Eurovision Song Contest - The Complete Guide
Eurovision Song The Complete Guide Contents 1 The Eurovision Song Contest 1 1.1 Eurovision Song Contest . . . . .
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Eurovision Song The Complete Guide
Contents 1
The Eurovision Song Contest
1
1.1
Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1.1
Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.1.3
Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.1.4
Hosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1.1.5
Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
1.1.6
Expansion of the contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.1.7
Winners
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.1.8
Anniversaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.1.9
Criticism and controversy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.1.10 Spin-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.12 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.14 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.1.15 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
List of Eurovision Song Contest winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.2.1
List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
1.2.2
By country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.2.3
By language
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.2.4
Photogallery
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.2.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
1.2.6
Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Languages in the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
1.3.1
Rule changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
1.3.2
Languages and their first appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.3
Winners by language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.4
Entries in artificial (constructed) languages
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.6
Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.2
1.3
1.4
i
ii
CONTENTS
1.5
1.6
2
1.4.1
Number of songs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.4.2
No previously published music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.4.3
Voices and instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.4.4
Performers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.4.5
Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
1.4.6
Rule changes by year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
1.4.7
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
1.4.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
1.5.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
1.5.2
Voting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
1.5.3
Highest scores
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
1.5.4
Tie-breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
1.5.5
Scoring no points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
1.5.6
Regional bloc voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
1.5.7
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
1.5.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
History of the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
1.6.1
Competition history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
1.6.2
The songs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
1.6.3
Competitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
1.6.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
1.6.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
1.6.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
1956 to 1967 – The Black-and-White Years
37
2.1
Eurovision Song Contest 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.1.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.1.2
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.1.3
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.1.4
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.1.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.1.6
International broadcasts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.1.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.1.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Eurovision Song Contest 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
2.2.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
2.2.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
2.2.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.2.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.2.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.2.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.2
CONTENTS
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
iii
2.2.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.2.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Eurovision Song Contest 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.3.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.3.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.3.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.3.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.3.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.3.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.3.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.3.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Eurovision Song Contest 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.4.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.4.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.4.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.4.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.4.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.4.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.4.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.4.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Eurovision Song Contest 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.5.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.5.2
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
2.5.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
2.5.4
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
2.5.5
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
2.5.6
Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.5.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Eurovision Song Contest 1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.6.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.6.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.6.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.6.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.6.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.6.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.6.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.6.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
Eurovision Song Contest 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.7.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.7.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.7.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
iv
CONTENTS 2.7.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.7.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.7.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.7.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.7.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Eurovision Song Contest 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.8.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.8.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.8.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.8.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.8.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.8.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.8.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
2.8.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
Eurovision Song Contest 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
2.9.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.9.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.9.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.9.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.9.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.9.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
2.9.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
2.9.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
2.10 Eurovision Song Contest 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
2.8
2.9
2.10.1 Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.3 Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.6 International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
2.10.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
2.11 Eurovision Song Contest 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
2.11.1 Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
2.11.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
2.11.3 Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
2.11.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
2.11.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
2.11.6 International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
2.11.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.11.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
CONTENTS
v
2.12 Eurovision Song Contest 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.1 Location
3
59
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.12.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.12.3 Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.12.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.12.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.12.6 International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.12.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.12.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
1968 to 1974 – Changes ... in colour!
61
3.1
Eurovision Song Contest 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
3.1.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
3.1.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
3.1.3
Vote rigging allegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
3.1.4
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
3.1.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.1.6
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.1.7
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.1.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.1.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
Eurovision Song Contest 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.2.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
3.2.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
3.2.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
3.2.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.2.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.2.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.2.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.2.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Eurovision Song Contest 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.3.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.3.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.3.3
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.3.4
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.3.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.3.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Eurovision Song Contest 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
3.4.1
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
3.4.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
3.4.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.4.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.2
3.3
3.4
vi
CONTENTS
3.5
3.6
3.7
4
3.4.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.4.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.4.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.4.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
Eurovision Song Contest 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
3.5.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
3.5.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
3.5.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
3.5.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
3.5.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
3.5.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
3.5.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
3.5.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
Eurovision Song Contest 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
3.6.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
3.6.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
3.6.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
3.6.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
3.6.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
3.6.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
3.6.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
Eurovision Song Contest 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
3.7.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
3.7.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
3.7.3
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
3.7.4
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.7.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.7.6
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.7.7
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.7.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.7.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
1975 to 1987 – 8, 10, 12 points!
77
4.1
Eurovision Song Contest 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
4.1.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
4.1.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
4.1.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
4.1.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
4.1.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
4.1.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
4.1.7
Notable incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
4.1.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
CONTENTS 4.1.9 4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
vii External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
Eurovision Song Contest 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
4.2.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
4.2.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
4.2.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
4.2.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
4.2.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
4.2.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
4.2.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
Eurovision Song Contest 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
4.3.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
4.3.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
4.3.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
4.3.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
4.3.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
4.3.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
4.3.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
Eurovision Song Contest 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
4.4.1
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
4.4.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
4.4.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
4.4.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
4.4.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
4.4.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
4.4.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
Eurovision Song Contest 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
4.5.1
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
4.5.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
4.5.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
4.5.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
4.5.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
4.5.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
4.5.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
Eurovision Song Contest 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
4.6.1
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
4.6.2
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.6.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.6.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.6.5
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.6.6
Song Presenters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.6.7
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
viii
CONTENTS
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.6.8
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
4.6.9
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
4.6.10 Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
Eurovision Song Contest 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
4.7.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
4.7.2
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.7.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.7.4
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.7.5
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.7.6
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.7.7
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
4.7.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
Eurovision Song Contest 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
4.8.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
4.8.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.3
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.5
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.6
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.7
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.8
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.9
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
Eurovision Song Contest 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
4.9.1
Voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
4.9.2
Song success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
4.9.3
Nul points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
4.9.4
Interval act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.5
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.6
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.7
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.8
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.9
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.10 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.9.11 Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.9.12 National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.9.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.10 Eurovision Song Contest 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.10.1 Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.10.2 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.10.3 Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
CONTENTS
ix
4.10.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.10.5 Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.10.6 Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.10.7 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.10.8 Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.10.9 National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.10.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.11 Eurovision Song Contest 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.11.1 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.11.2 Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.11.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.11.4 Voting
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.11.5 Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.11.6 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.11.7 Spokespersons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.11.8 National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.11.9 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.11.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.12 Eurovision Song Contest 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.12.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.12.2 Debuts and withdrawals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.12.3 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.12.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.12.5 Voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.12.6 Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.12.7 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.12.8 Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.12.9 National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.12.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.13 Eurovision Song Contest 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.13.1 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.13.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.13.3 Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.13.4 Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.13.5 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.13.6 Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.13.7 National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.13.8 Possible Soviet Union participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.13.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5
1988 to 1997 – A New Era 5.1
111
Eurovision Song Contest 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
x
CONTENTS
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.1.1
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.1.2
Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.1.3
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.1.4
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.1.5
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.1.6
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.1.7
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.1.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Eurovision Song Contest 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5.2.1
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2.2
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2.3
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2.4
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2.5
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2.6
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Eurovision Song Contest 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.3.1
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.3
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.4
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.5
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.6
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.7
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Eurovision Song Contest 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.4.1
Contest overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.4.2
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.4
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.5
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.6
Postcards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.7
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.8
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.9
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.4.11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.5
Eurovision Song Contest 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.5.1
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.3
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
CONTENTS
5.6
5.7
xi
5.5.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.5
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.6
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.7
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Eurovision Song Contest 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.6.1
Pre-qualifying round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.6.2
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.3
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.5
Pre-qualifying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.6
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.7
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.8
Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.6.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Eurovision Song Contest 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.7.1
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.7.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.7.3
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.7.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.7.5
International broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.7.6
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.7.7
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.7.8
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.7.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.7.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.8
Eurovision Song Contest 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.8.1
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.3
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.5
International broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.6
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.7
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.8
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.8.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 5.9
Eurovision Song Contest 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.9.1
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.9.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.9.3
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
xii
CONTENTS 5.9.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.9.5
Good luck wishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.9.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.9.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.10 Eurovision Song Contest 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.10.1 Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.10.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.10.3 Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.10.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.10.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.10.6 Winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.10.7 Barbara Dex Award . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.10.8 International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.10.9 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5.10.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5.10.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 6
1998 to 2003 – Televoting arrives 6.1
139
Eurovision Song Contest 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.1.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.1.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.3
Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.4
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.6
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.7
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.8
Barbara Dex Award . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.1.9
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.1.10 Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 6.2
6.3
Eurovision Song Contest 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6.2.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.2.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2.3
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2.4
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.2.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.2.6
Voting structure
6.2.7
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.2.8
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.2.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Eurovision Song Contest 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.3.1
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.3.2
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
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6.4
6.5
xiii
6.3.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3.4
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3.5
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3.6
Spokespersons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3.7
Official album
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Eurovision Song Contest 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.4.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.4.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.4.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.4.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.7
Official album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Eurovision Song Contest 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.5.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.5.2
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.5.3
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.5.4
Voting structure
6.5.5
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.5.6
Marcel Bezençon Awards
6.5.7
International broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.5.8
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.5.9
Spokespersons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.5.10 Official album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.5.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.6
Eurovision Song Contest 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.6.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.6.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.6.3
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.6.4
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.6.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.6.6
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.6.7
Marcel Bezençon Awards
6.6.8
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6.6.9
Official album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.6.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.6.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 7
2004 to 2014 – Semifinals and beyond
166
xiv
CONTENTS 7.1
Eurovision Song Contest 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 7.1.1
Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.1.2
Firsts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.1.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.1.4
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.1.5
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.1.6
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.1.7
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.1.8
AP Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.1.9
Marcel Bezençon Awards
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.1.10 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7.1.11 Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 7.1.12 Official album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 7.1.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 7.1.14 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.2
Eurovision Song Contest 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.2.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.2.2
Publicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.2.3
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.2.4
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.2.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.2.6
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.2.7
Other countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.2.8
Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.2.9
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.2.10 Official album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 7.2.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 7.2.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 7.2.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 7.3
Eurovision Song Contest 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 7.3.1
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.3.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.3.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
7.3.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.3.5
Other Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.3.6
Other countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.3.7
Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.3.8
Noteworthy occurrences and records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.3.9
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.3.10 Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 7.3.11 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
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xv
7.3.12 Official album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 7.3.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 7.3.14 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 7.4
7.5
Eurovision Song Contest 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 7.4.1
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.4.2
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.4.3
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.4.4
Other Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.4.5
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.4.6
Official album
7.4.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.4.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Eurovision Song Contest 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 7.5.1
Venue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.5.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.5.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.5.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.5.5
Scoreboards
7.5.6
Other Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.5.7
Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.5.8
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.5.9
Official album
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.5.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 7.5.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 7.5.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7.6
Eurovision Song Contest 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7.6.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.6.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.6.3
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7.6.4
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7.6.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.6.6
Scoreboards
7.6.7
Other Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.6.8
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.6.9
Official album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.6.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 7.6.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 7.6.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 7.7
Eurovision Song Contest 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 7.7.1
Venue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
7.7.2
Presenters
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
xvi
CONTENTS 7.7.3
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.7.4
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.7.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.7.6
Scoreboards
7.7.7
Other Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.7.8
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.7.9
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.7.10 Spokespersons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.7.11 Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 7.7.12 Notable artists that did not qualify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 7.7.13 Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 7.7.14 Official album
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.7.15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 7.7.16 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 7.8
Eurovision Song Contest 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 7.8.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.8.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.8.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
7.8.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.8.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.8.6
Other awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.8.7
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.8.8
Official album
7.8.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.8.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 7.9
Eurovision Song Contest 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 7.9.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.9.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
7.9.3
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.9.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.9.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.9.6
Other countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.9.7
Controversies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
7.9.8
Other awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.9.9
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.9.10 Official album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 7.9.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 7.9.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 7.9.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 7.10 Eurovision Song Contest 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 7.10.1 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
CONTENTS
xvii
7.10.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 7.10.3 Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 7.10.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 7.10.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 7.10.6 Other countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 7.10.7 Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 7.10.8 Other awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 7.10.9 International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 7.10.10 Official album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 7.10.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 7.10.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 7.10.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 7.11 Eurovision Song Contest 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 7.11.1 Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.11.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 7.11.3 Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 7.11.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 7.11.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 7.11.6 Other countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 7.11.7 Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 7.11.8 Other awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 7.11.9 International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 7.11.10 Official album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 7.11.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 7.11.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 7.11.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 8
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
272
8.1
Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
8.2
Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
8.3
Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Chapter 1
The Eurovision Song Contest 1.1 Eurovision Song Contest
having won the contest seven times—including four times in five years in 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1996. The highest scoring winner is Jamala of Ukraine who won the 2016 contest in Stockholm, Sweden with 534 points. This was, however, achieved under a new scoring system, and would not have surpassed the previous record (the 387 points achieved by Alexander Rybak of Norway in 2009) under the system in use between 1975 and 2015. Had the 2016 system been in use in 2009, Rybak would have scored 690 points.
“Eurovision” redirects here. For other uses, see Eurovision (disambiguation). For this year’s contest, see Eurovision Song Contest 2016.
The Eurovision Song Contest (French: Concours Eurovision de la chanson),[1] sometimes popularly called Eurovision but not to be confused with the Eurovision network that broadcasts it, is the longest-running an- The latest winner of the Eurovision Song Contest is nual international TV song competition,[2] held, primar- Jamala of Ukraine, who won the 2016 contest in ily, among the member countries of the European Broad- Stockholm, Sweden, with the song "1944". casting Union (EBU) since 1956. The competition was based upon the existing Sanremo - Festival of Italian Music held in Italy since 1951.
1.1.1 Origins
Each participating country submits an original song to be performed on live television and radio and then casts votes for the other countries’ songs to determine the most popular song in the competition. The contest has been broadcast every year for sixty years, since its inauguration in 1956, and is one of the longest-running television programmes in the world. It is also one of the most watched non-sporting events in the world,[3] with audience figures having been quoted in recent years as anything between 100 million and 600 million internationally.[4][5] Eurovision has also been broadcast outside Europe to several countries that do not compete, such as the USA, Canada, New Zealand, and China. An exception was made in 2015, when Australia was allowed to compete as a guest entrant as part of the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the event.[6][7][8] In November 2015, the EBU announced that Australia was invited back as a participant in the 2016 contest, after the 2015 success.[9] Since 2000, the contest has also been broadcast over the Internet, via the Eurovision website.[10]
Further information: History of the Eurovision Song Contest In the 1950s, as a war-torn Europe rebuilt itself, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU)—based in Switzerland—set up an ad hoc committee to search for ways of bringing together the countries of the EBU around a “light entertainment programme”.[12] At a committee meeting held in Monaco in January 1955 with Marcel Bezençon of the Swiss television as chairman, the committee conceived the idea (initially proposed by Sergio Pugliese of the Italian television RAI) of an international song contest where countries would participate in one television programme to be transmitted simultaneously to all countries of the union.[12][13] The competition was based upon the existing Sanremo Music Festival held in Italy[14] and was seen as a technological experiment in live television, as in those days it was a very ambitious project to join many countries together in a wide-area international network. Satellite television did not exist, and the Eurovision Network comprised a terrestrial microwave network.[15] The concept, then known as “Eurovision Grand Prix”, was approved by the EBU General Assembly in a meeting held in Rome on 19 October 1955, and it was decided that the first contest would take place in spring 1956 in Lugano, Switzerland.[12] The name “Eurovision” was first used in relation to the EBU’s
Winning the Eurovision Song Contest provides a shortterm boost to the winning artists’ career, but rarely results in long-term success.[11] Notable exceptions are ABBA (winner in 1974 for Sweden), Bucks Fizz (winner in 1981 for the United Kingdom) and Céline Dion (winner in 1988 for Switzerland), all of whom launched successful worldwide careers after their wins. Ireland holds the record for the highest number of wins, 1
2
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
network by British journalist George Campey in the Lon- logo) is displayed. The accompanying theme music (used don Evening Standard in 1951.[13] on other Eurovision broadcasts) is the prelude to Marc[13] The first contest was held in the town of Lugano, Antoine Charpentier's Te Deum. Originally, the same Switzerland, on 24 May 1956. Seven countries logo was used for both the Eurovision network and the participated—each submitting two songs, for a total of European Broadcasting Union; however, they now have 14. This was the only contest in which more than one two different logos; when the ident is transmitted, it is song per country was performed: since 1957, all contests the Eurovision network logo that appears. have allowed one entry per country. The 1956 contest The Eurovision Song Contest finals are traditionally held was won by the host nation, Switzerland.[16] on a Saturday evening in May, at 19:00 UTC (15:00 EDT, 20:00 BST/IST, or 21:00 CEST). Usually one Saturday in May is chosen, although the contest has been held on a Naming Tuesday (since the two semi final system was introduced in 2008), on a Thursday (in 1956; and since 2005 in the The programme was first known as the “Eurovision semi-finals)[23] and as early as March (in 1979).[24] Grand Prix” (in English). This “Grand Prix” name was adopted by Denmark, Norway and the Francophone countries, with the French designation being Le Grand- 1.1.3 Participation Prix Eurovision de la Chanson Européenne.[17] The “Grand Prix” has since been dropped and replaced Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision withConcours (contest) in French, but not in Danish Song Contest or Norwegian. The Eurovision network is used to carry many news and sports programmes internationally, among other specialised events organised by the EBU.[18] Eligible participants include primarily Active Members However, in the minds of the public, the name “Eurovi- (as opposed to Associate Members) of the EBU. Acsion” is most closely associated with the Song Contest.[15] tive members are those who are located in states that fall within the European Broadcasting Area, or are member states of the Council of Europe.[25]
1.1.2
Format
The European Broadcasting Area is defined by the International Telecommunication Union:[26]
The format of the contest has changed over the years, though the basic tenets have always been thus: particiThe “European Broadcasting Area” is pant countries submit new original songs, which are perbounded on the west by the western boundformed live in a television programme transmitted across ary of Region 1, on the east by the meridian the Eurovision Network by the EBU simultaneously to all [19] 40° East of Greenwich and on the south by countries. A “country” as a participant is represented the parallel 30° North so as to include the by one television broadcaster from that country: typically, northern part of Saudi Arabia and that part of but not always, that country’s national public broadcasting those countries bordering the Mediterranean organisation. The programme is hosted by one of the parwithin these limits. In addition, Armenia, ticipant countries, and the transmission is sent from the Azerbaijan, Georgia and Ukraine and those auditorium in the host city. During this programme, after parts of the territories of Iraq, Jordan and all the songs have been performed, the countries then proSyrian Arab Republic lying outside the above ceed to cast votes for the other countries’ songs: nations limits are included in the European Broadcastare not allowed to vote for their own song.[20] At the end ing Area.[lower-alpha 1] of the programme, the winner is declared as the song with the most points. The winner receives, simply, the prestige of having won—although it is usual for a trophy to The western boundary of Region 1 is defined by a line be awarded to the winning songwriters, and the winning running from the North Pole along meridian 10° West country is invited to host the event the following year.[16] of Greenwich to its intersection with parallel 72° North; The programme is invariably opened by one or more pre- thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian senters, welcoming viewers to the show. Between the 50° West and parallel 40° North; thence by great circle songs and the announcement of the voting, an interval arc to the intersection of meridian 20° West and parallel thence along meridian 20° West to the South act is performed. These acts can be any form of enter- 10° South; [28] Pole. tainment imaginable. Interval entertainment has included such acts as the Wombles (1974)[21] and the first interna- Active members include broadcasting organisations, tional presentation of Riverdance (1994).[22] whose transmissions are often made available to at least which are As national broadcasters join and leave the Eurovision 98% of households in their own country [25] equipped to receive such transmissions. feed transmitted by the EBU, the EBU/Eurovision network logo ident (not to be confused with the song contest If an EBU Active Member wishes to participate they must
1.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
3
fulfil conditions as laid down by the rules of the contest. A separate copy is drafted annually. As of 2015, this includes the necessity to have broadcast the previous year’s programme within their country, and the broadcaster must have paid the EBU a participation fee in advance of the deadline specified in the rules of the contest for the year in which they wish to participate. Eligibility to participate is not determined by geographic inclusion within the continent of Europe, despite the “Euro” in “Eurovision” – nor does it have any relation to the European Union. Several countries geographically outside the boundaries of Europe have competed: Israel and Cyprus in Western Asia (Cyprus is a member of the Council of Europe and a member state of the European Union), since 1973 and 1981 respectively; Australia in the Australian continent, since 2015[29] and Morocco, in Cities that have hosted the Eurovision Song Contest. North Africa, in the 1980 competition alone. In addition, several transcontinental countries with only part of their territory in Europe have competed: Turkey, since 1975; nation dissolved in 1991/92 into five indepenRussia, since 1994; Armenia, since 2006; Georgia, since dent states: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia 2007; and Azerbaijan, which made its first appearance in and Herzegovina and the Federal Republic of Yuthe 2008 edition.[30] goslavia. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia reconstituted itself as Serbia and Montenegro in 2003—entered the contest in 2004—and finally dissolved in 2006, making two separate states: Serbia and Montenegro; both of which made their début in the contest in 2007, the winner that year being Serbia.
Participation since 1956: Entered at least once Never entered, although eligible to do so Entry intended, but later withdrew Competed as a part of another country, but never as a sovereign country
c) The participation of Australia was intended as a one-off event to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Contest unless they won in 2015 in which case they would have been allowed to defend their crown in 2016. However it was revealed in May 2015 that Australia might become a permanent participant following some reports by Jon Ola to the Swedish broadcaster.[32] In November 2015, the EBU announced that Australia would return in 2016 and after this the country will become an effective participant in the contest.
1.1.4 Hosting
See also: List of host cities of the Eurovision Song Contest 52 countries have participated at least once.[31] These are Most of the expense of the contest is covered by listed here alongside the year in which they made their commercial sponsors and contributions from the other début: participating nations. The contest is considered to be a unique opportunity for promoting the host country as a tourist destination. In the summer of 2005, Ukraine abola) Before German reunification in 1990 occasionished its normal visa requirement for visitors from the EU ally presented as West Germany, representing the to coincide with its hosting of the event.[33] Federal Republic of Germany. East Germany (the German Democratic Republic) did not compete. b) The entries presented as being from "Yugoslavia" represented the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, except for the 1992 entry, which represented the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This
Preparations for the event start a matter of weeks after the host wins in the previous year, and confirms to the EBU that they intend to—and have the capacity to—host the event. A host city is chosen—often a national or regional capital city—and a suitable concert venue is iden-
4
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST year. The exceptions are: • 1960—hosted by the BBC in London when the Netherlands declined due to expense. The UK was chosen to host because it had come second in 1959.[38] • 1963—hosted by the BBC in London when France declined due to expense. Although the UK had only come fourth in 1962, Monaco and Luxembourg (who came second and third) had also declined.[38]
Opening act in Düsseldorf in 2011
• 1972—hosted by the BBC in Edinburgh when Monaco was unable to provide a suitable venue: Monegasque television invited the BBC to take over due to its previous experience.[38] • 1974—hosted by the BBC in Brighton when Luxembourg declined due to expense. The BBC was becoming known as the host by default, if the winning country declined.[21]
Eurovision Song Contest in Copenhagen 2014
• 1980—hosted by the NOS in The Hague when Israel declined due to expense, having staged the 1979 event in Jerusalem, and the fact that the date chosen for the contest (19 April) was Israel’s Remembrance Day that year. The Dutch offered to host the contest after several other broadcasters (including the BBC) were unwilling to do so.[38] The reluctance of those national broadcasters to stage the contest were due to already having hosted the event during the past couple of years, in addition to the expense involved.
tified. The two largest concert venues were Parken in Copenhagen (which held approximately 38,000 people when Denmark hosted in 2001[16] ) and the Esprit Arena in Düsseldorf (which held approximately 36,500 people when Germany hosted in 2011). The smallest town to have been hosts was Millstreet in County Cork, Ireland, in 1993. The village had a population of 1,500[34] — although the Green Glens Arena venue could hold up to 8,000 people.[35]
With the invitation of Australia to participate since 2015, it was announced that due to the logistical and financial issues that would occur if Australia were to host,[39] in the event of an Australia victory, the broadcaster SBS will cohost the next contest in a European city in collaboration with an EBU Member Broadcaster of their choice.[40] However, this has yet to happen and since 1981, all contests have been held in the country which won the previThe hotel and press facilities in the vicinity are always a ous year. consideration when choosing a host city and venue.[36] In Kiev 2005, hotel rooms were scarce as the contest organ- Eurovision logo and theme isers asked the Ukrainian government to put a block on bookings they did not control themselves through official delegation allocations or tour packages: this led to many people’s hotel bookings being cancelled.[37] Host country After the first two contests were hosted by Switzerland and Germany, it was decided that henceforth the winning country would host the contest the next year.[16] The winner of the 1957 Contest was the Netherlands, and Dutch television accepted the responsibility of hosting in 1958. In all but five of the years since this rule has been in place, the winning country has hosted the show the following
Logo used in 2004–14
The former generic logo was introduced for the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest in Turkey, to create a consistent visual identity. The host country’s flag appears in the
1.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
5
heart of the generic logo. Each year of the contest, the host country creates a sub-theme which is usually accompanied and expressed with a sub-logo and slogan. The theme and slogan are announced by the EBU and the host country’s national broadcaster. The generic logo was revamped in 2014, ten years after the first generic logo was created. The revamped logo was conducted by lead designer Cornelis Jacobs and his team of Cityzen Agency.[41] The logo was used for the first time in the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest, the 60th anniversary of the contest. Lena, representing Germany, performing Satellite during a rehearsal in 2010
Slogans Rehearsals and press conferences Since the 2002 contest, slogans (or themes) have been introduced in the show (2009 being the only exception). The slogan is decided by the host broadcaster and based on the slogan, the theme and the visual design are developed.
Eurovision Week
Since 2004, the first rehearsals have commenced on the Sunday almost two weeks before the Grand Final. There are two rehearsal periods for each country. The countries taking part in the semi-finals have their first rehearsal over four days from the first Sunday to Wednesday. The second is from Thursday to Sunday. The countries which have already directly qualified for the Grand Final rehearse on the Saturday and Sunday.[45]
The term “Eurovision Week” is used to refer to the week during which the Contest takes place.[42] As it is a live show, the Eurovision Song Contest requires the performers to have perfected their acts in rehearsals in order for the programme to run smoothly. In addition to rehearsals in their home countries, every participant is given the opportunity to rehearse on the stage in the Eurovision auditorium. These rehearsals are held during the course of several days before the Saturday show, and consequently the delegations arrive in the host city many days before the event. Journalists and fans are also present during the preceding days, and so the events of Eurovision last a lot longer than a few hours of television. A number of officially accredited hotels are selected for the delegations Switzerland hosting a press conference at Eurovision 2006. to stay in, and shuttle-bus services are used to transport the performers and accompanying people to and from the After each country has rehearsed, the delegation meets contest venue.[43] with the show’s artistic director in the video viewing Each participating broadcaster nominates a Head of Del- room. Here, they watch the footage of the rehearsal just egation, whose job it is to co-ordinate the movements performed. At this point the Head of Delegation may of the delegate members, and who acts as that coun- make known any special requirements needed for the pertry’s representative to the EBU in the host city.[44] Mem- formance, and request them from the host broadcaster. bers of the delegations include performers, lyricists, com- Following this meeting, the delegation hold a press conposers, official press officers and—in the years where ference where members of the accredited press may pose songs were performed with a live orchestra—a conductor. them questions.[46] The rehearsals and press conferences Also present if desired is a commentator: each broad- are held in parallel; so one country holds its press confercaster may supply their own commentary for their TV ence, while the next one is in the auditorium rehearsing. and/or radio feed, to be broadcast in each country. The A printed summary of the questions and answers which commentators are given dedicated commentary booths emerge from the press conferences is produced by the situated around the back of the arena behind the audi- host press office, and distributed to journalists’ pigeonholes.[47] ence.
6 Before each of the semi-finals three dress rehearsals are held. Two rehearsals are held the day before (one in the afternoon and the other in the evening), while the third is held on the afternoon of the live event. Since tickets to the live shows are often scarce, tickets are also sold in order that the public may attend these dress rehearsals.
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST Live music All vocals must be sung live; no voices are permitted on the backing tracks.[20] In 1999, the Croatian song featured sounds on their backing track which sounded suspiciously like human voices. The Croatian delegation stated that there were no human voices, but only digitally synthesised sounds which replicated vocals. The EBU nevertheless decided that they had broken the spirit of the rules, and docked them 33% of their points total that year for the purpose of calculating their five-year points average for future qualification.[51]
The same applies for the final, with two rehearsals on the Friday and the third on Saturday afternoon before the live transmission of the grand final on Saturday evening.[46] For both semi-finals and for the final, the second dress rehearsal is also the Jury Final, this is where the jury from each country casts their votes. This means that 50% of the result is already decided before the live contests have From 1956 until 1998, the host country was required to taken place.[45] provide a live orchestra. Before 1973, all music had to be played by the host orchestra. From 1973 onwards, pre-recorded, non-vocal backing tracks were permitted— although the host country was still obliged to provide a Parties and Euroclub live orchestra in order to give participants a choice. If a backing track was used, then all the instruments heard On the Monday evening of Eurovision Week, a Mayor’s on the track were required to be present on the stage. In Reception is traditionally held, where the city adminis- 1997 this requirement was dropped.[38] tration hosts a celebration that Eurovision has come to In 1999 the requirement for a live orchestra was removed: their city. This is usually held in a grand municipally it was left as an optional contribution.[52] The host that owned location in the city centre. All delegations are in- year, Israel’s IBA, decided not to use an orchestra in order vited, and the party is usually accompanied by live music, to save expenses, and thus 1999 was the first year when complimentary food and drink and—in recent years— all the songs were played as pre-recorded backing tracks fireworks.[48] (in conjunction with live vocals). After the semi-final and grand final there are after-show parties, held either in a facility in the venue complex or Language in another suitable location within the city.[49] A Euroclub is held every night of the week: this is a Main article: Languages in the Eurovision Song Contest Eurovision-themed nightclub, to which all accredited personnel are invited.[50] Each submission must have vocals; purely instrumental During the week many delegations have traditionally music has never been allowed. In the past, competitors hosted their own parties in addition to the officially sponhave been required to sing in one of their own national sored ones. However, in the new millennium the trend languages, but this rule has been changed several times has been for the national delegations to centralise their over the years. From 1956 until 1965, there was no rule activity and hold their celebrations in the Euroclub.[50] restricting the languages in which the songs could be sung. In 1966 a rule was imposed stating that the songs must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating, after Sweden presented its 1965 entry in 1.1.5 Rules English.[16] Further information: Rules of the Eurovision Song The language restriction continued until 1973, when performers were again allowed to sing in any language they Contest wished.[53] Several winners in the mid-1970s took advantage of this: performers from non-English-speaking Numerous detailed rules must be observed by the partic- countries sang in English, including ABBA in 1974. ipating nations, and a new version is produced each year, for instance the rules specify various deadlines, includ- In 1977, the EBU decided to revert to the national laning the date by which all the participating broadcasters guage restriction. However, special dispensation was must submit the final recorded version of their song to given to Germany and Belgium as their national selectaken place; both countries’ entries were the EBU. The rules also cover sponsorship agreements tions had already [54] in English. and rights of broadcasters to re-transmit the show. The most notable rules which affect the format and presenta- In 1999 the rule was changed to allow the choice of lantion of the contest have changed over the years, and are guage once more.[51] Belgium entered the 2003 Contest with "Sanomi", a song sung in a constructed language,[55] highlighted here.
1.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
7
finishing in second place. In 2006 the Dutch entry, • Sarah Yuen (2003) "Amambanda", was sung partly in English and partly in • Svante Stockselius (2004–10) an artificial language.[55] In 2008 the Belgian entry, "O [55] Julissi", was sung in an artificial language. In 2011 • Jon Ola Sand (2011–) the Norwegian entry, "Haba Haba", which was sung in English and Swahili, was the first song to be sung in an According to one study of Eurovision voting patterns, cerAfrican language, apart from Arabic.[56] tain countries tend to form “clusters” or “cliques” by frequently voting in the same way.[64] Voting Further information: Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest The voting system used in the contest has changed over the years. The current system has been in place since 2016, and is a positional voting system. Each country awards two sets of 12, 10, 8–1 points to their 10 favourite songs: one from their professional jury of votes of five music professionals and the other from televoting.[57] Historically, a country’s votes were decided by an internal jury, but in 1997 five countries (Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom) experimented with televoting, giving members of the public in those countries the opportunity to vote en masse for their favourite songs. The experiment was a success,[38] and from 1998 onwards all countries were encouraged to use televoting wherever possible. Back-up juries are still used by each country, in the event of a televoting failure. Nowadays members of the public may also vote by SMS, in addition to televoting.[58] From 2013, the public may also vote via a mobile app.[59][60] The current method for ranking entries, introduced in 2016, is to sum together the points calculated from the telephone vote and the jury separately.[57] Prior to this, the jury and televoting rankings were combined 50/50 before the number of points were calculated.[61] It was first used in the final of the 2009 edition, and extended the following year to the semi-finals. [62][63] Since 1964 the voting has been presided over by the EBU scrutineer, who is responsible for ensuring that all points are allocated correctly and in turn. The following are the scrutineers and Executive Supervisors of the Eurovision Song Contest appointed by the EBU: •
Rolf Liebermann (1956)
•
Miroslav Vilček (1964–65)
•
Clifford Brown (1966–77)
•
Frank Naef (1978–92)
•
Christian Clausen (1993–95)
•
Christine Marchal-Ortiz (1996, 1998–2002)
•
Marie-Claire Vionnet (1997)
Electronic scoreboard, as Johnny Logan announces the Irish votes in 2004
Presentation of votes After the interval act is over, when all the points have been calculated, the presenter(s) of the show call upon each voting country in turn to invite them to announce the results of their vote. Prior to 1994 the announcements were made over telephone lines; with the audio being piped into the auditorium for the audience to hear, and over the television transmission. However, since and including 1994 the announcements have been presented visually. Often the opportunity is taken by each country to show their spokesperson standing in front of a backdrop which includes a famous place in that country. For example, the French spokesperson might be seen standing in front of the Eiffel Tower. From 1957 to 1962, the participating countries were called in reverse order of the presentation of their songs, and from 1963 to 2003, they were called in the same order in which their songs had been presented (except for 1974). Since 2004, when semi-finals were introduced, the order of the countries’ announcements of votes has changed; and the countries that did not make it to the final each year could also vote. In 2004, the countries were called in alphabetical order (according to their ISO codes).[65] In 2005, the votes from the non-qualifying semi-finalists were announced first, in their running order on the Thursday night; then the finalists gave their votes in their own order of performance. Between 2006 and 2010, a separate draw was held to determine the order in which countries would present their votes.[66] In 2011, the voting order was determined by the results of a jury the day before the final so as to create as much suspense as possible when the votes were revealed.[67]
8
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
From 1971 to 1973, each country sent two jurors, who were present at the contest venue (though the juries in 1972 were locked away in the Great Hall of Edinburgh Castle) and announced their votes as the camera was trained on them. In 1973 one of the Swiss jurors made a great show of presenting his votes with flamboyant gestures. This system was retired the next year.[38]
As of 2016, the only time since 1969 when two or more countries have tied for first place on total points alone was in 1991, when France and Sweden both totalled 146 points. At that time, the rules did not include counting the numbers of countries awarding any points to these countries’ songs, but began with tallying up the numbers of 12-point scores awarded. Both France and Sweden had In 1956 no public votes were presented: a closed jury received four sets of 12 points. However, because Sweden had received more sets of 10-point scores, they were simply announced that Switzerland had won.[68] From rule been in play, 1957 to 1987, the points were displayed on a physical declared the winners. Had the current France would have won instead.[38] scoreboard to the side of the stage. As digital graphic technology progressed, the physical scoreboards were superseded in 1988 by an electronic representation which Broadcasting could be displayed on the TV screen at the will of the programme’s director.[69] Each participating broadcaster is required to broadcast In 2006[66] the EBU decided to save time during the broadcast—much of which had been taken up with the announcement of every single point—because there was an ever-increasing number of countries voting. Since then, votes from 1 to 7 from each country have been displayed automatically on screen and the remaining points (8, 10 and 12) are read out in ascending order by the spokesperson, culminating with the maximum 12 points. Countries must announce the country names and points in either English or French and the scores are repeated by the contest’s presenters in the other language. The expression douze points when the host or spokesperson states the top score in French is popularly associated with the contest.[52]
Ties for first place In 1969, four of the sixteen countries taking part, France, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, all tied for first place with 18 points each. There was nothing in the rules to decide an outright winner, so all four were declared joint winners. This caused much discontent among most of the other participating countries, and mass walkouts were threatened. Finland, Norway, Sweden and Portugal did not participate in the 1970 Contest as a protest against the results of the previous year. This prompted the EBU to introduce a tie-break rule.[70][71] Under the current rules, in the event of more than one country scoring the same total number of points, a count is made of the numbers of countries who awarded points to each of the tied countries, and the one who received points from the most countries is declared the winner. If the numbers are still tied, it is counted how many sets of maximum points (12 points) each country received. If there is still a tie, the numbers of 10-point scores awarded are compared—and then the numbers of 8-point scores, all the way down the list. In the extremely unlikely event of there then still being a tie for first place, the song performed earliest in the running order is declared the winner, unless the host country performed first in the running order. Since 2008, the same tie-break rule now applies to ties for all places.[20]
the show in its entirety: including all songs, recap, voting and reprise, skipping only the interval act for advertising breaks if they wish.[20] From 1999 onwards, broadcasters who wished to do so were given the opportunity to take more advertising breaks as short, non-essential hiatuses were introduced into the programme.[52] Three major interruptions or preemptions of the contest broadcast have taken place since 1999. The Dutch state broadcaster pulled their broadcast of the 2000 final to provide emergency news coverage of a major incident, the Enschede fireworks disaster. Spain’s RTVE delayed their broadcast of the second semi-final in the 2009 Contest, due to the Madrid Open tennis tournament. The Albanian state broadcaster deferred their broadcast of the first semi-final in 2012 to provide emergency news coverage of the Qafa e Vishës bus accident. Archive status The first edition ever of the Eurovision Song Contest of 1956 was broadcast live and never recorded, and only a sound recording of the radio transmission has survived from the original broadcast.[72] The ninth edition of 1964 was recorded on tape, but a fire destroyed the copy, and it’s unknown if any other TV station in Europe has another copy.[72] Only small portions of the original broadcast and audio from the radio transmission have survived.[72] Political recognition issues In 1978, during the performance of the Israeli entry, the Jordanian broadcaster JRTV suspended the broadcast and showed pictures of flowers. When it became apparent during the later stages of the voting sequence that Israel was going to win the contest, JRTV abruptly ended the transmission.[38] Afterwards, the Jordanian news media refused to acknowledge that Israel had won and announced that the winner was Belgium (who had actually come in 2nd place).[73] In 1981 JRTV did not broadcast the voting because the name of Israel appeared on the scoreboard. In 2005, Lebanon intended to participate in the contest. However, Lebanese law does not allow recognition of Israel, and consequently Lebanese television did not intend
1.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
9
to transmit the Israeli entry. The EBU informed them the contest is held. Many countries also have the that such an act would breach the rules of the contest, and additional rule that the song shall never have been Lebanon was subsequently forced to withdraw from the performed before the relevant national Eurovision Contest. Covers, reworked or sampled versions of competition. Their late withdrawal incurred a fine, since they had already confirmed their participation and the older songs are not allowed.[78] [74] deadline had passed. However, the Eurovision Song Contest albums were still being sold in Lebanese music stores until 2009, with the word Israel erased from the 1.1.6 Expansion of the contest back cover. As of 2010, the albums were banned completely from sale. Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision In 2009, the song "We Don't Wanna Put In" was se- Song Contest The number of countries participating has steadily lected to represent Georgia. However, the song text was banned by Eurovision as it was interpreted as criticism against Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin after the Russo-Georgian War the previous year. When asked to change the lyrics of the song, the Georgian broadcaster GPB withdrew from the 2009 contest.[75] Other • In the first contest in 1956, there was a recommended time limit of 3½ minutes per song.[76] In 1957, despite protests, the Italian song was 5:09 minutes in duration. This led to a stricter time limit of 3 minutes precisely.[77] Since the three-minute time limit was adopted in 1960, some artists have had songs longer than three minutes, which must be edited down to 3 minutes, though some songs ex- Participants in the Eurovision Song Contest, coloured by decade ceed that time by a few seconds. Many of the entries of debut. also have longer versions (including different languages) for commercial release, and since the 1990s, some are released in additional remixed versions. • The EBU imposes no restrictions on the nationalities of the performers or songwriters. Individual broadcasters are, however, permitted to impose their own restrictions at their discretion.[44] • From 1957 to 1970 (in 1956 there was no restriction at all) only soloists and duos were allowed on stage. From 1963, a chorus of up to three people was permitted. Since 1971, a maximum of six performers have been permitted on the stage.[44] • The performance and/or lyrics of a song “must not bring the Contest into disrepute”. No lyrics, speeches, gestures of a political or similar nature are permitted. No swearing or unacceptable language is Regular participants in 1992. Yugoslavia is coloured in red: allowed, neither are commercial messages.[20] 1991 was the last year in which that nation participated under • From 1990 onwards, all people on stage must be at least 16 years of age.[20]
one name.
grown over time, from seven in 1956 to over 20 in the late 1980s. In 1993, twenty-five countries participated in the competition, including, for the first time, Bosnia• Each artist may perform for only one country per Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, entering indepenyear. dently due to the dissolution of Yugoslavia.[79] • No live animals.[20]
• The music and text must not have been published Because the contest is a live television programme, a reaor performed before 1 September of the year before sonable time limit must be imposed on the duration of the
10
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST contributors to the EBU, their non-participation in the contest brought about a funding issue, which the EBU would have to consider.[83] Big Four and Big Five
Since 2000, France, Germany, Spain and United Kingdom have automatically qualified for the final, regardless of their positions on the scoreboard in previous contests, as they are the four biggest financial contributors to the EBU.[52] These countries became known as the “Big Four”. On 31 December 2010, it was announced that Italy would compete in the Eurovision Song Contest after a fourteen-year absence and that it would also Regular participants in 1994. Changes from 1992 include the automatically qualify for the final, joining the other four addition of Central and Eastern European countries, and the sep- qualifiers to become the “Big Five”, considered by some aration of ex-Yugoslavian states. to be a controversial decision.[84] Germany became the first and, as of 2016, the only “Big Five” country to win the contest since the rule was made in 2000, when Lena show. In recent years the nominal limit has been three Meyer-Landrut won the 2010 Contest. Turkey withdrew hours, with the broadcast occasionally over-running.[52] from the 2013 Contest with the status of the “Big Five” being one of the reasons cited.[85] They also did not participate in the following 3 years’ of contests (2014-2016) Pre-selections and relegation for similar reasons, as well as stating their opposition to the 50/50 jury and televoting in that began being applied Since 1993, and following the cessation of the East- in Final at the 2009 Contest.[86] ern European OIRT network and the merger with the EBU, there have been more entries than there is time to reasonably include in a single TV show. Several rel- Qualification and semi-finals egation or qualification systems have been tried in order to limit the number of countries participating in the contest at one time. Thus the 1993 Contest introduced two new features: first, a pre-selection competition was held in Ljubljana in which seven new countries fought for three places in the international competition. Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia took part in Kvalifikacija za Millstreet; and the three former Yugoslav republics, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, qualified for a place in the international final.[80] Also to be introduced that year was “relegation": the lowest-placed countries in the 1993 score table were not invited in 1994, to allow the countries which failed the 1993 pre-selection into the 1994 Contest. The 1994 Contest included—for the first time—Estonia, Romania, Slovakia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland and Russia.[81] Relegation continued in 1994 and 1995;[82] but in 1996 a different pre-selection system was used, in which nearly all the countries participated. Audio tapes of all the songs were sent to juries in each of the countries some weeks before the television show. These juries selected the songs which would be included in the international broadcast.[83] Norway, as the host country in 1996 (having won the previous year), automatically qualified and so did not need to go through pre-selection.
Each country’s qualification rates from 2004 to present.
