voice,a little practice, and you'll soon have the courage to be on stage. David Holmes,from MTV,has a karaoke show and gives
10. They seldom arrive late, do they? 11. The wind is very strong, isn't it7 12. Let's have a party, shall we? 13. You're coming to the party,aren't you? 14. He never goes to the beach, does he? 15. He must play tennis very well, r:iustn't he? 16. There aren't any students here,are there? 17. They will lose the game, won't they?
this advice topeople who want to be goodat karaoke
1 8. He is a nice guy, isn't he?
sessions:
19. Close the window, will you?
20. The weather was great, wasn't it?
Marco: Well, no, not personally, but I have I get it vacuumed three times a week.
21. It is nearly 10 o'clock, isn't it?
Paula: Leak at your kitchen! Do you wash the dishes?
75
Passive Voice (Pags.172 e 173)
-
Marco: No, I have I get them washed three times a week. Paula: How about your clothes? Do you do the laundry?
a
1. The robber was arrested.
Marco: Oh, no. I have I get it done once a week.
2. The students were told to be quiet.
Paula: Your bathroom is so clean. Do you clean it often? Marco: Well, I have I get it cleaned three times a week.
3. Celia was offered a good job. Or: A good job was
Paula: So, what things do you do at home?
offered to Celia.
Marco: Hmm, let me see! Oh, I know. I pay the maid.
4. Jorge was promised a good salary. Or: A good salary was promised to Jorge.
5. The office block was built in less than a year. 6. Taxes have been increased again.
77
-
a
1. She said that the girls were in the library. 2. Sara said that the boys were playing soccer.
7. I was offered some water. 8. The new Tom Cruise film is being shown.
3. Mom said that she had read a good book the day before.
9. The letters were sent yesterday.
4. He said the girls had been there an hour before. 5. The doctor said my father smoked too much.
10. It was made in China.
111 L
My car will be fixed by Mario.
111 i.
3. They said they were going to buy some flowers for
3. We have been stopped by a policeman.
their mom.
4. That factory is being built by the Sky Company.
4. I said I had already paid that check.
5. The window was broken by the kids next door.
5. She will say (that) it's not going to work when you tell
6. Fresh fruit and vegetables are sold by that man.
her about your plans.
7. The tests had already been corrected by the teacher.
6. He said he could meet me later.
8. The book was written by Paulo Coelho.
7. They I My parents said my sister had played very well
9. Jackie will be met at the airport by her parents.
in the volleyball game.
10. I'm taken to school every day by our neighbor.
8. She said (that) there was going to be a thunderstorm later.
1. Fire was destroying the forest. 2. Nurses look after patients.
He says he will study with his friend Lucy at his house.
2. They said they wouldn't come back early.
2. 0 "Abaporu" was painted by Tarsila do Amaral.
llD
Indirect Speech I (Pags. 176 e 111)
llD
1. Joe said (that) he hadn't finished his work.
3. The man didn't know the answer.
2. Helen says (that) she has seen him.
4. Roberta will take Alex to the airport.
3. The teacher said (that) she I he would be working the next day.
5. When did man first visit the Moon?
4. William will say (that) they I we have to give up now.
76
-
a
Have (something) Done (Pags. 174 e 175)
1A
1113 llD
2 B 5
2
3A 1
4 B
5 B
6. Fabio and Luciano said (that) they hadn't bought
6 A.
their books yet.
4
7. Monica said (that) she was not going to call him. 8. Marta says (that) Pedro is always late for work.
1. I've had my hair done. 2. We are going to have I get our house built. 3. He can have dinner prepared (by the cook). 4. They must have I get their clothes washed. 5. They are having I getting their house painted. 6. You have always had the texts revised twice. 7. Gino's going to have I get his car serviced. 8. He would have I get his hair cut if it were necessary. 9. We'll have I get our computer fixed. 10. You should get I have your poems published someday.
ll!J
5. Eli said (that) Cida speaks English well.
Paula: Wow1 Your apartment is so tidy! Do you vacuum it often?
78
a
-
Indirect Speech II (Pags. 11s e 179)
1. I told the porter (that) I was Mr. Spencer. 2. He told Jane (that) he was always there on Fridays. 3. I told the boy to leave the room. 4. He saic (that) nobody could paint a picture as well as me.
5. She said (that) I should leave the country at once. 6. I said (that) I must go the library before it closed. 7. She said (that) I ought to visit my grandmother the next day.
8. They told Rafael to stay there.
111
IJll
L They ordered Andrew to keep quiet.
IJll
2. She told us not to run away.
2. You should do nothing except to wait. wait
3. He told Alex to come in.
3. I'd rather to be on the beach now. be
4. She told Sarah not to open the door.
4. The teacher promised read my poems. to read
5. He ordered them not to step on the grass.
5. You'd better to hurry up because our train leaves in 15 minutes. hurry up
1. They asked me if I played the piano.
6. The policeman asked see her dr ver's license. to see
2. I asked him how he had gone to school that day. 3. I asked when Jack would be back. 4. She asked where I had gone.
7. I've decided fJQ to Porto Alegre in my vacation. to go
G!J
5. They asked me if the girls were there. 6. Grandma asked me what the matter was. 8. I asked what time it was. Carlos:
Morning, Dad! Good morning, Miro. Why are you up so ecrly?
Miro:
I woke up early to have breakfast with you, Dad.
Dad:
Yes, I did, and you? Is anything wrong?
Miro:
No, Dad, nothing1 I only wanted to talk to you.
Dad:
You are making me feel nervous. You'd better tell
Miro:
Well, as you always say: It's better to face the truth.
Dad:
What happened to the car?
Miro:
Well, to be ho1est, I'd rather not tell you, here it
It's... the car.
Hi, Rogerio. Martha said you wanted to talk to me. What's up?
me right away!
Rogerio: Yes. Could you give me a ride to the party next Saturday?
Carlos:
Miro: Dad:
Did you sleep well?
7. I asked if they were coming today.
G!J
1. They invited us join them. to join
OK, but why don't you take your father's car?
Rogerio: Well, it's a long story, but last Sunday I was
goesl I was trying to swerve around a hole when
coming back from a nightclub around 3 am
a bus hit me. But you don't need to worry, Dad I
when a policeman stopped me. He told me to
I'm okay1
get out of the car and asked me to show my
Dad:
driving license. Then he wanted to know if I
of it.
had been drinking. When I tried to answer, he told me not to interrupt him and ordered me to do a breathalyzer test. Fortunately I
Miro:
It's outside. I'm taking it to be repaired right now.
Dad:
Oh, so you got up early to give me the news and not to have breakfast with mel
wasn't drunk but he gave me a speeding ticket anyway. Well, after all this, my father ordered me 1ot to use his car for 3 months.
Carlos
79
0
-
OK, I'll give you a ride but I'm going to drive.
80
0
-
Gerund (Pags. 182 e 183)
1. The man admitted stealing the jewelry. 2. She is very fond of swimming.
Infinitive (Pags. 180 e 181)
3. They would appreciate hearing from you.
1. Let's dance, shall we?
4. I avoided talking to him after our quarrel.
2. I can't afford to buy a new car.
5. Painting is a terrific pastime.
3. I refuse to do the dishes again.
6. She has considered continuing her course.
4. He made her cry.
7. I really enjoy meeting people.
5. We found it hard to study all day.
8. Working hard is something we all have to do.
6. She's too shy to sing in front of such a big audience.
9. I'm interested in learning another foreign language.
7. Remind me to pay the electricity bill, will you? 8. I must have something to eat now. I'm starving. 9. I could work in the evenings if you want me to. 10. Can you let me leave class early, please?
111
A bus? Where's the car7 Let's go to see what's left
L Please, let me study here.
10. We both stopped smoking about 3 years ago.
111
1. Drinking in excess can be dangerous. ./ 2. She couldn't stand look at those bright lights. looking 3. Would you mind read the composition again? reading 4. They left without waiting for her. ./
2. I cannot agree to do that.
5. They stopped to talk loudly at 11 pm. talking
3. We could do nothing but keep quiet.
6. She remembered talking to me at the party. ./
4. They told me to sit down.
7. She tried to solve your problem but she couldn't. ./
5. I made him answer the letter.
8. They didn't remember locking the door and the
6. He didn't know how to behave in front of a lady. 7. You'd better answer the telephone. It might be important.
house was robbed. to lock
9. I couldn't help to laugh when he arrived in those clothes. laughing
10. To swim is my favorite sport. Swimming
2. Do you know how long the bus journey to Rio takes?
11. Would you like to come to ski? skiing
3. Can you tell me what time dinner is served?
12. It's worth seeing that movie. ./
4. Do you know where I can find a drugstore?
13. There's no point to talk to him. talking
5. Can you tell me how I can get to the library?
14. He's bored with to live here. living
IIIJ
My wife, Wanda, was a very happy home maker. But when our son was 3 years old, she wanted to get a job. She decided to look for a part-time job so she could still spend afternoons with our son. But when she couldn't
82
-
a
4
3
s
1
s
1. Somebody forgot her purse in the ladies room . ./
home. She started working I to work as a proofreader
3. Somebody parked their car in my parking space. ./
fo- a magazine. Now Wanda enjoys staying at home.
4. Each table have four chairs. has
5. Every guest have his entrance card. has
having time to go to the gym and study English. But,
6. The taxi drivers were waiting for their passengers. ./
unfortunately for me, singing in the shower is still her
7. The engineers presented themselves to the clients. ./
favorite hobby.
-
8. Both students were cheating on the test. ,/
Indirect Questions (Pags. 184 e 185)
9. Every student do a test before graduating. does 10. Somebody cut herself with the knife. themselves
1. Do you know whose car this is?
11. Both my children has green eyes. have
2. Can you tell me when they left?
3. Do you know how much it costs? 4. Can you tell me if the flight from Houston is late?
12. Everybody looks after himself these days. themselves
IIIJ
The teacher had asked each student to write a card to his I her I their mother. Their cards were not very good
5. Could you tell me if there is a taxi rank near here?
so she told the students to correct them by themselves.