From 1997 to 2001, countries qualified for each contest based on the average of their points totals for their entries over the previous five years.[87][88] However, there was much discontent voiced over this system because a country could be excluded merely because of poor previous results, which did not take into account how good a fresh attempt might be. This led the EBU to create what was hoped would be a more permanent solution to the One country which failed to qualify in the 1996 pre- problem. A qualification round, known as the semi-final, selection was Germany. As one of the largest financial was introduced for the 2004 Contest.[89] This semi-final
1.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
11
was held on the Wednesday during Eurovision Week, and was a programme similar in format to the grand final, whose time slot remained 19:00 UTC on the Saturday. The highest-placed songs from the semi-final qualified for the grand final, while the lower-placed songs were eliminated. From 2005 to 2007, the semi-final programme was held on the Thursday of Eurovision Week.[90] In these two shows there was enough time to include all the countries who wished to participate. The ten highest-placed non-Big Four countries in the “grand final” were guaranteed a place in the following year’s grand final, without having to qualify. If, for example, Germany came in the top ten, the eleventhplaced non-Big-Four country would automatically qualify for the next year’s grand final.[44] The remaining Map showing each country’s number of Eurovision wins up to countries—which had not automatically qualified for the and including 2016. grand final—had to enter the semi-final.[44] At the 50th annual meeting of the EBU reference group in September 2007, it was decided that, with still more nations entering, starting from the 2008 contest onwards two semi-finals would be held,[91] from each of which one could qualify for the final.[92] From 2008 onwards, the scoreboard position in previous years has not been relevant, and—save for the automatic qualifiers—all participating countries have had to participate in the semi-finals, regardless of their previous year’s scoreboard position. The only countries which automatically qualify for the grand final are the host country and the Big Five: France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, who continue to enjoy their protected status.[20]
Winning artists
There have been a number of Eurovision artists and groups whose careers were directly launched into the spotlight following their win. Notable examples were ABBA, who won the contest for Sweden in 1974 with their song "Waterloo", and went on to become one of the most successful bands of all time,[93] and the French Canadian singer Céline Dion, who won the contest for Switzerland in 1988 with the song "Ne partez pas sans moi", which subsequently helped launch her international career,[11] and the winners of the 1981 contest, Bucks Fizz for the United Kingdom with the song "Making Your In each of the semi-finals the voting is conducted among Mind Up", which also launched their successful internathose countries which participate in that semi-final. With tional career. regard to the automatic grand final qualifiers, who do not participate in the semi-finals, a draw is conducted to Other artists who have achieved varying degrees of determine in which semi-final each of them will be al- success after winning the contest include France Gall lowed to vote. In contrast, every participating country in ("Poupée de cire, poupée de son", Luxembourg 1965), a particular year may vote in the Saturday grand final – Dana ("All Kinds of Everything", Ireland 1970), Vicky Leandros ("Après toi", Luxembourg 1972), Brotherhood whether their song qualified for the final or not. of Man ("Save Your Kisses for Me", United Kingdom The ten countries which receive the most votes in each 1976), Johnny Logan (who won twice for Ireland; with semi-final qualify for the grand final. They are announced "What’s Another Year" in 1980, and "Hold Me Now" in by the presenters in English and French, in a random 1987). order. Full voting results are withheld until after the grand final, whereupon they are published on the EBU’s Several other winners were well-known artists who won website.[20] To date only five countries have always qual- the contest mid-career after they had already established ified to the Final since the implementation of the semi- themselves, including Katrina and the Waves, winners in [94] finals system in 2004: Australia, Azerbaijan, Romania, 1997 with "Love Shine a Light", Lulu, winner in 1969 with "Boom Bang-a-Bang", and Sandie Shaw, winner in Russia and Ukraine. 1967 with "Puppet on a String". Women have dominated the contest since its inception, either performing solo or as a member of a group on 50 of the 64 winning entries as of 2016.
1.1.7
Winners
Winning countries Further information: List of Eurovision Song Contest Ireland holds the record for the highest number of winners wins, having won the contest seven times—including
12 four times in five years in 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1996. Sweden is second with six wins as of 2016. France, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom are joint third with five wins. Next comes the Netherlands, with four victories. Three countries have won three times, Denmark, Israel and Norway. Six countries have won twice, Austria, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland[95] and Ukraine. The United Kingdom holds the record for the highest number of runner-up placings, coming in second on no less than 15 occasions as of 2016. Germany, France, Spain and Ireland have four runner-up entries.
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST Russia placed second with 303 points, becoming the first country to score more than 300 points without winning. In 2016, the scoring system changed, which meant that it was much easier to achieve over 300 points - in fact, the winner - Jamala, achieved 534 points. Since the introduction of the 50/50 voting system in 2009, the juries and the voters have disagreed on the winner on three occasions, in 2011, 2015, and in 2016. 2011 winner Azerbaijan won only the televotes (jury votes were won by Italy) and 2015 winner Sweden won only the jury votes (televotes were won by Italy). In 2016, Ukraine did not win either the jury vote or the televote, but won the contest with the highest combined vote. The Televote was won by Russia and the jury vote by Australia.
The early years of the contest saw many wins for “traditional” Eurovision countries: France, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. However, the success of these countries has declined in recent decades; the Netherlands last won in 1975; France, in 1977; and Luxembourg, in 1983. 1.1.8 Luxembourg last entered the contest in 1993.[96] The first years of the 21st century produced numerous first-time winners, from both “new” and long-serving countries who had previous entered numerous times but without victories. Every year from 2001 to 2008 inclusive, a country won for its first time. Estonia was the first post-Soviet country to win the competition in 2001. In 2005, Greece won for the first time and it was the second time that a Balkan country won. The 2006 winner was Finland, which finally won after having entered the contest for 45 years. Ukraine, on the other hand, did not have to wait so long, winning with only their second entry in 2004. Serbia won the very first year it entered as an independent state, in 2007, with a ballad in Serbian language.[97] Interestingly, in 2004, Serbia and Montenegro also almost won the initial year it entered as a competitor state, finishing up second behind Ukraine, also with a ballad in Serbian language.[98] Other relatively quick winners were Latvia, who won in 2002, only their third year competing, and Azerbaijan, who won in 2011 in only their fourth year in the competition.[99] The country that has participated the longest without any win is Portugal, which made its debut in 1964 and has never finished in the top five. Malta is the most successful country without a win, achieving two-second places and two third places.[100] In 2009, Norway won the contest with 387 points Alexander Rybak held the winning title with his song Fairytale. His outstanding performance meant he had the highest total in the history of the competition, becoming the first competitor to score 300 or more points, including 16 maximum scores. This feat was emulated in 2012, when Sweden won with 372 points, but with a new record of 18 maximum scores.[100] However, in 2016, Ukraine won the contest with a new record of 534 points, thanks to the new voting system which doubled the maximum amount of points. In 2015, Sweden won the contest with 365 points, becoming the first competitor to ever reach 300 points or more twice while winning both times.
Anniversaries
Songs of Europe Main article: Songs of Europe (1981 concert) In 1981, a concert television programme was held to commemorate the contest’s twenty-fifth anniversary. The event, entitled Songs of Europe, took place in Mysen, Norway, featuring nearly all the winners of the contest, from 1956 to 1981. It was hosted by Rolf Kirkvaag and Titten Tei. Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Main article: Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest In 2005, the EBU had agreed with the Danish broadcaster, DR, to produce a programme to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the contest. The show, entitled Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest after Cliff Richard's 1968 entry for the United Kingdom, was held in Copenhagen, and featured a competition among fourteen of the most popular songs from the last 50 years of the contest. A telephone vote was held to determine the most popular Eurovision song of all-time, which was won by the ABBA song "Waterloo" (winner for Sweden in 1974).[101] The event was hosted by the 1997 Contest winner for the United Kingdom, Katrina Leskanich, and Latvia’s representative on its debut at the 2000 Contest, Renārs Kaupers. Eurovision Song Contest’s Greatest Hits Main article: Eurovision Song Contest’s Greatest Hits In 2015, the EBU had decided again to commemorate the contest and agreed with the United Kingdom’s broad-
1.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST caster, BBC, to produce a show for the 60th anniversary of the contest, after evaluating several proposals from member broadcasters in regards to the anniversary celebration beyond the 2015 Contest in May.[102][103][104] The event, entitled Eurovision Song Contest’s Greatest Hits, took place at the Eventim Apollo in Hammersmith, London[105] and featured fifteen acts from thirteen countries in the official line-up.[106][107] Unlike the 50th anniversary show in 2005 which was broadcast live, this event didn't feature a competition and was pre-recorded to be televised across Europe and other EBU members on various dates schedule by the respective broadcasters. The event was hosted by the British commentator for Eurovision, Graham Norton, and the host of the 2013 Contest and of the 2016 Contest, Petra Mede.
13 Political and geographical voting
The contest has long been accused by some of political bias: the perception is that judges and televoters allocate points based on their nation’s relationship to the other countries, rather than the musical merits of the songs.[118] According to one study of Eurovision voting patterns, certain countries tend to form “clusters” or “cliques” by frequently voting in the same way.[64] Another study concludes that as of 2006, voting blocs have, on at least two occasions, crucially affected the outcome of the contest.[119] On the other hand, others argue that certain countries allocate disproportionately high points to others because of similar musical tastes and cultures and because they speak similar languages,[120][121] and are therefore more likely to appreciate each other’s music.
In late 2011, the EBU had begun archiving all the contests since the first edition in 1956 in order to be finalised before the 2015 Contest, for the 60th anniversary.[108] It was later reported that the archive is ready and will be released on the 60th anniversary with making the content available to journalists in broadcast-ready formats while also giving public accessibility to “selected content” through the As an example, Terry Wogan, the United Kingdom's well-known presenter of Eurovision since 1980 and one official Eurovision website.[109] of the only three presenters mentioned by name during the contest proper[122] stood down from the BBC One's broadcast in 2008 citing “The voting used to be about the songs. Now it’s about national prejudices. We (the UK) 1.1.9 Criticism and controversy are on our own. We had a very good song, a very good singer, we came joint last. I don't want to be presiding [123] The contest has been the subject of criticism regarding over another debacle”. both its musical and political content.[110][111] For example, on rare occasions, certain countries have been booed when performing or receiving points, especially when being given by a neighbour country. Most recently in 2014 and 2015, Russia was heavily booed when it qualified for the final and received high points.[112][113] The reason for the booing is considered to be due to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine and opposition to the country’s policy on LGBT rights.[114]
Another influential factor is the high proportion of expatriates and ethnic minorities living in certain countries. Although judges and televoters cannot vote for their own country’s entry, expatriates can vote for their country of origin.
Musical style and presentation
The total numbers of points to be distributed by each country are equal, irrespective of the country’s population. Thus voters in countries with larger populations have less power as individuals to influence the result of the contest than those voting in smaller countries. For example, San Marino holds the same voting power as Russia despite the vast geographic and population differences between them.
Because the songs play to such a diverse supranational audience with contrasting musical tastes, and countries want to be able to appeal to as many people as possible to gain votes, this has led to the music of the contest being characterised as a “mishmash of power ballads, ethnic rhythms and bubblegum pop”.[115] This wellestablished pattern, however, was notably broken in 2006 with Finnish hard rock band Lordi's victory.[116] As Eurovision is a visual show, many performances attempt to attract the attention of the voters through means other than the music, notably elaborate lighting sequences and pyrotechnics; sometimes leading to bizarre on-stage theatrics, costumes, including the use of revealing dress.[117]
To try to reduce the effect of voting blocs, national juries were re-introduced alongside televoting in the final in 2009: each contributing 50% of the vote.[124] This hybrid system was expanded in 2010 to also be implemented in the semi-finals.[125] However, since 1994 no country has won two years in a row, and semi-finals have also been won by different countries, until 2012 when Sweden won the second semi-final in 2011 and 2012. Although many of them used to give their 12 points to the same country each year, like Cyprus and Greece, it has been noticed that factors such as the sets of other high votes received (7, 8 or 10 points) and the number of countries giving points to a specific entry, also highly affect the final positions.
14
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
Running order of the participating songs
• Bundesvision Song Contest (2005–), held annually between the 16 states of Germany since 2005.
From the 2013 contest onwards, the final running or• ABU Song Festivals (2012–), two Asia-Pacific verder of the competing performances at the semi-finals and sions, the biennial ABU Radio Song Festival and the the final has been decided by the producers of the show annual ABU TV Song Festival. and then approved by the EBU Executive Supervisor and the Reference Group. Prior to this, a random draw sys• Türkvizyon Song Contest (2013–), an annual competem was used to decide the running order for the contition that launched in December 2013, for countries tests. The random draw method is still used to decide and autonomous regions that have Turkic links.[135] the performance position of the host nation, to ensure • Liet-Lávlut (2002–), an annual competition between fairness.[126] The aim of this change was to make the European Ethnic minorities and languages. First shows more exciting and ensure that all contestants had held in Friesland. a chance to stand out, preventing entries that are too sim[127] ilar cancelling each other out. The decision elicited mixed reactions from both fans of the contest and partic- Similar competitions that are no longer held, include: ipating broadcasters.[128][129][130][131] An allocation draw • Castlebar Song Contest (1966–86, 88), held annually also occurs for the final, with each finalist nation drawing in Castlebar, County Mayo, Ireland. to perform either in the first or second half of the final [126] and for the host country[132] While the running order • Yamaha Music Festival, also called World Popular is partly decided by the producers and approved by the Song Festival (1970–87, 89), held in Tokyo, Japan EBU Executive Supervisor and the Reference Group of annually. the contest, some consider it to be controversial because of the risk of corruption, manipulation and benefits for • OTI Festival (1972–98, 2000), competed and hosted some countries, since the running order is considered to by Portugal and the Hispanic countries of Europe, be of importance to the result.[133][134] South and North America. Countries could only sing in Spanish and Portuguese.
1.1.10
Spin-offs
A number of spin-offs and imitators of the Eurovision Song Contest have been produced over the years, some national and other international. Similar competitions that are still held, include: • Sopot International Song Festival (1961–80, 1984– 2003, 2005–09, 2012–), held in Sopot, Poland, annually.
• Intervision Song Contest (1977–80, 2008), originally held by the Eastern Bloc countries of Europe and Finland. Now held by Post-Soviet states and members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. • MGP Nordic (2002, 06–09), for artists under the age of 16 in Scandinavia and Finland. • World Oriental Music Festival (2005), includes participants from Europe and Asia.
• Östersjöfestivalen also called Baltic Song Contest 1.1.11 See also (1967–present), held annually in Karlshamn, Swe• OGAE den. • Cân i Gymru (1969–72, 1974–), held annually in Wales, was intended to be BBC Cymru's pre- 1.1.12 Notes selection show when Wales expressed an interest in participating in the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest [1] The European Broadcasting Area was expanded in November 2007 by the World Radiocommunication Conseparately from the rest of the United Kingdom. • Caribbean Song Festival (1984–), held annually between members of the Caribbean Broadcasting Union. • Festivali i Këngës (1962–), held annually in Tirana, Albania, has been used to select Albania’s entry for the Eurovision Song Contest since 2003. • Junior Eurovision Song Contest (2003–), for European artists under the age of 16. • Asia Song Festival (2004–), held annually in South Korea.
ference (WRC-07), also to include Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.[26][27]
1.1.13 References [1] “Winners of the Eurovision Song Contest” (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 26 December 2007. [2] “Eurovision recognised by Guinness World Records as the largest in the world and the longest-running annual TV music competition (international)". Guinness World Records.
1.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
15
[3] “Live Webcast”. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2006.
[16] “Historical Milestones”. European Broadcasting Union. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2006.
[4] “Finland wins Eurovision contest”. Al Jazeera English. 21 May 2006. Retrieved 8 May 2007.
[17] Thomas, Franck (1999). “Histoire 1956 à 1959” (in French). eurovision-fr.net. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006. Retrieved 17 July 2006.
[5] Murray, Matthew. “Eurovision Song Contest – International Music Program”. Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
[18] “The EBU Operations Department”. European Broadcasting Union. 14 June 2005. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
[6] “Eurovision Trivia” (PDF). BBC Online. 2002. Retrieved 18 July 2006. [7] “Eurovision Song Contest 1972”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 July 2009. [8] “Eurovision Song Contest 2004 Final”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 22 July 2009. [9] “Australia to return to the Eurovision Song Contest!". European Broadcasting Union. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2016. [10] Philip Laven (July 2002). “Webcasting and the Eurovision Song Contest”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 August 2006. [11] “Serbia’s “Prayer” wins Eurovision Song Contest”. Reuters. 14 May 2007. [12] Staff (17 May 2005). “Singing out loud and proud”. Bristol Evening Post. Daily Mail and General Trust. In the mid-1950s, the members of the European Broadcasting Union set up an ad hoc committee to investigate ways of rallying the countries of Europe round a light entertainment programme. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) was formed on 12 February 1950 by 23 broadcasting organisations from Europe and the Mediterranean at a conference in Devon, United Kingdom. It was on 6 June 1954, that Montreux became the venue for the first transmission by the EBU’s Eurovision Network of the Narcissus Festival and its flower-bedecked procession floats. At Monaco, in late January 1955, this committee, chaired by Marcel Bezençon, director general of Swiss Television, came up with the idea of creating a song contest, inspired by the very popular San Remo Festival. The idea was approved by the EBU General Assembly in Rome on 19 October 1955, and it was decided that the first “Eurovision Grand Prix” – so baptised, incidentally, by a British journalist – would take place in spring 1956 at Lugano, Switzerland. [13] Jaquin, Patrick (1 December 2004). “Eurovision’s Golden Jubilee”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 18 July 2009. [14] “History of Eurovision”. BBC Online. 2003. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2006. [15] Waters, George T. (Winter 1994). “Eurovision: 40 years of network development, four decades of service to broadcasters”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
[19] “Voting fault hits Eurovision heat”. BBC News. 13 May 2004. Retrieved 2 May 2010. [20] “Rules for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009” (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 18 July 2009. [21] “Eurovision Song Contest 1974”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 19 July 2009. [22] Barnes, Clive. “Riverdance Ten Years on”. RiverDance. Retrieved 27 July 2006. [23] “Eurovision Song Contest 1956”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 19 July 2009. [24] “Eurovision Song Contest 1979”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 19 July 2009. [25] “Membership conditions”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 3 February 2012. [26] “ITU-R Radio Regulations 2012–15” (PDF). International Telecommunication Union, available from the Spectrum Management Authority of Jamaica. 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2013. [27] “ITU-R Radio Regulations – Articles edition of 2004 (valid in 2004–07)" (PDF). International Telecommunication Union. 2004. [28] “Radio Regulations”. International Telecommunication Union. 8 September 2005. Retrieved 18 July 2006. [29] “Australia to compete in the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest”. ""Eurovision Song Contest"". 10 February 2015. [30] “Eurovision Song Contest – Dusseldorf 2011 | News – JESC – Delegation leaders meet for Junior Eurovision 2008”. Esctoday.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2011. [31] “Eurovision Song Contest: History”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 23 November 2009. [32] Waddell, Nathan (21 May 2015). “Australia: Australia may become a solid participant, says JOS”. escXtra. Retrieved 21 May 2015. [33] Fawkes, Helen (19 May 2005). “Ukrainian hosts’ high hopes for Eurovision”. BBC News Online. Retrieved 19 July 2009. [34] “General Information on Millstreet”. Republic of Ireland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009. [35] “Green Glens Arena”. Town of Millstreet. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
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[36] “Reference group meets in Moscow”. European Broadcasting Union. 12 September 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
[56] Hondal, Victor (12 February 2011). “Norway sends Stella Mwangi to Eurovision 2011”. EscToday.com. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
[37] Marone, John. “Where Do We Put The Foreign Tourists?". The Ukrainian Observer. Archived from the original on 4 February 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
[57] “Biggest change to Eurovision Song Contest voting since 1975”. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
[38] O'Connor, John Kennedy (2005). The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History. London: Carlton Books Limited. ISBN 1-84442-586-X. [39] “Germany will host Eurovision if Australia wins, says Christer Björkman (UPDATED)". Wiwibloggs.com. Wiwibloggs. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
[58] “People’s Daily Online – Eurovision Song Contest semifinal held in Helsinki”. English.people.com.cn. 11 May 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2011. [59] “Eurovision Song Contest app launched!". Eurovision.tv. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2014. [60] “Download the official Eurovision app”. Eurovision.tv. 3 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
[40] “Australia to make Eurovision Song Contest return in 2016”. ebu.ch. European Broadcasting Union. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
[61] Bakker, Sietse (11 October 2009). “Exclusive: Juries also get 50% stake in Semi-Final result!". EBU. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
[41] Siim, Jarmo. “Eurovision Song Contest logo evolves”. EBU. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
[62] “Full Splitt Results”. European Broadcasting Union. eurovision.tv. May 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
[42] “Serbia in spotlight for Eurovision”. BBC News. 23 May 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
[63] “Full Splitt Results”. European Broadcasting Union. eurovision.tv. May 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
[43] “Belgrade 2008”. European Broadcasting Union. 17 March 2008. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
[64] Fenn, Daniel; Suleman, Omer; Efstathiou, Janet; Johnson, Neil F. (2006). “How does Europe Make Its Mind Up? Connections, cliques, and compatibility between countries in the Eurovision Song Contest”. arXiv:physics/0505071 .
[44] “Rules of the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest”. European Broadcasting Union. 2005. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2006. [45] [46] “Rehearsal Schedule” (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009. [47] “Interviews 2008”. European Broadcasting Union. 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2009. [48] “The grand opening reception!". European Broadcasting Union. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009. [49] “After Show Party: Reactions”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 June 2009. [50] “The EuroClub: Official party venue opened its doors”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 18 July 2009. [51] “Eurovision Song Contest 1999”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 July 2009. [52] “Rules of the 44th Eurovision Song Contest, 1999” (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. 13 October 1998. Retrieved 18 July 2006. [53] “Eurovision Song Contest 1973”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 July 2009. [54] “Eurovision Song Contest 1977”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 July 2009. [55] Schacht, Andreas (9 March 2008). “Ishtar for Belgium to Belgrade!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
[65] “Eurovision 2004 – Voting Briefing”. European Broadcasting Union. 12 May 2004. Archived from the original on 7 May 2005. Retrieved 7 May 2005. [66] “Results from the draw”. European Broadcasting Union. 21 March 2006. Archived from the original on 27 May 2006. Retrieved 27 May 2006. [67] “Eurovision 2011: Voting order revealed!". day.com. 11 May 2011.
escto-
[68] “Eurovision Song Contest 1956”. Eurovision.tv. [69] “A to Z of Eurovision”. BBC Online. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2006. [70] “Eurovision Song Contest 1969”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 23 July 2009. [71] “Eurovision Song Contest 1970”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 23 July 2009. [72] “Two @Eurovision Contests are missing”. European Broadcasting Union. 10 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2016. [73] “Eurovision Song Contest 1978”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 18 July 2009. [74] “Lebanon withdraws from Eurovision”. BBC News Online. 18 March 2005. Retrieved 15 July 2006. [75] References are found in "We Don't Wanna Put In" [76] “Reglement du Grand Prix Eurovision 1956 De La Chanson Européenne” (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
1.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
[77] “Eurovision Song Contest 1957”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 19 July 2009. [78] “Extracts from the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest rules” (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
17
[97] “News – Serbia wins Eurovision Song Contest”. B92. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2011. [98] “A Song for Europe”. google.rs.
[99] “By year”. Eurovision.tv. [79] “Eurovision Song Contest 1993”. European Broadcasting [100] “History of Eurovision song contest”. Eurovision.tv. 20 Union. Retrieved 25 June 2009. October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014. [80] “Eurovision Song Contest 1993”. European Broadcasting [101] “Abba win 'Eurovision 50th' vote”. BBC News Online. 23 Union. Retrieved 22 July 2009. October 2005. Retrieved 20 July 2006. [81] “Eurovision Song Contest 1994”. European Broadcasting [102] Borg, Luje (9 December 2013). “EBU: A pan-European Union. Retrieved 22 July 2009. survey”. esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 9 December 2013. [82] “Eurovision Song Contest 1995”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 22 July 2009. [83] “Eurovision Song Contest 1996”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
[103] “60th Anniversay: BBC Confirmed As Show Producers”. eurovoix.com. Eurovoix. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
[84] Bakker, Sietse (31 December 2010). “43 nations on 2011 [104] “Eurovision 2015: BBC to produce 60th anniversary special”. officialcharts.com. Official Charts Company. 29 participants list”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 31 December January 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015. 2010. [85] Jiandani, Sanjay (14 December 2012). “Turkey will not go to Eurovision in Malmö". ESCToday. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
[105] Roxburgh, Gordon (3 February 2015). “Official: London to host Eurovision’s 60th Anniversary Event”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
[86] Jiandani, Sanjay (3 November 2015). “Turkey: TRT con[106] Freeman, Guy. “Eurovision’s Greatest Hits - full line-up firms non participation in Eurovision 2016”. ESCToday. revealed!" (6 February 2015). bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved Retrieved 15 May 2016. 6 February 2015. [87] “Eurovision Song Contest 1997”. European Broadcasting [107] Jiandani, Sanjay (5 February 2015). “United Kingdom: Union. Retrieved 26 June 2009. 4 more Eurovision acts join the party!". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 5 February 2015. [88] “Eurovision Song Contest 2001”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
[108] Siim, Jarmo (8 October 2013). “EBU starts Eurovision archive project”. eurovision.tv. EBU. Retrieved 8 October [89] “Eurovision Song Contest 2004 Semi-final”. European 2011. Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 22 July 2009. [90] “Eurovision Song Contest 2005 Semi-final”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
[109] N., Danny (4 June 2013). “General: Archive to be opened in time for 60th Anniversary”. escxtra.com. escXtra. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
[91] “Eurovision Song Contest – Two Semi-finals in 2008” [110] “Politics 'not Eurovision factor'". BBC News Online. 9 (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. 1 October 2007. May 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2009. [92] “Bubble rapt”. The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 May 2004. [93] “Opening of Sweden’s ABBA museum is delayed”. The San Francisco Chronicle. 12 September 2008. [94] Gray, Sadie (19 October 2008). “Lloyd Webber agrees to try to write a winner for Eurovision”. The Independent. London. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
[111] “Malta slates Eurovision’s voting”. BBC News Online. 14 May 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2008. [112] “BBC News – Russia booed at Eurovision semi-final”. BBC. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-13. [113] Wyatt, Daisy (24 May 2015). “Eurovision 2015: Russia booed despite song contest’s best efforts to put 'music over politics’". The Independent. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
[114] “Eurovision 2014: the booing of Russia was a disgrace”. [95] Sharrock, David (29 May 1999). “Discord at pop’s Tower Spectator Blogs. of Babel”. The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 16 May 2013. [115] Majendie, Paul (11 August 2007). “Edinburgh Fringe show celebrates Eurovision kitsch”. Reuters. Retrieved [96] “Eurovision Song Contest – Dusseldorf 2011 | News – 18 July 2009. 'Luxembourg never to return to the contest'". Esctoday.com. 5 September 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2011. [116] “Eurovision’s Diamond Day”.
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[117] Paul Allatson, "'Antes cursi que sencilla’: Eurovision Song [134] “eurovision 2013 running order rule change controversy”. Contests and the Kitsch Drive to Euro-Unity,” in the SpeEurovisiontimes. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 23 May cial issue on Creolisation: Towards a Non-Eurocentric 2015. Europe, in Culture, Theory and Critique, vol. 48, no. 1 [135] Granger, Anthony (21 September 2013). “Turkvision (Spring 2007): 87–98. a snub at Eurovision?". Eurovoix.com. Retrieved 21 September 2013. [118] “Eurovision votes 'farce' attack”. BBC News Online. 16 May 2004. Retrieved 15 July 2006. [119] Derek Gatherer. "Comparison of Eurovision Song Contest Simulation with Actual Results Reveals Shifting Patterns of Collusive Voting Alliances.", Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation vol. 9, no. 2. 31 March 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2011. [120] Ginsburgh, Victor and Abdul Noury. 2006. The Eurovision Song Contest Is Voting Political or Cultural? [121] Spierdjik, Laura; Vellekoop, Michel (18 May 2006). “Geography, Culture, and Religion: Explaining the Bias in Eurovision Song Contest Voting” (PDF). rug.nl. Retrieved 3 June 2015. [122] "Eurovision Song Contest 2008". Eurovision Song Contest. 24 May 2008.
1.1.14 Further reading • Gambaccini, Paul et al. The Complete Eurovision Song Contest Companion. London: Pavilion, 1998 ISBN 1-86205-167-4, 160p. • O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. London: Carlton, 2007 ISBN 978-1844429943, 208p. • Raykoff, Ivan and Robert D. Tobin (eds.), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007).
[123] “erry Wogan 'very doubtful' about presenting Eurovision again”. 28 November 2015.
• Yair, G; (1995). 'Unite Unite Europe' The political and cultural structures of Europe as reflected in the Eurovision Song Contest, Social Networks. 17: 147– 161.
[124] Viniker, Barry (8 December 2008). “EBU confirms 50/50 vote for Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
• Yair and Maman (1996). The Persistent Structure of Hegemony in the Eurovision Song Contest, Acta Sociologica. 39: 309–325
[125] Bakker, Sietse (31 December 2009). “Exclusive: 39 countries to be represented in Oslo”. EBU. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
1.1.15 External links
[126] “Heads of Delegations meet in Vienna”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
• Media related to Eurovision at Wikimedia Commons
[127] Siim, Jarmo (7 November 2012). “Running order Malmö 2013 to be determined by producers”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
• Quotations related to Eurovision Song Contest at Wikiquote
[128] Repo, Juha (8 November 2012). “Mixed feelings about Eurovision rule change”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22 November 2012. [129] Jiandani, Sanjay (19 November 2012). “Ireland reacts to running order rule”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
• Eurovision Song Contest official website • Eurovision Song Contest’s channel on YouTube
1.2 List of Eurovision Song Contest winners
[130] Sanjay, Jiandani (16 November 2012). “San Marino reacts to running order rule”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22 November 2012. [131] Jiandani, Sanjay (14 November 2012). “Moldova reacts to running order rule”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22 November 2012. [132] Storvik-Green, Simon (22 May 2015). “Running order for Grand Final revealed!". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 218 November 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help) [133] Gavster. “Producers To Decide Eurovision Running Order”. esctips.com.
Lys Assia, the first Eurovision winner (1956), and Dima Bilan, winner in 2008. Centre: Johnny Logan, the winning artist in 1980, winning artist and composer in 1987 and the winning composer in 1992. Right: Ell &
1.2. LIST OF EUROVISION SONG CONTEST WINNERS
19
Nikki celebrating Eurovision Song Contest 2011 victory 1.2.1 in Düsseldorf. Sixty-four songs have won the Eurovision Song Contest, an annual competition organised by member countries of the European Broadcasting Union. The contest, which has been broadcast every year since its debut in 1956, is one of the longest-running television programmes in the world. The contest’s winner has been determined using numerous voting techniques throughout its history; centre to these have been the awarding of points to countries by juries or televoters. The country awarded the most points is declared the winner.[1] The first Eurovision Song Contest was not won on points, but by votes (two per country), and only the winner was announced.[2]
•
There have been 60 contests, with one winner each year except the tied 1969 contest, which had four. Twentysix different countries have won the contest. Switzerland won the first contest in 1956. The country with the highest number of wins is Ireland, with seven. Portugal is the country with the longest history in the contest without a win; it made its forty-eighth appearance at the 2015 contest. The only person to have won more than once as performer is Ireland’s Johnny Logan, who performed "What’s Another Year" in 1980 and "Hold Me Now" in 1987. Logan is also one of only five songwriters to have written more than one winning entry ("Hold Me Now" 1987 and "Why Me?" 1992, performed by Linda Martin).[3] This unique distinction makes Logan the only person to have three Eurovision victories to his/her credit, as either singer, songwriter or both. The other four songwriters with more than one winning entry to their credit are, Willy van Hemert (Netherlands, 1957 and 1959), Yves Dessca (Monaco, 1971 and Luxembourg, 1972), Rolf Løvland (Norway, 1985 and 1995) and Brendan Graham (Ireland, 1994 and 1996). Winning the Eurovision Song Contest provides a unique opportunity for the winning artist(s) to capitalise on their success and surrounding publicity by launching or furthering their international career. However, throughout the history of the contest, relatively few of these artists have gone on to be huge international stars. The most notable winning Eurovision artists whose career was directly launched into the spotlight following their win were the members of ABBA, who won the 1974 contest for Sweden with their song "Waterloo". ABBA went on to be one of the most successful bands of its time.[4] Another notable winner who subsequently achieved international fame and success was Céline Dion, who won the 1988 contest for Switzerland with the song "Ne partez pas sans moi".
List
Eleven Eurovision winners (alongside three non-winners) featured at the Congratulations concert in 2005, in which ABBA's "Waterloo" was voted the most popular song of the contest’s first fifty years.[5] Ireland has finished first seven times, more than any other country, Ireland also won the contest for three consecutive years (1992, 1993, 1994), more consecutive years than any other country. Three countries have won twice in a row, Spain (1968 and 1969), Luxembourg (1972 and 1973) and Israel (1978 and 1979). Along with Switzerland’s win in the first contest, Serbia is the only other country to win with its debut entry (in 2007). Under the voting system used between 1975 and 2015, the winner of the contest was decided by the final voting nation on eleven occasions.[N 3] Changes to the voting system, including a steady growth in the number of countries participating/voting, means that the points earned are not comparable across the decades. Ukraine’s Jamala holds the record of the highest number of points in the contest’s history, earning 534 with the song "1944". Norway’s Alexander Rybak holds the largest margin of victory in absolute points, a 169-point cushion over second place in 2009. Italy’s Gigliola Cinquetti holds the record for largest victory by percentage, scoring almost three times as many as second place (49 points compared with 17 by the runner-up) in the 1964 contest. Under the voting system used from 1975 until 2015, the lowest winning score was Norway’s Bobbysocks! 123 points earned (of the 1044 available from the 18 other countries) when winning Eurovision 1985, while the lowest winning total ever is the 18 points (of the 160 total votes cast by 16 countries) scored by each of the four winning countries in 1969. Under the voting system used from 1975 until 2015, in which each country gives maximum points to its first place choice, Sweden’s Loreen won Eurovision 2012 with the most ever first place votes earned, receiving first place votes from 18 of 41 countries (excluding themselves). The 1976 United Kingdom entrant, Brotherhood of Man with the song “Save Your Kisses For Me” holds the record of the highest average score per participating country, with an average of 9.65 points received per country. 2011 winner Azerbaijan Eldar & Nigar, hold the lowest average score for a winning song under that system, receiving 5.14 points per country. The United Kingdom has finished second fifteen times at Eurovision (most recently in 1998), more than any other country. The most successful country never to have won the Contest is Malta, having finished second in 2002 and 2005 and third in 1992 and 1998. There is no official runner-up for two of the contests – 1956 and 1969. In 1956 only the winner, Switzerland, was announced, whilst there were speculative reports that Germany ended up in second place with "Im Wartesaal
20
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
zum großen Glück" by Walter Andreas Schwarz, on account that Germany was chosen to host the 1957 contest. In 1969 four songs shared first place by achieving the same number of points, and the second best result was achieved by Switzerland, who is not considered an official runner-up, because of the draw for first place.
1.2.2
By country
Crimean Tatar (1.5%) Between 1966 and 1973, and again between 1977 and 1998, countries were only permitted to perform in their own language; see the main Eurovision Song Contest article. The first winner since 1989 to be in a language that had never produced a winning song before is Ruslana's "Wild Dances" in 2004, which was performed partially in Ukrainian. In 2007 Marija Šerifović's "Molitva", which was sung in Serbian, became the first winner since 1989 to be entirely in a language that had never produced a winning song before and the first winner since 1998 to be entirely in a language other than English. So far, only two songs performed in more than one language have won the contest, both have represented Ukraine.
1.2.4 Photogallery • Lys Assia, winner of the 1956 contest for Switzerland. • Corry Brokken, winner of the 1957 contest for The Netherlands.
Map showing each country’s number of Eurovision wins up to and including 2016.[N 4]
Year 1969 is in italics to indicate joint (4-way) win.
• André Claveau, winner of the 1958 contest for France. • Teddy Scholten, winner of the 1959 contest for The Netherlands. • Jacqueline Boyer, winner of the 1960 contest for France.
1.2.3
By language
• Jean-Claude Pascal, winner of the 1961 contest for Luxembourg. • Isabelle Aubret, winner of the 1962 contest for France. • Jørgen & Grethe Ingmann, winners of the 1963 contest for Denmark. • Gigliola Cinquetti, winner of the 1964 contest for Italy. • France Gall, winner of the 1965 contest for Luxembourg. English (46.2%)
French (21.5%) Dutch (4.6%) Hebrew (4.6%) German (3.1%) Norwegian (3.1%) Swedish (3.1%) Italian (3.1%) Spanish (3.1%) Danish (1.5%) Ukrainian (1.5%) Croatian (1.5%) Serbian (1.5%)
• Udo Jürgens, winner of the 1966 contest for Austria. • Sandie Shaw, winner of the 1967 contest for the United Kingdom. • Massiel, winner of the 1968 contest for Spain. • Lulu, one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for the United Kingdom. • Frida Boccara, one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for France. • Lenny Kuhr, one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for The Netherlands.
1.2. LIST OF EUROVISION SONG CONTEST WINNERS • Dana, winner of the 1970 contest for Ireland. • Vicky Leandros, winner of the 1972 contest for Luxembourg. • Anne Marie David, winner of the 1973 contest for Luxembourg.
21 • Olsen Brothers, winners of the 2000 contest for Denmark. • Dave Benton, winner (together with Tanel Padar and 2XL) of the 2001 contest for Estonia. • Marie N, winner of the 2002 contest for Latvia.
• ABBA, winners of the 1974 and the 50th anniversary contests for Sweden.
• Sertab Erener, winner of the 2003 contest for Turkey.
• Teach-In, winners of the 1975 contest for The Netherlands.
• Ruslana, winner of the 2004 contest for Ukraine.
• Brotherhood of Man, winners of the 1976 contest for the United Kingdom • Marie Myriam, winner of the 1977 contest for France. • Gali Atari, winner (together with Milk and Honey) of the 1979 contest for Israel.
• Helena Paparizou, winner of the 2005 contest for Greece. • Lordi, winner of the 2006 contest for Finland. • Marija Šerifović, winner of the 2007 contest for Serbia. • Dima Bilan, winner of the 2008 contest for Russia.
• Johnny Logan, winner of the 1980 and 1987 contests for Ireland.
• Alexander Rybak, winner of the 2009 contest for Norway.
• Bucks Fizz, winners of the 1981 contest for the United Kingdom.
• Lena, winner of the 2010 contest for Germany.
• Nicole Hohloch, winner of the 1982 contest for Germany. • Richard Herrey from Herreys, winners of the 1984 contest for Sweden. • Bobbysocks!, winners of the 1985 contest for Norway. • Sandra Kim, winner of the 1986 contest for Belgium. • Celine Dion, winner of the 1988 contest for Switzerland. • Toto Cutugno, winner of the 1990 contest for Italy. • Carola Häggkvist, winner of the 1991 contest for Sweden. • Linda Martin, winner of the 1992 contest for Ireland.
• Ell & Nikki, winners of the 2011 contest for Azerbaijan. • Loreen, winner of the 2012 contest for Sweden. • Emmelie de Forest, winner of the 2013 contest for Denmark. • Conchita Wurst, winner of the 2014 contest for Austria. • Måns Zelmerlöw, winner of the 2015 contest for Sweden. • Jamala, winner of the 2016 contest for Ukraine.
1.2.5 See also • Eurovision Song Contest winners discography • List of Junior Eurovision Song Contest winners
• Niamh Kavanagh, winner of the 1993 contest for 1.2.6 Notes and references Ireland. Footnotes • Secret Garden, winner of the 1995 contest for Norway. [1] Since 2004, the contest has included a televised semi• Katrina and the Waves, winners of the 1997 contest for the United Kingdom.
final::— In 2004 held on the Wednesday before the final:— Between 2005 and 2007 held on the Thursday of “Eurovision Week”
• Dana International, winner of the 1998 contest for Israel.
[2] Since 2008 the contest has included two semi-finals, held on the Tuesday and Thursday before the final.
• Charlotte Nilsson, winner of the 1999 contest for Sweden.
[3] 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1998, 2002 and 2003.
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CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
[4] the Federal Republic of Germany has two wins, one before, one after German reunification. The map depicts the outline of Germany during both of their wins. [5] the Federal Republic of Germany has two wins, one before, one after German reunification [6] This song was partially sung in Ukrainian. [7] This song was partially sung in Crimean Tatar.
References [1] Extract from the rules for the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved on 22 August 2007.
1.3.1 Rule changes From 1956 until 1965, there was no rule restricting the language(s) in which the songs could be sung. For example, in the 1965 Contest, Ingvar Wixell of Sweden sang his song in English. From 1966 to 1973, a rule was imposed that a song must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating. From 1973 to 1976 inclusive, participants were allowed to enter songs in any language. Several winners took advantage of this, with songs in English by countries where other languages are spoken, including ABBA's song in 1974.[1]
In 1977, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the Contest’s organisers, reimposed the national language restriction. However, Germany and Belgium were given a special dispensation to use English, as their national [3] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest song selection procedures were already too advanced to – The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN change. During the language rule, the only countries 978-1-84442-994-3 which were allowed to sing in English were Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom as English is an official lan[4] BBC News (6 December 2005). ABBA’s Bjorn says no guage in those countries. The restriction was imposed to reunion. Retrieved on 15 March 2008. from 1977 to 1998. [2] Eurovision 1956. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved on 24 May 2008.
From 1999 onwards, a free choice of language was again allowed. Since then, several countries have chosen songs that mixed languages, often English and their national language. Prior to that, songs such as Croatia's "Don't Ever Cry" (1993), Austria's "One Step" and Bosnia and Bibliography Herzegovina's "Goodbye" (1997) had a title and one line of the song in a non-native language. In 1994 Poland • Eurovision Song Contest history. Eurovision.tv. caused a scandal when Edyta Górniak broke the rules by Retrieved on 19 August 2007. singing her song in English during the dress rehearsal[2][3] (which is shown to the juries who selected the winner). • History. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 19 August Only six countries demanded that Poland should be dis2007. qualified, though the rules required 13 countries to complain before Poland could be removed from the competi• John Kennedy O'Connor (2005). The Eurovision tion, the proposed removal did not occur. [4] Song Contest 50 Years The Official History. London: Since 2000 some songs have used artificial or non-existent Carlton Books Limited. ISBN 1-84442-586-X. languages: the Belgian entries in 2003 ("Sanomi") and 2008 ("O Julissi") were entirely in imaginary languages. In 2006 the Dutch entry, "Amambanda", was sung partly 1.3 Languages in the Eurovision in English and partly in an artificial language. [5] ABBA win 'Eurovision 50th' vote. BBC News (23 October 2005). Retrieved on 22 August 2007.
Song Contest The following is a list of languages used in the Eurovision Song Contest since its inception in 1956, including songs (as) performed in finals and, since 2004, semi-finals. The rules concerning the language of the entries have been changed several times. In the past, the Contest’s organizers have sometimes compelled countries to only sing in their own languages, but since 1999 no such restriction has existed.
The entry which used the most languages was "It’s Just a Game", sung by the Bendik Singers for Norway in 1973. It was performed in English and French, with some lyrics in Spanish, Italian, Dutch, German, Irish, SerboCroatian, Hebrew, Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian. In 2012 Bulgaria's entry, "Love Unlimited" had lyrics in Bulgarian, with phrases in Turkish, Greek, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Romani, Italian, Azerbaijani, Arabic and English. 1969 Yugoslav entry "Pozdrav svijetu" was mainly sung in Croatian, but it had phrases in Spanish, German, French, English, Dutch, Italian, Russian and Finnish.
1.3. LANGUAGES IN THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST As of 2015, only three countries have never entered a song in one or more of their national language(s): Belarus has used neither Belarusian nor Russian since its first participation in 2004, Azerbaijan has not used Azerbaijani since its debut in 2008 (leading Bulgaria to be the first country to enter a song with Azerbaijani lyrics) and Monaco has not used Monégasque, which is one of the official languages of Monaco. On the other hand, as of 2016, there are only ten countries whose representatives have performed all their songs at least partially in an official, regional or national language: Andorra, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Monaco, Morocco, and Portugal. In addition, former countries Serbia and Montenegro, Yugoslavia, and current countries Australia, Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom, only have been represented by songs fully in an official language. Criticism
23
Danish (1.5%) Croatian (1.5%) Ukrainian (1.5%) Serbian (1.5%) Crimean Tatar (1.5%) Between 1966 and 1973, and again between 1977 and 1998, countries were only permitted to perform in their own language; see the main Eurovision Song Contest article. In 2007 Marija Šerifović's "Molitva" became the first Serbian-language song to win the contest, the first winner since 1989 to be in a language that had never produced a winning song before and the first winner since 1998 to be entirely in a language other than English.
1.3.4 Entries in artificial (constructed) languages
Three times in the history of the contest, songs have been French legislator François-Michel Gonnot criticized sung in invented languages.[9] French television and launched an official complaint in the French Parliament, as the song which represented France in 2008, "Divine", was sung in English.[5] A 1.3.5 See also similar incident occurred again in 2014, when Spanish • List of languages in the Junior Eurovision Song Conartist Ruth Lorenzo was criticized by the Royal Spanish test Academy after the Spanish national selection for singing her entry, Dancing in the Rain, with some lyrics in English.
1.3.6 Notes and references
1.3.2
Languages and their first appearance Footnotes [1] This song was partially sung in Ukrainian.
Source: The Diggiloo Thrush
[2] This song was partially sung in Crimean Tatar.
1.3.3
Winners by language References [1] “Facts & Trivia”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 10 July 2012. [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 1994”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 November 2014. [3] “Poland1994 - Edyta Gorniak To Nie Ja (Polish/English)". YouTube clip. Retrieved 30 June 2016. [4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1994 facts”. contest.eu. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
English (47.0%) French (21.2%) Dutch (4.5%) Hebrew (4.5%) German (3.0%) Norwegian (3.0%) Swedish (3.0%) Italian (3.0%) Spanish (3.0%)
eurovision-
[5] Van Gelder, Lawrence (2008-04-17). “French Singer Stirs Storm”. http://www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 201005-07. [6] At the time of Yugoslavia’s existence the common name for these languages was Serbo-Croatian. The term Croatian came into use during the seventies; Serbian and Bosnian evolved politically in the 1990s (see SerboCroatian for more details). Another view is that the first post-breakup entries can be considered the first for the respective languages: "Ljubim te pesmama" for Serbian in
24
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
1992, "Sva bol svijeta" for Bosnian in 1993, and "Don't Ever Cry" for Croatian, also in 1993. [7] Austria has sent two entries to the contest in dialects of German: "Weil der Mensch zählt" was sung in the Styrian dialect in 2003, while "Woki mit deim Popo" was sung in the Mühlviertlerisch dialect in 2012.
1.4.1 Number of songs Each country in the Eurovision Song Contest is entitled to enter just one song. The Contest final is limited to 26 songs (only exception being in 2015 when Australia participated in the contest and 27 songs competed in the final). They consist of the following:
[8] It could be considered that the Yugoslav songs of 1983 (Džuli) and 1984 (Ciao amore) were sung in Montenegrin language, although its autonomy as a language was not recognized until the mid 90s.
• The “Big 5” countries (United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain and Italy) as they are the 5 largest economic contributors to the contest, and are rewarded with automatic spots in the final.