6. Do you know what time it is?
They did and gave them back to the teacher. But some
7. Can you tell me where we can park the car?
of them still needed improvement, so the teacher
8. Do you know how you're geting to the party?
decided to correct them herself. After correcting all
9. Do you know what she bought?
the cards, she gave them back to the students. Each
10. Can you tell me if this is the best way to Salvador?
III
i
2. The policeman said both drivers was wrong. were
She likes to take I taking care of our son and also
0
2
III
find a regular job, she started to think about working at
81
Agreement (Pags. 186 e 187)
student was supposed tc tell the class his I her I their mother's reaction to the card. Carlos was the first
1. How far is it to Miami?./
student to report his mother's reaction. He said his
2. Do you know how old the children are?./
mother liked the card very much but she did not believe
3. Do you know who was Glenn talking to? Glenn was
he had written it himself. The teacher was very upset
4. Can you tell me where can I buy red roses? I can
because she had improved Carlos's card too much.
5. Do you know what kind of book she likes?./ 6. Can you tell me if is there a message for me? there is
83
7. Do you know where is the post office? the pest office is
0
8. Can you tell me when does the class encfl the class
6. Let's throw the old magazines away.
every week?
7. Let's call the manager up!
3. Do you know I Can you tell me what time she wakes
8. Turn the TV on. The film starts in a minute.
up every day?
9. I'll pick my friends up at 8:00pm.
4. Do you know I Can you tell me where I can go in the
10. I want to give my job up. I hate it!
evening?
1. Do you know if Mr. Holden has already checked into the hotel?
1. Could y::iu turn the radio down?
5. We had to put off the meeting.
2. Do you know I Can you tell me why he flies to London
G!J
189)
4. I looked the word up in the dictionary.
yesterday?
Greece?
e
3. Can you fill the form in?
1. Do you know i Can you tell me where Jack went
5. Do you know I Can you tell me how long they spent in
Phrasal Verbs (Pags. 188
2. Take your shoes off and sit down.
ends
IIIJ
-
III
1. Why don't we go out this evening? 2. I usually get up at 6:00 am on weekdays.
3. Come in and take a seat. 4. Hurry up! We're late.
5. My mother always wakes me up at 6:00 am.
are responsible for the appearance of characters in the
6. Sit down and I will tell you what happened.
organism.
7. Look out! The traffic lights are red.
When fertilization occurs, the genes carried by the male are combined with those carried by the female. The new
8. I picked Lucia up from work and we went to the movies.
plant inherits half of its genes from each parent.
9. Clean your mess up, kids! Then we can go out. 10. I need to lie down. I'm not feeling well.
fJ
11. The kids still haven't showed up. I'm worried.
experience some highs and lows during your time
12. I can't go out tonight. I have to look after my little
abroad. During these times of difficulty, remind yourself
brother.
that these cultural differences are the reason we all love
13. Sorry, we're late. Our car broke down.
to travel, to experience the unknown!
14. You must give up smoking. It's so bad for you.
1I11
STAGES OF CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT There are generally three stages that most people go through.
1. I can't put up with him any longer.
Honeymoon - You will probably experience an initial
2. I ran into my teacher in town yesterday.
period of being excited and happy about the new things
3. My parents don't get along with my boyfriend.
around you. You will constantly be reminded that you
4. We have run out of milk.
are in a new culture and are far away from home.
5. I am looking forward to meeting you.
G!J
Shock - As you get used to the routine of daily life, the initial sense of adventure will wear off. During this
I usually wake up at 6:00 am on weekdays. If I don't get
phase, you may start to miss your friends and families.
up straight away, my mom comes into my room and tells
You may find it hard to remain positive and you might
me to hurry up. A workmate of mine usually picks me
be tempted to avoid being with others. You may even
up at 7:00 ari and we arrive at work at about 8:00 am.
become hostile to your new environ-nent. Remember
If we are late, we have to make up an excuse because
that this phase doesn't last long.
our boss is very strict. In fact, he is quite difficult to
Adjustment - The second phase will soon give way to
get along with. My job is boring. I only put up with it
the third phase - your true adjustment to the foreign
because I need the money but I would really like to
culture. Once the local values and customs are more
give it up.
familiar to you, life will become easier and you will really begin to experience the other culture.
Progress Check 7 (Pags. 190 e 191)
0
GENETICS. A. Many attempts have been made throughout history to explain the similarity between parents and children. It was thought, for instance, that the substances
CULTURE SHOCK! Adjusting to a new culture and way of life is both exciting and challenging - you will
Linking Words (Pags. 194 e 195)
D
1. Although she was angry, she talked calmly. 2. She didn't have breakfast because she woke up late.
responsible for heredity came from the blood path of
3. Des::iite being happy, she didn't smile.
both parents and were mixed together in the child. This
4. They did a good job so they were promoted.
idea can be found in expressions like "royal blood" or
5. In spite of having money, she did not buy a lot of clothes.
"bloodline". Another theory suggested the existence
6. She looked tired and worried. I still thought she was
of a miniature copy of the father in reproductive cells. But we know, today, that heredity is carried by the genes, which are chromosome sectors transmitted from parents to children.
beautiful though.