[9] “Ishtar from Belgium to Belgrade”. EBU. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
• The host country. • 10 qualifiers from Semi-final 1 - held on the Tuesday before the contest.
Bibliography • Eurovision Song Contest history. Retrieved on 19 August 2007.
Eurovision.tv.
• History. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 19 August 2007. • John Kennedy O'Connor (2005). The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History. London: Carlton Books Limited. ISBN 1-84442-586-X. • O'Connor, John Kennedy (2005). The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History. London: Carlton Books Limited. ISBN 1-84442-586-X.
• 10 qualifiers from Semi-final 2 - held on the Thursday before the contest. At the first Contest, each country was allowed to submit two songs each with a maximum duration of three minutes. Nowadays, it is still required that each song not exceed three minutes in length, although many artists record the song in a longer version, simply performing a shorter version at the Contest. The number of participating countries has grown throughout the Contest’s history, and since 1993 the rules have been changed several times to both limit the number of finalists and to allow for participation by former Soviet and Yugoslav republics, Warsaw Pact nations and others.
• “Historical Milestones”. eurovision.tv. 2005. 1.4.2 No previously published music Archived from the original on 2006-05-26. Retrieved 2006-05-26. The entering song is also not allowed to be a cover version, and is not allowed to sample another artist’s work. All • “Urban Trad”. UrbanTrad.com. 28 September songs must be completely original in terms of songwriting 2004. Retrieved 2006-07-18. and instrumentation, and may not have been released publicly before 1 September of the year preceding. If re• “Treble will represent the Netherlands”. eurovi- leased publicly, it may only be released in the entrant sion.tv. Archived from the original on 2006-05-25. country’s market until after the contest. Retrieved 2006-05-25. • Klier, Marcus (2008-03-09). “Belgium: Ishtar to 1.4.3 Voices and instruments Eurovision”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-10-11. No entirely instrumental composition has ever been allowed in Eurovision contests. Latvia did their act a cappella in 2006, as did Belgium in 2011. Austria’s entry 1.4 Rules of the Eurovision Song in the 2011 contest started a cappella but then the instruments started as well.
Contest
The official rules of the Eurovision Song Contest are long, technical, and ever-changing. Many of the rules cover technical aspects of the television broadcast itself. However, a few of the more important rules affecting the conduct and outcome of the Contest follow.
1.4.4 Performers Current rules state that countries are allowed to have up to six performers on stage. Performers must be aged 16 or older, on the day of the semi-final in the year of the
1.4. RULES OF THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST Contest.[1] This rule was introduced in 1990, as two contestants the year before had been 11 and 12 years. The introduction of this rule means that Sandra Kim, who was 13 when she won for Belgium in 1986, will remain the youngest winner unless the age limit is lowered. No restriction on the nationality of the performers exists, which has resulted in countries being represented by artists who are not nationals of that country. One of the most wellknown winning artists, Canadian Céline Dion represented Switzerland in 1988. It should also be noted that the performer only needs to be 16 when the event takes place and not when they are selected, as proven when Lindsay Dracass was selected to represent the United Kingdom in 2001 and again when Triinu Kivilaan was selected to represent Switzerland in 2005, despite both of these performers only being 15 at their respective times of selection. In Dracass’ case, she had to be issued a special visa to enable her to travel to Copenhagen.[2]
1.4.5
Languages
From the first Contest in 1956 until 1965, and again from 1973 until 1976 there was no restriction on language. From 1966 until 1972, and again from 1978 until 1998, songs were required to be performed in a national language. The national language rule was actually instituted shortly before the 1977 Contest, but some countries had already selected non-national language entries, and they were allowed to enter without any changes. As of the 1999 Contest, the restriction was again lifted, and songs may be performed in any language. As a result, many of the songs are performed partially or completely in English. In 2003, Belgium made full use of the sotermed free language rule, and entered a song, "Sanomi", in an artificial language created especially for the song. This proved successful as the country finished second, only two points behind Turkey. The same tactic was used in 2006 by the Dutch entry Treble which is partially sung in an artificial language and once again by Belgium with their 2008 entry “O Julissi”. Dialects and regional languages notes per year
25 • 1989 – Switzerland sang in Romansh, the fourth language of Switzerland • 1990 and 2012 – Finland sang in Swedish, which is the country’s second official language. • 1991 – Italy sang in Neapolitan, an Italo-Dalmatian language spoken in Naples and surrounding areas. • 1992, 1993, 1996 and 2011 – France sang in the languages of Antillean Creole (1992), Corsican (1993 and 2011) and Breton (1996). • 1999 – Lithuania sang in Samogitian, a dialect of Lithuanian • 2004 – Estonia sang in Võro, which is considered by some to be a dialect of Estonian, and others, a separate language • 2003, 2006 and 2008 – In 2003, Belgium's Urban Trad sang "Sanomi" in a completely made-up language, while the Dutch participants in 2006, Treble, sang half of their song “Amambanda” in a fictional language. In 2008, Ishtar performed their song, "O Julissi" in a fictional language as well. • 2006 - Monaco sang partially in Tahitian. • 2009 - The Czech Republic sang partially in Romani, the language of the Romani people. • 2009 - Israel sang partially in Hebrew and in Arabic. • 2011 - Norway introduces lyrics in Swahili. The entry from France was performed in Corsican that same year. • 2012 - Most of the lyrics of Russia's entry were in the Udmurt language (which, alongside Russian, is the official language in Udmurtia). • 2016 - Ukraine decided to send Jamala, a Crimean singer, with her song "1944" which featured lyrics in the Crimean Tatar language, which sparked controversy between Russia and Ukraine because of the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.
On some occasions, dialects of a language or a very rare Language issues and English-language prevalence language have been used in a song entry: Many European countries were founded on ideas of lin• 1971, 1996, 2003 & 2012 - Austria sang in various guistic unity and because of the sometimes unwelcome dominance of the English language in modern pop music, dialects of German the language of a country’s Eurovision entry can be a con• 1972 – Ireland sang in Irish, one of the two official tentious issue.[3] Some entries are performed in English to languages of Ireland reach broader audiences, though this is sometimes looked • 1980 – The title of Norway's entry was in Sami lan- upon as unpatriotic. In recent years up to 2007 the number of non-English language entrants has decreased, with guage mostly Ex-Yugoslavia, French language countries, Spain • 1982 – Germany sang in German but after winning and Portugal performing in their native language. In performed the reprise in four different languages: terms of recent Contest performance, most non-English German, English, French and Dutch songs have been far less successful than those in English.
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CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
Until 2007, the last wholly non-English language winner was Israel's Dana International, who performed Diva in Hebrew in 1998. The 2004 winner, Wild Dances performed by Ruslana, was partially sung in Ukrainian. After 2007 when Marija Šerifović won, singing in Serbian, the number of non-English contestants increased again in 2008. Almost half of the performers contested in their native language. In some cases, the lyrics are written and recorded in two different versions (usually English and a national language) or a single multi-language version. Examples include: • Denmark, where the national selection procedure allows freedom of language, but if the winning song from their national competition is in Danish, it must be re-written in English for the competition. • Sweden, even as there is no outspoken rule the song must be translated into English, it has usually been done so (if allowed in the rules), as in 1965, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1999, 2000, 2004, and 2006. • Macedonia, who held a vote to decide whether their 2005 song should be in English or Macedonian. • France, whose entry in 2001 was performed partially in French and partially in English. The 2007 entry was sung in Franglais. The French entry in 2008 caused controversy as it was all in English and people were unhappy about being represented with an English song. In 2012, Anggun performed her song Echo partly in English but mostly in French.
1.4.6
Rule changes by year
• 1956 First contest - each of the 7 competing countries were obliged to hold a National selection final to choose their entries. • 1957 After Italy’s song lasted 5:09 minutes, rule changes were introduced to limit maximum song times to 3 minutes - which still operates.[4] • 1958 The convention of the winning country being invited to host the following year’s contest is introduced. However, several countries would decline the opportunity in subsequent years. • 1959 Professional publishers or composers were no longer allowed in the national juries. • 1962 Voting system change. Each country had 10 jury members who awarded their three favourite songs 3, 2, and 1 points in order. Previously each of the ten jury members awarded 1 point to their favourite song. • 1963 Jury sizes doubled to 20 and points awarded were 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1.
• 1964 Jury sizes revert to 10, and points are now 5, 3 and 1. It becomes possible for a unanimous jury to award all 9 points to one song - but this does not occur. It was also possible to give 6 and 3 points to two songs, this happened only in 1965, when the Belgian jury gave 6 points to the United Kingdom and 3 points to Italy. • 1966 Countries must now sing in one of its national languages. • 1967 Scoring system reverts to the one used between 1957 and 1961. Each of the ten jurors awards a single point to their favourite song - so in theory a country could be awarded all 10 points, although the highest tally allocated under this system was 9 by the Belgian jury for Dana's 1970 winning song. • 1968 Although not a rule change, the contest is broadcast in colour by 6 of the 17 countries competing. It has been available in colour to broadcasters each year since. • 1970 Following a four-way tie in the 1969 contest, a tie-break rule was introduced with provision for a sing-off and a show of hands from the juries to elect a winner. • 1971 Another voting system change. Each country had two jury members, one under 25 and one over 25. They each awarded 1 to 5 points for each song. This created an issue where some juries gave fewer points out than others. The rule permitting groups of up to six performers on stage was introduced. Previously, entrants could only perform solo or as a duet.[5] • 1972 Each country had 2 jurors present in the hall. Each juror awarded all songs with a score between 1 and 5, so each country gave all other countries a score between 2 and 10 points. • 1973 The rule forcing countries to sing in one of its national languages is relaxed - however this is only in place for 4 years. • 1974 The scoring system used between 1957 and 1961 and between 1968 and 1970 is restored for a third time. • 1975 The scoring system that still operates today is introduced. Each jury would now give 12 points to the best song, 10 to the second best, then 8 to the third, 7 to the fourth, 6 to the fifth and so forth until the tenth best song (in the jury’s opinion) received a single point. Unlike today, the points were not given in order (from 1 up to 12), but in the order the songs were performed. • 1976 As the cost of staging the contest increases, a new rule was introduced that, in future, each participating broadcaster would have to pay a part of the cost of staging the contest.
1.4. RULES OF THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST • 1977 Countries must again revert to singing in their own national languages.
27
• 1980 The jury spokesperson now read the points out in numerical order (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12) rather than in song order.
Countries eliminated in the semi-final were still allowed to vote on the final, so the convention of reading the scores in both French and English were dropped. The spokesperson would now read the score in one language with presenters repeating in the other language.
• 1987 As the number of countries reached a record of 22, the EBU imposed a limit on the number of countries competing. Although set at 22, this limit has varied slightly over the years.
• 2006 Jury spokespersons no longer read out all the points from 1 up to 12. Instead the scores up to 7 points are displayed briefly before the spokesperson reads out their 8, 10 and 12 point allocations.
• 1990 Following Sandra Kim's 1986 win for Belgium at the age of just 13 and controversy over two performers in 1989 being just 11 and 12 years old, a restriction on competitor’s age was introduced. The minimum age is now 16 at the time of the event.
• 2008 With a record entry of 43, a second semi-final was introduced. Juries were used to allocate a wildcard place in the final from each of the semi-finals. 25 countries now compete in the final.
• 1993 After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a prequalifying round was introduced. • 1994 Relegation had to be introduced to accommodate the ever-increasing number of countries wishing to compete. Initially the bottom five countries from 1993 would not get an entrant at the 1994 contest. The relegation rules would change slightly over subsequent years. • 1994 This year’s contest saw the highest number of participants in the 1990s, with 25 countries performing. • 1997 After controversy over a 1996 pre-selection procedure (similar to 1993) which resulted in Germany being omitted from the contest, the selection procedure changed to allow only the countries with the best average scores over the previous four years. • 1997 Televoting was trialled in five countries and would become the preferred method of voting from 1998. • 1999 Restrictions are lifted again allowing countries to sing in any language. • 1999 Countries preferences to use backing tracks virtually leads to the abolition of orchestras. Live music became optional and all broadcasters since 1999 have declined to use an orchestra. In 2004, all live music was banned; even artists on stage were not allowed to play their instruments live, even if they explicitly voiced their wish to do so. This live music prohibition is still in place. • 2000 The "Big Four" rule is introduced giving France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom automatic entry in the contest regardless of previous performance. In 2011 Italy made comeback becoming a "Big Five" member. • 2004 Relegation rules, which varied slightly since 1994 were dropped and a semi-final was introduced.
• 2009 After criticism of the voting system after the 2007 Contest, changes in the voting procedure were made with the re-introduction of a national jury alongside televoting (split 50/50). This format would be extended to the semi-finals in 2010. • 2010 People can vote from the first song until the end of vote. • 2012 The fifteen-minute televoting window is restored due to criticism of the voting method after the 2011 contest. 26 countries now compete in the final, because Italy made comeback in 2011 and became a “Big Five” country along with Germany, France, Spain and United Kingdom. • 2013 The format of the jury/televoting result is changed slightly in that all songs are now ranked instead of being given a score in each method, this is then merged and the ten highest ranked songs receive points in the usual manner. Also, for the first time, the running order in all three shows is determined by producers of the show instead of a random draw, which is supposed to give each song competing a fair chance of success. • 2015 The EBU considers the possibility of inviting countries outside of the European Broadcasting Area or the Council of Europe to participate in future editions of the contest. The first of such “guest nations” was Australia in 2015. This also bumps up the number of countries competing in the final to 27.[6][7] • 2016 A new voting system is introduced. Entries now receive one set of points from the jury and one set of points from televoting. First, the jury votes are given in the usual way, giving 1 up to 12 points but with only the 12th being read by the spokesperson. Then, the televotes are read by the presenters, starting with the country receiving the least televotes and ending with the country that received the most televotes, so the winner is not known until the end of the show.[8] In addition, the number of countries
28
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
competing in the final is reduced back to 26 as Aus- substituted votes by a panel of judges.[2] Between 1997 tralia now competes in the semi-final.[9] and 2003 (the first years of televoting), lines were opened to the public for only five minutes after the performance and recap of the final song. Between 2004 and 2006 the 1.4.7 See also lines were opened for 10 minutes, and from 2007 to 2009 they were opened for 15 minutes. In 2010 viewers were • Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest allowed to vote during the performances, but this was rescinded for the 2012 contest. The BBC contacted regional juries by telephone to choose the 1956 winners, and the European Broadcasting [1] “Rules of the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest”. Eurovi- Union (producers of the contest) later began contacting sion.tv (EBU). 2005. Archived from the original on 2006- international juries by telephone. This method continued 02-10. Retrieved 2008-08-17. to be used until 1993. The following year saw the first satellite linkup to juries.
1.4.8
References
[2] Terry Wogan, Eurovision Song Contest 2001
[3] Ivković, D. (2013). The Eurovision Song Contest on YouTube: A corpus-based analysis of language attitudes. Language@Internet, 10, article 1. (urn:nbn:de: 0009-7-35977) [4] http://www.eurovision.am/eng/?sub=history [5] http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-year/contest? event=287 [6] “Eurovision Song Contest invites Australia to join 'world’s biggest party'". The Guardian. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015. [7] “Australia participate in the 60th Eurovision”. Eurovision.tv. EBU. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015. [8] SVT Article, 20 Feb 2016 (Swedish) [9] “Australia To Return To The Eurovision Song Contest”. EBU. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
1.5 Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest The winner of the Eurovision Song Contest is selected by a positional voting system. Each country awards two sets of 12, 10, 8–1 points to their 10 favourite songs: one from their professional jury and the other from televoting.[1] The current system has been in place since 2016. Countries were only permitted to vote for their own entries in 1956.
1.5.1
Overview
Small, demographically-balanced juries made up of ordinary people had been used to rank the entries, but after the widespread use of telephone voting in 1998 the contest organizers resorted to juries only in the event of a televoting malfunctions. In 2003, Eircom's telephone polling system malfunction. Irish broadcaster RTÉ did not receive the polling results from Eircom in time, and
To announce the votes, the contest’s presenters connect by satellite to each country in turn and inviting a spokesperson to read the country’s votes in French or English. The presenters originally repeated the votes in both languages, but since 2004 the votes have been translated due to time constraints. To offset increased voting time required by a larger number of participating countries, since 2006 only countries’ eight-, 10-, and 12-point scores are read aloud; one- to seven-point votes are added automatically to the scoreboard while each country’s spokesperson is introduced. The scoreboard displays the number of points each country has received and, since 2008, a progress bar indicating the number of countries which have voted.
1.5.2 Voting systems Note [1] Back-up juries are used by each country (with eight members) in the event of a televoting failure. [2] In the event of a televoting failure, only a jury is used by that country; in the event of a jury failure, only televoting is used by that country.
The most-used voting system (other than the current one) was last used for the 1969 contest. This system was used from 1957 to 1961 and from 1967 to 1969. Ten jurors in each country each cast one vote for their favourite song. In 1969 this resulted in a four-way tie for first place (between the UK, the Netherlands, France, and Spain), with no tie-breaking procedure. A second round of voting in the event of a tie was introduced to this system the following year. From 1962 to 1966, a voting system similar to the current one was used. In 1962, each country awarded its top three one, two and three points; in 1963 the top five were awarded one, two, three, four and five points, and from 1964 to 1966, each country awarded its top three one, three and five points. With the latter system, a country could choose to give points to two countries instead of three (giving three to one and six to the other); in 1965, Belgium awarded the United Kingdom six points and Italy
1.5. VOTING AT THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
29
three. Although it was possible to give one country nine United Kingdom tied for first place. With no tie-breaking points, this never occurred. system in place at the time, it was determined that all four The 1971, 1972, and 1973 contests saw the jurors “in countries would be awarded the title; in protest, Austria, vision” for the first time. Each country was represented Finland, Sweden, Norway and Portugal did not particiby two jurors: one older than 25 and one younger, with at pate the following year. least ten years’ difference in their ages. Each juror gave a minimum of one point and a maximum of five points to each song. In 1974 the previous system of ten jurors was used, and the following year the current system was introduced. Spokespeople were next seen on screen in 1994 with a satellite link to the venue. The 2004 contest had its first semifinal, with a slight change in voting: countries which did not qualify from the semifinal would be allowed to cast votes in the final. This resulted in Ukraine’s Ruslana finishing first, with a record 280 points. If the voting had been conducted as it had been from 1956 to 2003 (when only finalist countries could vote), Serbia and Montenegro's Željko Joksimović would have won the contest with 190 points: a 15-point lead over Ruslana, who would have scored 175 points. To date, non-qualifying countries are still allowed to vote in the final. In 2006, Serbia and Montenegro were able to vote in the semifinal and the final despite their nonparticipation due to a scandal in the selection process.
In the procedure, sometimes known as a countback, if two (or more) countries tie the song receiving points from the greater number of countries is the winner. If there is still a tie, a second tie-breaker counts the number of countries who assigned twelve points to each entry in the tie. Tie-breaks continue with ten points, eight points, and so on until the tie is resolved. If the tie cannot be resolved after the number of countries which assigned one point to the song is equal, the song performed earlier in the running order is declared the winner unless the host country performed earlier (in which case the song performed later would be the winner). This rule originally applied only to first place ties,[18] but since 2008 has been applied to all places.[19] In 1991, the tie-break procedure was implemented when Sweden and France both had 146 points at the end of the voting. At the time, the tie-break rule was slightly different; the first tie-break rule (the country supported by the most other countries wins) was not yet in use, and the current rule of first determining the country with the votes from the most countries was not added until 2003.[20][21] Both Sweden and France had received the maximum twelve points four times; when the number of ten-point scores was counted Sweden, represented by Carola and "Fångad av en stormvind", claimed its third victory since it received five ten-point scores against France’s two. The French song "Le Dernier qui a parlé...", performed by Amina, finished second with the smallest-ever losing margin.
With the introduction of two semifinals in 2008, a new method of selecting finalists was created. The top nine songs (ranked by televote) qualified, along with one song selected by the back-up juries. This method, in most cases, meant that the tenth song in the televoting failed to qualify; this attracted some criticism, especially from Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (who had placed 10th in the televote).[13] In 2010 the 2009 final system was used, with a combination of televoting and jury votes from each country also used to select the semifinalists.[14] Each participating country had a national jury, consisting of five music-industry professionals[15] 1.5.5 appointed by national broadcasters.[16]
1.5.3
Scoring no points
Highest scores
These are all the songs that have scored over 300 points. One of these, "A Million Voices" sung by Russian artist Polina Gagarina, became the first song to get over 300 points without winning the contest, Australia became the first country to get over 500 points, but still didn't win the contest. As the number of voting countries and the voting systems have varied, it may be more relevant to compare what percentage of all points awarded in the competition that each song received (computed from the published scoreboards [17] ).
1.5.4
Tie-breakers
Countries with no points, and the number of times for each
A tie-break procedure was implemented after the 1969 As each participating country casts a series of preference contest, in which France, the Netherlands, Spain and the votes, under the current scoring system it is rare that a
30
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
song fails to receive any votes at all; such a result means place less than tenth in every country in jury voting and that the song failed to make the top ten most-popular televote. songs in any country. Entries which received no points during the semifinals The first zero points in Eurovision were scored in 1962, are: under a new voting system. When a country finishes with However, in 2004 France, Poland and Russia did not vote a score of zero, it is often referred to in English-language in the semifinal; in 2009 twenty countries voted. media as nul points or nil points, albeit incorrectly. Grammatical French for “no points” is pas de points or zéro point, but none of these phrases is used in the contest; Televoting no-point scores are not announced by the presenters. With the new televoting system being announced in the 2016 contest, nul points in televoting were possible, but Before 1975 not likely, in both the 2016 semifinals there was no country that had no points, but in the final Czech Republic Entries which received no points before the introduction received no televote points, they finished with 41 points of the current scoring system in 1975 are: in total in the final. 1975 to 2016
Entries that received no televote points are:
Entries which received no points since the introduction Junior Eurovision of this system in 1975 up until the scoring reformation in No entry in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest has ever 2016 are: received nul points; since 2005, each contestant begins The first time a host nation ever finished with nul points with 12 points to prevent such a result.[30] However, there was in the 2015 final, when Austria’s “I Am Yours” by has not been a situation that the 12 points received in the The Makemakes scored zero. In 2003, following the beginning would have remained as the sole points. On UK’s first zero score,[22] an online poll was held to deter15 October 2012, it was announced by the EBU, that for mine public opinion about each zero-point entry’s worthe first time in the contest’s history a new "Kids Jury" was thiness of the score. Spain’s "¿Quién maneja mi barca?" being introduced into the voting system. The jury consists (1983) won the poll as the song that least deserved a zero, of members aged between 10 and 15, and representing and Austria’s “Lisa Mona Lisa” (1988) was the song most each of the participating countries. A spokesperson from deserving of a zero.[23] the jury would then announce the points 1-8, 10 and the In 2012, although it scored in the combined voting, maximum 12 as decided upon by the jury members.[31] France's "Echo (You and I)" by Anggun would have received no points if televoting alone had been used. In that year’s first semi-final, although Belgium's "Would You?" 1.5.6 Regional bloc voting by Iris received two points in the televoting-only hypothetical results the points were from the Albanian jury Although statistical analysis of the results from 2001 [32] it is debat(since Albania did not use televoting); Belgium would to 2005 suggests regional bloc voting; [24] able whether this is due to political alliances or a tenhave received no official points from televoting alone. dency for culturally-close countries to have similar muIn his book, Nul Points, comic writer Tim Moore inter[33] sical tastes. The United Kingdom and France would views several of these performers about how their Eurohistorically exchange points (an average of 6.5 points per vision score affected their careers.[25] contest), and the UK has also had such a relationship with Ireland. Several countries can be categorised as voting 2016 onwards blocs, which regularly award one another high points:[32] In 2016, the Czech Republic’s entry "I Stand" received no points from the televote. They did get 41 points from juries.[26] Semifinals Since the creation of a qualifying round (semifinal) in 2004[27] and an expansion to two semifinals in 2008,[28] more than thirty countries vote each night – even countries which have been eliminated or have already qualified. No points are rarer; it would require a song to
• Greece and Cyprus • Turkey and Azerbaijan • English-speaking countries or countries of the Commonwealth: Australia, Malta, Ireland and the United Kingdom • Austria, Germany and Switzerland • The Netherlands and Belgium • Andorra, Portugal and Spain
1.5. VOTING AT THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
31 from Switzerland, Italy and San Marino. Former Eurovision TV director Bjørn Erichsen disagreed with the assertion that regional bloc voting significantly affects the contest’s outcome, saying that Russia’s first victory in 2008 was only possible with votes from thirty-eight of the participating countries.[34]
1.5.7 See also • Kids Jury in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
1.5.8 References [1] http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=biggest_ change_to_eurovision_song_contest_voting_since_1975 read 2016-03-20
Bloc voting in the Eurovision Song Contest from 2001 to 2005, according to Derek Gatherer (2006)[32] Pyrenean Axis (Andorra and Spain) Partial Benelux (Belgium and the Netherlands) Viking Empire (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden) Warsaw Pact (Poland, Russia and Ukraine) Balkan Bloc (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey)
[2] Nick, Paton Walsh (2003-05-30). “Vote switch 'stole Tatu’s Eurovision win'". The Guardian. [3] “Eurovision 1997”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 11 November 2014. [4] “Eurovision history”. November 2014.
Eurovision.tv.
Retrieved 11
[5] “Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 1999” (PDF). Myledbury. Retrieved 11 November 2014. [6] “Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 2000” (PDF). Myledbury. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
• The Nordic states: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland
[7] “Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 2001” (PDF). myledbury. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
• The Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
[8] “Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 2002” (PDF). Myledbury. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
• Romania and Moldova, acting as a bridge between the Balkan and Warsaw Pact states
[9] “Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 2003” (PDF). myledbury. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
• The Balkan countries: Macedonia and Albania The former Yugoslav countries: Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Montenegro, Macedonia, and Croatia • The former USSR countries of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Moldova
[10] https://www.eurovision.tv/upload/press-downloads/ 2013/Public_version_ESC_2013_Rules_ENG_FINAL. pdf [11] http://sofabet.com/2013/03/11/ eurovision-2013-how-will-birds-fly-for-the-netherlands/ [12] Jordan, Paul (18 February 2016). “Biggest change to Eurovision Song Contest voting since 1975”. eurovision.tv. Retrieved 18 February 2016. [13] Viniker, Barry (2009-05-20). “FYR Macedonia threatens
It is normal if countries award points to their neighbours Eurovision withdrawal”. ESCToday. Retrieved 24 January 2010. regularly, even if they are not part of a voting bloc (for example, Finland and Estonia, Germany and Denmark, the Baltic states and Russia or Albania and Greece). [14] Bakker, Sietse (2009-10-11). “Exclusive: Juries also get 50% stake in Semi-Final result!". EBU. Retrieved 2009Votes may also be based on a diaspora. Greece, Turkey, 10-11. Poland, Russia and the former Yugoslav countries normally get high scores from Germany or the United King- [15] Bakker, Sietse (22 January 2015). “EBU restores televotdom, Armenia votes from France or Belgium, Poland ing window as from 2012”. European Broadcasting from Ireland, Romania from Spain and Italy and Albania Union. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
32
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
[16] http://www.eurovision.tv/upload/press-downloads/2015/ 2014-09-02_2015_ESC_rules_EN_PUBLIC_RULES. pdf read 2015-05-20
1.6 History of the Eurovision Song Contest
[17] “Full Split Results”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
The history of the Eurovision Song Contest began with an idea of Sergio Pugliese, of the Italian television RAI, and then approved by Marcel Bezençon of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The contest was based on the Italian Sanremo Music Festival and was designed to test the limits of live television broadcast technology.
[18] “Public rules of the 60th Eurovision Song Contest” (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 1 June 2015. [19] “Eurovision 2008 Final”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 20 May 2014. [20] http://www.myledbury.co.uk/eurovision/pdf/esc2002. pdf [21] http://www.myledbury.co.uk/eurovision/pdf/esc2003. pdf [22] "'Nul points’ sparks Eurovision rejig”. Broadcast. Retrieved 29 May 2003. [23] “The BIG Zero”. sechuk.com.
The first contest took place on 24 May 1956,[1] where seven nations participated. As the Contest progressed, the rules grew increasingly complex and participation levels rose to pass forty nations at the end of the 20th century. As more countries came on board over subsequent decades and technology advanced, the EBU attempted to keep up with national and international trends. The end of the Cold War in the early 1990s led to a sudden increase in numbers, with many former Eastern Bloc countries queuing up to compete for the first time. This process continued into the 2005 contest, in which both Bulgaria and Moldova made their debut.
[24] Siim, Jarmo. “Eurovision 2012 split jury-televote results revealed”. Eurovision. Retrieved 18 June 2012. [25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
Liechtenstein, Vatican City and Kosovo are the only European countries not to have participated; the most recent major European country to take part was the Czech Re“Nul Points: Amazon.co.uk: Tim Moore: public, which made its debut in the 2007 contest. San 9780099492979: Books”. amazon.co.uk. Marino took part in the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest in “ESC 2016 grand final full results”. Eurovision. Retrieved Belgrade, Serbia, together with Azerbaijan. 15 May 2016. Australia made their debut in the 2015 contest and became the first country from the Oceania region (and the “Rules of the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest” (PDF). second country outside of Eurasia overall after Morocco European Broadcasting Union. MyLedbury. in 1980) to participate in the contest. Although their participation was originally announced as a one-off event, “Eurovision: 2 semi finals confirmed!". Esctoday. the country was subsequently invited to participate in the Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 2016 contest. 25 June 2007.
[29] Cameron, Rob. “Czechs pull out of Eurovision after three years and “nul points"". Radio Prague. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
1.6.1 Competition history
[30] "'Your votes please: the spokespersons’". ESC Today. 26 November 2005. Retrieved 10 June 2009. [31] Siim, Jarmo (15 October 2012). “Extra 'country' to give points in 2012”. junioreurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 25 August 2016. [32] Derek Gatherer (2005-09-20). “Comparison of Eurovision Song Contest Simulation with Actual Results Reveals Shifting Patterns of Collusive Voting Alliances.”. Retrieved 2007-05-14. [33] Victor Ginsburgh, Abdul Noury (October 2006). “The Eurovision Song Contest:: Is Voting Political or Cultural?" (PDF). [34] Bakker, Sietse. “Eurovision TV Director responds to allegations on voting”. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
London. Royal Albert Hall, venue of 1968 contest.
See also: List of Eurovision Song Contest winners
1.6. HISTORY OF THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
Jerusalem. International Convention Centre, venue of 1979 and 1999 contests.
33
Stockholm. Globen Arena, venue of 2000 and 2016 contest.
Malmö. Malmö Isstadion, venue of 1992 contest.
Istanbul. Abdi İpekçi Arena, venue of 2004 contest.
Oslo. Oslo Spektrum, venue of 1996 contest.
1.6.2
The songs
The earliest period in the Eurovision history is marked by the style of songs which participated and the manner in which the show itself was presented. Famous musical and film stars would participate without prejudice, with Italian winners of the Sanremo Festival and such British names as Patricia Bredin and Bryan Johnson. With a live orchestra the norm in the early years, and simple sing-along songs on every radio station, the Contest grew into a favourite amongst almost all age groups across the continent. Iconic songs such as "Volare" and Serge Gains-
Belgrade. Belgrade Arena, venue of 2008 contest.
bourg's "Poupée de cire, poupée de son" hit the sales charts in many countries after their Eurovision performance. In the beginning, it was obvious for the participants that they should sing in their country’s national language. However, as the Swedish entry in 1965, “Absent Friend” was sung in English, the EBU set very strict rules on the
34
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
1.6.3 Competitors Previous performers at the Eurovision Song Contest include: • ABBA • Anggun • Amina Annabi • Antique Malmö. Malmö Arena, venue of 2013 contest.
• Apocalyptica (as an interlude act) • Aqua (as an interlude act)
language in which the songs could be performed. National languages had to be used in all lyrics, including Maltese when the island nation made its debut. Songwriters across Europe soon tagged onto the notion that success would only come if the judges could understand the content, resulting in such entries as “Boom-Bang-ABang” and “La La La”. The lyrics were allowed to contain occasional phrases in other languages, which was utilized for example by the Yugoslavian song in 1969. In 1973, the rules on language use was relaxed, and in the following year ABBA would win with "Waterloo". Those “freedom of language” rules would be soon reversed in 1977, to return with apparent permanent status in the 1999 contest, with the intervening years waning from highlights to dead-weight years. The “swinging sixties” and punk scenes were all but missed by the contemporary Eurovision periods, whilst the 1980s saw an increase in balladry with an almost blanket disregard for electronica or guitar-based pop. Other than heavily infused pop versions, rap has been next to completely ignored. One result of the attempt to modernise the songs in the Contest was the abolition of the obligatory use of the live orchestra, to which all songs had to perform. This decision was made in 1997 and removed the automatic requirement for songs to be re-composed for playback with a live orchestra. As of 1999, the host country hasn't been obliged to provide a live orchestra, and there hasn't been one since. No attempt has been made to return the Contest to the days of live bands and violins. Live music is not allowed. This rule most likely exists because there isn't enough time to wire the instruments during the short break between the songs. On the other hand, a backing tape may have no voices on it, singing still must be done live. Before 1997 backing tracks were allowed, but only if all instruments on tape were featured on stage. This explains the odd situation in 1996, when Gina G, entrant for the United Kingdom, had two computer screens on stage. Other than the earliest contests, each and every entry has been fixed at a maximum three minutes in length.
• Arash • Soraya Arnelas • Baccara • Al Bano & Romina Power • Dima Bilan • Blue • Goran Bregović (as an interlude act) • Boyzone (as an interlude act) • Brotherhood of Man • Carola • Cascada • Cirque du Soleil (as an interlude act) • Gigliola Cinquetti • David Civera • Mélanie Cohl • Zdravko Čolić • Toto Cutugno • Mihai Trăistariu • Sergio Dalma • Dana International • Anne-Marie David • Céline Dion • Kenan Doğulu • DJ BoBo • Dschinghis Khan • Sertab Erener
1.6. HISTORY OF THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
35
• Lara Fabian
• Nana Mouskouri
• Gina G
• Marie Myriam
• Edyta Górniak
• New Seekers
• Karel Gott
• Olivia Newton-John
• Hadise
• Noa
• Mary Hopkin
• No Angels
• Engelbert Humperdinck
• Paul Oscar
• Fuerzabruta (as an interlude act)
• Olsen Brothers
• Hothouse Flowers (as an interlude act)
• Anna Oxa
• Julio Iglesias
• Helena Paparizou
• Jedward • Željko Joksimović • Anna Maria Jopek • Udo Jürgens • Kalomira • Patricia Kaas • Paula Seling • Ovi • Katrina and the Waves • Las Ketchup • Luminița Anghel • Vicky Leandros • Johnny Logan • Rosa López • Ani Lorak • Lordi
• Ajda Pekkan • Charlotte Perrelli • Evgeni Plushenko (as part of performance) • Dulce Pontes • Toše Proeski • Alla Pugacheva • Esma Redžepova • Sir Cliff Richard • Riverdance (as an interlude act) • Sakis Rouvas • Ruslana • Kate Ryan • Alexander Rybak • Natasha St-Pier • Sandie Shaw • The Shadows • Kseniya Simonova (as part of performance)
• Lulu
• Pastora Soler
• Shiri Maimon
• t.A.T.u.
• maNga
• Teach-In
• Marco Mengoni
• Sébastien Tellier
• Jessica Mauboy (as an interlude act)
• Justin Timberlake (as a interlude act)
• Dino Merlin
• Bonnie Tyler
• Lena Meyer-Landrut
• Vanilla Ninja
• Mocedades
• Anna Vissi
• Domenico Modugno
• Dita Von Teese (as part of performance)
• Azucar Moreno
• Conchita Wurst
36
1.6.4
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
See also
• European music
1.6.5
References
[1] “Eurovision – History”. Eurovision. Retrieved 8 June 2011. [2] 7 countries performed 2 songs each
1.6.6
External links
• History by Year • Eurovision Song Contest: The Story • Sing Your Heart Out, Europe: The Eurovision Song Contest
Chapter 2
1956 to 1967 – The Black-and-White Years 2.1 Eurovision Song Contest 1956
2.1.2 Location
For more details on the host city, see Lugano. The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 was the debut edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held at the Teatro Kursaal in Lugano, Switzerland on Thursday 24 May. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union, the panEuropean music competition was an inspiration of the Italian Sanremo Music Festival. Lohengrin Filipello hosted the first contest which lasted approximately 1 hour and 40 minutes. Seven countries participated, with each Lugano of them performing two songs. Two jury members from Location of the host city. all participating countries cast their votes in secret, based on which song was their favourite. Lys Assia won the contest for the host country Switzerland with the song The chosen venue for the contest was the Teatro Kursaal in Lugano, a city in the south of Switzerland, in the "Refrain".[1] Italian-speaking canton of Ticino, which borders Italy. This first edition of the Eurovision Song Contest included The event was also inspired by the Italian music festival, several procedures that were not repeated in any subse- as well as that the contest was hosted in Italian. quent edition: Two songs for each country, secret voting, double voting of one country on behalf of another, optional inclusion of the jury members’ own represented 2.1.3 Format country in their voting, only “Grand Prix” title reception for the winner, and a single male presenter to host the The first programme was hosted by Lohengrin Filipello show. The other Contests include: One song for each and lasted approximately 1 hour and 40 minutes. Alcountry, scoreboard display, jury panel from each counthough it was mainly a radio programme, there were camtry, disqualification of the juries’ own country from their eras in the studio for the benefit of the few Europeans who voting, material award, and a single or additional female possessed a television.[1] presenter. Only solo artists were allowed to enter the contest, and their songs were not to exceed three and a half minutes in length, and were accompanied by a 24-musician orchestra, which was led by Fernando Paggi. The interval act, whistling by the Joyeux Rossignols, had to be extended due to a delay in the voting procedure. It had 2.1.1 History been strongly recommended that each participating country have a preliminary national song contest.[1] Main article: History of the Eurovision Song Contest During a meeting in Monaco in 1955, members of the European Broadcasting Union discussed ideas to organise a pan-European music competition, taking inspiration from the Italian Sanremo Music Festival. From that meeting, the concept of the Eurovision Song Contest was born. A decision was reached to hold the first ever contest in the Swiss resort of Lugano the following year.[1]
Voting controversy Further information: Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest Two jury members from all participating countries travelled to Lugano to cast their vote on the songs in secret, al-
37
38
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
though the jury members from Luxembourg were unable to make it to Lugano. The voting system at this Contest allowed juries to vote for any competing song, including those of their own country. Additionally, the Swiss jury was allowed by the EBU to vote also on behalf of the Luxembourg delegation. Some even think that the Swiss entry won because of this rule.[2] This system was never repeated.[1]
Lost tapes While the contest was shown and recorded for television broadcasting in certain European countries (as television sets were somewhat uncommon still at this time), no copies have survived, with the exception of Lys Assia’s repeat performance at the end of the contest. It is one of only two contests to not have survived completely, along with the 1964 contest (of which the tapes were destroyed in a fire).
2.1.5 Results Except for the winning song, the results have never been published. Simon Barclay’s book The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 includes a table with what appears to be the results, but the author does not give a source and under the chart he writes that “the votes awarded have never been disclosed.”[4] According to writer Jan Feddersen, "Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück" was probably voted No. 2 behind Lys Assia.[5]
2.1.6 International broadcasts The participating national broadcasters sent commentators to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station that they represented are shown in the table below.[8] •
2.1.4
Participating countries
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Seven countries participated in the first ever contest, each were represented with two songs. Three more countries, Austria, Denmark, and United Kingdom were also expected to take part in the contest, but they missed the submission deadline and therefore could not take part. The BBC's Festival of British Popular Song, which had been intended to choose the United Kingdom entry, was in the end not held until after the Eurovision contest.[1]
• •
• •
Switzerland - Georges Hardy (TSR) Belgium - Janine Lambotte (INR), Nand Baert (NIR)
•
Germany - Wolf Mittler (ARD)
•
France - Michèle Rebel[10] (RTF)
•
Luxembourg - Jacques Navadic (TéléLuxembourg)
•
Italy - Franco Marazzi (Programma Nazionale)
•
Austria (non-participating country) - Wolf Mittler (ORF)
•
Denmark (non-participating country) - Gunnar Hansen (Statsradiofonien TV)
•
United Kingdom (non-participating country) Wilfred Thomas (BBC Television Service)
Conductors Each performance had a maestro who conducted the orchestra.[3] The conductors listed conducted both performances for the indicated countries.
Netherlands - Piet te Nuyl[9] (NTS)
Netherlands - Fernando Paggi Switzerland - Fernando Paggi
•
Belgium - Léo Souris
•
Germany - Fernando Paggi
•
France - Franck Pourcel
•
Luxembourg - Jacques Lassry
•
Italy - Gian Stellari
2.1.7 References [1] “Eurovision History - Lugano 1956”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [2] Jan Feddersen: Ein Lied kann eine Brücke sein. 1. Auflage. Hoffmann und Campe Verlag, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-455-09350-7. S. 374. [3] http://www.andtheconductoris.eu [4] Barclay, Simon (June 17, 2010). The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. Silverthorn Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4457-8415-1.
2.2. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1957
[5] Jan Feddersen: Ein Lied kann eine Brücke sein. 1. Auflage. Hoffmann und Campe Verlag, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-455-09350-7. S. 374.
39
2.2.1 Location For more details on the host city, see Frankfurt am Main.
[6] “Eurovision Song Contest 1956”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [7] “Scoreboard results”. Eurovision Song Contest 1956. EBU. Retrieved 11 June 2012. [8] “Eurovision 1956 Cast and Crew Details”. IMDb. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [9] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch).
Frankfurt am Main [10] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1956” (in French). Songcontest.free.fr. 23 March 2008. Retrieved 5 March Location of the host city. 2012. The contest took place in Frankfurt am Main (or simply
2.1.8
External links
• Official website • Listen to the whole 1956 contest Coordinates: 46°00′N 8°57′E / 46.000°N 8.950°E Großer Sendesaal des hessischen Rundfunks, Frankfurt am Main - venue of the 1957 contest.
2.2 Eurovision Song Contest 1957
Frankfurt), one of the largest cities in, at the time West Germany. The host venue was the Großer Sendesaal des The Eurovision Song Contest 1957 was the second edi- Hessischen Rundfunks, a building, music hall and former tion of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held television studio based in Frankfurt am Main. Today it on Sunday 3 March 1957 in Frankfurt-am-Main, West is used as a music hall.[2][3] Germany. It was won by the Netherlands with "Net als After being devastated in the Second World War durtoen", performed by Corry Brokken.[1] Like the first 1956 ing the early 1940s, Frankfurt rebuilt itself well into the edition, this one was still mainly a radio programme, but 1950s into one of Europe’s most prominent financial centhere was a noticeable increase in the number of people tres. With investments coming in from both national and with televisions. international financial institutions, 1957, the year of the For some time, a rumour had existed that the privilege of hosting the 1957 contest was given to Germany because they had come in second place in 1956 with "Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück" by Walter Andreas Schwarz. In fact, not only were the official 1956 scores withheld, but the rule stating that the winning nation hosts the next year’s Eurovision Song Contest had not yet been conceived. It was planned at the time that each participating country would take it in turns to host the event. However, as more countries wished to participate, this became impractical.[1]
contest, already saw the first of Frankfurt’s high-rise business buildings.[4][5]
2.2.2 Format In this year’s contest the Italian entry lasted for 5:09 minutes, whilst the UK’s entry lasted for only 1:52 minutes. It was because of songs like the former that a rule was eventually introduced restricting each song to a maximum of 3 minutes; this rule still applies.[1]
40
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
In a change of rules from the previous year’s contest, duos were allowed to compete. Danish representatives, Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler, were the first of such acts to participate under this rule change. At the end of their performance, the couple exchanged the longest kiss in the contest’s history, although only people with televisions could actually see it. This was due to a member of the production staff forgetting to give a pre-arranged sign that the kiss should end.[1]
Returning artists The contest saw the return of two artists who had participated in the previous edition of the contest. Corry Brokken for Netherlands; and Lys Assia for Switzerland.[1]
2.2.4 Results
This was the first year where the juries were contacted by telephone. It was also the first time the Netherlands 2.2.5 Scoreboard won the contest. Another notable change was that the national juries could not vote for their own song, a rule 2.2.6 International broadcasts and voting which would be continued throughout the contest’s subThe table below shows the order in which votes were cast sequent history.[1] during the 1957 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a com2.2.3 Participating countries mentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they Song Contest represented are also included in the table below.[9] Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and Switzerland make their second ap- 2.2.7 References pearances following their débuts in 1956. Austria, Denmark, and the United Kingdom made their débuts; [1] the show “Eurovision Song Contest 1957” Check |url= these countries had wanted to participate in 1956, but value (help). EBU. Retrieved 11 June 2012. had applied to the European Broadcasting Union after the deadline for song submissions for that year’s contest [2] “Location database - Großer Sendesaal des hessischen Rundfunks”. film-commission-hessen.de. Retrieved 12 had passed, thus missing it. With those joining in 1957, June 2012. the total number of countries was ten, three more than in [1] the first ever contest. [3] “Die singende Richterin: Corry Brokken” (in German). Eurovision.de. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
Conductors Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.[6]
[4] “Reconstruction and the “Frankfurter Principle"". Messe Frankfurt. Retrieved 20 October 2012. [5] “Frankfurt City History”. Tourist Information Offices Frankfurt. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
•
Belgium - Willy Berking
[6] http://www.andtheconductoris.eu
•
Luxembourg - Willy Berking
[7] “Eurovision Song Contest 1957”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
•
United Kingdom - Eric Robinson
•
Italy - Armando Trovajoli
[8] “Scoreboard results”. Eurovision Song Contest 1957. EBU. Retrieved 11 June 2012. [9] “Eurovision 1957 Cast and Crew”. IMDb. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
•
Austria - Carl de Groof
•
Netherlands - Dolf van der Linden
•
Germany - Willy Berking
[10] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1957” (in French). Songcontest.free.fr. 18 September 2006. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
•
France - Paul Durand
[11] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch).
•
Denmark - Kai Mortensen
•
Switzerland - Willy Berking
[12] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 10. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
2.3. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1958
2.2.8
41
External links
• Official website Coordinates: 50°07′N 8°41′E / 50.117°N 8.683°E
2.3 Eurovision Song Contest 1958 The Eurovision Song Contest 1958 was the third Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place in Hilversum, Netherlands, following the country’s win at the 1957 Contest, forming the convention that the winning country of the previous Eurovision Song Contest hosts the following year’s contest. The event was held on Wednesday 12 March 1958 at AVRO Studios. The winner was France with the song "Dors, mon amour", performed by André Claveau, written by Pierre Delanoë and composed by Hubert Giraud. Ten countries participated. It was France’s first win. Sweden made its debut while the United Kingdom did not enter the contest for the second and last time to date, having missed the first contest two years earlier. As in 1956, it is the only contest that has not featured a single song in the English language. The 1958 contest continued with the policy implemented the year before where each country was limited to one song entry. This policy has been retained to date.[1]
2.3.1
Location
AVRO Studios, Hilversum - host venue of the 1958 contest.
end of the 1950s ripe to provide great experience of organization skills and staff to produce and broadcast such international TV-transmitted event as the Eurovision Song Contest, while on the other hand TV was still a challenging advanced technology in general within Europe. One such media network was the host of the event, Nederlandse Televisie Stichting. The venue of the contest was the studio of AVRO (Algemene Vereniging Radio Omroep or “General Association of Radio Broadcasting”), a buildings-complex for the media’s network among the medias buildings within Hilversum, and which belonged to the Dutch public broadcasting association operating within the framework of the Nederlandse Publieke Omroep system.
2.3.2 Format
For more details on the host city, see Hilversum.
Hilversum Location of the host city. Hilversum, a municipality and a town in the province of North Holland, is known as the “Media Capital” of the Netherlands.[1] Hilversum had become the centre of broadcasting and radio in the Netherlands since the 1920s when Dutch radio company Nederlandse Seintoestellen Fabriek settled there, and today the media sector stands as one of the top employers in the municipality of Hilversum.[2] In the coming decades after the 1920s settlement of the Dutch Radio Company in Hilversum, almost all other radio stations in the Netherlands followed suit, with television following in the 1950s, thus making Hilversum at the
The contest was held in one of Avro studios halls. The hall contained a very small stage to function as a slightly higher stand for the singers, with the program being shot from the stage-floor up, living outside the filmingframe the microphones’ and other technical devices’ wires which went through the studio’s lower floor - at the foot of the stage. The decorative emphasis was at the stage background, the stage front and the left side from the stage from the spectator’s view - where the orchestra and where the performers and host stairs-entrance were located. The background of the stage had an images-board to show behind each singer, to contextually feat each song’s lyrics. The center-front of the stage before the performers, and the left area from the stage with the orchestra and stairs entrance, were decorated with tulips, of which the Netherlands are known for.[1] The juries were not in the studio as in 1956. For the 1958 event, they remained in their own countries, listening to the event. Once the songs had all been sung, juries announced their results via telephone in reverse order of presentation, as in the previous year. The Italian entry was not picked up properly in some of the other countries, which meant that after all the other songs had been presented, Domenico Modugno had to perform his
42
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
song again. It was the only year that the host country finished in last place until 2015, and the first time more than one country was placed last. The interval act was music by the Metropole Orkest, under the direction of maestro Dolf van der Linden. There were two interval acts, one in the middle of the competing songs performances and one after all the rest of the competing performances were shown.
2.3.3
Participating countries
Returning artists Four artists who had participated in previous editions of the contest returned in 1958: Fud Leclerc, who also represented Belgium in 1956; Margot Hielscher for Germany, who also participated in 1957; Corry Brokken for the Netherlands, who participated in 1956 and won in 1957; and Lys Assia, who won the first contest in 1956 and participated in 1957.
2.3.4 Results
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision 2.3.5 Song Contest
Scoreboard
Sweden, a country that would later be one of the most successful in the contest, debuted this year. The United Kingdom decided to withdraw from the contest. After the contest, the Italian entry “Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu” (subsequently known as “Volare”) by Domenico Modugno went on to become a worldwide hit. During the 1st Grammy Awards, held on 4 May 1959 at Hollywood's Beverly Hilton Hotel, “Nel blu dipinto di blu” received two awards, for Record of the Year and Song of the Year.[3] The song is the only foreign-language recording to achieve this honour,[4] and it is the only song to have competed in the Eurovision Song Contest and received a Grammy Award.[5] The song also managed to reach the No.1 spot in the US-American Billboard Charts, making it one of the most successful Eurovision songs in the history of the contest. The song was also voted the second best Eurovision entry of all time at the 50th anniversary show "Congratulations" in 2005. The scoreboard, after Austria contributed its points
Conductors Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.[6] •
Italy - Alberto Semprini
•
Netherlands - Dolf van der Linden
•
France - Franck Pourcel
•
Luxembourg - Dolf van der Linden
•
Sweden - Dolf van der Linden
•
Denmark - Kai Mortensen
•
Belgium - Dolf van der Linden
•
Germany - Dolf van der Linden
•
Austria - Willy Fantl
André Claveau during a rehearsal, singing Dors, mon amour
•
Switzerland - Paul Burkhard
Each country had 10 jury members who each decided the best song and each awarded 1 point.
2.4. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1959
2.3.6
International broadcasts and voting
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1958 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they represented are also included in the table below.[8] Voting and spokespersons 1.
Switzerland - Mäni Weber
43
2.3.7 References [1] “Eurovision History – Hilversum 1958”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [2] “From Hilvertshem to Hilversum” (in Dutch). Hilversum Mediastad. Retrieved 23 October 2012. [3] Dornbrook, Don (24 May 1959). “And Now the Grammy Awards”. The Milwaukee Journal. Retrieved 1 May 2011. [4] “GRAMMY Rewind: 1st Annual GRAMMY Awards”. www.grammy.com. Retrieved 22 January 2012. [5] “International Pull of Grammys Veries In Key Markets Grammy Facts”. Billboard. 6 March 1999. p. 101. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
2.
Austria - TBC
[6] http://www.andtheconductoris.eu
3.
Germany- Claudia Doren
4.
Belgium - Paule Herreman
[7] “Eurovision Song Contest 1958”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
5.
Denmark - Svend Pedersen
6.
Sweden - Roland Eiworth[9]
7.
Luxembourg - TBC
8.
France - Armand Lanoux[10]
9.
Netherlands - Piet te Nuyl
10.
Italy - Fulvia Colombo
Commentators • •
Austria - Peter Alexander (ORF) Belgium - Arlette Vincent (INR), Nand Baert (NIR)
•
[8] “Eurovision 1958 Cast and Crew Details”. IMDb. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [9] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] Tchernia, Pierre et al. (March 12, 1958). 3ème Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1958 [3rd Eurovision Song Contest 1958] (Television production). Netherlands: NTS, RTF (commentary). [11] “CONCOURS EUROVISION DE LA CHANSON 1958”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [12] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch). [13] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 14. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
Denmark - Gunnar Hansen (Statsradiofonien
2.3.8 External links
TV) •
France - Pierre Tchernia[11] (RTF)
•
Germany - Wolf Mittler (Deutsches Fernsehen)
•
Italy - Bianca Maria Piccinino (Programma Nazionale)
•
Luxembourg - Jacques Navadic (TéléLuxembourg)
• Official website Coordinates: 52°14′N 5°11′E / 52.233°N 5.183°E
2.4 Eurovision Song Contest 1959
The Eurovision Song Contest 1959 was the fourth edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on Wednesday 11 March 1959 in Cannes, France, following • Sweden - Jan Gabrielsson (Sveriges Radio- the country’s victory at the 1958 edition.[1] The contest TV)[13] was won by the Netherlands with the song "Een beetje", performed by Teddy Scholten. This was their second and • Switzerland - Theodor Haller (TV DRS), the first time a country had won the contest twice. Willy Georges Hardy (TSR) van Hemert was also the lyricist of "Net als toen", which • United Kingdom - Peter Haigh (BBC Televi- won the Eurovision Song Contest 1957. Van Hemert was sion Service), Tom Sloan (BBC Light Programme) the first person to win the Eurovision Song Contest twice. •
Netherlands - Siebe van der Zee[12] (NTS)
44
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
2.4.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Cannes.
again, was that more than the winning entry was performed once again. The second and third placed songs, United Kingdom and France, were allowed to sing again at the end of the show, together with eventual winner, the Netherlands.
2.4.3 Participating countries Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Luxembourg withdrew from the contest for the first time. The United Kingdom returned after missing the previCannes ous contest (appearing on the scoreboard as “Grande BreLocation of the host city. tagne”) and finished second for the first time. The UK The event took place in Cannes, France, with the venue would have 15 second-place finishes in the country’s history in the contest. Monaco made its debut in the contest, but came last. 0
51° 30'
(km)
250
41°
Conductors Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.[2]
Palais des Festivals et des Congrès, Cannes - host venue of the 1959 contest.
being the original building of Palais des Festivals et des Congrès, after France got the right to host this edition of the Eurovision Song Contest for winning its previous 1958 edition with the song "Dors, mon amour" performed by André Claveau. Cannes, a city located on the French Riviera, is a busy tourist destination and known worldwide for hosting the annual Cannes Film Festival, with the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès also hosting the Film Festival. The original building was built in 1949 and was located on the boulevard of Promenade de la Croisette, on the present site of the JW Marriott Cannes.
2.4.2
Format
A new rule was created for this Eurovision, ensuring that no professional publishers or composers were allowed in the national juries. Italy gave one point to France, no points to the UK and seven points to the Netherlands placing them just three points ahead of the UK. Later on France gave only three points to Italy and four points to the Netherlands giving them a five-point lead over the UK, who were only one point ahead of France, leaving Italy behind in sixth position, behind Denmark, on nine points. Something that occurred this year, but never
•
France - Franck Pourcel
•
Denmark - Kai Mortensen
•
Italy - William Galassini
•
Monaco - Franck Pourcel
•
Netherlands - Dolf van der Linden
•
Germany - Franck Pourcel
•
Sweden - Franck Pourcel
•
Switzerland - Franck Pourcel
•
Austria - Franck Pourcel
•
United Kingdom - Eric Robinson
•
Belgium - Francis Bay
Returning artists The contest saw the return of two artists who had participated in previous editions of the contest. Birthe Wilke for Denmark (previous entry in 1957); and Domenico Modugno for Italy (previously entry in 1958).
2.5. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1960
45
2.4.4
Results
2.4.8 External links
2.4.5
Scoreboard
2.4.6
International broadcasts and voting
• Official website Coordinates: 7.02222°E
43°33′12″N 7°01′20″E / 43.55333°N
The table above shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1959 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a com- 2.5 Eurovision Song Contest 1960 mentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they The Eurovision Song Contest 1960 was the fifth edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on Tuesday represented are also included in the table below.[4] 29 March 1960 in London. Although the Netherlands had won the contest in 1959, the Netherlands Television Voting and spokespersons Foundation declined to host another contest so soon after staging the event in 1958. The honour of hosting the contest therefore passed to the United Kingdom, which had 1. Belgium - Bert Leysen come second in 1959. Therefore, the BBC chose Cather2. United Kingdom - Pete Murray ine Boyle (as she was then known) to be the mistress of ceremonies at the contest for the first time. France's win 3. Austria - Karl Bruck this year was their second in the contest.[1] The contest was won by France with the song “Tom Pillibi”, performed 4. Switzerland - Boris Acquadro by Jacqueline Boyer. 5. Sweden - Roland Eiworth 6. 7. 8. 9.
Germany - TBC Netherlands - Siebe van der Zee
2.5.1 Location [5]
Monaco - TBC
For more details on the host city, see London.
Italy - Enzo Tortora
10.
Denmark - Svend Pedersen
11.
France - Marianne Lecène
Commentators
2.4.7
References
[1] “Eurovision History - Cannes 1959”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [2] andtheconductoris.eu [3] “Eurovision Song Contest 1959”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [4] “Eurovision 1959 - Cast and Crew”. IMDb. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [5] “Teddy Scholten eerste in Eurovisie Songfestival”, Utrechts Nieuwsblad, 12 March 1959
London Location of the host city. The 1960 Eurovision Song Contest was hosted in London. The Royal Festival Hall, the venue for the 1960 contest, is a 2,900-seat concert, dance and talks venue within Southbank Centre in London. It is situated on the South Bank of the River Thames, not far from Hungerford Bridge.[2]
The result was a win for France, however Germany, Monaco and the UK led in the early stages of voting. The UK came second with 25 points, four more points than [7] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melod- the winning song in 1959, and Monaco came third on 15 ifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 20. Stockholm: Pre- points making up for their disappointing début result the mium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2 year before.[1] [6] “Teddy Scholten won voor Nederland Songfestival”. De Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). March 12, 1959.
46
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS Returning artists The contest saw the return of one artist who had participated in its previous editions, with Belgium’s representative Fud Leclerc, who previously represented the country in 1956 and 1958.[1]
2.5.3 Results 2.5.4 Scoreboard Royal Festival Hall, London - host venue of the 1960 contest.
2.5.2
Participating countries
Each country had 10 jury members who each awarded 1 point to their favourite song.
2.5.5 International broadcasts and voting
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision The table above shows the order in which votes were cast Song Contest during the 1960 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respecInterest in the contest started to grow across Europe, with tive country. Each national broadcaster also sent a comthe number of participating nations increasing to 13 this mentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of year. Norway made its debut with one of their leading the contest in their own native language. Details of the jazz singers. Luxembourg returned to the contest after commentators and the broadcasting station for which they a one-year break with a song in native Luxembourgish represented are also included in the table below.[5] language.[1] Conductors The conductors of the orchestra for each country’s performance were:[3]
Voting and spokespersons 1.
France - TBC
2.
Italy - Enzo Tortora
3.
Germany - TBC
4.
Netherlands - Siebe van der Zee[6]
•
United Kingdom - Eric Robinson
•
Sweden - Thore Ehrling
•
Luxembourg - Eric Robinson
•
Denmark - Kai Mortensen
5.
Switzerland - Boris Acquadro
•
Belgium - Henri Segers
6.
Monaco - TBC
•
Norway - Øivind Bergh
7.
Austria - TBC
•
Austria - Robert Stolz
8.
Norway - Kari Borg Mannsåker
9.
Belgium - Arlette Vincent
10.
Denmark - Svend Pedersen
•
Monaco - Raymond Lefèvre
•
Switzerland - Cédric Dumont
•
Netherlands - Dolf van der Linden
•
Germany - Franz Josef Breuer
11.
Luxembourg - TBC
•
Italy - Cinico Angelini
12.
Sweden - Tage Danielsson
•
France - Franck Pourcel
13.
United Kingdom - Nick Burrell-Davis[7]
2.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1961
47
Commentators
2.5.6
in Cannes, France, where it had been staged two years previously. Luxembourg won for its first time with the song "Nous les amoureux" performed in French by JeanClaude Pascal. As the contest overran its allocated time, and the show was being broadcast live, the winning song’s reprise was not shown in the UK.[1]
Notes and references
Notes 1. ^ The song was performed in Norwegian, but the title of the song is in the North Sami dialect of the Sami languages, translating as the expression “Hey Hey”.
2.6.1 Location References For more details on the host city, see Cannes. [1] “Eurovision History - London 1960”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [2] RFH.co.uk “About the Southbank Centre” Check |url= value (help). Southbank Centre. Retrieved 12 June 2012. [3] http://www.andtheconductoris.eu [4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1960”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [5] “Eurovision 1960 - Cast and Crew”. IMDb. Retrieved 5 March 2012. 0
51° 30'
(km)
250
Cannes Location of the host city. The event took place in Cannes, France, with the venue 41°
[6] “Toch geen geluk voor Rudi”, Nieuwe Leidsche Courant, 30 March 1960 [7] Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs For Europe The United Kingdom at The Eurovision Song Contest Volume One: The 1950s and 1960s. UK: Telos. p. 216. ISBN 978-184583-065-6. [8] Programm vom Dienstag, den 29. März 1960s (in German) http://www.tvprogramme.net/60/1960/19600329. htm. Missing or empty |title= (help) [9] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch). [10] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 26. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
2.5.7
External links
Palais des Festivals et des Congrès, Cannes - host venue of the 1961 contest.
• Official website Coordinates: 51°30′21.01″N 51.5058361°N 0.1167889°W
0°07′00.44″W
/
2.6 Eurovision Song Contest 1961 The Eurovision Song Contest 1961 was the sixth Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 18 March 1961 and was the first to take place on a Saturday night, a tradition that has continued into modern times. It was hosted in the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès located
being the original building of Palais des Festivals et des Congrès, after France got the right to host this edition of the Eurovision Song Contest for winning its previous 1960 edition with the song "Tom Pillibi" performed by Jacqueline Boyer. Cannes, a city located on the French Riviera, is a busy tourist destination and known worldwide for hosting the annual Cannes Film Festival, with the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès also hosting the Film Festival. The original building was built in 1949 and was located on the boulevard of Promenade de la Croisette, on the present site of the JW Marriott Cannes. It also hosted the 1959 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest.
48
2.6.2
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
Format
Jacqueline Joubert presented the show, having already done so two years earlier in 1959. The stage used for the 1961 Contest was notably larger than in previous years and was decorated with flowers. It is noticeable that during the voting, Luxembourg gave the UK 8 points, and Norway also gave Denmark 8 points. It was the largest amount of points given to a country by a single jury since 1958, when Denmark provided France with 9 points. Such a high number of points obtained by a country wouldn't be achieved until 1970, when Ireland would receive 9 points from Belgium.[1]
2.6.3
Participating countries
Returning artists The contest saw the return of two artists this year with the Belgian representative, Bob Benny, who previously participated in the 1959 contest; and Nora Brockstedt, who performed for Norway in 1960.[1]
2.6.4 Results 2.6.5 Scoreboard Each country had 10 jury members who each awarded 1 point to their favourite song.
2.6.6 International broadcasts and voting
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision The table below shows the order in which votes were cast Song Contest during the 1961 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respecA total of sixteen countries took part in the Contest, tive country. Each national broadcaster also sent a comincluding the three debuting countries: Finland, Spain, mentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of and Yugoslavia. There were no returning or withdrawing the contest in their own native language. Details of the [1] countries this particular year. commentators and the broadcasting station for which they represented are also included in the table below.[4] Conductors Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.[2] •
Spain - Rafael Ferrer
Voting and spokespersons 1.
Italy - Enzo Tortora
2.
United Kingdom - Michael Aspel[5]
•
Monaco - Raymond Lefevre
3.
Luxembourg - TBC
•
Austria - Franck Pourcel
4.
Denmark - Ole Mortensen
•
Finland - George de Godzinsky
5.
Norway - Mette Janson[6]
•
Yugoslavia - Joze Privzek
6.
Belgium - TBC
•
Netherlands - Dolf van der Linden
7.
•
Sweden - William Lind
8.
France - TBC
•
Germany - Franck Pourcel
9.
Germany - TBC
•
France - Franck Pourcel
•
Switzerland - Fernando Paggi
•
Belgium - Francis Bay
•
Norway - Øivind Bergh
•
Denmark - Kai Mortensen
•
Luxembourg - Leo Chauliac
•
United Kingdom - Harry Robinson
•
Italy - Gianfranco Intra
Switzerland - Boris Acquadro
10.
Sweden - Roland Eiworth[7]
11.
Netherlands - Siebe van der Zee[8]
12.
Yugoslavia - TBC
13.
Finland - Poppe Berg[9]
14.
Austria - TBC
15.
Monaco - TBC
16. Spain - Diego Ramírez Pastor[10] All the juries (apart from Austria and the United Kingdom) announced their votes in French.
2.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1962
49
Commentators
2.7.1 Location
2.6.7
For more details on the host city, see Luxembourg (city).
References
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1961”. EBU. Retrieved 200902-13. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help) [2] http://www.andtheconductoris.eu [3] “Eurovision Song Contest 1961”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [4] “Eurovision 1961 - Cast and Crew”. IMDb. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [5] Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs For Europe The United Kingdom at The Eurovision Song Contest Volume One: The 1950s and 1960s. UK: Telos. p. 259. ISBN 978-184583-065-6.
Luxembourg City Location of the host city. The 1962 Eurovision Song Contest was hosted in
[6] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [7] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [8] “Greetje vanavond nummer zes”, Nieuwe Leidsche Courant, 18 March 1961 [9] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [11] Christian Masson. “1961 - Cannes”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] Rau, Oliver (OGAE Germany)
Villa Louvigny, Luxembourg - host venue of the 1962 contest.
Luxembourg City. The venue chosen to host the 1962 contest was the Villa Louvigny. The building served as the headquarters of Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de [14] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["MelodTélédiffusion, the forerunner of RTL Group. It is located ifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 34. Stockholm: Prein Municipal Park, in the Ville Haute quarter of the centre mium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2 of the city.[1] [13] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch).
2.6.8
External links
• Official website Coordinates: 7.02222°E
43°33′12″N 7°01′20″E / 43.55333°N
2.7 Eurovision Song Contest 1962
2.7.2 Format After France’s entry had been performed, there was a short power failure rendering the screens dark. There also seemed to be an even shorter power failure during the Netherlands entry, when viewers around Europe only saw darkness on their television screens when the Netherlands performed. The power failure seemed to affect the Netherlands score during the voting. Nevertheless, the song turned out to be popular in Europe after the contest.[1]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1962 was the seventh edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest, held on Sunday 18 March 1962 at the Villa Louvigny in Luxembourg. The contest was won for a third time by France with the 2.7.3 Participating countries song "Un premier amour", performed by Isabelle Aubret. This marked the first time a country had won three con- Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision tests. Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, and Spain all scored Song Contest “nul points” for the first time.[1]
50
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
All countries who participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1961 returned for a second consecutive year, with no new countries making a début, nor any nations returning or withdrawing.[1] Conductors Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.[2] •
Finland - George de Godzinsky
•
Belgium - Henri Segers
•
Spain - Jean Roderès
•
Austria - Bruno Uher
•
Denmark - Kai Mortensen
•
Sweden - Egon Kjerrman
•
Germany - Rolf-Hans Müller
•
Netherlands - Dolf van der Linden
•
France - Franck Pourcel
•
Norway - Øivind Bergh
•
Switzerland - Cedric Dumont
•
Yugoslavia - Joze Privzek
•
United Kingdom - Wally Stott
•
Luxembourg - Jean Roderès
•
Italy - Cinico Angelini
•
Monaco - Raymond Lefèvre
Returning artists
Isabelle Aubret singing her winning song "Un premier amour" at the Eurovision Song Contest 1962
2.7.6 International broadcasts and voting The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1962 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they represented are also included in the table below.[4]
The contest saw the return of four artists this year, with three artists having previously participated in the 1960. Voting and spokespersons Camillo Felgen for Luxembourg; François Deguelt for Monaco; and Fud Leclerc making his fourth appearance 1. Monaco - TBC[5] for Belgium, having also been present at the 1956 and 2. Italy - Enzo Tortora 1958 contests. Jean Philippe, having previous represented France in 1959, returned to the contest as a repre3. Luxembourg - TBC sentative for Switzerland.[1] 4.
United Kingdom - Alex Macintosh[6] Yugoslavia - Mladen Delić
2.7.4
Results
5.
2.7.5
Scoreboard
6.
Switzerland - Alexandre Burger
3 points
7.
Norway - Kari Borg Mannsåker[7]
Below is a summary of all 3 points in the final:
8.
France - André Valmy[8]
2.8. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1963
9.
51
2.7.8 External links
Netherlands - Ger Lugtenburg
10.
Germany - TBC
11.
Sweden - Tage Danielsson[9]
12.
Denmark - Ole Mortensen
13.
Austria - TBC
• Official website Coordinates: 49°36′41″N 06°07′21″E / 49.61139°N 6.12250°E
14. Spain - Diego Ramírez Pastor[10] 15.
Belgium - Arlette Vincent[5]
16.
Finland - Poppe Berg[11]
2.8 Eurovision Song Contest 1963 The Eurovision Song Contest 1963 was the eighth annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest was held in London, United Kingdom, after the British broadcaster BBC stepped in to organise the event. France had won the 1962 edition with the right to host this following one but were unable to, due to financial shortcomings.
Commentators
2.7.7
References
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1962”. EBU. Retrieved 12 June 2012. [2] http://www.andtheconductoris.eu [3] “Eurovision Song Contest 1962”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
The contest was won by Denmark with the song "Dansevise", performed by Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann. Denmark’s win was their first. Four countries got nil points, with Finland, Norway and Sweden failing to score any points for the first time and The Netherlands for the second time, becoming the first country to go two years in a row without scoring a single point.[2]
[4] “Eurovision 1960 - Cast and Crew”. IMDb. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [5] Christian Masson. “1962 - Luxembourg”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Songcon-
2.8.1 Location For more details on the host city, see London.
[6] Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs For Europe The United Kingdom at The Eurovision Song Contest Volume One: The 1950s and 1960s. UK: Telos. p. 295. ISBN 978-184583-065-6. [7] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [8] Tchernia, Pierre et al. (March 18, 1958). 6ème Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1962 [6th Eurovision Song Contest 1962] (Television production). Luxembourg: RTL, RTF (commentary). [9] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [11] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] Rau, Oliver (OGAE Germany)
London Location of the host city. The BBC was willing to host the contest instead of the previous year’s winner France, as was the case in 1960, 1972 and 1974 with previous winning broadcasters that could not afford to organise a contest.
The host venue was the BBC Television Centre, White City, London, which opened in 1960. It is one of the most readily recognisable facilities of its type having appeared [14] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melod- as the backdrop for many BBC programmes. It remained ifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 40. Stockholm: Pre- to be one of the largest such facilities in the world until it mium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2 closed in March 2013.[3] [13] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch).
52
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
2.8.3 Participating countries Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest All countries which participated in the 1961 and 1962 contests, returned for a third consecutive year, with no new countries making a début, nor any returning or withdrawing nations this particular year. Conductors The participating conductors were:[4] BBC Television Centre, London - host venue of the 1963 contest.
Returning artists
2.8.2
Format
This year saw the return of just one artist, with Ronnie Carroll representing the United Kingdom for the second [2] Two studios (TC3 and TC4) were used: one for the mis- consecutive year. tress of ceremonies Katie Boyle, the audience, and the scoreboard; the other for the performers and the orchestra accompanying them. Unusually, a boom microphone 2.8.4 Results (normally used for drama and comedy shows) was employed - the viewer doesn't see this, so it appears as if 2.8.5 Scoreboard the artists were miming to their vocals. This was not the case, but this innovation was to create a new look for the Each country had 20 jury members who awarded their five favourite songs 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 points in order. All contest.[2] those points would then be added up and the five song with the most points got 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 votes in order. Voting controversy
5 points
One controversy this year was during the voting. When it was Norway's turn to announce their votes, the spokesman in Oslo did not use the correct procedure in that the song number, followed by the name of the country, should have been announced before awarding the points. Katie Boyle asked Norway to repeat their results, but the Norwegian spokesman asked Katie to return to them after all the other results were in. When Katie went back to Norway again the votes had mysteriously altered, thus changing the outcome of the contest and giving the victory to Norway’s neighbours Denmark at Switzerland's expense. In fact, the Norwegian spokesman had not given the correct votes on the first occasion.[2] Monaco was also asked to do their voting a second time as initially Monaco give one point to both the United Kingdom and Luxembourg. However, when Katie Boyle went back to Monaco to receive the votes again Monaco’s one vote to Luxembourg was efficiently discarded (although this did not have any effect on the positions of the countries).[2] It has also been speculated as to whether the juries were indeed on the end of a telephone line or in the actual studio given how clearly their voices could be heard as opposed to sounding as though they were being redirected through a telephone line.
Below is a summary of all 5 points in the final:
2.8.6 International broadcasts and voting The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1963 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they represented are also included in the table below. Voting and spokesperson 1.
United Kingdom - Nicholas Parsons
2.
Netherlands - Pim Jacobs[6]
3.
Germany - TBC
4.
Austria - TBC
5.
Norway - Roald Øyen[7]
2.9. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1964
6.
Italy - Enzo Tortora
7.
Finland - Poppe Berg[8]
8.
Denmark - TBC
9.
Yugoslavia - Miloje Orlović
10.
Switzerland - Alexandre Burger
11.
France - TBC
12. Spain - TBC 13.
Sweden - Edvard Matz[9]
14.
Belgium - TBC
15. 16.
Monaco - TBC Luxembourg - TBC
Commentators 1. 2.
Austria - Hanns Joachim Friedrichs (ORF)[10]
Denmark - Ole Mortensen (DR TV)[10]
4.
Finland - Aarno Walli (Suomen Televisio)
5.
France - Pierre Tchernia (RTF)[11] Germany - Hanns Joachim Friedrichs (ARD Deutsches Fernsehen)[12]
7.
Italy - Renato Tagliani (Programma Nazionale)
8.
Luxembourg - Pierre Tchernia (TéléLuxembourg)[10]
9.
Monaco - Pierre Tchernia (Télé Monte Carlo)[10]
10.
2.8.7 References [1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1963”. Songs4Europe.com. Retrieved 12 June 2012. [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 196”. EBU. Retrieved 12 June 2012. [3] “Dyke accused of conflict of interest over £6m holding in rival TV firm”. The Independent. London. 17 January 2000. [4] “Conductors”. andtheconductoris.eu. February 2016.
Retrieved 29
[5] “Eurovision Song Contest 1963”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [6] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch). [7] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [8] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [9] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Belgium - Herman Verelst and Denise Maes [10] Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs For Europe The United (BRT);[10] Pierre Delhasse (RTB)[10]
3.
6.
53
Netherlands - Willem Duys (NTS)
Kingdom at The Eurovision Song Contest Volume One: The 1950s and 1960s. UK: Telos. p. 326. ISBN 978-184583-065-6. [11] Christian Masson. “1963 - Londres”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] Rau, Oliver (OGAE Germany) [13] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [14] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 46. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
2.8.8 External links
Norway - Øivind Johnsen (NRK and NRK P1) Media related to Eurovision Song Contest 1963 at Wikimedia Commons 12. Spain - Federico Gallo (TVE)[13] 11.
13.
Sweden - Jörgen Cederberg (Sveriges RadioTV and SR P1)[14]
14.
Switzerland - Theodor Haller (TV DRS); Georges Hardy (TSR); Renato Tagliani (TSI)[10]
• Official website
2.9 Eurovision Song Contest 1964
United Kingdom - David Jacobs (BBC TV); The Eurovision Song Contest 1964 was the ninth edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Michael Aspel (BBC Light Programme) Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, after the country’s 16. Yugoslavia - Ljubomir Vukadinović (Televizija victory in the 1963 edition. Italy won the contest for the Beograd); Gordana Bonetti (Televizija Zagreb); first time scoring 49 points with the song "Non ho l'età", Tomaž Terček (Televizija Ljubljana) performed by Gigliola Cinquetti. 15.
54
2.9.1
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
Location
For more details on the host city, see Copenhagen.
in the history of the contest, with a score almost three times that of her nearest rival, a feat extremely unlikely ever to be beaten under the post-1974 scoring system.
As with the 1956 contest, no video recording of the actual contest performance is known to survive (although one does of the shorter winning reprise); however like the 1956 contest an audio recording does exist. (Videos of Cinquetti’s Sanremo performance and her Eurovision winning reprise have both appeared on YouTube.) Reports say that this is because there was a fire at the studios of DR, the Danish broadcaster, in the 1970s. No other broadcaster recorded the entire show (although segments of the contest do exist in the archives of NDR Germany) [2] Copenhagen other than for the Winners’ reprise. It has been speculated that the BBC once held a copy of the show, as an Location of the host city. The host venue for the contest was Tivolis Koncert- empty tape canister marked “Eurovision 1964” was found during a storage cleanup, but the tape was missing, presumably wiped.[3] The audio of the entire show however is still intact, and an unofficial release of the show has been uploaded to YouTube with press-photos and some intact video parts to supplement the audio.
2.9.3 Participating countries Tivolis Koncertsal, Copenhagen - host venue of the 1964 contest.
sal (Tivoli Concert Hall) in Denmark's capital city Copenhagen, which lies within Denmark’s famous amusement park and pleasure garden Tivoli Gardens. The park, alluding by its name to the Jardin de Tivoli that existed in Paris, was opened on 15 August 1843, and is the second oldest amusement park in the world, after Dyrehavsbakken in nearby Klampenborg.[1]
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Sweden did not participate because of a boycott by singers. They did however broadcast it. Portugal made its début in the contest, however they became the first country to score nul points on their début. Germany, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia also scored nul points for the first time. The Netherlands became the first country to send a singer of non-European ancestry, Anneke Grönloh was of Indonesian descent.[2] The Spanish group Los TNT was 2.9.2 Format the first group of three or more participants of the history Each country had 10 jury members who distributed three of the ESC. points among their one, two, or three favourite songs. The points were totaled and the first, second, and third placed songs were awarded 5, 3, and 1 votes in order. If only Returning artists one song got every point within the jury it would get all 9 points. If only two songs were chosen, the songs would One artist returned to the contest this year, Switzerland’s get 6 and 3 points in order.[2] Anita Traversi that represented the country in 1960.[2] A political protest occurred after the Swiss entry: a man trespassed onto the stage holding a banner that read “Boycott Franco & Salazar". Whilst this was going on, televiConductors sion viewers were shown a shot of the scoreboard; once the man was removed the contest went on.
2.9.4 Results
The immediate response of the Koncertsal audience to the Italian entry was markedly enthusiastic and prolonged and, most unusually for a contest performance, after leav- 2.9.5 Scoreboard ing the stage Gigliola Cinquetti was allowed to return to take a second bow. Her performance was given an un- 5 points scheduled repeat on British television the following afternoon. In the event, she won the most crushing victory Below is a summary of all 5 points in the final:
2.10. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1965
55
[8] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[9] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[10] Christian Masson. “1964 - Copenhague”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Songcon-
[11] Diário de Lisboa, 22 March 1964
[12] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Dutch contestant Anneke Grönloh's dress
2.9.6
[13] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 48. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
International broadcasts and voting
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast 2.9.8 External links during the 1964 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respec• Official website tive country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they Coordinates: 55°40′25″N 12°34′06″E / 55.67361°N represented are also included in the table below.[2] 12.56833°E
2.9.7
References
[1] Tivoli – Tivoli Gardens Copenhagen – Copenhagen Portal – Tourist Guide. Copenhagenet.dk. Retrieved on 15 August 2011. [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 1964”. EBU. Retrieved 14 June 2012. [3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
2.10 Eurovision Song Contest 1965
The Eurovision Song Contest 1965 was the tenth edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Naples, Italy, following the Italian victory at the previThe Lost Tapes: BBC documentary about wiping during ous 1964 edition. Luxembourg won, for the second time the 60s, aired on BBC Three in 2009 in the history of the contest, with the song "Poupée de “Conductors 1964”. andtheconductoris.eu. Retrieved 29 cire, poupée de son", performed by France Gall and comFebruary 2016. posed by Serge Gainsbourg. Belgium, Finland, Germany, and Spain each scored “null points” for the second time. “Eurovision Song Contest 1964”. The Diggiloo Thrush. The 1965 contest marked the debut of Ireland, a country Retrieved 4 March 2012. which later went on to dominate the competition. This “Dokumentaire over Schiermonnikoog”. De Leeuwarder was also the first contest with over 16 countries participating with a total of 18 entries. The Swedish entry was Courant (in Dutch). 23 March 1964. also sung in English.[1] For the first time in Eurovision Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) history, the winning song was not a Ballad.
56
2.10.1
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
Location
For more details on the host city, see Naples.
second time. The competition was also broadcast via the Intervision network, to the Eastern European nations for the very first time.[1] Ingvar Wixell, the Swedish participant performed his song in English instead of the original Swedish title “Annorstädes Vals”. The native languages were used for all of the other participants. This led to a rule being introduced for the next 1966 edition, that meant all participants had to perform their songs using one of their national languages.[1] Returning artists
Naples Location of the host city. The contest took place in Naples, the capital of region Campania in southern Italy and the third-largest city in Italy, after Rome and Milan. This is Italy’s first hosting of the Eurovision Song Contest. The host venue was the then new Sala di Concerto della RAI (RAI Production Centre of Naples), founded few years prior to the contest, in the late fifties and early sixties. It is located in Viale Marconi in the district of Fuorigrotta. The structure has three TV studios for a total of 1227 m² and capacity of 370 persons, used for the filming of programs and fiction and an auditorium. The Neapolitan song archives are also housed in it.[1][2]
Three artists returned for a second time in this year’s contest: Udo Jürgens from Austria, whose previous participation was in 1964; Conchita Bautista from Spain, previously representation in 1961; and Vice Vukov from Yugoslavia, who last participated in 1963. Conductors Each performance had a conductor who led the orchestra.[3]
2.10.4 Results [1] In the Swedish contest to select the Swedish contribution, it was performed in Swedish and was then known as “Annorstädes vals” (“Elsewhere Waltz”)
2.10.5 Scoreboard 2.10.2
Format
Each country had 10 jury members who distributed three points among their one, two, or three favourite songs. The points were totalled and the first, second, and third placed songs were awarded 5, 3, and 1 votes in order. If only one song got every point within the jury it would get all 9 points. If only two songs were chosen, the songs would get 6 and 3 points in order.
Each country had 10 jury members who distributed three points among their one, two, or three favourite songs. The points were totalled and the first, second, and third placed songs were awarded 5, 3, and 1 votes in order. If only one song got every point within the jury it would get all 9 points. If only two songs were chosen, the songs would get 6 and 3 points in order. 5 points
2.10.3
Participating countries
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 18 countries took part, with the Eurovision Song Contest reaching its highest ever number. Sweden returned after a one-year absence, and Ireland debuted in the competition. Luxembourg won for the second time with the highly controversial Poupée De Cire, Poupée De Son sung by teenager France Gall which later went on to be a massive hit in almost all European countries.[1] Belgium, Finland, Germany, and Spain all scored null points for the
Below is a summary of all 5 points in the final: 1.^ Belgium gave the United Kingdom 6 points.
2.10.6 International broadcasts and voting The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1965 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of
2.11. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1966
57
the contest in their own native language. Details of the venue was Grand Auditorium de RTL in Villa Louvigny. commentators and the broadcasting station for which they The presenter was Josiane Chen. represented are also included in the table below.[1] The winner was Austria with the song "Merci, Chérie" performed and composed by Udo Jürgens, and written by Jürgens and Thomas Hörbiger.[1] This would remain 2.10.7 References Austria’s only win in the contest until their second win [1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1965”. EBU. Retrieved 14 June in 2014. The rule stating that a country could only sing in any of its national languages was originally created in 2012. this year, possibly due to the 1965 edition’s Swedish entry [2] Presentazione del progetto “Sala di Concerto della RAI” which was sung in English.[2] Check |url= value (help). Radio.Rai. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
[3] “andtheconductoris.eu”. andtheconductoris.eu. Retrieved 29 February 2016. [4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1965”. The Diggiloo Thursh. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
2.11.1 Location For more details on the host city, see Luxembourg (city).
[5] “18 landen azen op het Eurovisie-goud”, Limburgsch Dagblad, 20 March 1965 [6] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch). [7] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [8] http://www.tvprogramme.net/view_tag.php?tag= 1965-03-20 [9] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
Luxembourg City Location of the host city. The 1966 Eurovision Song Contest was hosted in [11] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the [10] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0313352/fullcredits#cast original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 54. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2 [13] Christian Masson. “1965 - Naples”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [14] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [15] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
2.10.8
External links
• Official website
2.11 Eurovision Song Contest 1966 The Eurovision Song Contest 1966 was the 11th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 5 March 1966 in Luxembourg, Luxembourg, following the country’s win at the previous 1965 edition. The host
Villa Louvigny, Luxembourg - host venue of the 1966 contest.
Luxembourg City. The venue chosen to host the 1966 contest was the Villa Louvigny, which has also hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1962. The building served as the headquarters of Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion, the forerunner of RTL Group. It is located in Municipal Park, in the Ville Haute quarter of the centre of the city.
58
2.11.2
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
Format
•
Norway - Øivind Bergh
During the voting process, the presenter (Josiane Chen) accidentally greeted United Kingdom by saying “Good night, London.”, then, she realized the mistake and said “Good evening, London.”, after Michael Aspel, who was the spokesperson for the United Kingdom, at that time, responded by saying “Good morning, Luxembourg”.
•
Finland - Ossi Runne
•
Portugal - Jorge Costa Pinto
•
Austria - Hans Hammerschmid
1966 marked the year the first ever black singer graced the Eurovision stage, Milly Scott representing the Netherlands. She was also the first singer to use a portable microphone. This was also the last contest that Denmark participated in until 1978, more than a decade later.[2]
•
Sweden - Gert Ove Andersson
•
Spain - Rafael Ibarbia
2.11.3
Participating countries
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest All countries which participated in the 1965 contest re-
•
Switzerland - Jean Roderes
•
Monaco - Alain Goraguer
•
Italy - Angelo Giacomazzi
•
France - Franck Pourcel
•
Netherlands - Dolf van der Linden
•
Ireland - Noel Kelehan
•
United Kingdom - Harry Rabinowitz
Returning artists Two artists returned for a third time in this year’s contest. Udo Jürgens from Austria whose previous participations were in 1964 and 1965; and Domenico Modugno from Italy, who last participated in 1958 and 1959.
2.11.4 Results 1.^ The song also contains phrases in French. Udo Jürgens with last year’s winner France Gall
turned for a second consecutive year. There were no new nations, nor any returning, nor withdrawals.[2] Conductors
2.11.5 Scoreboard 5 points Below is a summary of all 5 points in the final:
Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.[3] 2.11.6 •
Germany - Willy Berking
•
Denmark - Arne Lamberth
•
Belgium - Jean Roderes
•
Luxembourg - Jean Roderes
•
Yugoslavia - Mojmir Sepe
International broadcasts and voting
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1966 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they represented are also included in the table below.[2]
2.12. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1967
2.11.7
59
References
song somewhat mellowed in later years, even releasing a new version in 2007.[1]
[1] “About Udo Jürgens”. EBU. [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 1966”. EBU. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
The contest long remained the only time Austria had hosted the event, until 2015.
[3] http://www.andtheconductoris.eu
2.12.1 Location
[4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1966”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
For more details on the host city, see Vienna.
[5] Rau, Oliver (OGAE Germany) [6] Christian Masson. “1966 - Luxembourg”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Songcon-
[7] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [8] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Vienna Location of the host city. The 1967 Eurovision Song Contest was held in Vienna, [9] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 60. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2 [11] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] “Teddy Scholten geeft commentaar op het Eurovisie Songfestival”, Limburgsch Dagblad, 25 February 1966 [13] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch). [14] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0313353/fullcredits#cast
2.11.8
External links
• Official website
Großer Festsaal der Wiener Hofburg, Vienna - host venue of the 1967 contest.
the capital of Austria. The venue for the contest was the Hofburg Palace, which was the principal winter residence the Habsburg dynasty, rulers of the Austro-Hungarian empire.[2] It currently serves as the official residence of the President of Austria.
2.12 Eurovision Song Contest 1967 2.12.2 Format The stage setup was a little bit unusual this year. There were two revolving mirrored walls on both ends of the stage and started revolving at the start of each song and stopped revolving at the end of each song. The hostess, Erika Vaal ended the program by congratulating the winThe winning entry "Puppet on a String", sung by Sandie ning song, country and saying good bye in several differ[1] Shaw, representing the United Kingdom, had one of the ent languages. widest margins of victory ever witnessed in the competition; it garnered more than twice as many points as the second placed song. (Only Italy, in the 1964 con- 2.12.3 Participating countries test, beats this record with a margin of 47 to 17, almost three times as many points). The presenter became con- Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision fused whilst the voting was taking place, and declared the Song Contest United Kingdom's entry to be the winner before the last country, Ireland, had announced its votes. Shaw intensely The entry from Luxembourg, "L'amour est bleu", sung by disliked the composition, though her attitude towards the Vicky Leandros, came in fourth; nonetheless, it went on The Eurovision Song Contest 1967 was the 12th edition of Eurovision Song Contest. It took place on 8 April 1967 in Vienna, Austria following Udo Jürgens win at the 1966 contest. The presenter was Erica Vaal.
60
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 – THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
to become the biggest international hit of the 1967 contest, and a year later would be a big instrumental hit for French musician, Paul Mauriat, under the English title, “Love is Blue”. Denmark chose not to participate and left the contest at this point, to return in 1978. The reason was that the new director for the TV entertainment department at DR thought that the money could be spent in a better way.[1] The United Kingdom’s win was their first. Television presenter, artist and musician, Rolf Harris provided the commentary for BBC Television viewers. Switzerland received zero votes for the second time. Portugal was represented by Eduardo Nascimento who was the first black male singer in the history of Eurovision Song Contest, performing "O vento mudou" (“The wind changed”). Rumours claimed that Portuguese prime minister Salazar had chosen this particular singer to show the rest of Europe that he wasn't racist.[1]
[3] “Conductors 1967”. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 15 June 2012. [4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1967”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [5] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch). [6] Christian Masson. “1967 - Vienne”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [7] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [8] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 66. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2 [9] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0313354/fullcredits#cast
Conductors
[11] http://www.tvprogramme.net/view_tag.php?tag= 1967-04-08
Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.[3]
[12] Línea, 2 April 1967
Returning artists
[13] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [14] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
Three artists returned in this year’s contest. Claudio Villa from Italy whose previous participations were in 1962; and Kirsti Sparboe from Norway, who last participated 2.12.8 External links in 1965; and Raphael for Spain who last represented the • Official website Iberian nation in 1966.[1]
2.12.4
Results
2.12.5
Scoreboard
2.12.6
International broadcasts and voting
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1967 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they represented are also included in the table below.[1]
2.12.7
References
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1967”. EBU. Retrieved 15 June 2012. [2] Aeiou-Hofburg-English, “Hofburg, Wien” (history), Encyclopedia of Austria, Aeiou Project, 2006.