7. Since he didn't talk to her, she left the party. 8. There was no food at home, so we had dinner out. 9. Even though she was 2 hours late, he carried on waiting for her.
B.The basic laws of heredity are studied by genetics. These laws were stated by an Augustinian monk who was called Gregor Jonathan Mendel (1822-1884) in a monastary in the city of Brunn, Austria (now Czech territory). Peas were used in his experiments because they could easily be observed. He cross-pollinated round peas
10. Despite drinking a lot, he drove home.
1111.
She went to bed when her mother asked her to.
2. By the time you ar'ive at the station, the train will have left.
3. Cristina will send the message as soon as you require.
with wrinkled ones. As a result, two thirds of the peas
4. When the thief heard our voices, he ran away.
had pods containg both round and wrinkled peas. In
5. Rosa won't say anything until you have proved you
Mendel's experiment, it was demonstrated that both male and female elements contain some factors that
can be trusted.
6. Your girlfriend called as soon as you had left.
7. The students can't enter the classroom until the teacher arrives.
8. By the time you had finished the report, the boss had
2 - Reflexive Structures (Pag. 211 >
D
bl I make myself breakfast every day.
canceled the meeting.
l]D
cl They have loved each other since they met.
1. She speaks both Chinese QI Japanese. and
dl The children made the robot themselves.
2. ( ./)
el Let's give ourselves a 30 minute break.
3. Either Susana and Sergio will come to the party. both
fl The teacher always repeats himself in class.
4. ( ./ l
gl Enjoy yourself at the party.
5. Not only Maria, and also Julia are my friends. but
m
hl We always help each other with our homework.
1. She writes very well, her final com position was not very good, though.
2. Despite having a lot to do, she left work earlier.
il He cut himself with a knife.
fJ
bl Our teacher likes us to tidy the classroom ourselves.
the movies.
cl She spends a lot of time looking at herself in the mirror.
4. In spite of I Despite being thin, she went on a diet.
dl They don't talk to each other anymore.
Elisa,
el I intend to enjoy myself during my vacations.
Sorry for not writing before but I have been really busy with my studies. I am happy, though. Despite I In spite of having good English, I'm having problems with my academic writing. It takes me a long time to
3 - Indefinite Articles (Pag. 212l
D
now I'm actually a journalist. It's a very interesting
talked to some of my classmates about this to see if
job and I meet a lot of talented people. When I go to
they could help me. They were nice and listened to me,
0 work, I usually take a pen and a notepad, together
although I though they didn't offer any suggestions.
with a mobile phone and a camera. Today I have an
Since I couldn't count on them, I decided to talk to
interview with an Australian who is an artist and has
my professors. I tried to talk to my English Literature
just painted an enormous picture of 0 Sugar Loaf in 0
professor because I thought she was the friendliest. She
Rio de Janeiro. I'm going to take an airplane and meet
suggested that I pay a professional proofreader to revise
him in a restaurant near the airport. My job takes me to
my papers. I didr't know how to find a good proofreader,
0 lots of cities all over 0 Brazil. When I travel, I phone
so one of my classmates suggested putting a notice on
home twice a day and sometimes I send a postcard to
the students' board. After two days, I received a call
my family. They often complain about my 0 job because
from a proofreader that wanted the job. Now, with his
I have to travel a lot. Sometimes, I only spend 3 or
help I'm improving my academic writing - and it's really
4 days a month at home. But they know I love 0 what
working!
I do, so they understand.
to go to bed now because I since I have classes early tomorrow. Bye for now.
4 - Nouns (Pag. 2n)
D
Ever since Simon and Jennifer's babies were born, their lives haven't been the same. People gave them lots of
ENGLISH - PORTUGUESE (Pags. 210 a 224)
advice; like buying a bigger house and moving to the
1 - Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns (Pag. 21ol
outskirts of the city. However, the house cost more than the apartment they had in town and they had to spend
al Her bicycle is at home. Where is yours?
all their savings. Now both their children are starting
bl Their books are open.
school, which will mean they have to spend a lot more
cl His house is very old. How old is yours?
on equipment like computers.
dl This car is theirs and that one is mine.
fJ
When I was a child, I wanted to be an astronaut, but
write my essays because of the language required. I
Elisa, I'd love to be able to write more, but I really need
D
al They love each other and are going to get married at the end of the year.
3. Because she had to work late, Monica didn't go to
II Hi,
al He doesn't like her.
al (Their.) Os livros dos alunos... Seus livros I Os livros deles. bl (Their.) 0 professor dos alunos ... Seu professor I 0 professor deles.
c) (His.) A casa do homem... Sua casa I A casa dele. dl (Her.) 0 carro da mulher... Seu carro I 0 carro dela.
fJ
a) Preciso de um conselho. bl As notfcias estao ruins hoje. cl Estamos fazendo uma pesquisa sabre obesidade. d) Precisamos comprar equipamentos novas para a fabrica.
e) Esta(s) tesoura(as) esta(ao) I e (sao) muito afiada(s).