Coordinates: 48°12′23″N 16°21′55″E / 48.206507°N 16.365262°E
Chapter 3
1968 to 1974 – Changes ... in colour! 3.1 Eurovision Song Contest 1968
broadcast the contest. Katie Boyle hosted the contest for a third time.[1]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1968 was the 13th Eurovision Song Contest. The contest was won by the Spanish song “La, la, la”, performed by Massiel, closely followed by the United Kingdom and Cliff Richard with “Congratulations!" with a margin of just one point. Originally Spain entered Joan Manuel Serrat to sing “La La La”, but his demand to sing in Catalan was an affront to Francoist Spain. Serrat was withdrawn and replaced by Massiel, who sang the same song in Spanish.[1]
3.1.1
Location
Royal Albert Hall, London - host venue of the 1968 contest.
The contest was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The Royal Albert Hall is known for hosting the world’s leading artists from several performance genres, sports, award ceremonies, the annual summer Proms concerts and other events since its opening in 1871, and has become one of the United Kingdom’s most treasured and distinctive buildings.
3.1.2
Format
3.1.3 Vote rigging allegations In May 2008, a documentary by Spanish film-maker Montse Fernández Villa, 1968. Yo viví el mayo español, centred on the effects of May 1968 in Francoist Spain,[2] and alleged that the 1968 Eurovision Song Contest was rigged by the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, who would have sent state television officials across Europe offering cash and promising to buy television series and contract unknown artists.[3] The allegation was based on a testimony by journalist José María Íñigo, a TVE employee at the time, who claimed the rigging was common knowledge and suggested that Spanish record label representatives offered to release albums by Bulgarian and Czech artists (neither Bulgaria nor Czechoslovakia were members of the European Broadcasting Union at the time).[4] The documentary claimed that the contest should in fact have been won by the United Kingdom’s entry – "Congratulations" performed by Cliff Richard – which finished second by one vote.[5] Massiel, the performer of the winning entry, was outraged by the allegations, and claimed that if there had been fixes, “other singers, who were more keen on Franco’s regime, would have benefited”. José María Iñigo, author of the statement in the documentary, personally apologized to Massiel and said that he had repeated a widespread rumour. Both Massiel and Iñigo accused television channel La Sexta, broadcaster of the documentary, of manufacturing the scandal.[6]
3.1.4 Participating countries
1968 was the first time that the Eurovision Song Contest was broadcast in colour. The countries that broadcast it in colour were France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom, although in the UK it was broadcast as an encore presentation in colour on BBC Two the next day. Also all of Eastern Europe and Tunisia
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest There were no withdrawing, returning, or débutantes in the 1968 contest.[1]
61
62
CHAPTER 3. 1968 TO 1974 – CHANGES ... IN COLOUR!
Conductors Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.[7] Returning artists
[8] “Eurovision Song Contest 1968”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [9] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch). [10] Infosajten.com Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Only one artist returned in this year’s contest. The winner of the 1962 contest, Isabelle Aubret, returned once more [11] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodfor France.[1] ifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 74. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
3.1.5
Results
3.1.6
Scoreboard
3.1.7
International broadcasts and voting
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1968 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they represented are also included in the table below.[1] Non-participating countries
[12] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? (Finnish) Viisukuppila, 18 April 2005 [13] The Eurovision Song Contest (1968) - Full cast and crew IMDb [14] CONCOURS EUROVISION DE LA CHANSON 1968 (French) SongContest [15] Eurovision Song Contest 1968 Songs4Europe.com [16] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [17] NRK.no [18] Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010 (Spanish) FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN
Several non-participating countries also decided to broad- [19] Rau, Oliver (OGAE Germany) cast the contest on their respective television stations.
3.1.8
References
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1968”. EBU. Retrieved 16 June 2012. [2] “Massiel sí, Madelman no: así fue el Mayo del 68 en España” (in Spanish). Público. 3 May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2009. [3] “TVE 'compró' los votos para que Massiel ganará Eurovisión” (in Spanish). 20 minutos. 5 May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
3.1.9 External links • Official website Coordinates: 51°30′03.40″N 51.5009444°N 0.1774361°W
00°10′38.77″W
/
3.2 Eurovision Song Contest 1969
The Eurovision Song Contest 1969 was the 14th in the series. Four countries (the United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands and France) won the contest, the first time ever a tie-break situation had occurred. However, there [5] Govan, Fiona (4 May 2008). “How Franco cheated Cliff was no rule at the time to cover such an eventuality, so all out of Eurovision title”. The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 four countries were declared joint winners.[1] April 2012. [4] “Vea el vídeo donde José Maríá Iñigo 'descubre' a Massiel” (in Spanish). 20 minutos. 5 May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
France’s win was their fourth. France became the first country to win the contest four times. The Netherlands’ win was their third. Spain and the United Kingdom each won for the second time. And it was the first time that any [7] “Conductors 1968”. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 16 June country (Spain, in this case) had a winning ESC entry two 2012. years in a row. [6] “Massiel e Iñigo acusan a La Sexta de “urdir todo para favorecer a Chiquilicuatre"" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 6 May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
3.2. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1969
3.2.1
63
Location
Had the later tie-break rule been in place (the country receiving the highest score from any other country, as used in 1991), the Netherlands would have won, having received 6 points from France. United Kingdom would then have been runner up, having received 5 points from Sweden. On the other hand, with the present tie-break rule been in place (i.e. the song receiving votes from the most countries, then the song receiving the most high votes in case of another tie), France would have been the overall winner, with Spain in 2nd place. Both countries received votes from 9 countries, but France received 4 points from 2 countries whereas Spain received 3 points as their highest vote.
A common urban legend on ESC forums and festivals is that just prior to the show, Laurita Valenzuela, the preLocation of the host city. The venue selected to host the 1969 contest was the senter, asked the producers what would happen if there was a tie. The producers assured her that “such a thing would never happen”. Madrid
3.2.3 Participating countries Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Austria was absent from the contest, refusing to participate in a contest staged in Franco-ruled Spain.[1][3] Wales wanted to debut with Welsh language broadcaster BBC Cymru, and also made a national selection called Cân i Teatro Real, Madrid - host venue of the 1969 contest. Gymru, but in the end it was decided they would not to participate in the competition because their participation Teatro Real, an opera house located in Madrid. The the- was rejected because Wales isn't a sovereign state. Only atre reopened in 1966 as a concert theatre and the main the BBC has the exclusive right to represent the United concert venue of the Spanish National Orchestra and the Kingdom. RTVE Symphony Orchestra. The final featured an onstage metal sculpture created by surrealist Spanish artist, Salvador Dalí.[2] Conductors
3.2.2
Format
The surrealist Spanish artist Salvador Dalí was responsible for designing the publicity material for the 1969 contest as well as the metal sculpture which was used on stage.[1] It was the first time that the contest resulted in a tie for first place, with four countries each gaining 18 votes. Since there was at the time no rule to cover such an eventuality, all four countries were declared joint winners. This caused an unfortunate problem concerning the medals due to be distributed to the winners as there were not enough to go round, so that only the singers received their medals on the night: the songwriters, to some disgruntlement, were not awarded theirs until after the date of the contest.[1]
Each performance had a conductor who led the orchestra.[4] These are listed below.
Returning artists Five artists returned in this year’s contest. Louis Neefs for Belgium who last represented the nation in 1967; Germany's Siw Malmkvist who was also the participant for Sweden in 1960. Romuald for Luxembourg who represented Monaco last time in 1964; Norway's Kirsti Sparboe who represented the Scandinavian nation twice before in 1965 and 1967; and finally Simone de Oliveira who also represented Portugal in 1965.[1]
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CHAPTER 3. 1968 TO 1974 – CHANGES ... IN COLOUR!
3.2.4
Results
3.2.5
Scoreboard
[5] “Eurovision Song Contest 1969”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [6] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [7] Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs For Europe The United Kingdom at The Eurovision Song Contest Volume One: The 1950s and 1960s. UK: Telos. p. 483. ISBN 978-184583-065-6. [8] “Eurovision Song Contest, Grand Final: 1969”. BBC. 1969-03-29. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [9] “Eurovision 1969”. Songs4europe.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
1969-03-29.
[10] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch).
Lenny
Kuhr's
[11] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 80. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
dress
[13] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [14] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [15] Rau, Oliver (OGAE Germany)
The final results of ESC 1969
3.2.6
International broadcasts and voting
[16] Tchernia, Pierre et al. (March 29, 1969). 14ème Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1969 [14th Eurovision Song Contest 1969] (Television production). Spain: TVE, ORTF (commentary). [17] Christian Masson. “1969 - Madrid”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1969 contest along with the spokesperson who [18] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a com[19] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukupmentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of pila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they represented are also included in the table below.[1] 3.2.8 External links
3.2.7
References
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1969”. EBU. Retrieved 16 June 2012. [2] “Cultural Institutions: Teatro Real”. esMADRID.com. Retrieved 2009-09-03. [3] O'Connor, John Kennedy (2005). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. [4] “Conductors 1969”. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
• Official website Coordinates: 40°25′06″N 3°42′37″W / 40.41833°N 3.71028°W
3.3 Eurovision Song Contest 1970 The Eurovision Song Contest 1970 was the 15th Eurovision Song Contest, held on 21 March 1970 at the RAI Congrescentrum in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The
3.3. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1970
65
Amsterdam contest is regarded as one of the most signif- and opened on 2 February 1961. icant in Eurovision history for a number of reasons.[1] Ireland won with seventeen-year-old Dana and a song called Format “All Kinds of Everything”. Ireland’s win was their first. The UK came second for The Dutch producers were forced to pad out the show as the seventh time, six votes behind Ireland. Luxembourg only 12 nations decided to make the trip to Amsterdam. received zero votes for the only time. The result was a format which has endured almost to the present day. An extended opening sequence (filmed in Amsterdam) set the scene, while every entry was intro3.3.1 Overview duced by a short video 'postcard' featuring each of the participating artists, ostensibly in their own nation. HowLocation ever, the 'postcards’ for Switzerland, Luxembourg and Monaco were all filmed on location in Paris (as was the For more details on the host city, see Amsterdam. French postcard).[3] Interestingly, the long introduction film (over four minutes long) was followed by what probably is one of the shortest ever introductions by any presenter. Willy Dobbe only welcomed the viewers in English, French and Dutch, finishing her introduction after only 24 seconds. On screen captions introduced each entry, with the song titles listed all in lower case and the names of the artist and composers/authors all in capitals. The set design was devised by Roland de Groot; a simple design was composed of a number of curved horizontal bars and silver baubles which could be moved in a variety of different ways.
Amsterdam To avoid an incident like in 1969, a tie rule was created. It Location of the host city. Due to there being four winners in the previous con- stated that, if two or more songs gained the same number of votes and were tied for first place, each song would have to be performed again. After which each national jury (other than the juries of the countries concerned) would have a show of hands of which they thought was the best. If the countries tied again, then they would share first place. Participating countries Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
RAI Congrescentrum, Amsterdam - host venue of the 1970 contest.
test, a question was raised as to which nation would host the 1970 Eurovision. With the UK having hosted the 1968 Contest and Spain the 1969 Contest, only France and Netherlands were in consideration. A toss of a coin resulted in the host country being decided as the Netherlands.[2]
Austria (who had not taken part in 1969), Finland, Norway, Portugal and Sweden boycotted this contest as they were not pleased with the result of 1969 and the voting structure.[3] Portugal did however host a National final, being won by Sérgio Borges.[2] Of the participating singers, a number were already established performers. Notably, the United Kingdom sent Welsh singer and Apple recording artist Mary Hopkin, while David Alexandre Winter represented Luxembourg. The contest is also notable for the appearance of the then unknown Julio Iglesias, singing for Spain.
The Congrescentrum, venue of the 1970 contest, is a semi-permanent exhibit at the Ferdinand Bolstraat to Amsterdam, and was opened on 31 October 1922. This Voting and aftermath building was replaced in 1961 by the current RAI building on Europe’s Square. The current congress and event cen- In the run-up to the Contest, the United Kingdom were ter on Europe Square, was designed by Alexander Bodon favourites to win and also the favourite with the 50-piece
66
CHAPTER 3. 1968 TO 1974 – CHANGES ... IN COLOUR! and becoming an MEP in 1999. Of the other performers, Stella Maessen (of Hearts of Soul), Jean Vallée, Guy Bonnet and Katja Ebstein all took part in the Eurovision Song Contest again, the latter twice more. The following year, Austria, Finland, Norway, Portugal and Sweden all returned to the contest. Conductors Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.[4] Returning artists For the first time, no artists from previous contests returned.[1]
3.3.2 Results 3.3.3 Scoreboard 4 points Below is a summary of all 4 points in the final: Dana sings the winning song All Kinds of Everything
1.^ Netherlands gave Ireland 5 points. 2.^ Switzerland gave Ireland 6 points.
orchestra. So sure of victory, the UK delegation had organised a winner’s party to be thrown after the contest.[2] In the end, the only two countries in the running were the UK and Ireland, albeit the latter holding the lead throughout the voting. Ireland took the victory with 32 points, 6 points ahead of the UK, with Germany a distant third. Luxembourg failed to score any points at all - their only time ever to do so.
3.^ Belgium gave Ireland 9 points
3.3.4 International broadcasts and voting
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1970 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a comIreland won the contest with "All Kinds of Everything", mentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of penned by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith, and sung by the contest in their own native language. Details of the another unknown, Dana, an 18-year-old schoolgirl from commentators and the broadcasting station for which they [1] Derry, Northern Ireland. The song became a million- represented are also included in the table below. seller and the singer an international star. As the contest was held in the Netherlands this year, and the country was one of the four winners in 1969, Dana received her 3.3.5 References awards from the Dutch winner Lenny Kuhr. [1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1970”. EBU. Retrieved 16 June Mary Hopkin scored a few more hits but downscaled her music career in 1971 after getting married. She later commented on her appearance at the Contest as humiliating and said that she hated the song she had to sing.[2] Spanish entrant Julio Iglesias went on to achieve worldwide success in the decades that followed, becoming one of the top-selling singers of all time. Dana, meanwhile, continued to score hit singles throughout the 1970s with songs such as “Fairytale” and “It’s Gonna be a Cold Cold Christmas”. In the 1990s she became a politician, running for the Irish presidential election in 1997 and 2011,
2012. [2] Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs For Europe - The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest Volume Two: The 1970’s. UK: Telos Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-184583-065-6. [3] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3 [4] “Conductors 1970”. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
3.4. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1971
67
[5] “Eurovision Song Contest 1970”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
3.4.1 Location For more details on the host city, see Dublin.
[6] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch).
[7] Christian Masson. “1970 - Amsterdam”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Songcon-
[8] O'Connor, John Kennedy (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.
[9] “Nueva España Store.diariodelaltoaragon.es. 2012-08-10.
22/03/1970” 1970-03-22.
(PDF). Retrieved
Dublin Location of the host city. The contest was held at the Gaiety Theatre in Dublin, the
[10] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[11] Rau, Oliver (OGAE Germany)
[12] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
3.3.6
External links
• Official website
Coordinates: 4.88833°E
52°20′29″N 4°53′18″E / 52.34139°N
Gaiety Theatre, Dublin - host venue of the 1971 Eurovision Song Contest
capital and most populous city of Ireland.[2][3] This was the first time that the contest was held in Ireland.
3.4.2 Format
For the first time, each participating broadcaster was required to televise all the songs in "previews" prior to the live final. Belgium’s preview video featured Nicole & performing the song "Goeiemorgen, morgen", but 3.4 Eurovision Song Contest 1971 Hugo Nicole was struck with a sudden illness days before the contest final, with Jacques Raymond & Lily Castel stepThe Eurovision Song Contest 1971 was the sixteenth ping in at short notice to perform the entry in their place. edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was Reports suggested that Castel had not even had enough held in Dublin, Ireland on 3 April 1971. time to buy a suitable dress for the show. Monaco’s win was their first and only victory. The song was performed by a French singer, living in France, sung in French, conducted by a French native and written by a French team. Séverine later claimed she never visited Monaco before or after her victory – a claim easily disproved by the preview video submitted by TéléMonte-Carlo featuring the singer on location in the Principality.[1]
The BBC were worried about the possible audience reaction to the UK song due to the hostilities raging in Northern Ireland. They specifically selected a singer from Northern Ireland, Clodagh Rodgers, who was popular in both the UK and the Republic of Ireland, to ease any ill-feeling from the Dublin audience. However, Rodgers still received death threats from the IRA for representing the UK.
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CHAPTER 3. 1968 TO 1974 – CHANGES ... IN COLOUR!
Groups of up to six people were allowed to perform for the first time, with the rule in previous contests of performing either solo or as a duet abolished.[4]
•
Belgium - Francis Bay
•
Italy - Enrico Polito
This was only RTÉ's second outside broadcast in colour. The contest was broadcast in Iceland, the USA and Hong Kong several days later.[5]
•
Sweden - Claes Rosendahl
•
Ireland - Noel Kelehan
•
Netherlands - Dolf van der Linden
•
Portugal - Jorge Costa Pinto
•
Yugoslavia - Miljenko Prohaska
•
Finland - Ossi Runne
•
Norway - Arne Bendiksen
Voting system A new voting system was introduced in this year’s contest: each country sent two jury members, one aged over 25 and the other under 25 (with at least ten years’ difference between their ages), with both awarding each country (except their own) a score of between one and five points. While this meant that no country could score fewer than 34 points (and in the event all eighteen scored at least 52), it had one major problem: some jury members tended to award only one or two points. Whether this was done to increase their respective countries’ chances of winning is not known for sure, but this shortcoming was nonetheless plain.[4] However, the system remained in place for the 1972 and 1973 contests.
Returning artists Two artists returned to the competition this year: Katja Ebstein represented Germany for the second consecutive year, while Jacques Raymond had previously represented Belgium in 1963.
3.4.4 Results 3.4.3
Participating countries
3.4.5 Scoreboard
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision 10 points Song Contest Below is a summary of all perfect 10 scores that were Malta made their début in this year’s contest, while given during the voting. Austria, Finland, Norway, Portugal and Sweden all returned after a brief absence. This brought the total num3.4.6 International broadcasts and voting ber of countries to eighteen. The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1971 contest, along with the spokespeople who were responsible for announcing the votes for their reEach performance had a conductor who directed the spective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage orchestra.[6] of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which • Austria - Robert Opratko they represented are also included in the table below.[4] Conductors
•
Malta - Twanny Chircop
•
Monaco - Jean-Claude Petit
•
Switzerland - Hardy Schneiders
•
Germany - Dieter Zimmermann
3.4.7 References [1] “Eurovision 1971 PREVIEW Monaco - SÉVERINE “Un Banc, Un Arbre, Une Rue"". YouTube. 8 August 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
• Spain - Waldo de los Rios
[2] “The Growth and Development of Dublin” (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2010.
•
France - Franck Pourcel
•
Luxembourg - Jean Claudric
[3] “Primate City Definition and Examples”. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
•
United Kingdom - Johnny Arthey
[4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1971”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
3.5. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1972
69
[16] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 88. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2 [17] “RTÉ Stills Library”. RTÉ Archives. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [18] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival” (in Dutch). Eurovision Artists. Retrieved 1 June 2010. [19] “A África também vai ver o Grande Prémio da Eurovisão”, Diário de Lisboa, 3 April 1971 [20] Vladimir Pinzovski [21] Zitting, Marianne (27 June 2010). “Muistathan: Eurovision laulukilpailu 1971” (in Finnish). Viisukuppila. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [22] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien?" (in Finnish). Viisukuppila. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [23] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
Bibliography • The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History, John Kennedy O'Connor, Carlton Books Ltd, ISBN 1-84442-994-6 The Netherlands’ Saskia & Serge finished 6th with their entry "Tijd".
3.4.8 External links • Official website
[5] “Eurovision 1971 - Opening ceremony”. YouTube. 7 July 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [6] “And the conductor is...”. Retrieved 16 October 2013. [7] “Eurovision Song Contest 1971”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [8] “It was all in the game”, Fred Barry, Times of Malta, 7 April 1971 [9] Rau, Oliver (OGAE Germany) [10] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [11] Masson, Christian. “1971 - Dublin” (in French). Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [12] “Dubliner Jury bestochen?", Hamburger Abendblatt, 6 April 1971
Coordinates: 53°20′25″N 6°15′42″W / 53.340312°N 6.261601°W
3.5 Eurovision Song Contest 1972 The Eurovision Song Contest 1972 was the 17th annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Although Monaco had won the previous year’s contest, the principality was unable to meet the demands of hosting the event (on 31 January 1972, Monaco’s ruler Rainier III of Monaco received a letter from the European Broadcasting Union about holding the 1972 Eurovision in Monaco, he was unable to provide a venue, the props and everything else so in February 1972, Prince Rainier declined because of the expenses).
Séverine made the trip to the Scottish capital Edinburgh to pass on the 'Grand Prix' to Vicky Leandros. However, [13] Eurovision Song Contest 1971 BBC Archive she looked thoroughly uninterested in the Monegasque [14] “Wogan quits Eurovision role”. BBC News. 5 December entry when seen by viewers checking her watch before 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2011. the song was performed.[1] This marked the fourth time [15] Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs For Europe - The United that the contest was held in the United Kingdom. HowKingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest Volume Two: The ever, this is the first (and, so far, only) time that the UK 1970’s. UK: Telos Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 978-1- hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in a venue outside 84583-065-6. England.
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Luxembourg’s win was their third. Yves Dessca also wrote the text for “Un Banc, Un Arbre, Une Rue” that won in 1971, and other than conductors of the winning song, became the second person to win the Contest twice, the first person to win for two different countries and the first person to win two years in a row.[1]
3.5.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Edinburgh.
Edinburgh Castle. Before each country’s performance, a picture of each song’s performers along with their names and the song’s title were projected on the screen, and during each performance, animated spiral shapes were projected as additional visual effect. The interval act was performed at the outside vast Esplanade of the Great Hall of Edinburgh Castle. The jurors were stationed in the safety of the castle, and watched the competing performances at Usher Hall on TV. Each country had two jury members, one aged between 16 and 25 and one aged between 26 and 55. They each awarded 1 to 5 points for each song, other than the song of their own country. They cast their votes immediately after each song was performed and the votes were then collected and counted. For the public voting sequence after the interval act, the jury members were shown on the stage’s screen with each lifting a signboard with the number between 1 and 5 for each song, as a visual verification of the scores they had awarded earlier. The eventual winner, Luxembourg, remained in a strong scoring position throughout the voting. 1972 was the first year that had no ties in the voting. Every year prior to 1972, at least two countries had received the same score.
Edinburgh Location of the host city. The 1972 Eurovision Song Contest was hosted by
3.5.3 Participating countries Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest All countries who participated in the 1971 contest were present this year; with no withdrawals, returns, or débutantes. The Irish entry was in Irish, so far the country’s only entry in that language. Usher Hall, Edinburgh - host venue of the 1972 contest.
Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. Usher Hall, the venue for the 1972 contest, is a concert hall, situated on Lothian Road, in the west end of Edinburgh, Scotland. It has hosted concerts and events since its construction in 1914 and can hold approximately 2,900[2] people in its recently restored auditorium, which is well loved by performers due to its acoustics. The Hall is flanked by The Royal Lyceum Theatre on the right and The Traverse Theatre on the left. Historic Scotland has registered the Hall with Category A listed building status.
Conductors Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.[3]
Returning artists
Four artists returned to the competition this year. Luxembourg's Vicky Leandros who last performed for 3.5.2 Format the nation in 1967; Carlos Mendes for Portugal who last participated in 1968; Swedish entry Family Four who reThe stage design included a screen to introduce and ac- turned for a second consecutive year; and Yugoslavia's company the on stage competing performances, and to Tereza Kesovija who previously represented Monaco in show an interval act and voting sequence that were done at 1966.
3.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1973
3.5.4
Results
3.5.5
Scoreboard
10 points Below is a summary of all perfect 10 scores that were given during the voting.
3.5.6
International broadcasts and voting
71
[7] Eurojaume dice: (2008-02-15). “Eurovisión 1972 – Programa posterior al festival | AEV ESPAÑA”. Aeveurovision.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [8] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [9] “Eurovision 1972”. Songs4europe.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
1972-03-25.
[10] Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs For Europe - The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest Volume Two: The 1970’s. UK: Telos Publishing. p. 80. ISBN 978-184583-065-6.
Each national broadcaster sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the event in their own native language. Apart from the participating countries, the contest was transmitted in live for the first [11] http://www.nrk.no/debatt/index.phpshowtopic=87458& pid=1343226&mode=threaded&start=. Retrieved 21 time in the continent of Asia, in the countries Japan, May 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help) Tawian, Thailand, the Philippines and Hong Kong. Brazil and Greece also provided live broadcasting. Iceland and [12] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) Israel broadcast it a few days later. The table below shows the order in which the votes were cast along with each [13] Vasco Hogan Teves, 1964-1983 20 anos de Festival RTP country’s two jury members, commentator and broadda Canção casting station. Non-participating countries •
Brazil - TBC
•
Greece - Mako Georgiadou (EIRT)
•
Iceland - Björn Mattíhason
•
Israel - No commentator
•
Hong Kong - TBC
•
Japan - TBC
•
Philippines -No Commentator (ABS-CBN)
•
Taiwan - TBC
•
Thailand - TBC
References
[1] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3
[3] [4] [5] [6]
[15] “Eurovision Song Contest 1972”, Times of Malta, 25 March 1972 [16] “Muistathan: Eurovision laulukilpailu 1972”. Viisukuppila.fi. 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [17] Vladimir Pinzovski
3.5.7
[2]
[14] “Views and comments on the Eurovision Song Contest”, Times of Malta, 29 March 1972
[18] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 94. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
3.5.8 External links • Official website
3.6 Eurovision Song Contest 1973
The Eurovision Song Contest 1973 was the 18th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Luxembourg. It was won by the Luxembourg entry, "Tu te reconnaîtras", this being Luxembourg’s fourth win. The Usher hall on Geograph The voting was a very close one, with Spain finishing only “Conductors 1972”. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 16 June 4 points behind and Cliff Richard of the United Kingdom 2012. (who came second in 1968) another 2 points after. The “Eurovision Song Contest 1972”. The Diggiloo Thrush. winning song scored the highest score ever achieved in Retrieved 4 March 2012. Eurovision under any voting format, recording 129 points out of a possible 160; scoring just under 81% of the posRau, Oliver (OGAE Germany) sible maximum, but partly due to a scoring system which Christian Masson. “1971 - Dublin”. Songcontest.free.fr. guaranteed all countries at least two points from each Retrieved 2012-08-10. other country.[1]
72
3.6.1
CHAPTER 3. 1968 TO 1974 – CHANGES ... IN COLOUR!
Location
try’s decaying dictatorship. Also, the word “breasts” was used during Sweden’s song entry. However, no action For more details on the host city, see Luxembourg (city). was taken by the EBU. An argument broke out between the singer Maxi and her Irish delegation over how the song should be performed. During rehearsals she repeatedly stopped performing in frustration. When it began to appear possible that Maxi might withdraw from the contest, RTÉ immediately sent over another singer, Tina Reynolds, to take her place just in case. In the end Miss Reynolds wasn't needed as Maxi did perform, with her entry earning 10th place on the scoreboard. (Reynolds would perform the following year.) This contest holds the record for the most watched Eurovision Song Contest in the United Kingdom, and is also the 18th most watched television show in the same Luxembourg City country, with an estimated 21.54 million tuning in on the Location of the host city. night. Cliff Richard represented the UK with the song The city of Luxembourg, also known as Luxembourg Power to All Our Friends. He came 3rd with 123 points. The winner though was Ann-Marie David with “Tu Te Reconnaitras”. In the UK it was released in English under the title “Wonderful Dream” and released on Epic. It made number 13. In the light of events at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, there were fears of a terrorist threat, particularly directed against Israel’s first-ever entrant, leading to unusually tight security for the contest. This gave rise to one of the best-known Eurovision anecdotes, frequently recounted by the UK’s long-serving commentator Terry Grand Théâtre, Luxembourg City - host venue of the 1973 conWogan. He recalled that the floor manager strongly adtest. vised the audience to remain seated while applauding the City, is a commune with city status, and the capital of performances, otherwise they risked being shot by secuthe Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It is located at the rity forces.[4] confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse Rivers in southern Luxembourg. The city contains the historic Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early MidVoting dle Ages, around which a settlement developed. The Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg, inaugurated in 1964 as the Théâtre Municipal de la Ville de Luxembourg, be- Each country had two jury members, one aged between came the venue for the 1973 contest. It is the city’s major 16 and 25 and one aged between 26 and 55. They each awarded 1 to 5 points for each song (other than the song venue for drama, opera and ballet.[2][3] from their own country) immediately after it was performed and the votes were collected and counted as soon as they were cast. The juries watched the show on TV 3.6.2 Format from the Ville du Louvigny TV Studios of CLT and apThe language rule forcing countries to enter songs sung in peared on screen to confirm their scores. any of their national languages was dropped, so performers from some countries sang in English. The event was marked by controversy when the Spanish song, “Eres tú" (by Mocedades), was accused of plagiarism due to rea- 3.6.3 Participating countries sonable similarities in the melody with the Yugoslav entry from the 1966 contest ("Brez besed" sung by Berta Seventeen nations took part in this year’s contest. Malta Ambrož); however, “Eres tú" was not disqualified. Af- was drawn to perform in 6th place between Norway and ter finishing second in the contest, the song went on to Monaco, but the Maltese broadcaster withdrew before the become a huge international hit. deadline to select an entry.[5] The 1973 contest marked The somewhat elliptical lyrics to Portugal’s entry the first time that women conducted the ESC orches"Tourada" provided sufficient cover for a song that was tra. Monica Dominique conducted the Swedish entry and clearly understood as a blistering assault on the coun- Nurit Hirsh conducted the Israeli entry.
3.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1974 Conductors Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.[6] Returning artists Three artists returned to the 1973 contest, Finland's Marion Rung, who last represented the nation in 1962; 1971 entrant Massimo Ranieri from Italy; and Cliff Richard, who last performed "Congratulations" for the United Kingdom in 1968.
73
[5] “No, No, Never!!! - Songs That Did Not Make It To Eurovision”. eurovisionsongs.net. Retrieved 2009-07-23. [6] “Conductors 1973”. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 16 June 2012. [7] “Eurovision Song Contest 1973”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [8] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [9] Christian Masson. “1973 - Luxembourg”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Songcon-
[10] “Festival da Canção, mezinha do pinga amor”, Mário Castrim, Diário de Lisboa, 9 April 1973
3.6.4
Results
1.^ Also contains lyrics in English, Spanish and French. 2.^ Also contains lyrics in Spanish, Italian, Dutch, German, Irish, Hebrew, SerboCroatian, Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian.
3.6.5
Scoreboard
10 points Below is a summary of all perfect 10 scores that were given during the voting.
3.6.6
International broadcasts and voting
[11] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [13] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [14] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 102. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2 [15] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch). [16] Eurovision Song Contest 1973 BBC Archives [17] “RTÉ Archives”. Stills Library. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [18] Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs For Europe - The United
Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest Volume Two: The The table below shows the order in which votes were cast 1970’s. UK: Telos Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-1during the 1973 contest along with the spokesperson who 84583-065-6. was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a com- [19] http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?issId=264691& mentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of pageId=3732090&lang=is&q=Eurovision the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they [20] “Muistathan: Eurovision laulukilpailu 1973”. Viisukuppila.fi. 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2012-08-10. represented are also included in the table below.
3.6.7
References
[21] “Eurovisión 1978 Jurado TVE (I)". YouTube. 2008-0125. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [22] Vladimir Pinzovski.
[1] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest The Official History. Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84732521-1 April 2010
[23] “OGAE Macedonia”. 2012-08-10.
[2] “The “Grand Théâtre” of Luxembourg City offers high quality cultural events”, Luxembourg National Tourist Office, London. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
3.7 Eurovision Song Contest 1974
[3] “Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg”, Théâtre Info Luxembourg. (French) Retrieved 27 December 2010.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1974 was the 19th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest.
[4] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3
It was held in the seaside resort of Brighton on the south coast of the United Kingdom. The BBC agreed to stage the event after Luxembourg, having won in both 1972
OGAE Macedonia.
Retrieved
74
CHAPTER 3. 1968 TO 1974 – CHANGES ... IN COLOUR!
and 1973, declined on the grounds of expense to host the shared corridors to Brighton Museum, as the entire comcontest for a second consecutive year.[1] plex was built for the Prince Regent (later George IV) and The winner of the Contest was Sweden with the song completed in 1805. "Waterloo" which was performed by the band ABBA, that went on to become one of the most popular recording acts of all time. ABBA are among the few Eurovision winners to achieve international superstar status. Sweden’s win was their first.[1] Katie Boyle returned to host her fourth Eurovision Song Contest (after hosting the contest in 1960, 1963 and 1968).
3.7.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Brighton.
3.7.2 Format A two-night preview programme, Auftakt für Brighton (Prelude for Brighton), was coordinated by the German national broadcaster ARD broadcast at the end of March and was hosted by the journalist Karin Tietze-Ludwig. It was the first “preview"-type programme to be broadcast in many European countries simultaneously (traditionally each national broadcaster puts together their own preview programme).[2] The programme was also notable in being the European television debut for the winners, ABBA, who were peculiarly credited in previews as “The Abba”.[1]
3.7.3 Incidents The United Kingdom was represented in the contest by the (British-born) Australian pop singer Olivia NewtonJohn, who finished in fourth place with the song "Long Live Love". As noted by author and historian John Kennedy O'Connor in his book The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History, Olivia disliked this song and preferred others from the UK heat, but “Long Live Love” was chosen as the UK’s entry by a public postal vote.[3]
Brighton Location of the host city. France had been drawn to sing at No. 14 (after Ireland Brighton is the major part of the city of Brighton and before Germany) with the song “La vie à vingt-cinq ans” by Dani, but as a mark of respect following the death of French President, Georges Pompidou, during Eurovision week, French broadcaster ORTF made the decision to withdraw the entry. Since President Pompidou’s funeral was held the day of the contest, it was deemed inappropriate for the French to take part. Dani was seen by viewers in the audience at the point the French song should have been performed. For the same reason, the French singer Anne-Marie David, who had won the first place for Luxembourg in 1973, could not come to Brighton to hand the prize to the 1974 winner.[1][3] In her absence, the Director General of the BBC and President of the EBU, Sir Charles Curran, presented the Grand Prix. Malta had selected Enzo Guzman with the song “Paċi Fid Dinja” (Peace in the World) to represent them, but withdrew from the contest for unknown reasons. Malta re[1] and Hove (formed from the previous towns of Brighton, turned to the competition in 1975. Hove, Portslade and several other villages) on the south Italy refused to broadcast the televised contest on the coast of Great Britain. The venue which hosted the state television channel RAI because the contest coin1974 Contest was the Brighton Dome, an arts venue that cided with the intense political campaigning for the 1974 contains the Concert Hall, the Corn Exchange and the Italian referendum on divorce which was held a month Pavilion Theatre. All three venues are linked to the rest later in May. RAI felt that Gigliola Cinquetti's song, of the Royal Pavilion Estate by an underground tunnel which was titled "Sì" and repeatedly featured the word to the Royal Pavilion in Pavilion Gardens and through “si” (yes),[4] could be accused of being a subliminal mesBrighton Dome, United Kingdom - host venue of the 1974 contest.
3.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1974 sage and a form of propaganda to influence the Italian voting public to vote “yes” in the referendum. The song was not played on most Italian state TV and radio stations for over a month.[3] Portugal's entry "E depois do adeus" was used as the first of the two signals to launch the Carnation Revolution against the Estado Novo regime. Played on a Portuguese radio station late in the evening of 24 April 1974, the broadcasting of the song alerted the rebel, largely leftwing captains and soldiers to prepare to begin the successful military coup. (The second song to be broadcast, marking the actual start of military operations of the coup, was Grândola, Vila Morena by Zeca Afonso - with no Eurovision Song Contest connection). John Kennedy O'Connor described “E depois do adeus” as “the only Eurovision entry to have actually started a revolution”, while Des Mangan suggests that other Portuguese entries (he mentions 1998’s “Se Eu Te Pudesse Abraçar”) would not be likely to inspire coups.[3]
75 •
Ireland - Colman Pearce
•
Germany - Werner Scharfenberger
•
Switzerland - Pepe Ederer
•
Portugal - José Calvário
•
Italy - Gianfranco Monaldi
Returning artists Three artists returned to the contest this year. Gigliola Cinquetti winner of the 1964 Contest participated again for Italy. Romuald Figuier who also participated in the 1964 Contest for Monaco, as well as in 1969 Contest for Luxembourg. Norway's Bendik Singers also returned after last participating in Eurovision Song Contest 1973.[1]
3.7.5 Results 3.7.4
Participating countries
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Notes 1.^ Contains some words in English.
Seventeen nations took part in this year’s contest. Greece 3.7.6 Scoreboard made their début, while France withdrew during the week of the contest after the sudden death of French President 3.7.7 International broadcasts and voting Georges Pompidou.[1] The two-person jury system used for the previous three contests was abandoned, with a resurrection of the 10Conductors person jury system with one vote per juror, last used in 1970, returning. This was the final time it was used. UnEach performance had a conductor who maestro the usually, a separate draw was made for the order in which orchestra.[5] the participating countries would vote. In all previous contests either nations had voted in the same running or• Finland - Ossi Runne der as the song presentation or in the reverse of that order. It wouldn't be until 2006 that the voting sequence was de• United Kingdom - Nick Ingman cided by draw again. Finland, Norway, Switzerland and Italy drew the same position in both draws. Countries • Spain - Rafael Ibarbia revealed their votes in the following order:[1][7] • Norway - Frode Thingnæs The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1974 contest along with the spokesperson who • Greece - Giorgos Katsaros was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a com• Israel - Yoni Rechter mentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the • Yugoslavia - Zvonimir Skerl commentators and the broadcasting station for which they represented are also included in the table below.[1] • Sweden - Sven-Olof Walldoff • •
Luxembourg - Charles Blackwell Non-participating countries Monaco - Raymond Donnez
•
Belgium - Pierre Chiffre
•
Netherlands - Harry van Hoof
3.7.8 References [1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1974”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
76
CHAPTER 3. 1968 TO 1974 – CHANGES ... IN COLOUR!
[2] http://www.abbaontv.com/1974/ description-mystery-waterloo.html [3] O'Connor, John Kennedy The Eurovision Song Contest The Official History Carlton Books, UK, 2007 ISBN 9781-84442-994-3 [4] Sì - Lyrics The Diggiloo Thrush [5] “Conductors 1974”. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 2012-07-10. [6] “Eurovision Song Contest 1974”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [7] “Diggiloo Thrush - scoreboard 1974”. diggiloo.net. [8] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? (Finnish) Viisukuppila, 18 April 2005 [9] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [10] Eurovision Song Contest 1974 BBC Archives [11] Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs For Europe - The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest Volume Two: The 1970’s. UK: Telos Publishing. p. 149. ISBN 978-184583-065-6. [12] Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja Archived 8 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. (Serbian) OGAE Serbia forum, 8 September 2011 [13] “Um Waterloo onde faltou Cambronne”, Diário de Lisboa, 7 April 1974 [14] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch). [15] Infosajten.com Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. [16] Leif Thorsson Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 108; Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB ISBN 91-89136-29-2 [17] Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010 (Spanish) FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN [18] “Facets of Eurovision Song Contest 1975”, Times of Malta, 31 March 1975 [19] CONCOURS EUROVISION DE LA CHANSON 1974 SongContest
3.7.9
External links
• Official website
Chapter 4
1975 to 1987 – 8, 10, 12 points! 4.1 Eurovision Song Contest 1975 The Eurovision Song Contest 1975 was the 20th edition of the contest hosted by SR and held in Stockholm, Sweden. The arena for the event was the newly built Stockholmsmässan in Älvsjö in southern Stockholm. ABBA's victory in Brighton the previous year gave Sweden the right to host the contest for the first time. The Contest was won by Teach-In, who sang "Ding-a-dong" in English, representing the Netherlands.[1]
4.1.1
Location
Stockholmsmässan, Stockholm - host venue of the 1975 contest.
For more details on the host city, see Stockholm.
area in Scandinavia.[2][3] The venue for the contest was Stockholmsmässan (or Stockholm International Fairs in English). The main building is in Älvsjö – a southern suburb of Stockholm Municipality for which the building got its nickname. It was constructed in 1971 and holds 4,000 people.
4.1.2 Format
Stockholm Location of the host city. The contest took place in Stockholm, the capital and largest city of Sweden, which has long been one of the country’s cultural, media, political, and economic centres as well as the most populated urban
This year a new scoring system was implemented. Each country would be represented by a jury of 11 members, at least half of whom had to be under the age of 26. Each jury member had to award every song a mark of between 1 and 5 points, but could not vote for their own nation’s entry. The votes were cast immediately after the song was performed and collected by the adjudicator straight away. After the last song was performed, the jury secretary added up all the votes cast and awarded 12 points to the song with the highest score, 10 to the second highest score, then 8 to the third, 7 to the fourth, 6 to the fifth and so forth down to 1 point for the song ranked 10th. The jury spokesperson then announced the ten scores in the order the songs were presented when called upon by the hostess. The hostess Karin Falck several times confused the new system with questions like “How much is seven in France?" Unlike today, the points were not given in order (from 1 up to 12), but in the order the songs were performed. The current procedure of announcing the scores in ascending order, beginning with 1 point, was not estab-
77
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CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
lished until 1980. This scoring system remained in use until 1996, although the number of jurors varied and the scores they awarded each song increased to 10 rather than 5. In from 1997, some juries were replaced by televotes and from 1998, all countries were encouraged to televote when possible. In 2010, the juries were reintroduced to provide 50% of the scores. Despite these changes in how the points were decided, the 'douze points’ scoring system remained in place from 1975-2015. In 2016 it was altered to each country providing two sets of points, however, modelled after the former model.[4]
4.1.3
Participating countries
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Greece withdrew from this contest in response to the
•
Netherlands - Harry van Hoof
•
Ireland- Colman Pearce
•
France - Jean Musy
•
Germany - Rainer Pietsch
•
Luxembourg - Phil Coulter
•
Norway - Carsten Klouman
•
Switzerland - Peter Jacques
•
Yugoslavia - Mario Rijavec
•
United Kingdom - Alyn Ainsworth
•
Malta - Vince Tempera
•
Belgium - Francis Bay
•
Israel - Eldad Shrim
•
Turkey - Timur Selçuk
•
Monaco - André Popp
•
Finland - Ossi Runne
•
Portugal - Pedro Osório
• Spain - Juan Carlos Calderón
Teach-In leaving from Amsterdam Airport for the European Song Contest 1975
•
Sweden - Lars Samuelson
•
Italy - Pier Natale Massara
Returning artists
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, in protest of Turkey’s Norway's Ellen Nikolaysen was the only participant to reparticipation. Despite this, a record of nineteen coun- turn to the contest this year. Ellen’s previous participatries took part. Turkey made their début, while France tions where with the band Bendik Singers in 1973.[1] and Malta returned to the contest.[1] The Portuguese entry "Madrugada" was an unabashed celebration of the Carnation Revolution, during which the country’s 1974 Eurovision entry had played a pivotal practical role. According to author and historian John Kennedy O'Connor in his book The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History, the Portuguese performer had to be dissuaded from wearing his Portuguese army uniform and carrying a gun onto the stage.[5] Some competitors (notably Portugal and Yugoslavia) opted to perform their songs in English for the rehearsals heard by the judges, but in their native tongue at the final. Others, such as Belgium and Germany, opted for a mix of their own language and English.
4.1.4 Results 4.1.5 Scoreboard 12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
4.1.6 International broadcasts and voting
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1975 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a comConductors mentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the Each performance had a conductor who maestro the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they orchestra.[6] represented are also included in the table below.[1]
4.2. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1976
79
Non-participating countries •
Austria - Ernst Grissemann (FS1)
•
Denmark - Claus Toksvig (DR TV)
•
Greece - Mako Georgiadou (ERT)
•
Iceland - Dóra Hafsteinsdóttir (Sjónvarpið)
[9] Christian Masson. “1975 - Stockholm”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Songcon-
[10] “Eurovision Song Contest 1975”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [11] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [20]
[12] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland)
4.1.7
Notable incidents
[13] Eurovision Song Contest 1975 BBC Archives
Intelligence reports at the time pointed out the festival as [14] Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs For Europe - The United a possible target for a terrorist attack by the Red Army Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest Volume Two: The Faction which forced the organizers to tighten security 1970’s. UK: Telos Publishing. p. 182. ISBN 978-1considerably. The attack struck the West German em84583-065-6. bassy in Stockholm instead about a month later (see West German embassy siege). The Swedish left movement protested against the contest and its commercial aspect. At first the criticism was directed towards SR for the huge amount of money they spent on the contest but soon the protests developed into a movement against commercial music overall. When the Eurovision Song Contest took place an alternative festival was organized in another part of Stockholm where anybody who wanted could perform a song. Most popular became Sillstryparn's entry “Doing the omoralisk schlagerfestival” (Doing the immoral Eurovision festival). In the autumn of 1975 SR informed that Sweden would not participate in the 1976 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest due to the high costs that came with hosting the show. The rules later changed so that the costs were split more equally between the participating broadcasters. In the end, SR did not broadcast the 1976 Contest.
4.1.8
References
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1975”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 10 July 2012. [2] “Tätorter 2010” (PDF) (in Northern Sami). Statistics Sweden. Retrieved 2011-06-16. External link in |publisher= (help) [3] “Byopgørelsen 1. januar 2010” (PDF). Retrieved 201106-03.