5
-
D
Adverbs {Pag. 214)
f) There were lots of people at the party yesterday.
g) There wasn't enough time to go to the zoo during our
Mariana was really bored by football, but her boyfriend
visit.
watched it frequently on TV so she had to sit patiently
h) There weren't enough police in the streets to prevent
with him. After watching so many games, she now
the riot.
knows the rules well.
fJ
a) The president reacted angrily to the newspaper report.
fJ
al John: Is there a supermarket in your street? Alex:
b) I'm terribly sorry. It won't happen again. c) The newlyweds lived happily ever after.
John: This neighborhood has good facilities. bl Amy: Were there any good movies on TV last night?
d) The students were protesting loudly.
II
Alex:
al I worked hard last week. b) I've been eating too much lately. d) We hardly ever go to the movies these days.
II 6
-
D
Channel 9.
9
-
D
dl The candidate studied quite hard.
bl I'm getting used to the noise. d) I'm finally used to the strange food. I Finally I got used to the strange food.
bl When he was a child, books didn't interest him much.
el I'm getting used to the crowds.
cl They made too many mistakes. They will have to do
f) I am not used to the subway.
fJ
e) We have spent too much time trying to 'ind a solution.
c) Eu morava em Brasilia. dl Estou acostumado a jantar as 21 h
g) I like her very much. hl This movie is very exciting.
10
a) There are too many people in this roorr.
D
b) This song is really good.
el My brother and I weren't enjoying the karate classes
Adjective Structures {Pag. 21&)
so we didn't practice.
a) Those men are rich.
f) She isn't returning my calls because she doesn't want
gl You haven't visited your grandmother for weeks!
d) ( ,/)
hl Did you remember to post the letter? It hasn't arrived yet.
a) a boring black and white movie.
i) You had studied before doing the test, hadn't you?
b) big American sports cars.
D
to talk to me.
cl ( ./ l
c) heavy old science books. -
al I don't have a cell phone, but my brother does.
dl Why aren't we boarding the plane? Is it late?
b) He is taller than I am.
8
Auxiliary Verbs {Pag. 219l
c) Have you ever been to Sao Paulo?
d) I like football very much.
fJ
-
b) Were you studying here last year? No, I wasn't.
c) It's very hot today.
D
al Geralmente, levanto-me as sete. b) Estou me acostumando a morar em Sao Paulo.
f) I am going to go to bed now. I am very tired.
-
al I'm not used to the pollution.
a) Jean didn"t enjoy studying very much.
the test again.
7
Used to and Get I Be Used To {Pag. 21el
cl I'll never get used to the traffic.
Very, Too, Much, Many {Pag. 21s)
d) It is raining very heavily.
fJ
No, there weren't.
John: But there was a great football match on
c) He doesn't feel very well. e) They always arrive late.
No, but there are two grocery stores and a drugstore.
There + to be I to have {Pag. 211) a) There are 3 bedrooms in my house. b) There is a lot of pollution in the city.
fJ
My sister is going to the beach this weekend, but I don't want to go because my friends are planning a big party and I've been invited. We've passed our exams and are intending to celebrate. Unfortunately, my friend Paul didn't pass but he's coming to the party anyway. We've bought lots of food and drink and Tony has invited some friends of his who have a rock band. They're going to
c) There isn't any water in the desert.
play all our favorite songs and we are planning to dance
d) There aren't many hotels in my city.
all night. We've worked hard all year so we deserve
el There was an accident last night.
some fun.
11
0
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cl I have never read the Harry Potter books.
Modal Verbs (Pag. 220)
d) You studied a lot last week.
a) Can she speak Japanese?
e) Have you seen that new film at the movies?
b) He can't ride a bicycle.
fl I've already seen that movie.
c) .I'
g) What did you do last night?
d) .I'
h) I have been to the Northeast on vacation.
e) May I use the telephone? fl She should study more. g) Shall I wait :or you after class?
fJ
h) Shouldn't he wear a jacket? 12
0
-
Ja fui a Salvador duas vezes. Gosto de la. Marcos foi a Buenos Aires ha Ires semanas e visitou sua irma em
Future (Pag. 221)
Nova York algumas semanas atras. Nunca estive em nenhum desses lugares. Tambem cu1dei do gato dele
a) We're going to eat out this evening.
b) I am going to study on the weekend.
na ocasiao. Nunca gostei de gatos. Mas, para que
c) .I'
servem os amigos?
d) .I' el We're traveling next week. I) I don't think it will rain this afternoon.
g) .I' h) I think the World Cup final will be Iis going to be between Argentina and Brazil.
fJ
14
fJ
3
El
a) If I go to Rio, I will visit you.
fl i) E o aniversario da mamae na semana que vem.
15
0
1
5A
4
-
Causative (Pag. 224)
a) She had her nails do1e.
bl Susana is having her hair cut. c) Daniel got his motorbike fixed.
ii) Poxa! Esqueci totalmente' Ja sei. Vou mandar
d) I am going to have air conditioning put in my new
flores para ela!
apartment.
e) They got carpet laid in their bedroom.
Present Perfect and Simple Past (Pag. 222)
f) She is going to have a dress made for the wedding.
a) My team has won two soccer games this season.
bl My team won four games last year.
2
4C
d) If I had I'd known, I would I'd have called you.
g) i) E o aniversario da mamae na semana que vem.
a
5
3B
b) If I traveled to the U.S., I would go to California.
ii) Nao esqueci. Vou mandar flores para ela.
-
20
c) I wouldn't do that if I were you.
b) 0 telefone esta tocando. Vou atende-lo.
d) Vai chover no sul do Brasil amanha.
Conditional Sentences (Pag. 223)
1A
a) Vou a praia no fim de semana.
e) Partiremos na semana que vem.
-
U
c) 0 que voce vai fazer quanoo sair da escola?
13
Meu viz1nho Marcos viaja muito. Esta semana ele esta em Salvador. Eu estou cuidando do gato dele de novo!
fJ
1 b
2f
3a
4c
5e
6 d
although I though 192 always 56, 196
A a I an 22
anomalous verbs (see modal verbs) any 78
ability be able to 154
anybody, anyone 80
can 152, 154
anywhere 80
could 152, 154
a piece of 30 as
about adjective+ about 198
as long as 166
verb+ about 199, 200
comparison (as ... as) 114
above 142
Linking Words 192
across
ask
preposition of movement 144
ask about 199
run across 201
indirect speech 178
aren't I? 170 at 140
active I passive 172 adjectives 96-101
adjective+ at 198
adjectives ending in ing I ed 98
at the top 140
comparative I superlative 114-119
verb+ at 200
compound adjectives (well-dressed...) 98
auxiliary verbs
English - Portuguese 216 gender I plural 96
English - Portuguese 219
order I position 100
past perfect 128
possessive adjectives 14
present perfect 120 -125 simple past 64
superlative 114, 116
simple present 60
adverbs 106-111 Basic Adverbs 196-197 comparative I superlative 118 English - Portuguese 214 form 106 frequency, probability, degree, intensity 110 manner, place, time 108
advice had better 180 must 154 should, ought to 158 uncountable noun 30 a few I few I fewer 76
after Linking Words 192 past perfect 128
ago 64, 120 agreement 186 all all/ each 82 all of my 82 all of them 82 all of us 82
a loaf of 30 along 144 a lot of 76 already 124
away from 144 B bad comparative I superlative 116
be past 18 present 16
be able to 154 be allowed to 156 because 192 before 192 be going to 46-49, 52 and will 52 future 46 future in the past 48
behind 142 belongings - plural 28 better comparison 116, 118 had better 180
between 142 be used to 70 used to I be used to - difference 70 English - Portuguese 218
both agreement 186 both... and 84
both I either 84
did (simple past) 64-69
both of 84
didn't you? 170
Linking Words 192
direct speech
but 192
direct to indirect speech 176-179
by
questions, requests, commands 178 by+ myself. herself, etc. 90
say I tell 178
by the time 192
do I does (simple present) 60
by I until 150
don't you? 170
future perfect 136
down
passive voice 172
phrasal verbs 188, 201
preposition for travel 146
prepositions of movement 144
preposition of time 150
dream about 199 during
c
during I for 150
can 152 capacity, ability, possibility 154
E
deduction 154
each
direct I indirect speech 176
agreement 186
permission 154
each I all 82
can't 154
each of them 82
care about 199
each of us 82
comparison 114-119
early 106
adjectives 114, 117
Basic Adverbs 196
adverbs 118-119
earlier 118
either
conditionals 160-166
either I both 84
as long as, I wish, if only 166
either ... or 84, 192
English - Portuguese 223 second and third conditionals 164
electricity 30
unless, in case, provided 166
embedded questions (see indirect questions) 184
zero I first conditionals 162
enough adverb 110, 196
continuous tenses
even
future continuous 74
even if 192
past continuous 42-45
even though 192
past continuous I simple past 44 past perfect continuous 128
ever
present continuous 38-41
ever I never 122
present continuous (future use) 38
present perfect 122
present continuous I simple present 59
every 82
present perfect continuous 126
agreement 186
could 154
every day 56
ability, capacity, possibility 154
everyone, everybody, everything 82
deduction 154
everywhere 82
direct I indirect speech 176
countable I uncountable nouns 30
D
F far comparative I superlative 116, 118
defining I non-defining relative clauses 134 definite article the 92-95 the or an 92-93
far from 142 farther I the farthest 116 further I the furthest 116
fast 106, 196 few I a few I fewer 76
demonstratives 24
fill in 201
despite 193
find out 201
first
hard 106, have
the first+ infinitive 180
food 30 for
196
English - Portuguese 217 have (negative I interrogative) 72
adjective+ for 198
have got (see: have)
for I during 150