[15] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810. [16] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[17] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [18] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [19] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [20] http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?issId=221304& pageId=2844647&lang=is&q=Eurovision
4.1.9 External links • Official website
[4] SVT Article, 20 Feb 2016 (Swedish) [5] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3 [6] “Conductors 1975”. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 10 July 2012. [7] “Eurovision Song Contest 1975”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [8] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch).
4.2 Eurovision Song Contest 1976 The Eurovision Song Contest 1976 was the 21st edition of the contest hosted by NOS and held in The Hague, Netherlands. The arena for the event was the Nederlands Congrescentrum. Teach-In's victory in Stockholm the previous year gave The Netherlands the right to host the contest for the third time. The Contest was won by Brotherhood of Man, who sang "Save Your Kisses for Me" in English, representing the United Kingdom.[1]
80
4.2.1
CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
Location
For more details on the host city, see The Hague.
Sweden, Malta and Turkey withdrew from this contest reducing the number of participating countries down to eighteen from the previous competitions record of nineteen countries that took part. Austria and Greece returned to the contest.[1]
Sweden withdrew from the contest, as the broadcaster Sveriges Radio (SR) did not have enough money to host another contest if Sweden won again. A new rule was therefore introduced that in the future each broadcaster participating would have to pay a part of the cost of staging the contest. As the author and historian John Kennedy O'Connor notes in his book The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History, there had been public demonstraThe Hague tions in Sweden against the contest, which also played Location of the host city. a part in SR’s decision to withdraw.[2] The same book The Hague is the seat of government of the Kingdom also notes that the victorious song went on to become the biggest selling winning single in the history of the contest and won with 80.39% of the possible maximum score; a record under the voting system introduced in 1975.[3]
Nederlands Congresgebouw - host venue of the 1976 contest.
of the Netherlands and the capital city of the province of South Holland. It is also the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation.
Malta, having selected Enzo Guzman with the song “Sing Your Song, Country Boy” to represent them, then withdrew from the contest for undisclosed reasons, as the singer has confirmed.[4] Malta would not return to the competition until 1991. The entry from Greece aroused controversy as it was about the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The previous year Greece had withdrawn from the contest in protest over this matter. This year it was Turkey’s turn to withdraw. Liechtenstein attempted to submit an entry to the contest, but as they had no broadcasting service of their own, they were not allowed to. Their entry would have been “Little Cowboy” by Biggi Bachmann.[4][5] Conductors
The contest took place at the Congresgebouw (presently Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orknown as the World Forum). The venue was constructed chestra. in 1969. •
4.2.2
Format
The scoring system introduced in the previous year’s competition returned in 1976. Each jury gave 12 points to the best song, 10 to the second best, then 8 to the third, and then 7 to 1 (from fourth to tenth best song, according to the jury). Unlike today, the points were not given in order (from 1 up to 12), but in the order the songs were performed. The current procedure was not established until 1980.
4.2.3
Participating countries
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
United Kingdom - Alyn Ainsworth
•
Switzerland - Mario Robbiani
•
Germany - Les Humphries
•
Israel - Matti Caspi
•
Luxembourg - Jo Plée
•
Belgium - Michel Bernholc
•
Ireland- Noel Kelehan
•
Netherlands - Harry van Hoof
•
Norway - Frode Thingnæs
•
Greece - Michalis Rozakis
•
Finland - Ossi Runne
4.2. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1976
81
• Spain - Juan Barcons
10.
Greece - Irini Gavala
•
Italy - Maurizio Fabrizio
11.
Finland - Erkki Vihtonen[10]
•
Austria - Erich Kleinschuster
12. Spain - José María Íñigo
•
Portugal - Thilo Krasmann
13.
Italy - Rosanna Vaudetti
•
Monaco - Raymond Donnez
14.
Austria - Jenny Pippal
•
France - Tony Rallo
15.
Portugal - Ana Zanatti[11]
•
Yugoslavia - Esad Arnautalić
16.
Monaco - Carole Chabrier
17.
France - Michel Drucker
18.
Yugoslavia - Sandi Čolnik
Returning artists Four artists returned to the contest in 1976. Fredi who represented Finland in 1967, Sandra Reemer returned having represented Netherlands in 1972, Peter, Sue and Marc also returned having represented Switzerland in 1971, and finally Anne-Karine Strøm represented Norway again having last done so in 1974; she repeated her finishing result by coming last once more.
Television commentators Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language.
4.2.4
Results
Radio commentators
4.2.5
Scoreboard
4.2.7 References [1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1976”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
4.2.6
International broadcasts and voting
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1976 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Voting and spokespersons 1.
United Kingdom - Ray Moore
2.
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[7]
[2] O'Connor, John Kennedy (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. pp. 64–67. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3. [3] O'Connor, John Kennedy (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3. [4] “No, No, Never!!! - Songs That Did Not Make It To Eurovision”. eurovisionsongs.net. Retrieved 2009-07-23. [5] “The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 - present”. BBC. 2007-04-26. Retrieved 2009-07-23. [6] “Eurovision Song Contest 1976”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 15 August 2012. [7] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland)
3.
Germany - Max Schautzer
4.
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[8]
[8] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810.
5.
Luxembourg - Jacques Harvey
[9] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
6.
Belgium - André Hagon
7.
Ireland - Brendan Balfe
8.
Netherlands – Dick van Bommel
9.
Norway - Sverre Christophersen[9]
[10] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [11] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
82
[12] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet - Commentateurs des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
4.3.1 Location For more details on the host city, see London.
[13] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9 [14] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [15] Christian Masson. “1976 - La Haye”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [16] “Eurovision Song Contest 1974”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [17] "Η Μακώ Γεωργιάδου και η EUROVISION (19701986)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [18] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival”. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch). [19] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [20] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [21] Eurovision Song Contest 1976 BBC Archives [22] http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?issId=226990& pageId=3061053&lang=is&q=Eurovision
London Location of the host city. Located on the River Thames, London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the Europe by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.[1] Wembley Conference Centre, which opened in 1977, was the first purpose-built conference centre in the United Kingdom. The centre was chosen as host venue for the song contest, which was presented by Angela Rippon.
[23] RadioVisie.eu (1976-04-17). “RetroVisie: april 1976 [ RadioVisie.eu /nl /actueel ]". Radiovisie.eu. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.3.2 Format
[24] Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs For Europe - The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest Volume Two: The 1970’s. UK: Telos Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-184583-065-6.
The language rule was brought back in this contest, four years after it had been dropped in 1973. However Germany and Belgium were allowed to sing in English, because they had already chosen the songs they were going to perform before the rule was reintroduced.
[25] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.3 Eurovision Song Contest 1977
As noted in The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History by author and historian John Kennedy O'Connor, the contest was originally planned to be held on 2 April 1977, but because of a strike of BBC cameramen and technicians, it had to be postponed for a month.[2]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1977 was the 22nd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest, and was held 4.3.3 Participating countries in London, United Kingdom on 7 May 1977. The preFurther information: List of countries in the Eurovision senter was Angela Rippon. Song Contest The contest was won by Marie Myriam, representing France, with the song "L'oiseau et l'enfant" (The Bird and the Child). This was France’s fifth victory, a record at At one point before the contest Tunisia was going to parthe time (since equalled by Luxembourg and the United ticipate but it withdrew. Had Tunisia[2]gone ahead they Kingdom, and surpassed by Ireland and Sweden). It was would have appeared fourth on stage. Yugoslavia also also France’s second victory on English soil, as well as its withdrew, and did not return until 1981. most recent victory to date. The Belgian act Dream Express had created some con-
4.3. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1977
83
troversy in the press with reports that the three female Michèle Torr, Luxembourg's 1966 entrant participated members would wear transparent tops; this did not mate- for Monaco. And finally Fernando Tordo and Paulo de rialise for the actual event.[3] Carvalho (part of Os Amigos) returned once more after The British conductor Ronnie Hazlehurst used an they previously represented the nation as solo acts back in 1973 and 1974 respectively. umbrella and wore a bowler hat.[4][5] Conductors
4.3.4 Results
Each performance had a conductor who maestro the 4.3.5 Scoreboard orchestra.[6] 12 points •
Ireland - Noel Kelehan
•
Monaco - Yvon Rioland
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
•
Netherlands - Harry van Hoof
4.3.6 International broadcasts and voting
•
Austria - Christian Kolonovits
•
Norway - Carsten Klouman
•
Germany - Ronnie Hazlehurst
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1977 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country.
•
Luxembourg - Johnny Arthey
•
Portugal - Jose Calvario
•
United Kingdom - Ronnie Hazlehurst
• • •
Voting and spokespersons 1.
Ireland - Brendan Balfe
2.
Monaco - Carole Chabrier
Greece - George Hatzinassios
3.
Netherlands - Ralph Inbar
Israel - Eldad Shrim
4.
Austria - Jenny Pippal
5.
Norway - Sverre Christophersen[8]
Switzerland - Peter Jacques
•
Sweden - Anders Berglund
6.
Germany - Max Schautzer
•
Spain - Rafael Ibarbia
7.
Luxembourg - Jacques Harvey
•
Italy - Maurizio Fabrizio
8.
Portugal – Ana Zanatti[9]
•
Finland - Ossi Runne
9.
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
Belgium - Alyn Ainsworth
•
France - Raymond Donnez
10.
Greece - Naki Agathou[10]
11.
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[11]
12.
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[12]
Returning artists
13.
Sweden - Sven Lindahl[13]
Several artists returned to the 1977 Contest. Beatrix Neundlinger and Günter Grosslercher from the group Schmetterlinge both represented Austria in 1972 as part of the band The Milestones. Patricia Maessen, Bianca Maessen, and Stella Maessen had previously represented the Netherlands in 1970 as part of the group Hearts of Soul, in 1977 they represented Belgium under the band name Dream Express.
14.
Spain - Isabel Tenaille[14]
15.
Italy - Mariolina Cannuli
16.
Finland - Kaarina Pönniö[15]
17.
Belgium - Anne Ploegaerts
18.
France - Michel Drucker
Ireland's participant The Swarbriggs returned after their Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the previous appearance back in 1975. Ilanit from Israel re- contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their turned after previously representing the nation in 1973. own native language.
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CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
4.3.7
References
[1] “Roman”. The Museum of London. Archived from the original on March 22, 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
[22] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[2] O'Connor, John Kennedy (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.
[23] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[3] O'Connor, John Kennedy (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.
[24] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9
[4] Leigh, Spencer (4 October 2007). “Obituary - Ronnie Hazlehurst”. The Daily Telegraph. [5] “Obituary - Ronnie Hazlehurst”. The Times. 3 October 2007. [6] “Conductors 1977”. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 20 October 2012. [7] “Eurovision Song Contest 1977”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [8] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [9] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[25] Christian Masson. “1977 - Wembley”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
Songcon-
[26] Christian Masson. “1977 - Wembley”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Songcon-
[27] http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?issId=268161& pageId=3797856&lang=is&q=Melodi%20Grand% 20Prix
[28] http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=1767318
4.4 Eurovision Song Contest 1978
[11] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1978 was the 23rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 22 April 1978 in Paris. The contest was won by Izhar [12] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland) Cohen & the Alphabeta who represented Israel with the song "A-Ba-Ni-Bi". Although 'A-Ba-Ni-Bi' is the correct [13] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the title, French television mistakenly captioned on screen original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. the song title as 'Ah-Bah-Nee-Bee'. The presenters were [14] “Eurovisión 1977 - Jurado TVE”. YouTube. 1977-05-07. Denise Fabre and Léon Zitrone, and this was the first time more than one presenter hosted an edition of the Contest. Retrieved 2012-08-10. Twenty countries participated, a record at the time. [15] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [16] [17] [18]
[19] [20] [21]
The winning entry is a love song sung in the Hebrew equivalent of Ubbi dubbi (the title is an expansion of the “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovision- Hebrew word ani אני, meaning “I”). This was Israel’s artists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10. first Eurovision win. The win caused problems for several North African and Middle-Eastern nations that were teleArchived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. vising the contest, even though they were not participat“Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattfo- ing. According to author and political commentator John rum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November Kennedy O'Connor in his book The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History, when Israel became the clear 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. winners during the voting, most of the Arabic stations “Eurovision Song Contest 1977”. Ecgermany.de. Re- ended their transmission of the contest. Jordanian TV trieved 2012-08-10. finished the show with a photo of a bunch of daffodils on screen,[2] later announcing that the Belgian entry (which Eurovision Song Contest 1977 BBC Archives finished second) was the winner. Norway finished last for "Η Μακώ Γεωργιάδου και η EUROVISION (1970- the fifth time, gaining the first nul points during the cur1986)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. rent voting system was implemented in 1975.
4.4. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1978
4.4.1
Location
85
4.4.3 Participating countries
This was the first Contest in which both Greece and Turkey participated; Greece made its debut in the Contest in 1974 in Brighton, but the following year they withdrew in response to the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, in protest of Turkey’s participation in Stockholm. Greece subsequently returned in 1976 in The Hague with a song about the Cyprus crisis, "Panayia Mou, Panayia Mou", the English version of which was entitled “The death of Cyprus”, and they also participated in 1977 in London with "Mathima Solfege", Turkey then in turn pulled out from the Contest in protest of the Greek participations. This pattern would repeat over the following years; in 1979 Greece took part in the Contest with "Sokrati" in Jerusalem - but Turkey withdrew. In 1980 both counParis tries returned, with "Autostop" and "Pet'r Oil" respecLocation of the host city. tively. Despite Turkey’s failure to recognize the Greek The event took place in Paris, the capital and largest city government in Cyprus, all three countries performed together when Cyprus debuted in 1981 and it continued until 2012. For more details on the host city, see Paris.
0
51° 30'
(km)
250
41°
Denmark returned to the contest this year, for the first time since 1966. The Greek entry this year was a song called "Charlie Chaplin", in reference to the comedian who died the previous year. In a curious twist, however, regular entrants Peter, Sue and Marc had entered the German national final with a song also called “Charlie Chaplin”. They lost out at third place however.[3] The song from Monaco also made reference to Charlie Chaplin, but not as the main theme. Conductors Palais des Congrès, Paris - host venue of the 1978 contest.
of France, with the host venue being the Palais des congrès de Paris which is a concert venue, convention centre and shopping mall in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. The venue was built by French architect Guillaume Gillet, and was inaugurated in 1974.
4.4.2
Format
Björn Skifs was unhappy with the rule that every country would have to perform in their native language. He planned to sing in English anyway, but changed his mind at the very last moment, causing him to completely forget the lyrics. He therefore sang the first few lines in gibberish before finding the words again. Along with the 20 participating countries, the show was also broadcast live in Yugoslavia, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Jordan, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Dubai, Hong Kong, the Soviet Union and Japan.
Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra. •
Ireland - Noel Kelehan
•
Norway - Carsten Klouman
•
Italy - Nicola Samale
•
Finland - Ossi Runne
•
Portugal - Thilo Krasmann
•
France - Alain Goraguer
•
Spain - Ramón Arcusa
•
United Kingdom - Alyn Ainsworth
•
Switzerland - Daniel Janin
•
Belgium - Jean Musy
•
Netherlands - Harry van Hoof
•
Turkey - Onno Tunç
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CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
•
Germany - Jean Frankfurter
•
Monaco - Yvon Rioland
8. 9.
United Kingdom – Colin Berry Switzerland - Michel Stocker[7]
•
Greece - Haris Andreadis
10.
Belgium - André Hagon
•
Denmark - Helmer Olesen
11.
Netherlands - Dick van Bommel
•
Luxembourg - Rolf Soja
12.
Turkey - Meral Savcı
•
Israel - Nurit Hirsh
13.
Germany - Ute Verhoolen
•
Austria - Richard Österreicher
14.
Monaco - Carole Chabrier
•
Sweden - Bengt Palmers
Returning artists Several artists returned to the 1978 Contest. Ireen Sheer had previously represented Luxembourg in 1974, and finished in equal fourth place. Jean Vallée also returned, eight years after representing Belgium in 1970, while Norbert Niedermeyer, who had represented Austria in 1972 as part of the band The Milestones, was back as a member of the Austrian band Springtime.
4.4.4
Results
1.^ The Austrian entry also contains some lyrics in English.
4.4.5
Scoreboard
12 points
15.
Greece - Niki Venega
16.
Denmark - Bent Henius[8]
17.
Luxembourg - Jacques Harvey
18.
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[9]
19.
Austria - Jenny Pippal
20.
Sweden - Sven Lindahl[10]
Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language.
4.4.7 References [1] O'Connor, John Kennedy (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
[2] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3
4.4.6
[3] Natfinals - German 1978 final
International broadcasts and voting
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1978 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points for their top ten songs.
[4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1978”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [5] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [6] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
1.
Ireland - John Skehan
[7] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland)
2.
Norway - Egil Teige[5]
[8] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
3.
Italy - Mariolina Cannuli
4.
Finland - Kaarina Pönniö[6]
[9] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810.
5.
Portugal - TBD
6.
France - TBD
7.
Spain - Matías Prats
[10] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [11] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.5. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1979
[12] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
87
4.5.1 Location For more details on the host city, see Jerusalem.
[13] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [14] Christian Masson. “1978 - Paris”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [15] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [16] Eurovision Song Contest 1978 BBC Archives [17] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9 [18] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jerusalem Location of the host city. Located on a plateau in the Judean Mountains be-
[19] “Eurovision Song Contest 1978”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [20] "Η Μακώ Γεωργιάδου και η EUROVISION (19701986)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [21] Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. [22] http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?issId=227607& pageId=3076300&lang=is&q=Eurovision
4.5 Eurovision Song Contest 1979 The Eurovision Song Contest 1979 was the 24th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 31 March 1979 in Jerusalem, Israel, following the country’s win at the 1978 edition. The event was staged at the International Convention Center. The presenters were Daniel Pe'er and Yardena Arazi.
International Convention Center, Jerusalem - host venue of the 1979 contest.
tween the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, Jerusalem is one of the oldest cities in the world. In the ancient cuneiform, Jerusalem was called “Urusalima”, meaning “City of Peace”, during the early Canaanite period (apThe winner was Israel with the song "Hallelujah", per- proximately 2400 BC).[1] It is considered holy to the three formed by Gali Atari and Milk and Honey. Therefore, major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and this was Israel’s consecutive second win, and overall sec- Islam. ond win, in the contest. 19 countries participated, the 20 countries that took part at the previous 1978 Contest, except for Turkey which was also going to partic- 4.5.2 Format ipate but eventually withdrew its entry for political reasons. Yugoslavia, that missed the 1978 Contest, also Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, didn't want to take part nor transmit the 1979 show for 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. This was the political reasons. As well as being broadcast live in the 19 last year in which the points were announced via order of competing countries, the contest was broadcast in Turkey, appearance, as opposed to order of preference. Romania, Hong Kong and Iceland. The voting was extremely close. Israel gained a good As of 2016, it was the last time the contest was held in lead in the early stages of the voting, but Spain eventually March. caught up and took a good lead themselves. At the close
88
CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
of the penultimate jury’s votes, Israel were one point behind Spain, and only the Spanish jury had yet to give their votes. Spain ended up giving Israel 10 points, causing the crowd to erupt into enormous cheers.
•
Sweden - Lars Samuelson
•
Norway - Sigurd Jansen
•
United Kingdom - Ken Jones
4.5.3
•
Austria - Richard Österreicher
Participating countries
• Spain - José Luis Navarro At one point before the contest Turkey was going to participate. The country would have appeared 11th on stage (between Israel and France), represented by Maria Rita 4.5.4 Results Epik and 21. Peron with the song "Seviyorum" (“I'm Loving”). However Turkey was forced to retire from the contest under pressure from Arab states who objected to 4.5.5 Scoreboard a predominantly Muslim country taking part in a contest held in Israel,[2] but they however took part in Jerusalem 12 points 20 years later. Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final: Returning artists
4.5.6 International broadcasts and voting The contest saw the return of four artists who had participated in previous editions of the contest: France’s Voting and spokespersons representative Anne-Marie David was the winner for Luxembourg in 1973, Netherlands’ Xandra represented • Portugal - João Abel da Fonseca[4] the country in 1972 and 1976, Norway’s Anita Skorgan represented the country in 1977, and Switzerland’s Peter, • Italy - Paola Perissi Sue and Marc represented the country in 1971 and 1976. • Denmark - Bent Henius[5] Conductors
•
Ireland - David Heffernan
For each nation’s performance, the orchestra was conducted by the following:
•
Finland - Kaarina Pönniö[6]
•
Monaco - Carole Chabrier
•
Portugal - Thilo Krasmann
•
•
Italy - no national representative
•
Switzerland – Michel Stocker[7]
•
Denmark - Allan Botschinsky
•
Germany - Lotti Ohnesorge[8]
•
Ireland - Proinnsías Ó Duinn
•
Israel - Dan Kaner[9]
•
Finland - Ossi Runne
•
France - Fabienne Égal
•
Belgium - Anne Ploegaerts
• •
Greece - Niki Venega
Monaco - Gérard Salesse Greece - Lefteris Halkiadakis
•
Switzerland - Rolf Zuckowski
•
Luxembourg - Jacques Harvey
•
Germany - Norbert Daum
•
Netherlands - Ivo Niehe[10]
•
Israel - Kobi Oshrat
•
Sweden - Sven Lindahl[11]
•
France - Guy Mattéoni
•
Norway - Sverre Christophersen[12]
•
Belgium - Francis Bay
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
Luxembourg - Hervé Roy
•
Austria - Jenny Pippal
•
Netherlands - Harry van Hoof
•
Spain - Manuel Almendros
4.5. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1979
89
Commentators •
Portugal - Fialho Gouveia (RTP1)[13]
•
Italy - Rosanna Vaudetti (Rete 1)
•
•
Turkey (Non participating country) - Bülend Özveren & Başak Doğru (TRT)
•
Yugoslavia (Non participating country) - Oliver Mlakar (JRT)
Denmark - Jørgen de Mylius (DR TV);[5] Kjeld Koplev (DR P3) 4.5.7
References
•
Ireland - Mike Murphy (RTÉ1); Jimmy Greeley (RTÉ Radio 1)
•
Finland - Anja-Maija Leppänen (YLE TV1)[14]
•
Monaco - Marc Menant (Télé Monte Carlo)
[2] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN 9781-84442-994-3
•
Greece - Mako Georgiadou (ERT);[15] Greece - Dimitris Konstantaras (Proto Programma)
[3] “Eurovision Song Contest 1979”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
•
Switzerland - Theodor Haller (TV DRS), Georges Hardy (TSR), Giovanni Bertini (TSI)
•
Germany - Ado Schlier & Gabi Schnelle (ARD Deutsches Fernsehen);[8] Wolf Mittler (Deutschlandfunk/Bayern 2)
[4] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
• • •
• •
Israel - Yoram Arbel (Israeli Television);[16] Yitzhak Shim'oni (Reshet Gimel) France - Marc Menant (TF1)
[5] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [6] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [7] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland)
[17] [18]
Belgium - Luc Appermont (BRT TV1), Paule Herreman (RTBF1);[17] Nand Baert & Herwig Haes (BRT Radio 1), Marc Danval (RTBF La Première) Luxembourg - Jacques Navadic (RTL Télé Luxembourg);[17] André Torrent (RTL Radio) Netherlands - Willem Duys (Nederland 2)[19]
•
Sweden - Ulf Elfving (SR TV1);[11] Kent Finell (SR P3)[11]
•
Norway - Egil Teige (NRK);[20] Erik Heyerdahl (NRK P1)
•
United Kingdom - John Dunn (BBC1);[21] Ray Moore (BBC Radio 2)
•
Austria - Max Schautzer (FS1);[22] Walter Richard Langer (Hitradio Ö3)
•
[1] BC The Archaeology of the Bible Lands by Magnus Magnusson. BBC Publications London. 1977.
Spain - Miguel de los Santos (TVE1)
[23]
[8] “Eurovision Song Contest 1979”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [9] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810. [10] “Hallelujah: het goede liedje op de goede plaats op de goede tijd, Leidse Courant, 2 April 1979 [11] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [13] “Aleluia, venceu o balão de Israel”, Diário de Lisboa, 2 April 1979 [14] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [15] "Η Μακώ Γεωργιάδου και η EUROVISION (19701986)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [16] From the hebrew closing credits of the original Israeli broadcast. [17] Christian Masson. “1979 - Jerusalem”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Songcon-
•
Hong Kong (Non participating country) - Unknown
•
Iceland (Non participating country) - Unknown (RÚV)
[18] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9
•
Romania (Non participating country) - Unknown
[19] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
90
[20] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [21] Eurovision Song Contest 1979 BBC Archives [22] “Unterhaltungssendungen im Fernsehen Max Schautzer – Die offizielle Homepage”. Max-schautzer.de. 1999-0222. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [23] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS! Germany were runners-up this year. They would finish in second place again the following year, finally winning it in 1982. Germany would go on to finish second again in 1985 and 1987, making the 1980s their most successful decade. United Kingdom returned to form by coming third.
4.6.1 Location For more details on the host city, see The Hague.
4.6 Eurovision Song Contest 1980 The Eurovision Song Contest 1980 was the 25th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 19 April 1980 in The Hague. The presenter was Marlous Fluitsma, although each song was introduced by a presenter from the participating nation. In some cases, this was the same person providing the commentary. The contest was won by Johnny Logan, representing Ireland with a song called The Hague “What’s Another Year”. Location of the host city. The Hague is the seat of government of the Kingdom Israel, winners in 1979, declined to host the show for the second time in a row, as the IBA could not fund another international production, and the Israeli government turned down a request to extend the IBA budget. Moreover, the date that was eventually set for the 1980 contest by the European Broadcasting Union coincided with Israel’s Day of Remembrance for their casualties of war, so Israel was forced to withdraw. After Spain, the 2nd-place winner of 1979, and reportedly the UK, refused to host, the Netherlands finally agreed to host the show in a small-scale production. According to Yair Lapid, son of Tommy Lapid who was then the IBA director general, Lapid called his counterpart at NOS and convinced him to take the “undesired honour”, when he Nederlands Congresgebouw - host venue of the 1980 contest. realised that the extra cost could paralyse the regular work of the IBA.[1] of the Netherlands and the capital city of the province The same venue in The Hague used in 1976 - the of South Holland. It is also the third largest city of the Congresgebouw - was chosen, with parts of the opening Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Located film from 1976 being reused in the introduction and the in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre same set designer (Roland de Groot) taking charge of the of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest design. As with the recent 1977 and 1978 contests, there corner of the larger Randstad conurbation. were no pre-filmed postcards between the songs, with a guest presenter from each nation introducing the entries. Format NOS spent just US$725,000 on the project. Morocco joined the Eurovision family for the first (and so The scoring system implemented in 1975 remained the far only) time. Monaco withdrew, and would not return same; each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, until the 2004 semi final. 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. HowAustralian-born Johnny Logan representing Ireland was ever this year for the first time, countries were required to the winner of this Eurovision with the song, "What’s An- cast their votes in ascending order, 1,2,3 etc. This change other Year". This was Ireland’s second time winning the made for the added excitement of waiting for each councompetition, having won in 1970 with "All Kinds of Ev- try to award their highest 12 points at the end of each erything", which was also held on Dutch soil. voting round.
4.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1980
4.6.2
91
Conductors
For each nation’s performance, the orchestra was conducted by the following: •
Austria - Richard Österreicher
•
Turkey - Atilla Özdemiroğlu
•
Greece - Jick Nacassian
•
Luxembourg - Norbert Daum
•
Morocco - Jean Claudric
•
Italy - Del Newman
•
Denmark - Allan Botschinsky
•
Sweden - Anders Berglund
•
Switzerland - Peter Reber
•
Finland - Ossi Runne
•
Norway - Sigurd Jansen
•
Germany - Wolfgang Rödelberger
•
United Kingdom - John Coleman
•
Portugal - Jorge Machado
•
Netherlands - Rogier van Otterloo
•
France - Sylvano Santorio
•
Ireland - Noel Kelehan
•
Spain - Javier Iturralde
•
Belgium - no national representative
Johnny Logan performing his winning song "What’s Another Year"
Katja Ebstein during rehearsals
4.6.3
Results
4.6.5 Returning artists
4.6.4
Score sheet
4.6.6 Song Presenters
The Netherlands gained a strong lead early on, getting the Each song was introduced by a presenter from the namaximum 'douze points’ from three of the first four vot- tional country. ing countries. This was not to last, however, as Germany • Austria - Chris Lohner and eventually Ireland overtook them. •
Turkey - Şebnem Savaşçı
12 points
•
Greece - Kelly Sakakou
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
•
Luxembourg - Michèle Etzel
92
CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS! ^All the introductions were made in the language in which the song was performed, with the exception of Ireland. Thelma Mansfield introduced the song in Irish, whereas the song was performed in English.
4.6.7 Commentators 4.6.8 Spokespersons
Maggie MacNeal during rehearsals
•
Austria - Jenny Pippal
•
Turkey - Başak Doğru
•
Greece - Niki Venega
•
Luxembourg - Jacques Harvey
•
Morocco - Kamal Irassi
•
Italy - Mariolina Cannuli
•
Denmark - Bent Henius
•
Sweden – Arne Weise
•
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[5]
•
Finland - Kaarina Pönniö[6]
•
Morocco - Mohammed Bouzidi
•
Norway - Roald Øyen[7]
•
Italy - Beatrice Cori
•
Germany - Gabi Schnelle
•
Denmark - Jørgen de Mylius
•
United Kingdom - Ray Moore
•
Sweden – Ulf Elfving
•
Portugal - Teresa Cruz
•
Netherlands - Flip van der Schalie
•
Switzerland - Lyliam Stambac
•
Finland - Heikki Harma
•
France - Fabienne Égal
•
Norway - Åse Kleveland
•
Ireland - David Heffernan
•
Germany - Carolin Reiber
•
Spain - Alfonso Lapeña
•
United Kingdom - Noel Edmonds
•
Belgium - Jacques Olivier
•
Portugal - Eládio Clímaco
•
Netherlands - Marlous Fluitsma
•
France - Évelyne Dhéliat
•
Ireland^ - Thelma Mansfield
•
Spain - Mari Cruz Soriano
•
Belgium - Arlette Vincent
4.6.9 National jury members •
Spain – José María Reíllo (tailor), Carmen Miranda (student), Emilio Machado (painter), María José Nieto (actress), Rafael Lozano (discothèque chain director), Nieves Aguado (student), Ana Menéndez (secretary), Rafael Gómez (businessman), Isabel Ortiz (figure skater), Pedro Olivares (engineer), Mari Luz Blanco (housewife)
4.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1981
4.6.10
Notes and references
93 Location For more details on the host city, see Dublin.
Notes 1. ^ The song was performed in Norwegian, but the title of the song is in the North Sami dialect of the Sami languages, translating as “Sami Earth” or “Sami Soil”.
References [1] Yair Lapid, “Memoires After my Death”, Keter Books, Jerusalem 2010 (ISBN 978-965-07-1792-6), p. 239 (in Hebrew)
Dublin Location of the host city.
Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Ireland’s east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey. Founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Ireland’s principal city following the Norman invasion. The city ex[3] Dellanoi, Dietmar (OGAE Austria) panded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts [4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1980” at the Internet Movie of Union in 1800. Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, Database later renamed Ireland. [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 1980”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
[5] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland) [6] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [7] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
4.7 Eurovision Song Contest 1981 The Eurovision Song Contest 1981 was the 26th event of its kind, and was held on 4 April 1981 at the Simmonscourt Pavilion of the Royal Dublin Society in Dublin. The presenter was Doireann Ní Bhriain. The United Kingdom’s Bucks Fizz were the winners of this contest with the song "Making Your Mind Up", beating second place Germany by four points. This year is remembered for the performance of this British band, which launched the group’s hugely successful international career, and included a dance-routine where the two male members ripped the skirts off the two female members only to reveal mini-skirts, and today stands as one of the defining moments in the contest’s history.[1]
The contest took place under heavy guard at the 15,000 seat Simmonscourt Pavilion of the RDS, which was normally used for agricultural and horse shows.[2] Over 250 armed soldiers and police were on hand to protect against any likely political demonstrations. Production Having won the year before, Ireland hosted the 1981 contest - the second time they had done so. As in 1971, the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest was produced by the country’s broadcaster RTÉ. The presenter on this occasion was Doireann Ni Bhriain, who was well known in Ireland at the time as a TV presenter and for the current affairs radio show Women Today. She was chosen for her fluency in Irish and English as well as having studied French, which she spoke with some ease.[3] The director was Ian McGarry, while Noel Kelehan was the chief conductor for the show. It cost RTÉ over £300,000 to stage, although this included £110,000 from the EBU. From this, the Irish Government expected to make around £2,000,000 from tourism as a result of staging the show.[4] The RDS would go on to host the next Irish Eurovision production in 1988. Entrants
4.7.1
Overview
This year marked the début of Cyprus in the contest, who finished sixth. Returning to the contest was Israel,
94
CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
who did not compete the previous year, despite winning the two years previous to that. They finished seventh. Yugoslavia also returned to the competition after a fiveyear absence. Italy withdrew for the first time from the contest, due to lack of interest, while Morocco declined to take part after their sole entry the year before.[5] Of the performers, many previous contestants returned to the contest this year. Notably, Jean-Claude Pascal for Luxembourg, who had won the contest 20 years earlier, although could only manage 11th place this time. Repeated entrants Peter, Sue and Marc returned for the fourth time, after 1971, 1976 and 1979. Performing again for Switzerland, they remain the only act to sing in four different languages (French, English, German and this time, Italian). Other returnees were Marty Brem who had taken part the year before for Austria, Tommy Seebach for Denmark, and Björn Skifs for Sweden. Bucks Fizz member, Cheryl Baker had performed in 1978 with the band Co-Co for the UK, while Sheeba member Maxi had performed as a solo artist in 1973 for Ireland. The 46-piece Irish TV orchestra didn't have a saxophone as they didn't consider it an orchestral instrument, which caused great concern with the United Kingdom entry as a saxophone appeared heavily on their song. Andy Hill – the producer of the single - said that had they known, they would have dropped one of the two backing singers to be replaced by a saxophonist, there being two on the actual recording. Interval The interval act was traditional Irish band Planxty, who performed the lengthy piece “Timedance”, which depicted Irish music through the ages. The dancers were from Dublin City Ballet with choreography by Iain Montague. This is seen as a precursor to Riverdance, which became famous after its performance in 1994. The song, which was written by Bill Whelan, went on to be released as a Planxty single and became a No.3 hit in the Irish charts.[6][7]
Bucks Fizz performing "Making Your Mind Up"
The UK gained eight, which meant that when the final jury (Sweden) were about to cast their votes, the UK needed five points or more to win over either country. Switzerland were quickly eliminated by receiving just one vote. The UK passed the five-point mark and received eight votes, while Germany did indeed receive the maximum 12 points, but it was too late. France finished third, with Switzerland fourth and the hosts Ireland coming in fifth. Of these, Switzerland received the most top votes despite only finishing fourth, while the UK only received two. The UK did however receive points from every competing country. Meanwhile, at the other end of the board was Norway, who finished last with no points for the third time in Eurovision history, gaining no points in 1963 and 1978 as well. Other memorable moments included a glitch in the scorekeeping, giving host country Ireland 310 extra points instead of the 10 designated by the Luxembourg jury. Also of note, when host Doireann Ní Bhriain attempted to collect Yugoslavia’s votes, after repeated attempts to contact them, Yugoslavia’s spokeswoman, Helga Vlahović, who went on to present the 1990 contest, finally answered the phone and abruptly answered “I don't have it”, causing laughter to erupt from the audience. Also during the final vote, Turkey’s nine points suddenly disappeared from the scoreboard.
This mix of past and present was also the theme to the Aftermath contest’s opening montage, which featured shots of Celtic ruins, cliffs and castles, edited together with close-ups of Runner-up Lena Valaitis was in good spirits while talkart, aeroplanes, architecture and horse races. ing to the press following the contest and largely unconcerned about losing. Swedish singer Björn Skifs however was more outspoken saying; “This was not a song conVoting test, it was a show – all these dancing girls, they take away The voting proved to be memorable for its closeness. The from the songs. I also think there should be a change in UK won by four points, but leading up to this, five coun- the rules to allow us to sing in English. Then we would tries took pole position at various stages: UK, Germany, really be able to compete.”[8] Harald Tusberg, head of France, Switzerland and Ireland. Just before the penul- light entertainment for Norwegian television was upbeat timate vote, three countries (UK, Germany and Switzer- about Norway’s 'nul points’ result as he claimed that their land) were all on equal top marks. After this, Switzerland entry would be remembered above many others; “Who (who had performed second last) were unable to collect remembers who came second or third – people will repoints as it was their jury’s results that were being an- member us!". Finn Kalvik himself conceded graciously nounced, while Germany failed to receive votes either. saying that he had enjoyed the week’s holiday.[9]
4.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1981
95
Following this year’s contest, France withdrew from competing the following year, with the broadcaster announcing that the songs were “a monument to drivel”.[10] Indeed, many comments had been made regarding the quality of the winning group’s performance indicating that the song had most likely won by style over substance.[11] Either way, Bucks Fizz went on to have a very successful career over the next few years, and became one of the top-selling groups of the 1980s. The winning song itself reached No.1 in nine countries and became a top ten hit in nations such as Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, selling four million copies worldwide.[12][13][14]
•
Spain - Juan Barcons
•
Netherlands - Rogier van Otterloo
•
Ireland - Noel Kelehan
•
Norway - Sigurd Jansen
•
United Kingdom - John Coleman
•
Portugal - Shegundo Galarza
•
Belgium - Giuseppe Marchese
Germany, who had never won the contest up to this point, were becoming increasingly frustrated with their second placings in this and the previous year’s contest and made a concerted effort for the following year. This was to pay off, as in 1982 they finally clinched their first victory which was achieved in an overwhelming manner.[15]
•
Greece - Yiorgos Niarchos
•
Cyprus - Michalis Rozakis
•
Switzerland - Rolf Zuckowski
• Sweden - Anders Berglund The UK’s victory this year meant that the contest would take place in the UK the following year - the seventh time the country had hosted the event (a record unbeaten and 4.7.2 Returning artists later extended by an eighth UK hosting in 1998). The BBC opted to take it to the North Yorkshire town of 4.7.3 Results Harrogate at a later than usual date, 24 April. The 1981 contest was held on 4 April and up to (and including) 4.7.4 Voting structure 2016 has never been as early again. Decades later, Debbie Cameron, who represented Den- Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, mark with Tommy Seebach, revealed in a book about 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. Seebach that she was contacted by a BBC employee, who told her that Bucks Fizz’s victory was planned. Accord12 points ing to the employee, he had witnessed how BBC technicians had sabotaged the sound checks during the reBelow is a summary of all 12 points in the final: hearsal of the Danish, the Israeli and the Western German [16] performances. This claim however ignores the fact that the BBC did not host the 1981 Contest. 4.7.5 Commentators Conductors Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra. Host conductor in bold.
4.7.6 Spokespersons •
Austria - Jenny Pippal
•
Turkey - Başak Doğru
•
Austria - Richard Österreicher
•
Germany - Gabi Schnelle
•
Turkey - Onno Tunç
•
Luxembourg - Jacques Harvey
•
Germany - Wolfgang Rödelberger
•
Israel - Dan Kaner[34]
•
Luxembourg - Joël Rocher
•
Denmark - Bent Henius[35]
•
Israel - Eldad Shrim
•
Yugoslavia - Helga Vlahović[36]
•
Denmark - Allan Botschinsky
•
Finland – Annemi Genetz[37]
•
Yugoslavia - Ranko Rihtman
•
France - Fabienne Égal
•
Finland - Otto Donner
•
Spain - Isabel Tenaille[38]
•
France - David Sprinfield
•
Netherlands - Flip van der Schalie[39]
96
CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
•
Ireland - John Skehan
[13] Australian Chart Book, 1970-1992
•
Norway - Sverre Christophersen[40]
[14] South African Charts
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
[15] Eurovision 1982 results
•
Portugal - Margarida Andrade
•
Belgium - Walter De Meyere
[16] Eriksen, Jan Have (2010-10-17). “Britisk Grand Prix-sejr i 1981 var aftalt spil” (in Danish). B.T. Retrieved 201102-01.
•
Greece - Tatiana Darra
•
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[32]
•
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[41]
•
Sweden - Bengteric Nordell[42]
[17] “Eurovision Song Contest 1981”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [18] Austrian commentator Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. [19] Luxembourgish commentator [20] Esconnet.dk [21] Serbia President (OGAE Serbia)
4.7.7 •
•
•
National jury members
Turkey – Süheyla Aldoğan, Hidayet Yarken, Hatice Akbaş, Lüftiye Duman, Nebiye Yazıcı, Nesrin Demirel, Sami Ersoy, Mehmet Kuteş, Mustafa Ekinci, Cengiz Doğan, Ali Arslan[43] Spain – Belén Lage (shop assistant), José Manuel Lozano (chief sales officer), Carmen Ruiz (housewife), Pablo Hardy (hairdresser), María Acacia López-Bachiller (public relations), Andrés Pajares (actor), Lola Forner (Miss Spain and actress), Juan Carlos Andrade (tennis player), María del Mar Serrano (student), Juan Vinader (sound engineer), Amada Quintana (student)[44] United Kingdom – Norman Harper, Neil Hardie
[22] Klub OGAE Slovenija [23] viisukuppila.fi [24] French commentator [25] Spanish commentator [26] Eurovisionartists.nl [27] NRK.nl Archived November 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. [28] Eurovision Song Contest 1981 BBC Archives [29] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9 [30] Songcontest.free.fr [31] Greek commentator [32] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
4.7.8
References
[1] Eurovision 81 overview [2] Last fm - RDS, Eurovision 1981 [3] "Sunday Times - Doireann Ni Bhriain, Keeping the faith [4] “No Sax please, We're Irish!”, David Wigg, Daily Express, 4 April 1981
[33] Swedish commentator Archived July 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. [34] Tapuz.co.il Archived October 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. [35] Esconet.dk [36] Yugoslavian spokesperson Archived April 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
[5] ESCToday - 1981
[37] Finnish spokesperson
[6] Ceolas - Planxty
[38] Spanish spokesperson
[7] Irish chart database - search “Planxty” Archived 2009-0603 at WebCite
[39] “Artiesten op Songfestival, Leidse Courant, 4 April 1981
[8] “Reprise”, Ultan Macken, RTÉ Guide 24 April 1981
[40] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [41] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland)
[9] “Fizz Kids” Brian Wesley, Daily Star, 6 April 1981 [10] Eurovision 1982 (in French)
[42] Swedish spokesmen Archived July 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
[11] Time - Bucks Fizz, 1981
[43] Yarışmacı ülkeler ve halk jürisi, Milliyet, 4 April 1981
[12] New Zealand charts
[44] Eurofestival
4.8. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1982
4.8 Eurovision Song Contest 1982
97
4.8.1 Location For more details on the host city, see Harrogate.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1982 was the 27th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 24 April 1982 in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom. The presenter was Jan Leeming. The German entrant, Nicole, was winner with the song "Ein bißchen Frieden". Germany received 1.61 times as many points as runner-up Israel, which was a record under the current scoring system until 2009, when Norway Harrogate received 1.78 times as many points as Iceland. The Location of the host city. song also cemented Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger, Harrogate is a spa town in North Yorkshire, England. the song’s composers, into German Eurovision tradition, writing 18 Eurovision songs between them before and after “Ein bißchen Frieden”, 13 of which were for Germany. This was the first time that Germany won the contest. They have competed in the finals every year (with exception of 1996) since the contest’s inception. Germany won again in 2010. The opening of the contest showed a map of Europe, with the translation “Where is Harrogate?" popping up onscreen from the languages of the various countries. The question was always in the language in which the respective country’s song was performed, with the exception of Ireland. The Irish entry was sung in English, but the translation of the question in the map was in Irish. Then the map zoomed into Harrogate’s location in Yorkshire, folHarrogate International Centre, Harrogate - host venue of the lowed by an introduction video spotlighting the town. 1982 contest.
Greece was due to participate in the contest with the song “Sarantapente Kopelies” performed by Themis Adamantidis. Although drawn to perform in second place, ERT Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the town is withdrew the entry a few weeks before the contest. a tourist destination and its visitor attractions include its In November 1981, France’s national broadcaster, TF1, spa waters and RHS Harlow Carr gardens. Nearby is the declined to enter the Eurovision Song Contest for 1982, Yorkshire Dales national park and the Nidderdale AONB. with the head of entertainment, Pierre Bouteiller, saying, Harrogate grew out of two smaller settlements, High Har“The absence of talent and the mediocrity of the songs rogate and Low Harrogate, in the 17th century. The town were annoyance set in. [Eurovision is] a monument to became known as 'The English Spa' in the Georgian Era, insanity [sometimes translated as “drivel"].”[1] Antenne 2 after its waters were discovered in the 16th century. In became the new broadcaster for Eurovision after public the 17th and 18th centuries its 'chalybeate' waters (conoutcry, returning the country to the Contest in 1983. taining iron) were a popular health treatment, and the The tradition of previous year’s winners handing over the influx of wealthy but sickly visitors contributed signifiprize to current winners was not followed by Bucks Fizz, cantly to the wealth of the town. winners in 1981. The Harrogate International Centre was chosen as the Irish band Chips lost out in their national finals, which would, had they been successful, led to the unique situation of two bands in the same Eurovision with the same name (the other being Sweden).
host venue for the contest. The grand convention and exhibition centre opened short time prior to the contest, and was the first big event held in the main 2000-seat auditorium.
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4.8.2
CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
Results
There were 18 competitors in this year’s final. No year since has had this few competitors in the final of the competition (excluding the junior version).
4.8.3
Voting structure
Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. Germany had the advantage of performing last. After coming second in 1980 and second in Dublin the year previously, Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger took the first Grand Prix for Germany. The winner, Nicole, beat the nearest competition by 61 points and over 13 million West Germans watched her victory on television. Germany was the commanding leader for nearly the entire voting process.
•
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[7]
•
Sweden - Arne Weise[8]
•
Austria - Tilia Herold
•
Belgium - Jacques Olivier
•
Spain - Marisa Naranjo
•
Denmark - Hans Otto Bisgaard
•
Yugoslavia - Miša Molk[18]
•
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[19]
•
Netherlands - Flip van der Schalie
•
Ireland - John Skehan
•
Germany - Gabi Schnelle
Nicole went on to sing the reprise of her song in English, 4.8.9 National jury members French and Dutch, as well as German, to the delight of the invited audience in Harrogate Conference Centre who • Portugal – Frederico Hogan Teves stood to applaud her. The English version of her Eurovision winner, A Little Peace, subsequently shot to No. 1 • Turkey – Mine Ant, Jale Özkasım, Fariz Acar, in the UK Singles Chart. Hakan Şerafettinoğlu, Haluk Günuğur, Taner Acar, Muammer Tosun, Sezer Öktem, Gülsen Nas, Dilek Abışgil, Belma Eşiyok[20]
4.8.4
Score sheet
•
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
4.8.5
Conductors
Spain – Marisa Cofiño (painter), Luis González (hairdresser), Estela Alcaraz (student), Colomán Trabado (athlete), María Ángeles Toledano (dancer), Eusebio Poncela (actor), María Teresa Portal (landlady), Leandro Martín (jeweller), Miriam Ruiz (law graduate), Miguel Martínez (florist), Asunción López (student)[21]
Host conductor in bold
4.8.10 References 4.8.6
Returning artists
[1] 1982 Eurovision source in French
4.8.7
Commentators
[2] “Eurovision Song Contest 1982”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
4.8.8
Spokespersons
[3] Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português Archived 21 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
•
Portugal - Margarida Andrade
•
Luxembourg - Jacques Harvey
[4] 1982 - Harrogate
•
Norway - Erik Diesen
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
Turkey - Başak Doğru
[15]
[5] Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. [6] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila [7] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
• •
[16]
Finland - Solveig Herlin
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[17]
[8] Infosajten.com Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. [9] “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
4.9. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1983
[10] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9 [11] FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010 [12] esconnet.dk - Forside
99 lead, which they earned halfway through the jury vote. At one point, murmurs and boos arose from the crowd at the Greek jury’s decision to give host country Germany only one point. This was the only occasion in which Greece didn't award any point to Cyprus. Language troubles
[13] Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists
Due to Charell’s choice to announce points in three languages instead of two, the voting went on for nearly an hour, stretching the Eurovision contest past three hours Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) for the first time ever.[2] In addition, Charell made 13 Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila language mistakes throughout the voting,[2] some as innocuous as mixing up the words for “points” between the Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland) three languages, some as major as nearly awarding points Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja Archived 8 April to “Schweden” (Sweden) that were meant for “Schweiz” 2012 at the Wayback Machine. (Switzerland).
[14] Eurovision Song Contest 1982 [15] [16] [17] [18]
[19] פורום אירוויזיוןArchived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. [20] “Eurovision Türkiye jürisi belli oldu, Nuri Çolakoğlu and Emren Vardar, Milliyet, 18 April 1982
The language problems also occurred during the contest introductions, as Charell introduced Norwegian conductor Sigurd Jansen as "...Johannes...Skorgan...”,[3] having been forced to make up a name on the spot after forgetting the conductor’s name.
[21] “000webhost.com - free web hosting provider”. Eurofestival.host22.com. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
4.9.2 Song success
4.9 Eurovision Song Contest 1983 The Eurovision Song Contest 1983 was the 28th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Munich, then West Germany, on 23 April 1983. The presenter was Marlene Charell. Corinne Hermes was the winner of this Eurovision with the song, “Si la vie est cadeau”. This was Luxembourg’s fifth victory in the contest which equalled the record set by France in 1977. It was also the second year in a row where the winning entry was performed last on the night and the second year in a row in which Israel won 2nd place. The set that year was a quite small, arc-shaped stage surrounding the orchestra section, and a large background resembling giant electric heaters, which lit up in different sequences and combinations depending on the nature and rhythm of the songs. The 1983 contest was the first to be televised in Australia, via Channel 0/28 (now SBS Television) in Sydney and Melbourne. The contest went to become a very popular show in Australia, leading to an intended one-off participation in the 60th anniversary contest in 2015, and their invitation to return to the 2016 contest. Ireland was not in the contest because RTÉ was in strike action at that time.[1]
Ofra Haza from Israel, who took the second place, had an enduring success with her song "Hi" ( )חיwhich became a hit in Europe, launching her career. This year also marked the first performance of Sweden’s Carola Häggkvist, who took the third place and went on to win the contest in 1991 and represented her country again in 2006 (coming fifth). Her song, "Främling", became very popular in Sweden and in various other European countries. In the Netherlands, the song reached the top five, coupled with a Dutch-language version (“Je ogen hebben geen geheimen”) which was performed by Carola herself. The 4th placed "Džuli", also became a hit in Europe. Singer Daniel released an English-language version as “Julie”.
4.9.3 Nul points
This year’s nul points were shared by Spain and Turkey. Spain’s Remedios Amaya presented a song which was a stark departure from pop tastes and conventional perception of melody and harmony as it was a flamenco one, a style traditionally tied with the international image of Spain. Additionally, she sang her song barefoot. Some olés were heard from the present audience when she ended her performance. Turkey’s entry, Opera, performed by Çetin Alp & the Short Waves, could on the other hand be said to fit in well with the spirit of Eurovision of that time. Nevertheless, the overinterpreta4.9.1 Voting tion of the theme of the song, as well as the fact that the Toward the end of the voting, it became evident that Lux- lyrics of the song consisted for the most part of the oftenembourg was going to win, but early on, Germany, Swe- repeated word "opera" and names of well-known operas den, and Yugoslavia all threatened to take Luxembourg’s and composers, and Çetin’s breaking into operatic “lay lay
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CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
la”, prompted extensive derision of the song, including the usual sardonic words from BBC commentator Terry Wogan ("a nicely understated performance there").
4.9.4
Interval act
The interval show was a dance number set to a medley of German songs which had become internationally famous, including Strangers in the Night. The host, Marlene Charell, was the lead dancer.
4.9.5
Conductors
Host conductor in bold
4.9.6
Returning artists
4.9.7
Results
4.9.8
Voting structure
Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs.
4.9.9
Score sheet
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
4.9.10
Commentators
4.9.11
Spokespersons
Each country announced their votes in the order of performance. The following is a list of spokespersons who announced the votes for their respective country.[19] •
France - Nicole André
•
Norway - Erik Diesen[20]
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
Sweden - Agneta Bolme-Börjefors[8]
•
Italy - Paola Perissi
•
Turkey – Fatih Orbay
•
Spain - Rosa Campano[21]
• •
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[22] Finland - Solveig Herlin[23]
•
Greece - Irini Gavala
•
Netherlands - Flip van der Schalie
•
Yugoslavia - TBD
•
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[14]
•
Germany - Carolin Reiber
•
Denmark - Bent Henius[15]
•
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[24]
•
Portugal - João Abel Fonseca[16]
•
Austria - Tilia Herold
•
Belgium - Anne Ploegaerts
•
Luxembourg - Jacques Harvey
4.9.12 National jury members • •
United Kingdom – Michael Wells Spain – María del Carmen Campos (clerk), Luis Fernando Reyes (economist), Paloma Pérez (stewardess), Bautista Serra (industrialist), María Rosario Cano (student), Marcial Pereira (student), Gloria Moro (housewife), Virginia Mataix (actress), Adelardo Cano (teacher), Antonio Hipólito Romero (taxi driver), Antonio Prieto (athlete)[25]
4.9.13 References [1] “Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest”. Best Irish Facts. Retrieved 30 July 2012. [2] Eurovision 1983 facts [3] Boom-Bang-a-Bang: Eurovision’s Funniest Moments, BBC-TV, hosted by Terry Wogan [4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1984”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 4 March 2012. [5] Christian Masson. “1983 - Munich”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [6] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [7] Eurovision Song Contest 1983 BBC Archives [8] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [9] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.10. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1984
[10] KleinReport.ch. “Ehemalige “SF-DRS-Stimme Englands” Theodor Haller gestorben - Klein Report - News, alles über Kommunikation und Medien”. KleinReport.ch. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]
101 years ago had performed their song "Waterloo" in English.
Israel withdrew from the contest due to Yom Hazikaron (Day of Remembrance for the Fallen Soldiers of Israel “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukup- and Victims of Terrorism) being commemorated on the pila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. same date. Iceland was going to participate but withdrew due to lack of financial support.[1] 1984 is also a notable "Η Μακώ Γεωργιάδου και η EUROVISION (1970for the audible booing that could be heard from the audi1986)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. ence, particularly at the end of the UK’s performance. It “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovision- was said that the booing was due to English football hooliartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10. gans having rioted in Luxembourg in November 1983 after being knocked out of the UEFA European FootSavvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) ball Championship. However, the song itself managed a pretty good showing, reaching seventh place. “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[16] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.10.1 Location For more details on the host city, see Luxembourg (city).
[17] Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. [18] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9 [19] “Cast in credits order”. Eurovision Song Contest 1983. IMDb. Retrieved 22 September 2012. [20] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [21] “Remedios Amaya actúa en séptimo lugar en el Festival de Eurovisión | Edición impresa | EL PAÍS”. Elpais.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [22] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland) [23] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Luxembourg City Location of the host city. The city of Luxembourg, also known as Luxembourg
[24] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810. [25] “000webhost.com - free web hosting provider”. Eurofestival.host22.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.10 Eurovision Song Contest 1984 The Eurovision Song Contest 1984, the 29th event of its kind, was held on 5 May 1984 in Luxembourg. The presenter, Désirée Nosbusch, only 19 years old at the time, hosted the show in a lax manner, which was quite unusual for the show at the time. She manifested her fluency in four languages by switching between a strong transatlantic English, French, German and Luxembourgish in the course of talking, often in the same sentence. Sweden’s the Herreys were the winners of this contest with the song, "Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley". This was the Nordic country’s second win, and the first song performed in Swedish. The previous Swedish winner, ABBA, ten
Grand Théâtre, Luxembourg City - host venue of the 1984 contest.
City, is a commune with city status, and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It is located at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse Rivers in southern Luxembourg. The city contains the historic Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed. The Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg, inaugurated in 1964 as the Théâtre Municipal de la Ville de Luxembourg, became the venue for the 1984 contest. It is the city’s major venue for drama, opera and ballet.[2][3] It also hosted the 1973 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest.
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4.10.2
Conductors
Host conductor in bold
4.10.3
Returning artists
4.10.4
Results
•
Spain - José-Miguel Ullán (TVE2)[7]
•
Norway - Roald Øyen (NRK)[8]
•
United Kingdom – Terry Wogan (BBC1)[9]
•
Cyprus - Pavlos Pavlou (RIK)[10]
•
Belgium - Jacques Mercier (RTBF1),[6] Luc Appermont (BRT TV1)[11]
•
Ireland - Gay Byrne (RTÉ1), Jimmy Greeley (RTÉ Radio 1)
•
Denmark - Jørgen de Mylius (DR TV)[12]
•
Netherlands - Ivo Niehe (Nederland 1)[13]
•
Yugoslavia - Mladen Popović (TVB2), Oliver Mlakar (TVZ 1), Tomaž Terček (TVL1)
Notes 1.^ Contains some words in English. 2.^ Contains some words in Italian. 3.^ Contains some words in German.
4.10.5
Voting structure
Before the contest, Sweden was not expected to win or even achieve a high placing. In the run-up to the Contest, bookmakers Ladbrokes had the lowest odds on songs from Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Sweden was considered a "dark horse" entry with high odds. Each country had a jury that awarded one to eight, 10 and 12 points for their top ten songs. At the close of the penultimate jury’s votes, there was only a difference of six points between Sweden and Ireland, at 141 and 135 respectively. However, Yugoslavia was the only country who had not given any points to Ireland, and Portugal, the last jury, gave that western country only two points, crushing their chances. Portugal’s voting also cost Denmark, who had been holding at a strong third position, even leading the scoreboard for a short time, in that place, when Portugal’s 12 lifted Spain from 94 to 106 points. Portugal at the same time had only given Denmark one point making Denmark’s total 101 points. Despite this, this was latter country’s best position in over 20 years. Halfway through the voting, the scoreboard turned blue and remained so until the end of the voting. This was visible only to television viewers.
• •
Austria - Ernst Grissemann (FS2)[14] Germany - Ado Schlier (ARD Deutsches Fernsehen),[15] Roger Horné (Deutschlandfunk)
•
Turkey - Başak Doğru (TRT)
•
Finland - Heikki Seppälä (YLE TV1)[16]
•
Switzerland - Bernard Thurnheer (TV DRS), Serge Moisson (TSR), Ezio Guidi (TSI)
•
Italy - Antonio De Robertis (Raidue and Rai Radio 1)
•
Portugal - Fialho Gouveia (RTP1)[17]
•
Iceland - (non participating country) - TBC (Sjónvarpið)
•
Israel - (non participating country) - No commentator
4.10.8 Spokespersons 4.10.6
Score sheet
•
Sweden - Agneta Bolme-Börjefors[5]
12 points
•
Luxembourg - Jacques Harvey
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
•
France - Nicole André [18]
•
Spain - TBD
•
Norway - Egil Teige[19]
•
United Kingdom – Colin Berry[20]
•
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[10]
•
Belgium - Jacques Olivier
4.10.7
Commentators
•
Sweden - Fredrik Belfrage (SVT, TV1)[5]
•
Luxembourg - Valérie Sarn & Jacques Navadic (RTL Télévision),[6] TBC (RTL plus)
•
France - Léon Zitrone (Antenne 2)[6]
4.11. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1985
103
•
Ireland - John Skehan
•
Denmark - Bent Henius[12]
[10] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
•
Netherlands - Flip van der Schalie[21]
[11] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9
•
Yugoslavia Hadžinaumova
-
[9] Eurovision Song Contest 1984 BBC Archives
Snežana
[12] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
•
Austria - Tilia Herold[20]
•
Germany - Kerstin Schweighöfer
•
Turkey - Fatih Orbay
•
Finland - Solveig Herlin[22]
•
[13] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [14] Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. [15] “Eurovision Song Contest 1984”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [16] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[23]
•
Italy - Mariolina Cannuli
•
Portugal - Eládio Clímaco
4.10.9 •
Lipkovska-
[17] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
National jury members
Spain – Francisco Guardón (lab employee and photography expert), Carmen González (translator), Rafael Rullán (basketball player), Mayte Sancho (actress), Victoriano Valencia (former bullfighter and businessman), Andrés Magdaleno (actor and theatre businessman), Eva Nasarre (ballet and gymnastics teacher), Luis del Val (playwright), Carmen Garrido (public relations), Luis Fernando Abad (industrialist), Conchita Mínguez (horsewoman)[24]
4.10.10
[18] Zitrone, Léon et al. (May 5, 1984). 29ème Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1984 [29th Eurovision Song Contest 1984] (Television production). Luxembourg: RTL, Antenne 2 (commentary). [19] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [20] “The Eurovision Song Contest (1984 TV Special) : Full Cast & Crew”. IMDb.com. Retrieved 2013-10-22. [21] Leidse Courant, 5 May 1984 [22] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [23] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland)
References Retrieved
[24] “000webhost.com - free web hosting provider”. Eurofestival.host22.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[2] “The “Grand Théâtre” of Luxembourg City offers high quality cultural events”, Luxembourg National Tourist Office, London. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
4.11 Eurovision Song Contest 1985
[1] “Morgunblaðið, 20.03.1983”. 2013-04-29.
Timarit.is.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1985 was the 30th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on May 4, 1985 in Gothenburg, Sweden. The presenter [4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1984”. The Diggiloo Thrush. was entertainer Lill Lindfors, whose jokey dress rip afRetrieved 4 March 2012. ter the interval act (seemingly revealing her knickers be[5] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the fore unfolding another dress) was said to have not amused the wife of EBU scrutineer Frank Naef. Norwegian duo original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. Bobbysocks! were the winners with the song "La det [6] Christian Masson. “1984 - Luxembourg”. Songcon- swinge". [3] “Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg”, Théâtre Info Luxembourg. (French) Retrieved 27 December 2010.
test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[7] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [8] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Bobbysocks!' win for Norway was the country’s first. Host Lill Lindfors congratulated the duo, Hanne Krogh and Elisabeth Andreassen, following their victory by saying, “I must say I am honestly very happy that this happened because Norway has been last on so many times that you really deserve it!" Krogh replied, "You're happy? What do you think we are?!" After an energetic reprise,
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the two women embraced to a standing ovation from the Sweden and Norway did their best to keep up and by the audience. time the UK jury delivered their votes (only 1 point for During the voting, it was not immediately evident that Germany and 12 for Norway), Germany had seen its lead Norway would win the Contest. Germany took a com- smashed. manding lead in the first half, with Norway fifth place behind Germany, Sweden, Italy and the United Kingdom around the end of the first half of voting. Finally, with five juries left, Germany, Sweden and Norway were tightly wrapped around the pole positions with 87, 86, and 85 points respectively.
Lill Lindfors had a wardrobe malfunction (though technically this is a misnomer, as the stunt was deliberate) as she proceeded to the stage for the voting procedure. As she walked on stage, the skirt of her dress came away, leaving her in just her underwear and the top half of her dress. After a few seconds of pretending to be shocked, Lindfors unfastened the flaps of her dress across her shoulders, to reveal a full-length white gown, much to raucous audience applause.[2] Lill then took her seat to start calling in the votes, and nonchalantly said, “I just wanted to wake you up a little.”
At that point, Sweden briefly took the lead away from Germany (who received no points from Switzerland). Sweden was the fourth-to-last jury, conceding their brief lead by awarding Germany eight points and Norway the maximum twelve. With only three countries left to vote, Norway kept the lead, in one of the shortest winning stretches during voting in the contest’s history. 4.11.5 Score sheet The Netherlands and Yugoslavia did not participate in this Contest, due to the national Remembrance of the Dead 12 points in the Netherlands, and the anniversary of the death of Josip Broz Tito in Yugoslavia. Despite this Yugoslavia Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final: did choose its song: "Pokora" (“Penance”) (music by Ivo Pupačić and lyrics by Zvonimir Pupačić), a duet sung by 4.11.6 Commentators Zorica Kondža and Josip Genda. 1985 was also the year when no less than thirteen previous 4.11.7 Spokespersons Eurovision artists made a comeback. This also applied to the winners, Bobbysocks! who had attended once be• Ireland - John Skehan fore as soloists: Hanne Krogh performed for Norway in • Finland - Annemi Genetz[18] 1971, while Elisabeth Andreassen for Sweden (where she is originally from) in 1982 in a duet, Chips, with Kikki • Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[4] Danielsson. Kikki herself also returned this year for host • Denmark - Bent Henius[5] country Sweden, and was thus competing against Elisabeth Andreassen and Bobbysocks!. • Spain - TBD Lys Assia, the winner of the first ever Eurovision Song • France – Élisabeth Tordjman Contest in 1956, was the guest of honour of this thirtieth edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. She was intro• Turkey - Fatih Orbay duced by the presenter Lill Lindfors. The camera zoomed close to Lys, who rose to greet the audience, while the or• Belgium - Anne Ploegaerts chestra played the song Refrain, her winning song. • Portugal - Maria Margarida Gaspar
4.11.1
Conductors
Host conductor in bold
4.11.2
Returning artists
4.11.3
Results
4.11.4
Voting
Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. The voting itself was exciting, the German favourites looked to be cruising to an early victory. However both
•
Germany - Christoph Deumling
•
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[19]
•
Italy - Beatrice Cori
•
Norway - Erik Diesen[20]
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[21]
•
Sweden - Agneta Bolme-Börjefors[13]
•
Austria - Chris Lohner
•
Luxembourg - Frédérique Ries
•
Greece - Kelly Sakakou[22]
4.12. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1986
4.11.8 •
National jury members
105
[15] "Η Μακώ Γεωργιάδου και η EUROVISION (19701986)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Spain – María Asquerino (actress), Eloy Román (industrialist), María Dolores Ortiz (teacher), Jesús María Landín (student), Adriana [16] “recai: Mededeling abonnees “stadscai Assen"". Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). May 4, 1985. Ferrer (actress), Agustín Trialasos (journalist), Cristina Peña-Marín (lecturer), Francisco Umbral (writer), Ágatha Ruiz de la Prada (fashion designer), César Alonso (jockey), Pilar de la Huerta (tourism [17] “Pioniersgeest NOS door project Olympus”. Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). May 6, 1985. management technician)
•
De
De
United Kingdom – John Inman
4.11.9
Notes
[18] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
• A ^ However the Eurovision Song Contest was [19] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived not broadcast on Dutch television due to the from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08Remembrance of the Dead, it was broadcast the next 10. morning via satellite project Olympus.
4.11.10
References
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1985”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
[20] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
[21] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland)
[2] Archived July 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. [3] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[22] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[4] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [5] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [6] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.12 Eurovision Song Contest 1986
[7] Christian Masson. “1985 - Goteborg”. Bdd.eurovisioninfo.net. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1986 was the 31st Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 3 May 1986 in Grieghallen in Bergen, Norway. It was the first occasion on which Norway played host to the contest. The presenter was Åse Kleveland, a well-known folk guitarist who was President of the Norwegian Association of Musicians (and a former Eurovision entrant, in 1966).
[8] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9 [9] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] “Eurovision Song Contest 1985”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [11]
[12] [13] [14]
The 1986 contest was a first for Eurovision in that royalty were among the guests—Crown Prince Harald, Crown Princess Sonja, Princess Märtha Louise and Prince Haakon Magnus were all in attendance.
Sandra Kim was the winner of this Eurovision with the “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattfo- song "J'aime la vie", representing Belgium. Aged 13, rum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November Kim was the youngest ever Eurovision winner. Current rules require Eurovision Song Contest participants to be 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. at least 16, so unless the rule is changed, Kim’s record will Eurovision Song Contest 1985 BBC Archives never be broken. In the lyrics of her song, Kim claimed to be 15 years of age, but after the contest, it was revealed “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the that she was actually 13. Switzerland, who finished secoriginal on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. ond, appealed for her to be disqualified, but this was to Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. no avail.
106
4.12.1
CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
Background
For more details on the host city, see Bergen.
Norway first hosts Eurovision As this was the first time Norway hosted a Eurovision Song Contest, NRK commissioned a lavish budget for the event, turning Grieghallen into a Viking-esque “ice palace” for the live show, complete with white and pastel neon lights for the stage. In addition, NRK also had a special diamond-encrusted dress made for presenter Åse Kleveland for her opening number. The prized dress, which weighed upwards of 15 pounds (6.8 kg), is still available for viewing at NRK’s costuming department at Marienlyst in Oslo. Kleveland sang the multilingual “Welcome to Music” as the opening act, incorporating English and French primarily, in addition to other European languages. BBC commentator Terry Wogan, at the close of Kleveland’s number, dryly remarked, "Katie Boyle (a former Eurovision host for the UK) never sang, did she?"
Stavanger Sandnes Trondheim
During her opening speech, Kleveland said of Norway’s road in the contest, “For those of you who have followed Norway’s course through the history of the Eurovision Song Contest, you will know that it has been quite thorny, Oslo in fact. So, imagine our joy when last year we finally won, and the pleasure we feel today, being able to welcome 700 million viewers to the top of Europe, to Norway, and to Bergen.”
One of the interval acts presented featured Norwegian musicians Sissel Kyrkjebø and Steinar Ofsdal, accomBergen panied by Norwegian national broadcasting orchestra, Kringkastingsorkesteret (KORK). They opened with the Locations of the candidate cities. The chosen host city is traditional song of the city of Bergen, Udsikter fra Ulriken (also known as “Nystemte'n”), and presented a marked in red. By 1985, Norway had received the unwanted distinction number of familiar tunes while showing the sights and sounds of Bergen area. Ofsdal played a range of traditional Norwegian folk instruments such as accordion, recorder and hardingfele.[1] The presentation launched Kyrkjebø into a career as an internationally recognized artist.
4.12.2 Debuts and withdrawals Iceland competed for the first time, as the national broadcaster RÚV finally cemented their satellite television connections with the rest of Europe.[2] Grieghallen, Bergen - host venue of the 1986 contest.
Greece withdrew, having been drawn eighteenth in order of presentation. The reason behind the withdrawal, was that the Eurovision contest coincided with Holy Saturday. Their entry would have been “Wagon-lit” (βάγκον λι) performed by Polina.[3][4] The Italian broadcaster, RAI, simply decided not to send any delegation to Bergen.
of being “the nul points country,” receiving 0 points three times and coming in last six times. When they did win the 1985 Contest, it was a source of pride among Norwegian population, and the national broadcaster, NRK, took full advantage of being able to showcase Norway and its achievements in front of over 500 million television viewers. By the autumn of 1985, NRK had decided to hold the next year’s contest at the Grieghallen in Bergen, turn- 4.12.3 Conductors ing down other bids from capital Oslo, and main cities of Stavanger, Sandnes and Trondheim. Host conductor in bold
4.12. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1986
107
4.12.4
Results
•
4.12.5
Voting
•
The winning song, Belgium’s “J'aime la vie,” received points from every jury (Belgium received five sets of 12 points; every country awarded Belgium at least five points except for Germany, which gave them just one point). Belgium was the winner in the voting from the results of the second jury out of twenty, in the longest winning stretch during voting since 1974. Switzerland was behind Belgium in nearly every part of the voting, but Belgium had a commanding lead from the very beginning. Traditionally some juries give high points to the host country’s entrant, but this did not happen this year; no jury gave Norway’s song “Romeo” more than six points out of a possible 12.
Spain - TBD Switzerland - Michel Stocker[25]
•
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[26]
•
Ireland - John Skehan
•
Belgium - Jacques Olivier
•
Germany - Christoph Deumling
•
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[16]
•
Austria - Tilia Herold
•
Sweden - Agneta Bolme-Börjefors[18]
•
Denmark - Bent Henius[19]
Belgium scored an absolute record at the time, with San• Finland - Solveig Herlin[27] dra Kim earning a never seen before amount of 176 points (that record remained until 1993, with Ireland scoring • Portugal - Margarida Andrade 187 points). Kim received an average of 9,26 points per voting nation, which, as of 2015, still ranks 7th among all Eurovision winners. 4.12.9 National jury members Score sheet
•
As the free language rule was still cancelled, all songs were performed in native languages to the country they represented. All songs however, with the exception of the song from Cyprus, have had studio versions recorded by the original Eurovision artists in English as well as their own languages.
Iceland - Berglind Orradóttir, Davíð Scheving Thorsteinsson, Elsa Björnsdóttir, Guðjón Vigfússon, Guðlaug Þorsteinsdóttir, Karl Þorsteins, Margrét Stefánsdóttir, Ríkharður Ríkharðsson, Salóme Þorkelsdóttir, Sigurdór Sigurdórsson, Svanhildur Kristjónsdóttir[24]
•
Turkey - Ayça Eren, Ziya Anadol, Kaan Bozoğlu, Ayşegül Soyalp, Özlem Budakoğlu, Fatma Dikmen, Alaaddin Torun, İlhan Aslanboğan, Zahide Azılı, Saadet Aktemel, Suhal Eriş[28]
•
Spain – José María Tío (industrialist), Carolina Conejero (student), Rosario Cabanas (horsewoman), Rafael Camino (bullfighter), Marta Cantón (gymnast), Emilio Aragón (comedian), María Cuadra (actress), Javier Escrivá (actor), Blanca Fernández Ochoa (skier), Antonio Imízcoz (journalist), Pablo Pérez (hairdresser)[29]
•
United Kingdom - David Elder (Scotland), Gary Speirs (Wales), Sue Lloyd (London) Other names to follow
12 points final:
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the
4.12.6
Returning artists
4.12.7
Commentators
4.12.8
Spokespersons
•
Luxembourg - Frédérique Ries
•
Yugoslavia - Enver Petrovci[22]
•
France - Patricia Lesieur
•
Norway - Nina Matheson[23]
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
Iceland - Guðrún Skúladóttir[24]
•
Netherlands – Joop van Zijl
•
Turkey - Ümit Tunçağ
4.12.10 References [1] “YouTube video of 1986 Interval with Sissel Kyrkjebø and Steinar Ofsdal”. NRK. [2] “History - Eurovision Song Contest 1986”. Eurovision.tv. [3] “Polina Biography” (in Greek). Retrieved 2008-08-24. [4] ""Wagon-lit” single - 1986”. Sony Music. Retrieved 200808-24.
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CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
[5] “Eurovision Song Contest 1986”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
[28] “Halley'in büyük başarısı, Erhan Güner, Milliyet, 4 May 1986
[6] Christian Masson. “1986 - Bergen”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[29] “000webhost.com - free web hosting provider”. Eurofestival.host22.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[7] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.13 Eurovision Song Contest 1987
[8] Eurovision Song Contest 1986 BBC Archives
The Eurovision Song Contest 1987 was the 32nd Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 9 May 1987 in Brussels, Belgium after Sandra Kim's win the previous year. The presenter was Viktor Lazlo. Johnny Lo[10] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisiongan was the winner for Ireland with the song "Hold Me artists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10. Now". That made him the first performer to win the contest twice, as he had won also in 1980. [11] https://eksisozluk.com/ [9] “Tíminn, 03.05.1986”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 2012-0810.
1986-eurovision-sarki-yarismasi-$-$878663
The 1987 Eurovision was the biggest contest at that time, with 22 countries taking part. Only Malta, Monaco and Morocco failed to compete out of all the countries which had entered the contest in the past. Due to the number of countries, and the time it took for the contest to be [13] Christian Masson. “1986 - Bergen”. Songcontest.free.fr. held, the EBU set the limit of competing countries to 22. Retrieved 2012-08-10. This became problematic over the next few years as new [14] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. and returning nations indicated an interest in participatBlijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-209- ing, but could not be accommodated.[1] [12] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
5274-9 [15] “Eurovision Song Contest 1986”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [16] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [17] Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Controversy erupted in Israel after their song was selected, “Shir Habatlanim” by the Lazy Bums. The comedic performance was criticised by the country’s culture minister, who threatened to resign should the duo proceed to Brussels. They went on to perform for Israel, placing eighth; however the culture minister’s threat was left unfulfilled.[1]
[18] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [19] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.13.1 Conductors
[20] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Host conductor in bold
[21] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.13.2 Results
[22] “Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja”. Evropesma.org. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
12 points
4.13.3 Score sheet
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
[23] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [24] "Þjóðviljinn, 01.05.1986”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 201208-10. [25] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland) [26] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810. [27] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.13.4 Returning artists 4.13.5 Commentators 4.13.6 Spokespersons •
Norway - Sverre Christophersen[21]
•
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[22]
4.13. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1987
109
•
Austria - Tilia Herold
4.13.8 Possible Soviet Union participation
•
Iceland - Guðrún Skúladóttir[23]
•
Belgium - Anne Ploegaerts[24]
•
Sweden - Jan Ellerås[8]
•
Italy – Mariolina Cannuli
•
Portugal - Ana Zanatti[10]
•
Spain - TBD
•
Turkey - Canan Kumbasar
•
Greece - Kelly Sakakou[25]
•
Netherlands - Ralph Inbar
•
Luxembourg - Frédérique Ries
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
In 2009 Eduard Fomin, a former employee of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, revealed that in 1987 George Veselov, the Minister of Education for the Soviet Union, brought forward the idea of a participation of the Soviet Union at the Eurovision Song Contest due to the number of political reforms made by the President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev during the late 1980s. The idea was mainly a political one, with the thought that a win in the contest for the Soviet Union would impact on the relationships between the Soviet Union and the capitalist countries of the west. Valery Leontyev was suggested as a name for the Soviet Union’s first participation, however Veselov’s ideas were not shared by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, or by Gorbachev himself, believing it to be too radical a step to take, and so no Soviet participation was ever made.[30] Ten former republics of the Soviet Union would later compete in the contest on their own in the 1990s and 2000s: Russia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, with five of the countries going on to win the contest.
•
France - Lionel Cassan[26]
•
Germany - Kerstin Schweighöfer
•
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[17]
•
Finland - Solveig Herlin[27]
•
Denmark - Bent Henius
•
Ireland - Brendan Balfe
•
Yugoslavia - Miloje Orlović
[19]
4.13.9 References [1] Kennedy O'Connor, John (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. pp. 108–111. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3. [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 1987”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [3] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [4] Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
•
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[28]
4.13.7 •
•
National jury members
Iceland - Ása María Ásgeirsdóttir, Einar Már Ríkharðsson, Guðmunda Ingimundardóttir, Hildur Karen Aðalsteinsdóttir, Jóhannes Guðlaugsson, Nanna Lind Svavarsdóttir, Oddrún Kristjánsdóttir, Óskar Ingimar Örlygsson, Steingrímur Guðjónsson, Þorsteinn Pétursson, Þóra Sigurjónsdóttir[23] Spain – José Fernández (waiter), María Rosa Sánchez (telephone operator), José Miguel García (underground driver), Francisco Ortega “Ayo” (businessman), María Laínz (yachtswoman), Feliciano Castañares (taxi driver and poet), Pilar Zanca (businesswoman), Raúl Díaz (student), Concepción Meller (housewife), Fran de Gonari (fashion designer), Miguel Durán (president of ONCE)[29]
[5] “Morgunblaðið, 09.05.1987”. 2012-08-10.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
[6] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9 [7] Christian Masson. “1987 - Bruxelles”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Songcon-
[8] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [9] “Umberto Tozzi e Raf Gente di mare Eurofestival 1987”. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [11] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
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CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 – 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
[12] “1987 eurovision ark yarmas”. T Szlk. Retrieved 19 November 2014. [13] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [14] www.eurovisionartists.nl. “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-0810. [15] “Eurovision Song Contest 1987 BBC Archives”. BBC. Retrieved 19 November 2014. [16] “Eurovision Song Contest 1987”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [17] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [18] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [19] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [20] “Whelan speaks about Eurovision to BBC”. Retrieved 19 November 2014. [21] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [22] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810. [23] “Morgunblaðið, 05.05.1987”. 2012-08-10.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
[24] RadioVisie.eu. “De 11-urenmis van de Wakkere Radioman (65) [ RadioVisie.eu /columns ]". Radiovisie.eu. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [25] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [26] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [27] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [28] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland) [29] “000webhost.com - free web hosting provider”. Eurofestival.host22.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [30] Невероятно! Леонтьев должен был представлять СССР на Евровидение−87! (in Russian). nnm.ru.
Chapter 5
1988 to 1997 – A New Era 5.1 Eurovision Song Contest 1988
wide angled shots of the audience, in order to create the illusion of the venue being bigger than it actually was.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1988 was the 33rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place on 30 April 1988 in Dublin, Ireland, following the country’s win at the previous 1987 edition. The presenters were Pat Kenny and Michelle Rocca. The host broadcaster was Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ) which revamped the show’s production style compared to its earlier editions, in order to appeal to a younger audience.
The Postcards featured the participants doing things in Ireland from culture, to tradition, to sports or sightseeing.
The winner was Switzerland with the song "Ne partez pas sans moi", performed by future international superstar Celine Dion and composed by Atilla Şereftuğ with lyrics in French by Nella Martinetti. Switzerland beat the United Kingdom by just a point in the last vote to win the title. Twenty-one countries took part, after an initial plan of twenty-two, as Cyprus withdrew its already registered entry for breaching the contest’s rules by being published few years earlier, in an attempt to represent the country at a prior edition of the contest. The Cypriot song had been drawn to be performed 2nd in the running order.
Lowney was also the director of the show’s interval act, introduced after the competing songs and before the votes announcement. The interval act was a video of the popular Irish rock group Hothouse Flowers, which was filmed in eleven countries around Europe and was the most expensive music video ever produced in Ireland at that time.
Voting Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 point(s) for its top ten songs.
This edition features one of the closest and fickle-ending votes in the history of the contest. With three countries left to vote, the UK was well in the lead with 133 points against Switzerland’s 118. With the third last country, France, only awarding Switzerland one point, the UK looked certain of victory, as even if Switzerland scooped the two final 12s, the UK would only need to gather 5.1.1 Format eleven points from three juries combined to be unbeatable. However, France didn't award the UK any points, Graphic design and the following country, Portugal, gave the UK a meagre three points while giving the maximum 12 to SwitzerHost broadcaster RTÉ employed Declan Lowney, who land, making the contest blown open between the two was notable for being a director of music videos and youth countries until the end of the voting. programming, as director for this edition, in order to re- With the conclusion of voting from the penultimate jury, vamp the contest to attract and sustain a younger audi- the UK was holding a five-point lead over Switzerland. As ence. The traditional scoreboard was replaced with two the final jury, that of Yugoslavia, began to award its points giant Vidiwalls located on either side of the stage, which in the customary ascending order, a lot of excitementalso projected live images of the performers from the sighs were heard from the audience to see how the two green room where the competitors set during the votes an- rivals for victory would fare. Switzerland was the first nouncements, and a new computer-generated scoreboard to be named with six points, edging it into a one-point was used. lead over the UK. After earlier strong votes from most The stage itself, conceived by Paula Farrell under chief production designer Michael Grogan, was also the largest and most elaborate ever constructed for the Eurovision Song Contest. To compensate for the fact that the vast stage took up most of the room in what is really an average size exhibition hall, the director deliberately darkened the hall where the audience was located and refused to use
countries to the UK, it seemed highly likely that the UK would be given one of the higher remaining set of points. However, eventually the UK only managed to garner a meagre three points between the last three juries, as after Yugoslavia announced its seven, eight, ten and twelve points, it transpired that it had awarded the UK no points at all,[n 1] and Switzerland was left with its one-point lead
111
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CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
to savour a dramatic triumph.
Results
5.1.3 Score sheet
5.1.2
Participants CH
Twenty-one countries took part, after an initial plan of 12 10 twenty-two, as Cyprus withdrew from the contest after 8 it had already submitted an entry. Cypriot broadcaster 7 6 CyBC had selected the song 'Thimame' sung by Yian5 nis Dimitrou, and at a late stage saw that the song was 4 3 ineligible to represent them as it had been entered into 2 the Cypriot selection for the 1984 Contest, where it had 1 0 finished in 3rd place. This was classed as a breach of the Cypriot rules of selecting their entry at this time as well as an infringement of the Eurovision Song Contest rules. It was a very late decision as the song was already drawn to perform second in the contest, advertised in the Points allocated to the winning Song from Switzerland Radio Times information about the preview programme of the contest, and appears as song number two in accordance to its initial performance draw, on the record release “Melodi Grand Prix 1988” – the compilation disc 12 points of the contest’s entries. Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final: This was the second victory for Switzerland at the Eurovision Song Contest after winning its first edition in 1956, and the last time a song in French won the contest, the 5.1.4 Commentators language having dominated the event in earlier years. The contest helped launch an international career for two 5.1.5 artists, the winner for Switzerland Celine Dion and Lux• embourg’s representative Lara Fabian. French-Canadian Celine Dion was only famous in the French-speaking • world at the time of the contest, shortly afterwards started recording songs in English with becoming established • worldwide and in years to follow gaining international [1] superstar status. Belgian-Canadian Lara Fabian started • a successful career after the contest with becoming established in various countries worldwide, with a mainly • French-sung repertoire.[1] The UK entry was written and composed by Julie Forsyth, the daughter of the enter• tainer Bruce Forsyth who was present. When interviewed afterwards he was particularly annoyed at the Dutch jury • not having given a vote to the UK, as they had done some work there. •
Spokespersons
The contest saw the return of seven artists who had participated in its previous editions: Denmark’s Kirsten & Søren represented the country in 1984 and 1985, Finland’s Boulevard represented the country in 1987, Israel’s Re'uven Gvitrz, winner of the contest in 1979 as part of Milk and Honey returned to Eurovision as a backing singer for Yardena Arazi, who represented the country in 1976 as part of the group Chocolat, Menta, Mastik and hosted the contest in 1979,[n 2] Portugal’s Dora represented the country in 1986, Sweden’s Tommy Körberg represented the country in 1969, and Turkey’s MFÖ represented the country in 1985.
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[20]
•
Iceland - Guðrún Skúladóttir[3] Sweden - Maud Uppling[4] Finland - Solveig Herlin[18] United Kingdom - Colin Berry Turkey - Canan Kumbasar Spain - Marta Sánchez Netherlands – Joop van Os Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[19]
•
Ireland - John Skehan
•
Germany - Lotti Ohnesorge
•
Austria - Tilia Herold
•
Denmark - Bent Henius[11]
•
Greece - Fotini Giannoulatou[21]
•
Norway - Andreas Diesen[22]
5.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1988
•
Belgium - Jacques Olivier
•
Luxembourg - Jean-Luc Bertrand
•
Italy - Mariolina Cannuli
•
France - Catherine Ceylac
•
Portugal - Maria Margarida Gaspar[17]
•
Yugoslavia - Miša Molk[23]
5.1.6
National jury members
•
Iceland - Árni Gunnarsson, Ásgeir Guðnason, Davíð Sveinsson, Elín Þóra Stefánsdóttir, Ellý Þorðardóttir, Erla Björk Jónasdóttir, Guðrún Kristmannsdóttir, Hólmfríður Jónsdóttir, Jónas Engilbertsson, Jónína Bachmann, Kjartan Þor Kjartansson, Ólafur Egilsson, Sigrún Kristjánsdóttir, Sigurður Fanndal, Sigurður Ægisson, Þórdís Garðarsdóttir[3]
• •
United Kingdom – Terry Clark
113
[3] “Fór út með vinningsglampann í sólgleraugunum segir Sverrir Stormsker”. Mbl.is. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [4] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [5] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [6] Eurovision Song Contest 1988 BBC Archives [7] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [8] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [9] “Eurovision Song Contest 1988”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. [11] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Spain – Pepe Barroso (businessman), Paquita Torres (former model and Miss Europe), Mario [13] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November Pardo (actor), Lola Forner (actress), José Coron2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. ado (actor), Analía Gadé (actress), Miguel Báez “El Litri” (bullfighter), Laura Valenzuela (actress [14] Christian Masson. “1988 - Dublin”. Songcontest.free.fr. and TV host, presenter of Eurovision Song Contest Retrieved 2012-08-10. 1969), Antonio de Senillosa (writer), Cyra Toledo (fashion model), José Oneto (journalist), María Vi- [15] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-209daurreta (PhD in Political Sciences and lecturer), 5274-9 Jorge Sanz (actor), Emma Suárez (actress), Caty Arteaga (dancer), Jaime Andrada (architect)
•
Netherlands – Hans van den Berg
•
Greece – Alexandros Roussos
5.1.7
Notes
[1] Yugoslavia, as being the last jury to announce its votes, had caused the same situation to happen when after their voting UK lost to Spain by 1 point in the 1968 Contest. [2] With this, Yardena Arazi became the first person to compete in the contest after hosting an earlier edition of it; before her, there were few competitors that hosted later editions of the contest.
5.1.8
References
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1998”. European Broadcasting Union official website – History by year section. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 1988”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
[16] “Luca Barbarossa Ti scrivo Eurofestival 1988”. YouTube. 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [17] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [18] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [19] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810. [20] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland) [21] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [22] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [23] “Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja”. Evropesma.org. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
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CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
5.2 Eurovision Song Contest 1989
•
Norway – Sverre Christophersen[24]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1989 was the 34th annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 6 May 1989 in Lausanne, Switzerland, after Celine Dion's victory in Dublin the previous year. The program was presented by Lolita Morena and Jacques Deschenaux. Riva, representing Yugoslavia, won with the song Rock Me. This was the only victory for Yugoslavia as a unified state.[1]
•
Portugal - Margarida Andrade[11]
•
Sweden - Agneta Bolme-Börjefors[12]
•
Luxembourg - Jean-Luc Bertrand
•
Denmark - Bent Henius[14]
•
Austria - Tilia Herold
•
Finland - Solveig Herlin[25]
•
France - Marie-Ange Nardi[26]
•
Spain - TBD
•
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[18]
•
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[27]
The United Kingdom's Ray Caruana, lead singer with Live Report was outspoken about coming second to what he considered a much less worthy song.[2] They had been defeated by 7 points. Two of the performers, Nathalie Pâque and Gili Natanael were respectively 11 and 12 years old at their time of competing. Due to bad publicity surrounding their participation, the European Broadcasting Union introduced the rule stating no performer is allowed to take part before the year of their 16th birthday.[3] The previous year’s winner, Celine Dion, opened the show with a live performance of her winning song and a mimed performance of her first English-language single, "Where Does My Heart Beat Now". The song went on to become a top ten hit in the US a year later - effectively launching her into international success.[1]
5.2.1
Results
5.2.2
Voting structure
Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs.
•
Greece - Fotini Giannoulatou[28]
•
Iceland - Erla Björk Skúladóttir[20]
•
Germany - Kerstin Schweighöfer
•
Yugoslavia - Dijana Čulić
5.2.6 National jury members •
Belgium – Jan Demulder
•
Portugal – Vasco da Câmara Pereira
•
5.2.3
Score sheet
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
5.2.4
Commentators
5.2.5
Spokespersons
•
Italy - Peppi Franzelin
•
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[22]
•
Ireland - Eileen Dunne
•
Netherlands - Joop van Os
•
Turkey - Canan Kumbasar
•
Belgium - Anne Ploegaerts[23]
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
Spain – Luis Merino (Eurovision fan and AEV president), Blanca Andreu (poet), Javier Tomeo (playwright), Ángeles Fernández (student), Antonio Banderas (actor), Isabel Mestres (actress), Luis Miguel Calvo (bullfighter), Emma Penella (actress), Antonio Ozores (actor), Pitita Ridruejo (writer), Javier Clemente (football coach), Dolly Fontana (public relations), Carlos Ferrando (journalist), Tatiana Magdalena García (hairdresser), Félix Cábez (scriptwriter), Charo Pascual (physicist and weatherwoman)[29]
5.2.7 References [1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1989”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 8 July 2013. [2] “Grand Final: 1989”. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 8 July 2013. [3] O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The “Eurovision Song Contest": The Official History. Carlton Books Ltd. ISBN 1847325211. [4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1989”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
5.3. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1990
[5] “Anna Oxa e Fausto Leali Avrei voluto Eurofestival 1989”. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [6] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [7] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9
115
[28] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [29] “000webhost.com - free web hosting provider”. Eurofestival.host22.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
5.3 Eurovision Song Contest 1990
[8] “La Yougoslavie Decroche L'Eurovision”. Archives.lesoir.be. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [9] [10]
[11]
[12] [13]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1990 was the 35th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held Eurovision Song Contest 1989 BBC Archives in Zagreb, Yugoslavia on 5 May 1990. The presenters “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattfo- were Helga Vlahović Brnobić and Oliver Mlakar.[1] Toto rum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November Cutugno was the winner of this contest with the song 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. "Insieme: 1992". This was the second victory for Italy, “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o the first one having been "Non ho l'età", performed by forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Gigliola Cinquetti in 1964. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved The lyrics of several entries celebrated the revolution and 2012-08-10. democratisation that had occurred in central and eastern “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the Europe in the preceding months, focusing especially on the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, such as in original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. the Norwegian and Austrian entries. However, the winChristian Masson. “1989 - Lausanne”. Songcon- ning song was an even more sweeping evocation of Eurotest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. pean unity, in anticipation of the completion of the European single market, due at the end of 1992.