have I has (present perfect) 120-125
for I since 122
have lunch, have a shower, etc. 72
present perfect 122
have to (modal) 154
have I get something done 174
verb+ for 199
frequently 56 from
English - Portuguese 224
hear hear+ preposition 199
far from 142
her 12 here 196 hers 14 herself 88,
from ... to 144 verb+ from 200
future English - Portuguese 221
90
him 12
future continuous 74
himself 88,
future perfect 136
90
his 14
going to (future) 46
how
present continuous (future) 38
how (indirect questions) 184
simple future 50
how (old, many, much, etc.) 104
(i
however 192 get English - Portuguese 224 get along with 188
I if conditionals 160-166
get/ have something done 174
English - Portuguese 223
get into 146
if+ past participle 164
get off I out of I on 146, 199
if+ simple past 164
get through 201
if+ simple present 162
get up 188, 201
if only I I wish 166
get used to (see be used to)
indirect questions 184
gerund ing (spelling rules) 40 stop+ ing 182 stop+ to 182 verbs followed by to or ing 182 verbs followed only by ing 182
give up 201 glasses (plural) 28 grammar patterns after adjectives 198 after verbs 199, 200
going to future 46 future in the past 48
go out 189 grow up 201 H
indirect speech 178
imperative affirmative I negative 54
in adjectives+ in 198 in front of 142 phrasal verbs 188, 201 preposition of place 140 preposition of time 148
in case 166 indefinite article a I an 22 English - Portuguese 212 the or a I an 92
indirect questions 184 indirect speech 176-179
had
direct to indirect speech 176 had better 180
questions, requests, commands 178
had (past perfect) 128
say I tell 178
infinitive
may (help) 156
had better, would better 180
may I might (possibility) 156
verb+object+infinitive 180
me 12
with to 180
mine 14
without to 180
modal verbs 152-159
ing (see gerund)
advice, deduction 158
inside 142
can Icould 152, 154
into
deduction 154, 156 preposition for travel 146
English - Portuguese 220
preposition of movement 138
may Imight 152, 156
phrasal verbs 201
must I have to 154 obligation/ prohibition 154
irregular verbs
ought to, should 152, 158
Common Irregular Verbs 202-204
permission I offer I help 156
simple past 68
possibility I ability 154, 156
isn't he? 170
money 30
its 14
more I most 114
itself 88
much
it takes 104
English - Portuguese 215
J
Much I many 76 how much? 104
jeans (plural) 28
must
just (present perfect) 124
direct Iindirect speech 178
L
mustn't (prohibition) 154 last
obligation i deduction 154 last (past tense) 18
my 14
the last+infinitive 180
myself 88, 90
less less I least 116 quantifier 76 let's imperative 54 tag question 170 like
N near 142 neither neither 84 neither ... nor 84, 192 never adverb 110, 197
look like 200 +verb 182 linking words 192-195 little a little (quantifiers) 76 comparative Isuperlative 116 lots of I a lot of 76
M
never Iany 78, 122 present perfect 124 simple present 56 next to 142 no 78 nobody 80 none 78 nothing 80 nowhere 80
many English - Portuguese 215 how many? 104 many Imuch 76 many times 124
nor 192 not only ... but also 192 nouns countable 26, 28 countable I uncountable 30
masculine I feminine 34
English - Portuguese 213
may
gender 34
may (deduction) 156, 158
noun+ 's Is' 36
may (permission) 156
plural 26, 28
permission object pronoun 12 obligation must, have to 154 ought to, should 152, 158 of adjective+ of 198
can, could 1. . .7 154 may I? 156 personal pronouns 12 phrasal verbs 188, 201 separable 188 inseparable 188
possessive 36
plenty of 76
verb+ of 199, 200
plural nouns 26, 28
off phrasal verb 188, 201
possessive adjectives 14
preposition for travel 146
possessive 's 36
preposition of movement 144
possibility
verb+ off 199
can, could 154 may, might 156
on preposition for travel 146 preposition of place 140 preposition of time 148 verb+ on 199 onto 144 or either ... or 84 Linking Words 192 otherwise 193 ought to 152, 158 our 14
preference would rather 180 prepositions prepositions after adjectives 198 prepositions after verbs 199-200 prepositions for travel 146 prepositions of movement 144 prepositions of place 140, 142 prepositions of time 148, 150 present
ours 14
present continuous 38, 40
ourselves 88
present continuous (future use) 38
out of
present participle 38, 40
prepositions for travel 146
present perfect 120-125
prepositions of movement 144
present perfect continuous 126
outside 142
present perfect I simple past 120, 124
over 142
present habit (to be used to) 70 present simple (future use) 56
p pajamas (plural) 28 pants (plural) 28 participles past participle 120-125 pres. participle ( ing form) 38, 40 passive I active voice 172
present simple (see simple present) present simple I present continuous 59 probability (see possibility) progress checks 32, 62, 86, 112, 138, 168, 190 progressive (see continuous) prohibition mustn't, can't 153
past English - Portuguese 222 past continuous 42-45
pronouns agreement (subject I object) 186
past perfect 128
indefinite (somebody, etc.) 80
past perfect continuous 128
interrogative (question words) 104
past simple (see simple past)
object (me, you, etc.) 12
simple past 64-69
possessive (mine, yours, etc.) 14
simple past I past continuous 44
reflexive (myself, etc.) 88-91
simple past I present perfect 120, 124
relative (who, which) 130-133
people (plural) 28
subject (I, you, etc.) 12
superlative
Q
adject ves 114, 116
question tag (see tag question) question words 102-105
R
adverbs 118
T tag questions 170
rarely 78, 197
talk about 200
reflexive pronouns 88-91
tell/say 178
English - Portuguese 211
tenses future continuous 74
regular verbs 64
future perfect 136
relative
going to 46-49
defining/ non-defining clauses 134
past continuous 42-44
relative pronouns 130-133
past perfect 128
round 144
past perfect continuous 128 present continuous 38-41
s
present perfect 120-125
Say/tell 178
present perfect cont. 126
seldom 78, 197
simple future 50
shall we? 170
simple past 64-69
should I shouldn't 158 simple present 56-61 negative I interrogative 60
simple present 56-61
than 116 that
spelling rules 3rd person 58
demonstrative pronoJn 24 indirect speech 176
simple past 64-69
relative pronoun 130-133
Common Irregular Verbs 202-204
so that 193
irregular verbs 68
which I that 130
negative/ interrogative 64 regular verbs 64 spelling rules 66
who I that 130
the (definite article) 92-95 not used before ... 94
since 124, 193
not used with general ideas 94
so Linking Words 193 not so ... as 114
some 78 somebody 80
the I an 94, 95
their I theirs 14 them 12 themselves 88 then 193
sometimes 56
therefore 193
something 80
there to be
somewhere 80
English - Portuguese 217
still 193 stop verb+ infinitive to 182
there is I are I was I were 20
this I that I these I those 24 through phrasal verb 201
verb + ing 182
subject - object agreement 186 subject pronoun 12 both ... and 186 each I every 186
preposition of movement 144
till/until 150 together 197 too basic adverbs 197
he and she I his and her 186
English - Portuguese 215
someone, everybody 186
use 110
where
u
defining I non-defining clauses 134
uncountable I countable nouns 30 under 142 unless 166 until/till 150 up
indirect questions 184 question word 102 relative pronoun 132
which defining I non-defining clauses 134
phrasal verbs 188, 201
question word 102
preposition 144
us 12 used to
relative pronoun 130
while
be used+gerund I noun 70
linking words 193
English - Portuguese 218
past continuous 44
negative I interrogative 70
who(m)
used to+ infinitive 70
defining I non-defining clauses 134
usually 56
question word 102
v
relative pronoun 130
whose
verbs future tenses 46-53, 74-75
question word 102
irregular verbs 68
relative pronoun 132
modals 152-159
why
passive 172
question word 102
past tenses 42-44, 64-69
will
perfect tenses 120-129, 136
first conditional 162
present tenses 16, 38-41, 56-61
future perfect 136
regular verbs 64
simple future 50
verb + ing 182
will and going to 52
verbs+ prepositions 199-200
will you? 170
verb+to+infinitive 180
with
very English - Portuguese 215
adjective+ with 198 phrasal verb 188
w
verb+with 199
was/were 18 water 30 what
without 78 worse I worst 116 would rather 180
ndirect question 184 question word 102 relative pronoun 132
when indirect question 184 past continuous 44 question word 102
y yet 124 your 14 yours 14 yourself 88
The R i chmond
Express
Grammar of English Self-study edition with answers
The Richmond Express Grammar of English combina uma gramatica de referencia e exercfcios em um unico volume. Perfeita para o estudo individual ou como apoio para qualquer curso de ingles, apresenta 83 t6picos gramaticais essenciais para o aluno de nfvel basico ou intermediario. Com uma apresentai;:ao simplificada e objetiva, cada uma das 83 unidades da The Richmond Express Grammar of English consiste de uma exp I icai;:ao em portugues do t6pico gramatical e de uma serie de exercfcios com um nfvel crescente de dificuldade, em linguagem do dia a dia. Outras sei;oes •
Simple Diagnostic Test (com respostas) para o aluno avaliar seus conhecimentos antes de comei;:ar a uti I izar o I ivro
•
English - Portuguese. similarities and differences: 15 t6picos mais complexos para estudantes brasileiros (com exemplos e exercfcios)
•
Apendices contendo conjuni;:oes, adverbios basicos, uso de preposii;:oes depois de adjetivos e verbos, e outras estruturas gramaticais, verbos irregulares & phrasal verbs
•
Teste de avaliac;ao final incluindo todo o conteudo do livro
•
Respostas dos exercfcios no final do livro
Novidades •
Progress Checks: 7 testes de acompanhamento contextualizados
•
Richmond Grammar Practice CD-ROM: mais de 140 quest6es de gramatica, com respostas escritas e faladas por nativos de ingles
ISBN: 97&-&Sl.6060664
Richmond www.richmond.com.br
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