[14] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[15] Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. [16] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [17] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Malta had wished to return to the contest for the first time in 15 years, but Eurovision rules prevented them from returning due to a maximum of 22 entries allowed to compete. A national final was held in Malta, which was won by Maryrose Mallia with “Our Little World of Yesterday”.[2]
[20] “Söngvakeppnin: Fjórir valdir til að syngja bakraddir”. Mbl.is. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
There was a slightly uncomfortable beginning to the rehearsal week when, offended by press comments concerning their ages (Brnobić being 45 at the time and Mlakar being 54), the two presenters quit the show. They were briefly replaced by Rene Medvešek and Dubravka Marković, who were much younger, but the misunderstandings were eventually allayed and Brnobić and Mlakar returned to the contest.
[21] “Eurovision Song Contest 1989”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
5.3.1 Format
[18] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [19] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[22] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810. [23] Video on YouTube [24] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [25] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [26] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [27] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland)
The Eurovision Song Contest 1990 was the first to implement an age rule. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) were forced to bring in a restriction rule after criticism arose over the ages of two performers at 1989 contest, being just 11 and 12 years old. From 1990, no artist under the age of 16 on the day of the contest could perform on stage. This rule meant that the record for the youngest ever winner at Eurovision could never be broken, as Sandra Kim, who won for Belgium at the 1986 competition, was just 13 years old. A notorious mishap occurred at the start of the first song, when a noticeably long delay caused by problems with the backing track was followed by the Spanish singers Azúcar
116
CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
Moreno missing their cue. They walked off the stage in barely concealed annoyance and the audience was left in confusion for a moment, but the song was then restarted without any further problems. From a musicological perspective both Spain’s "Bandido" and France’s "White and Black Blues" can be said to be the first entries to signal a new trend at Eurovision, with both songs fusing contemporary dance music with ethnic influences, from flamenco and calypso respectively. The 1990 contest was the first to feature an official mascot, Eurocat, created by Joško Marušić. This mischievous purple cat popped up during the 'postcards’ of each of the 22 entries, which also included travelogues of the country about to perform, in conjunction with the European Year of Tourism 1990.
5.3.2
Results
1.^ Play on the words “Macédonienne” (Macedonian woman) and “mienne” (mine, for females). 2.^ Song is in German, however there are some phrases in Croatian, English and French
5.3.3
• •
Germany - Kerstin Schweighöfer
•
France - Valérie Maurice
•
Yugoslavia - Drago Čulina
•
Portugal - João Abel Fonseca[16]
•
Ireland - Eileen Dunne
•
Sweden - Jan Ellerås[17]
•
Italy - Paolo Frajese
•
Austria - Tilia Herold
•
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[20]
•
Finland - Solveig Herlin[26]
5.3.7 National jury members •
Spain – Amparo Mendiguren (housewife), Pedro Calleja (clinical assistant), Paloma Gómez (actress), José Ramón Gamo (student), Teresa del Río (actress), Emilio de Villota (racing driver), Fiorella Faltoyano (actress), Julián Lago (journalist at Tribuna), Raquel Revuelta (fashion model and Miss Spain 1990), Juan Carlos Arteche (footballer and businessman), Conchita de los Santos (journalist), Alfredo Roldán (senior civil servant), Margarita Girón (public relations), José Sanjuán (PhD in Chemistry), María José Olmedilla (lawyer), Javier Morera (lawyer)[27]
•
Turkey – Murat Türkoğlu, Selda Güneş, Mithat Kaya, Özlem Şen, Sıla Yavuz, Nazif Eke, Hülya Okçay, Kadir Gökdemir, Aydan Özbey, Özlem Çelik, Ziya Fırat Doğançay, Meltem Altınörs, Nihal Müftüoğlu, Zeki Tatlıgil, Ahmet Hüseyin Uluçay, Mustafa Sarıkoç[28]
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 point in the final:
Returning artists
5.3.5
Commentators
5.3.6
Spokespersons
•
Spain - TBD
•
Greece - Fotini Giannoulatou[22]
•
Belgium - Jacques Olivier
•
Turkey - Korhan Abay (presenter of the Eurovision Song Contest 2004)
•
Netherlands - Joop van Os
•
Luxembourg - Jean-Luc Bertrand
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
Iceland – Árni Snævarr[11]
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[25]
•
Score sheet
5.3.4
Denmark - Bent Henius[13]
•
United Kingdom – Laura Gudim
•
Portugal – Manuel Pinheiro
5.3.8 References [1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1990”. EBU. Retrieved 200809-19.
•
Norway - Sverre Christophersen
•
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[24]
[23]
[2] “No, No, Never!!! - Songs That Did Not Make It To Eurovision”. eurovisionsongs.net. Retrieved 2009-07-23. [3] “Eurovision Song Contest 1990”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
5.4. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1991
117
[4] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [5] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [6] “Victoire De La “Canzonetta": C'Est L'Histoire Du P'Tit Tot”. Archives.lesoir.be. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[27] “000webhost.com - free web hosting provider”. Eurofestival.host22.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [28] http://www.cumhuriyetarsivi.com/katalog/192/sayfa/ 1990/5/2/4.xhtml
5.4 Eurovision Song Contest 1991
[7] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9
The Eurovision Song Contest 1991 was the 36th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 4 May 1991 in Rome. Due to the Gulf War and mounting tensions in Yu[8] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovision- goslavia, RAI decided to move the contest from Sanremo artists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10. to Rome, which was perceived to be more secure. [9] Christian Masson. “1990 - Zagreb”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] Eurovision Song Contest 1990 BBC Archives [11] “Dagblaðið Vísir - DV, 03.05.1990”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [13] [14] [15] [16]
Carola was the winner of this Contest with the song "Fångad av en stormvind". This was the third victory for Sweden, the last one being in 1984. There was a “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10. tie between Carola and France’s Amina, as both had re“Eurovision Song Contest 1990”. Ecgermany.de. Re- ceived 146 points. This necessitated a 'count-back', a tiebreaking measure introduced after the infamous four-way trieved 2012-08-10. tie in 1969’s Contest. Both Sweden and France had re“Eurovizija 1990. Zagreb: Branko Uvodić zvani Car”. ceived four lots of 12 points, but Sweden had received five YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-10. lots of 10 points to France’s two, so Carola was declared the winner. This was the closest France has ever come to “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. winning the ESC since 1977. Had today’s tie-break rule Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved been in place, France would have won in 1969 and 1991, as more countries voted for it. 2012-08-10.
[17] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [18] “Toto Cutugno Insieme:1992 Eurofestival YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
1990”.
[19] Mutavdzic, Sascha (OGAE Austria) [20] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [21] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [22] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [23] [24]
[25] [26]
This was the last event in which the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia participated. The 1992 contest saw the participation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (comprising only Serbia and Montenegro). It was also the first time that Germany was represented in their reunited form since the East Germany joined West Germany by the German reunification.
5.4.1 Contest overview The presenters were Gigliola Cinquetti and Toto Cutugno, Italian winners of the ESC to date, which opened the contest singing Insieme: 1992 and Non ho l'età (per amarti). Cutugno had some difficulty with the pronunciation of the song titles and names of the artists and conductors. Despite this, in Italy almost seven million people watched the show. In addition to tallying the vote numbers in English and French, Cinquetti and Cutugno gave each of the jury allotments in Italian as well.
Nearly all of the commentary during the voting was given in Italian, which is not an official language of the EuroDyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) pean Broadcasting Union. (English and French are, and in the Eurovision Song Contest it is mandatory to provide .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08- commentary in at least one of those languages) 10. Sara Carlson gave the opening ceremony performance, titled Celebration, a mixture of modern dance in anBaumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland) cient settings of Ancient Rome, the performance featured “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukup- Carlson singing and a mixture of street dance and classipila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. cal dance choreographed to popular sounding music of
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CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
the time. At the time, Carlson had appeared numerous times on Italian TV and this was seen as one of her largest audiences. The Netherlands did not participate in this contest as it conflicted with the Remembrance of the Dead national holiday, and so Malta was allowed to participate in the Contest for the first time in 16 years, unable to before due to restrictions on the number of countries allowed to participate.
•
Iceland - Sigríður Pétursdóttir
•
Malta - Dominic Micallef[16]
•
Greece - Fotini Giannoulatou[17]
•
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[18]
•
Austria - Gabriele Haring
•
Luxembourg - Jean-Luc Bertrand
•
Sweden - Bo Hagström[6]
•
France - Marie-France Brière[19]
•
Turkey - Canan Kumbasar
•
Ireland - Eileen Dunne
During the final vote (Italy) none of the top three contenders - Sweden, Israel and France - had received any points up until the last 12-point vote. This vote went to France and for the first time in twenty-two years, there was a tie for first place, with France overcoming a large deficit to catch up with Sweden. However, since the fourway tie of 1969, the rules had been altered to ensure a single outright winner. The first step in the procedure was to check the number of 12-point votes awarded to each country. Sweden and France were still tied. But when counting the number of 10-point votes, Sweden had more and was finally declared the winner.
•
Portugal - Maria Margarida Gaspar[7]
•
Denmark - Bent Henius[8]
•
Norway - Sverre Christophersen[20]
•
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[21]
•
Finland - Heidi Kokki[22]
•
Germany - Christian Eckhardt
If the tie occurred under modern tie-breaking rules, France would have won because it had been voted for by more countries than Sweden.
•
Belgium - Anne Ploegaerts[23]
•
Spain - María Ángeles Balañac[24]
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[14]
•
Italy - Rosanna Vaudetti
5.4.2
Returning artists
5.4.3
Results
5.4.4
Voting structure
Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs.
Tiebreak results
5.4.5
Score sheet
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 point in the final:
5.4.6
Postcards
The singers were asked to sing a known Italian song which would then be used as a short clip for the postcard. The songs were in order:
5.4.7
Commentators
5.4.8
Spokespersons
•
Yugoslavia - Mebrura Topolovac
5.4.9 National jury members •
Turkey - Ümit Eroğlu, Göksan Arman
•
Ireland – Danny Guinan
•
•
Norway – Christine Holm, Julie Holm, Tine Smith, Jan Paul Brekke, Rune Arnesen, Nils Einar Vinjor, Kristin Skaare, Vibeke Wesenlund, Jean-Paul Choukroun, Gustavo Pollastri, Ragnhild Vaaler, Reidun Hansen, Kari Olstad, Erik Wesseltoft, Egil Storeide, Knut Reiersrud[25] Belgium - Nelly Byl
5.5. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1992
•
119
Spain – Antonio Sempere (journalist and teacher), María Isabel Lloret (gymnast), Marcos Fernández (student), Nuria Esther Martín (dancer), Gabriel Jaraba (journalist), María Antonia Valls (journalist), Paco Clavel (artist), Salomé (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1969), Loles León (actress), Alfonso del Real (actor), María Casal (actress), Ricardo Cantalapiedra (music critic), Celia Cosgaya (student), Jesús de Vega (doctor), María Eugenia Castellanos (public relations), Begoña Castro (dancer)[26]
5.4.10
[19] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [20] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [21] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810. [22] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [23] “ESC 1991 Belgian Votes by An Ploegaerts and a jumping Carola”. YouTube. 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
References
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1991”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [2] “Morgunblaðið, 04.05.1991”. 2012-08-10.
[18] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland)
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
[3] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[24] “María Ángeles Balañac”. Imdb.es. 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [25] Dagbladet, 5 May 1991 [26] “000webhost.com - free web hosting provider”. Eurofestival.host22.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[4] Oberösterreichische Nachrichten, 3 May 1997 [5] Christian Masson. “1991 - Rome”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
5.4.11 Notes • Except the East Germany.
[6] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [7] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [8] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [9] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [11] “Eurovision Song Contest 1991”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] “Hasselt 2005: Jarige André Vermeulen verzorgt commentaar met Ilse Van Hoecke –". Eurosong.be. 200510-25. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [13] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [14] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [15] “Peppino Di Capri Comme è ddoce o mare Eurofestival 1991”. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [16] Times of Malta, 5 May 1991 [17] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
5.5 Eurovision Song Contest 1992 The Eurovision Song Contest 1992 was the 37th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 9 May 1992 in Malmö, Sweden. The presenters were Lydia Cappolicchio and Harald Treutiger. Linda Martin, representing Ireland, was the winner of this Eurovision with the song Why Me?. The song was written by Johnny Logan, who had won the 1980 contest as singer and the 1987 contest as singer/songwriter. The contest took place at the indoor ice arena of Malmö where the stage set was in the shape of a Viking ship’s bow with a dragon in the centre and stars on each side. The opening sequence included women dressed in the Swedish colours of yellow and blue, twirling ribbons. The filmic postcard tradition was continued with clips based on each country. Last year’s winner, Carola, appeared on stage in a white dress with sheer sleeves, a rhinestone collar and cuffs and sang “All The Reasons To Live”. This contest marked the last participation of Yugoslavia, although it was not the same country that had participated from 1961 to 1991, but actually, Serbia and Montenegro, formally known as the “Federal Republic of Yugoslavia”. That was the country’s last entry until 2004, as it was banned from the contest, following the sanctions on the United Nations Security Council Resolution 757, following the Bosnian War and Croatian War of Independence. After scoring second place consecutively (1988, 1989) and scoring some disappointing results (1990, 1991), the
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CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
United Kingdom sent Michael Ball with the contemporary pop-ballad “One Step Out Of Time”, which was the hot favourite to win the contest. However, the Irish sent Linda Martin, who had the past experience of coming in 2nd place in the 1984 contest, but also paired up once again with Johnny Logan, who won the contest twice before. In the end, Ireland won the contest with a 16-point lead over the United Kingdom, starting the chain of Irish wins in the 1990s. Malta with “Little Child”, performed by Mary Spiteri, also scored very well coming in 3rd place with 123 points. This was the first time that the three highest-placed songs had all been in English. Sweden, the host country, finished 2nd last.
•
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[8]
•
Malta - Anna Bonanno
•
Iceland - Guðrún Skúladóttir
•
Finland - Solveig Herlin[22]
Switzerland had to replace its original choice of entry, "Soleil, soleil" which was to have been performed by Géraldine Olivier. The song did not comply with some of the rules of the national selection contest and so, despite having won, it did not go to Malmö.
•
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[23]
•
Luxembourg - TBC
•
Austria - Andy Lee
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
Ireland - Eileen Dunne
•
Denmark - Bent Henius[13]
•
Italy - Nicoletta Orsomando
•
Yugoslavia - Veselin Mrđen
•
Norway - Sverre Christophersen[24]
Returning artists
•
Germany - Carmen Nebel
5.5.2
Results
•
Netherlands - Herman Slager
5.5.3
Voting structure
5.5.1
Participating countries
5.5.7 National jury members
Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs.
5.5.4
•
Spain – Roberto Gil (singer of the group Tennessee), Bárbara Rey (actress), Willy Rubio (scriptwriter and musician), Teresa Rioné (athlete), Angustias Gallardo (lawyer), Iván Rodríguez (student), Marisa Collado (parapsychologist and clairvoyant), Pablo Carbonell (singer of the group Toreros Muertos), Bárbara Martín (student), José Manuel Parada (journalist), Pilar Sánchez (businesswoman), Fernardo Reinlein (journalist at Diario 16), Esther del Prado (actress), Santiago Palacios (gynaecologist), Miguel Ángel Barneto (economist), Karina (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1971)[25]
•
Greece – Dimitris Iatropoulos, Andreas Hatziapostolou, Antonis Papaioannou, Giorgos Kleftogiorgos, Litsa Sakellariou, Babis Antoniou, Grigoris Lambrianidis, Evangelos Alexandropoulos, Evi Arabatzoglou, Antonis Ioannidis, Ioannis Kapelos, Eleni-Zina Bilisi, Dimitra Boukouvala, Evgenia Niniou, Kostas Pavlikianis, Alkiviadis Feresidis
Score sheet
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 point in the final:
5.5.5
Commentators
5.5.6
Spokespersons
•
Spain - María Ángeles Balañac[19]
•
Belgium - Jacques Olivier
•
Israel - Daniel Pe'er[20] (Co-host of 1979 edition)
•
Turkey - Korhan Abay
•
•
Greece - Fotini Giannoulatou
•
France - Olivier Minne
•
Sweden - Jan Jingryd[6]
•
Portugal - Ana Zanatti[7]
[21]
•
Ireland – Twink, Keith Mills Norway – Sigurd Køhn, Erik Wesseltoft, Tora Ulstrup, Vibeke Wesenlund, Solveig Ravne, Gustavo Pollastri, Mette Lie, Bernt Finseth, Julie Holm, Per Gudim Thorbjørnsen, Tine Mørch Smith, Torill Jordsjø, Jan Paul Brekke, Carl Størmer, Reidar Skår, Staffan William Olsson[26]
5.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1993
•
Netherlands – Bernadette, Karin Vlasblom, Robbert Landegent, Bart Ensie
5.5.8
References
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1992”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [2] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
121
[21] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [22] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [23] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland) [24] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [25] “XXXVII Edición del Festival de Eurovisión (Año 1992)". eurofestival.tk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[3] Christian Masson. “1992 - Malmo”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[26] “Her er den norkse juryen, VG, 10 May 1992
[4] “Hasselt 2005: Jarige André Vermeulen verzorgt commentaar met Ilse Van Hoecke –". Eurosong.be. 200510-25. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
5.6 Eurovision Song Contest 1993
The Eurovision Song Contest 1993 was the 38th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 15 May 1993 in Millstreet, County Cork, Ireland. The presenter was Fionnuala Sweeney. Niamh Kavanagh was the winner of [6] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the this Eurovision for Ireland with the song, "In Your Eyes". original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. This was Ireland’s fifth victory, and equalled the tally of [7] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o five Eurovision victories achieved by France in 1977 and forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Luxembourg in 1983. [5] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]
The location for this year’s edition of the contest was unique, in that Millstreet, with a population at the time of just 1,500 people, was the smallest host town ever chosen Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) for Eurovision, and indeed was the most remote. How“Morgunblaðið, 08.05.1992”. Timarit.is. Retrieved ever, the venue, a large indoor well- equipped equestrian 2012-08-10. centre was deemed more than suitable as the location by “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukup- RTÉ. With huge support from local and national authorities, plus several businesses in the region, the town’s inpila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10. frastructure was greatly enhanced in order to accommo“Biographie Ivan Frésard”. Fresard.ch. Retrieved 2012- date an event of this scale. It was also the largest outside 08-10. broadcast ever attempted by state broadcaster RTÉ and was deemed a technical triumph for all involved. The Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. stage was created by Alan Farquharson, who was also chief production designer two years later in Dublin. “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[14] “Mia Martini Rapsodia Eurofestival 1992”. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [15] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [16] “Eurovision Song Contest 1992”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [17] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [18] Klub OGAE Slovenija (OGAE Slovenia) [19] “María Ángeles Balañac”. Imdb.es. 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
BBC newsreader Nicholas Witchell caused controversy by remarking on the air, shortly before the contest, that it would be held “in a cowshed in Ireland.”[1] He subsequently apologized. The top two countries of this contest were the same as the top two countries in the previous year’s contest, being Ireland and the United Kingdom.
5.6.1 Pre-qualifying round Main article: Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
In the run-up to this contest, the European Broadcasting Union finally started to grapple with the explosion in the [20] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived number of potential participating countries, caused by the from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08- dissolution of the Eastern bloc, and also by the disintegra10. tion of Yugoslavia, which had traditionally been the only
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CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
communist country to take part in the contest. For the first time, then, a pre-qualifying round was introduced, but only for countries that had either never participated in the contest at all, or in the case of former republics of Yugoslavia, had not previously competed as nations in their own right. This was, however, merely a 'stickingplaster' measure that was plainly not a sustainable solution for future years, as it would not be seen as remotely equitable. But in the meantime, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia, Romania and Estonia were left to battle it out in a special competition called Kvalifikacija za Millstreet in Ljubljana on 3 April for the mere three places available at the grand final in Millstreet. After some extremely tight voting, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia edged through.
5.6.3 Returning artists 5.6.4 Results 5.6.5 Pre-qualifying 5.6.6 Score sheet 12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
5.6.7 International broadcasts and voting Voting and spokespersons
5.6.2
Voting structure
Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. The voting required a jury to deliberate in the midst of the ongoing war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Warm applause rang round the hall as a voice on a crackling phone line was heard to deliver the familiar greeting, “Hello Millstreet, Sarajevo calling”. During the announcement of the scores by the Dutch jury, Sweeney got carried away with the audience’s cheers and declared Ireland 12 points (which were going to Portugal) when they had only been awarded 10 – which was promptly corrected. By the final few juries it became clear that either Ireland or the United Kingdom were going to win. After the penultimate jury had voted, it looked to be a lost cause for second-placed Sonia of the UK as she was eleven points behind Niamh Kavanagh. Ostensibly due to earlier technical difficulties, the final jury to announce their results was the Maltese jury. An expectant Irish crowd waited to hear Malta award anything between one and ten points to either the UK or Ireland – the result of which would have made it arithmetically impossible for Ireland to be caught. However, the name of neither country came up (the ten points instead surprisingly being awarded to Luxembourg). This of course meant that either the UK or Ireland must have failed to pick up any points from the final jury, and if it was Sonia that received the maximum twelve points, the seemingly impossible would have happened and the UK would snatch a single-point victory at the death. Instead it was Ireland that were awarded the final points of the evening, finishing with what looked in retrospect a comfortable twenty-three-point victory. Interestingly, given the way the votes were cast, having Malta’s vote announced last was the only way for the contest for victory to go down to the final jury. 1993 was the last year that the points were announced by telephone.
1.
Italy – Peppi Franzelin
2.
Turkey – Ömer Önder
3.
Germany – Carmen Nebel
4.
Switzerland – Michel Stocker[3]
5.
Denmark – Bent Henius[4]
6.
Greece – Fotini Giannoulatou[5]
7.
Belgium – Anne Ploegaerts
8.
Iceland – Guðrún Skúladóttir
9.
Austria – Andy Lee
10.
Portugal – Margarida Mercês de Mello[6]
11.
France – Olivier Minne[7]
12.
Sweden – Gösta Hanson[8]
13.
Ireland – Eileen Dunne
14.
Luxembourg – TBC
15.
Slovenia – Miša Molk
16.
Finland – Solveig Herlin[9]
17.
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Senad Hadžifejzović
18.
United Kingdom – Colin Berry
19.
Netherlands – Joop van Os
20.
Croatia – Veljko Đuretić[10]
21.
Spain – María Ángeles Balañac[11]
22.
Cyprus – Anna Partelidou[12]
23.
Israel – Danny Rup[13]
24.
Norway – Sverre Christophersen[14]
25.
Malta – Kevin Drake[15]
[N 1]
5.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1993
123
Commentators
•
Netherlands – Willem van Beusekom (Nederland 3), Daniël Dekker (Radio 3)[25] Croatia – Aleksandar “Aco” Kostadinov (HRT 2)[26]
•
Italy – Ettore Andenna (Raiuno), Antonio De Robertis (Rai Radio 2)[16]
•
•
Turkey – Bülend Özveren (TRT 1), Canan Kumbasar (TRT Radyo 3)
•
•
Germany – Jan Deutsches Fernsehen), (Deutschlandfunk/hr3)[17]
•
Switzerland – Bernard Thurnheer (Schweizer Fernsehen), Jean-Marc Richard (Télévision Suisse), Emanuela Gaggini (TV Svizzera)
•
Denmark – Jørgen de Mylius (DR TV), Ole Jacobsen (DR P3)[4]
•
Greece – Dafni Bokota (ET1), Giorgos Mitropoulos (ERA ERT1)[18]
•
Belgium – André Vermeulen (BRTN TV1), Claude Delacroix (RTBF La Une), Julien Put (BRTN Radio 2), Stéphane Dupont and Patrick Duhamel (RTBF La Première)[19][20]
• • •
Hofer Roger
Malta – Charles Saliba (TVM) Iceland – (Sjónvarpið)[21]
Jakob
Frímann
France – Patrice Laffont (France 2)[20]
Israel – Daniel Pe'er (Reshet Gimel) Norway – Leif Erik Forberg (NRK), Erik Diesen (NRK P1)[28]
•
Macedonia (non-participating country) – Antonio Dimitrievski and Ivan Mircevski (MTV 2)
•
Hungary (non-participating country) – István Vágó
•
Romania (non-participating country) – TBC (TVR2)
•
Poland (non-participating country) – Artur Orzech and Maria Szablowska (TVP1)
•
Slovakia (non-participating country) – Alena Heribanová (STV1)
•
Yugoslavia (non-participating country) – There was no live broadcast of the contest, but later was aired the special TV programme about the 1993 contest on RTS 3K hosted by Mladen Popović and Ekstra Nena. (RTS 3K)
Austria – Ernst Grissemann (ORF1), Martin Blumenau (Hitradio Ö3)[22]
•
Cyprus – Evi Papamichail (RIK 1), Pavlos Pavlou (CyBC Radio 2)[12]
•
Magnússon
Portugal – Isabel Bahia (Canal 1)[6]
•
• •
•
•
(Erstes Horné
Spain – José Luis Uribarri (TVE1)[27]
National jury members
Sweden – Jan Jingryd and Kåge Gimtell (TV2),[8] Susan Seidemar and Claes-Johan Larsson (SR P3)
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ismeta Krvavac
•
Croatia – Ksenija Urličić, Maja Blagdan
Ireland – Pat Kenny (RTÉ1), Larry Gogan (RTÉ Radio 1)
•
Greece – Vangelis Alexandropoulos, Bessy Argyraki, Dina Vasilakou, Dimitris Iatropoulos, Grigoris Lambrianidis, Paschalis, Giorgos Kleftogiorgos, Andreas Hatziapostolou, Anastasios Alatzas, Maria Alexandrou, Alexandros Varouxis, Giorgos Kanellos, Evgenia Koutsoulieri, Giorgos Logothetis, Maria Sotiropoulou, Elena Hounta
•
Luxembourg – Maurice Molitor (RTL Hei Elei)
•
Slovenia – Tajda Lekše (SLO1), via television – Tajda Lekše
•
Finland – Erkki Pohjanheimo and Kirsi-Maria Niemi (YLE TV1), Sanna Kojo & Outi Popp (Radiomafia)[23][24]
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ismeta DervozKrvavac (TVBiH)
•
United Kingdom – Terry Wogan (BBC1), Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2)
•
Israel – Noel Dunsky
•
Netherlands – Angelina van Dijk, Lisa Boray
•
Portugal – Jorge do Carmo
•
Spain – Cristina Pons (student), Juan Ribera (doctor), Arantxa de Benito (TV hostess), Sergio Blanco (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song
124
CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA Contest 1975), Estíbaliz Uranga (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1975), Manuel Quinto (writer and film critic), Rosita Ferrer (actress), Antonio Rebollo (sportsman), Concha Márquez Piquer (singer), René Dechamps (student), Rosi Nsue (dancer), Francesc Martínez de Foix (president of Special Olympics Spain), María Luisa San José (actress), Bernardo Bonezzi (composer), Anabel Aramburu (TV and radio scriptwriter), Miguel Ángel Bermejo (film and advertising producer)[29]
5.6.8
Notes and references
Footnotes [1] Due to earlier technical difficulties, the final jury to announce their results was the Maltese jury [1] The Times (25 August 2005). “Witchell caught in off-air spat on VJ Day interview”. London. Retrieved 1 December 2010. [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 1993”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [3] Baumann, Peter Ramón (OGAE Switzerland) [4] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [5] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION – Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [6] “Comentadores Do ESC – escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [7] Laffont, Patrice et al. (May 15, 1993). 38ème Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1993 [38th Eurovision Song Contest 1993] (Television production). Ireland: RTÉ, France 2 (commentary). [8] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [9] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[16] “Enrico Ruggeri Sole d'Europa Eurofestival 1993”. YouTube. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [17] “Eurovision Song Contest 1993”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [18] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (1987– 2004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [19] “Hasselt 2005: Jarige André Vermeulen verzorgt commentaar met Ilse Van Hoecke –". Eurosong.be. 25 October 2005. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [20] Christian Masson. “1993 – Millstreet”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Songcon-
[21] “Dagblaðið Vísir – DV, 13.05.1993”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [22] Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. [23] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [24] Julkaistu To, 29 April 2010 – 10:19 (29 April 2010). “YLE Radio Suomen kommentaattorit | Euroviisut | yle.fi | Arkistoitu”. yle.fi. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [25] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [26] “Pogledaj temu – POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956 – 1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [27] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema – Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [28] “Hvem kommenterte før Jostein Pedersen? – Debattforum”. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012. [29] “XXXVIII Edición del Festival de Eurovisión (Año 1993)". eurofestival.tk. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
5.6.9 External links • Official website
[10] “Pogledaj temu – SPOKESPERSONS”. Forum.hrt.hr. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
5.7 Eurovision Song Contest 1994
[11] “María Ángeles Balañac”. Imdb.es. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1994 was the 39th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 30 April 1994 in the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. As of 2016, it was the last time the contest was held in April. The presenters were Cynthia Ní Mhurchú and Gerry Ryan. The pair hosted the evening in French, English and Irish. Once again Ireland won the contest for the third time in a row, when Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan were the winners with a song written by Brendan Graham, “Rock 'N' Roll Kids”. This was a record sixth victory for Ireland, giving it the outright record number of victories at
[12] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [13]
.""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 13 September 1999. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[14] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway) [15] “Malta eighth in Eurovision contest”, The Sunday Times, 16 May 1993
5.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1994
125
the Eurovision Song Contest, and also the second time 5.7.1 Participating countries Ireland won on home soil. It was also the first time — and to date the only time — that the contest had been Returning artists won by the same country in three consecutive years. The contest opened with a brief film of stars floating in 5.7.2 water, fireworks and caricatures dancing around, drinking coffee and biking. The cameras then went live to the 5.7.3 venue itself, where dancers dressed in white and wearing caricatured heads of well-known Irish figures, arrived on stage carrying European countries’ flags. The presenters entered the stage spectacularly from a bridge which descended from the roof of the theatre. This year’s video postcards had a literary theme, showing contestants reading, fishing and doing other activities around Ireland. The stage, by Paula Farrell, was four times larger than the Millstreet stage, and its design which included a city scene of skyscrapers and video screens plus a backdrop of an ever-changing night sky was based upon the concept of what a futuristic Dublin might look like with one remaining constant being the river Liffey. The floor was painted with a dark blue reflective paint to give a watery effect. To cope with the increasing number of countries wishing to participate in the contest, for 1994 the European Broadcasting Union ruled that the seven lowest-placed countries from the preceding year’s contest would not participate. Because Italy and Luxembourg withdrew voluntarily, the bottom 5 of the 1993 Contest were relegated. This meant that Belgium, Denmark, Israel, Slovenia and Turkey did not participate this year opening spaces for the new countries. This contest also saw Luxembourg withdraw from Eurovision indefinitely. [1]
Results Voting structure
The presenters Cynthia Ní Mhurchú & Gerry Ryan
Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. With advances in technology, this was the first contest in which the spokesperson for each national jury appeared on-screen, live from their own countries. In the early stages of the voting it looked as if Hungary was surging to victory in its first-ever Eurovision appearance, winning the maximum twelve points from the first three juries. However, this turned out to be completely deceptive, as from that point on it was virtually one-way traffic for Ireland, which became the first country to win the contest for a third year in succession.
Poland took part for the first time and caused a scandal when Edyta Górniak broke the rules by singing her song in English during the dress rehearsal (which is shown to the juries who selected the winner until 1997). Only six countries demanded that Poland should be disqualified, though the rules required 13 countries to complain before Poland could be removed from the competition. The proposed removal did not occur and Poland went on to come 5.7.4 Score sheet 2nd in the contest, the highest placing that any country’s debut song had ever achieved (the winner in 1956 was 12 points Switzerland’s second song of the night).[2][3] Below is a summary of all 12 point in the final: For the first time in Eurovision history, voting was done via satellite instead of by telephone, and as a result, viewers could see the spokespersons onscreen.[4] 5.7.5 International broadcasting
When the voting started, Hungary took the lead from the first six juries and was well ahead of all the other coun- Other involved countries tries. However, Ireland powered their way through the FR Yugoslavia score board ending up the winners with a 60-point lead After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic over second-placed Poland. of Yugoslavia was last participated in 1992. Third The interval act was the first ever performance of the Irish channel of Radio Television of Serbia broadcast the dancing spectacular Riverdance, featuring Michael Flatshow, although Yugoslavia did not participate. ley and Jean Butler.
5.7.6 Commentators
126
CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
Television •
Sweden - Pekka Heino (SVT, Kanal1)[6]
•
Finland - Erkki Pohjanheimo & Kirsi-Maria Niemi (YLE TV1),[7][8]
•
Ireland - Pat Kenny (RTÉ1)
•
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail (RIK 1)[9]
•
Iceland (Sjónvarpið)[10]
Jakob
Frímann
Magnússon
•
United Kingdom - Terry Wogan (BBC1)
•
Croatia - Aleksandar “Aco” Kostadinov (HRT Portugal - Eládio Climaco (Canal 1)[12]
•
Israel (non participating country) - No commentator
•
Slovenia (non participating country) - Tajda Lekše (SLO1)
•
Turkey (non participating country) - Bülend Özveren (TRT 1)
•
Yugoslavia (non participating country) Mladen Popović (RTS 3K)[23]
•
Macedonia(non participating country) - Milanka Rašik (MTV 2)
Radio
Switzerland - Bernard Thurnheer (SF DRS), Some participating countries didn't provide radio broadcasts for the event, the ones who did are listed below. Jean-Marc Richard (TSR), Wilma Gilardi (TSI)
•
Estonia - Vello Rand (Eesti Televisioon)
•
Romania - Gabriela Cristea (TVR1)
•
Malta - Charles Arrigo (TVM)
•
Denmark (non participating country) - Jørgen de Mylius (DR TV)[22]
1)[11]
• •
•
•
Sweden - Claes-Johan Larsson and Lisa Syrén (SR P3)
•
Finland - Aki Sirkesalo (YLE Radio 1)
•
Ireland - Larry Gogan (RTÉ Radio 1)
Netherlands - Willem van Beusekom (Nederland 3)[13]
•
Cyprus - Pavlos Pavlou (CyBC Radio 2)
Germany - Jan Hofer (Erstes Deutsches Fernse-
•
United Kingdom - Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2)
•
Croatia - Draginja Balaš (HR 2)
• hen)
[14]
•
Slovakia - Martin Sarvaš (STV2)
•
Estonia - Marko Reikop (Raadio 2)
•
Lithuania - Darius Užkuraitis (LTV)
•
Netherlands - Cornald Maas (Radio 2)
•
Norway - Jostein Pedersen (NRK)[15]
•
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ismeta DervozKrvavac (TVBiH)
Germany (Deutschlandfunk/hr3)
-
Roger
•
Slovakia - Špela Močnik (Rádio FM)
Horné
•
Greece - Dafni Bokota (ET1)[16]
•
Greece - Giorgos Mitropoulos (ERA ERT1)
•
Austria - Ernst Grissemann (ORF1)[17]
•
Austria - Martin Blumenau (Hitradio Ö3)
•
Spain - José Luis Uribarri (TVE1)[18]
•
Hungary - TBC (Rádió Kossuth)
•
Hungary - István Vágó (MTV2)
•
Russia - TBC (Voice of Russia)
•
Russia - Vadim Dolgachev (RTR)
•
•
Poland - Artur Orzech (TVP1)[19]
Poland - Dorota Wellman (Polskie Radio Program I)
•
France - Patrice Laffont (France 2)[20]
•
Belgium (non participating country) - Julien Put (BRTN Radio 2), Patrick Duhamel (RTBF La Première)
•
Denmark (non participating country) - Ole Jacobsen (DR P3)
•
Belgium (non participating country) - André Vermeulen (BRTN TV2),[21] Jean-Pierre Hautier (RTBF La Une)[20]
5.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1994
5.7.7
Spokespersons
•
Sweden - Marianne Anderberg[6]
•
Finland - Solveig Herlin[24]
•
Ireland - Eileen Dunne
•
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[9]
•
Iceland - Sigríður Arnardóttir
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
• •
Croatia - Helga Vlahović (co-presenter of the 1990 Eurovision Song Contest)[25] Portugal - Isabel Bahia[12] Switzerland - Sandra Studer (Swiss representative in 1991)
•
Estonia - Urve Tiidus[26]
•
Romania - Cristina Topescu
•
Malta - John Demanuele
•
Netherlands - Joop van Os
•
Germany - Carmen Nebel
•
Slovakia - Juraj Čurný
•
Lithuania - Gitana
•
Norway - Sverre Christophersen
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Diana GrkovićForetić
•
Greece - Fotini Giannoulatou[27]
•
Austria - Tilia Herold
•
Spain - María Ángeles Balañac[28]
•
Hungary - Iván Bradányi
•
Russia - Irina
•
Poland - Jan Chojnacki
•
France - Laurent Romejko[29]
127
5.7.8 National jury members •
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ismeta Krvavac
•
Croatia – Ksenija Urličić
•
Greece – Evangelos Alexandropoulos, Nikolaos Tsolakis, Giorgos Vrouvas, Giorgos Kleftogiorgos, Kosmas Athousis, Maria Alefanti, Eleftherios Apostolopoulos, Christos Venetidis, Georgia Giannopoulou, Anna Gliati, Rozy Kasparian, Evgenia Koutsoulieri, Ekaterini Ligoni, Stamatis Panagiotaras, Ourania Papakonstantopoulou, Archontia Harismidou
•
Spain – Belén Casla (economist), Daniel Santos (Eurovision Network delegate), Purificación Blanco (journalist at El Semanal TV), Àlex Sisteré (actor), Susana García (actress), Andrés Vázquez (bullfighter), Alejandra Botto (actress), Serafín Zubiri (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1992), Elena Benarroch (fashion designer), Francisco (singer), Dora Dora (TV hostess), Francisco Herrera (director of Cadena Dial), Victoria Rodríguez (student), Manuel Liétor (businessman), Sofía Balseiro (bank branch manager), Javier de la Vega (student)[30]
5.7.9 References [1] “Eurovision Song Contest history”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 November 2014. [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 1994 facts”. contest.eu. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
eurovision-
[3] “Eurovision Song Contest 1994”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 November 2014. [4] “Winners of the 1990s - What happened to them?". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 November 2014. [5] “Eurovision Song Contest 1994”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [6] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [7] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-04-21. [8] Itä-Eurooppa rynnii Euroviisuihin, Helsingin Sanomat, 30 April 1994 [9] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [10] “Morgunblaðið, 28.04.1994”. 2012-08-10.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
[11] “Pogledajte temu - POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956 1999 (samo tekstovi)". forum.hrt.hr. Retrieved 2012-0421.
128
CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
[12] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-21. [13] [14] [15]
[16] [17]
5.8 Eurovision Song Contest 1995
The Eurovision Song Contest 1995 was the 40th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 13 May 1995 “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovision- in the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. The presenter artists.nl. Retrieved 2012-04-21. was Mary Kennedy. This year’s competition was the last with only one host until 18 years later in 2013 in “Eurovision Song Contest 1994”. Ecgermany.de. ReMalmö, Sweden. This contest broke the chain of victotrieved 2012-04-21. ries that Ireland enjoyed in 1992, 1993, and 1994. This “Alt du trenger å vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix - was Ireland’s 3rd year in succession to host the contest Melodi Grand Prix - NRK”. Nrk.no. Retrieved 2012-04- - and to mark the 40th show, it was opened with a 4minute retrospective showing images from the contest’s 21. history. The Norwegian group Secret Garden was the "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (1987- winner of this contest with the mostly instrumental song, 2004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-04-21. "Nocturne". Incidentally, Secret Garden’s violinist was Fionnuala Sherry, who is Irish. Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Two of Ireland’s winners attended the contest; Dana, who was Ireland’s first winner, winning the contest in 1970 with “All Kinds of Everything”, and Mr Eurovision himself, Johnny Logan, winning the contest as a singer in [19] “Zobacz temat - Eurowizyjna gra”. Eurowizja.Com.Pl. 1980 and 1987 (“What’s Another Year?" and “Hold me Now” respectively), and also for writing Linda Martin's Retrieved 2012-04-21. 1992 winning song “Why Me?". It was his birthday [20] “1994 - Dublin”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-04- that night, but according to host Kennedy, “He wouldn't 21. say which one!" Nonetheless, the audience sang "Happy Birthday" for him, assisted by the orchestra. [18] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
[21] “Hasselt 2005: Jarige André Vermeulen verzorgt commentaar met Ilse Van Hoecke –". Eurosong.be. 200510-25. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
After winning the 1994 contest, RTÉ were worried about whether they could afford to host a third consecutive contest in 1995. The BBC had offered to take on the respon[22] “Danske kommentatorer og pointsoplæsere”. Esconsibility of hosting the contest, and had even proposed that net.dk. Retrieved 2012-04-21. the contest be staged as a joint production in Belfast, cap[23] “Nostalgični RTV press clipping”. rtvforum.net. Re- ital of Northern Ireland. In the end RTÉ decided to stage the contest on its own. However they did ask the EBU trieved 2015-09-02. that, should Ireland win once more, that they would not [24] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukup- be expected to host the event for a fourth year in a row.[1] pila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
[25] “Pogledajte temu - SPOKESPERSONS”. forum.hrt.hr. Retrieved 2012-04-21. [26] Archived August 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. [27] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-04-21. [28] “María Ángeles Balañac”. Imdb.es. 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2012-04-21. [29] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-04-21. [30] “XXXIX Edición del Festival de Eurovisión (Año 1994)". eurofestival.tk. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
5.7.10
External links
• Official website
The favourite to win the contest, according to bookmakers, was Sweden with the pop-ballad “Se på mig”. Other countries in contention for the win were Croatia, Denmark, Israel, Spain, and the eventual winner, Norway. The winning song was something new at Eurovision in that it contained only 24 words accompanied by long violin solos. The United Kingdom contributed a modern rap number, while the previous year’s runner-up, Poland, went for something that completely contrasted with their début entry. After the voting was completed, Norway was the winner with 148 points, followed by Spain's “Vuelve conmigo” with 119 points, and Sweden gaining 100 points. The stage was designed by Alan Farquharson who also designed the set of the 1993 contest that took place in Millstreet, Ireland. Although it was quite dark and often gloomy in appearance, it did form the basis for a spectacular opening whereby a giant screen rotated to reveal the presenter who descended a stairway which ultimately disappeared to allow for the arrow shaped stage to come together amid fireworks. The interval act con-
5.8. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1995 sisted of several well known Irish performers including Clannad, Brian Kennedy (who would go on to actually represent Ireland 11 years later as well as collaborate with the winning group) and was composed by leading musician Michael O'Suilleabhan. The EBU decreased the number of participants back to 23 to make sure the show wouldn't last longer than 3 hours. 5 of the 6 countries that were relegated the previous year came back to the contest, Luxembourg decided to stop participating completely and Italy withdrew voluntarily, as in 1994. There was much speculation in Ireland as to whether RTÉ had deliberately chosen a song perceived as not having a good chance of winning in order to avoid hosting the contest for a fourth time in a row - although this was never verified. This rumour did, however inspire a popular episode of Father Ted. In any event, RTÉ ended up hosting the contest once again in 1997.
5.8.1
Participating countries
Returning artists
5.8.2
Results
5.8.3
Voting structure
Each country had a jury that awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs.
5.8.4
Score sheet
129 • •
Norway - Sverre Christophersen
•
Russia - Marina Danielian
•
Iceland - Áslaug Dóra Eyjólfsdóttir
•
Austria - Tilia Herold
•
Spain - Belén Fernández de Henestrosa
•
Turkey - Ömer Önder
•
Croatia - Danijela Trbović[24]
•
France - Thierry Beccaro[25]
•
Hungary - Katalin Bogyay
•
Belgium - Marie-Françoise Renson “Soda”[25]
•
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
Portugal - Serenella Andrade[12]
•
Cyprus - Andreas Iakovidis[13]
•
Sweden - Björn Hedman[14]
•
Denmark - Bent Henius[15]
•
Slovenia - Miša Molk
•
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
5.8.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Diana GrkovićForetić
Israel - Daniel Pe'er (co-presenter of the 1979 Eurovision Song Contest)[26]
•
Malta - Stephanie Farrugia
•
Greece - Fotini Giannoulatou[27]
International broadcasting
Other involved countries FR Yugoslavia After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was last participated in 1992. Third channel of Radio Television of Serbia broadcast the show, although Yugoslavia did not participate.
5.8.6
Commentators
5.8.7
Spokespersons
•
Poland - Jan Chojnacki
•
Ireland - Eileen Dunne
•
Germany - Carmen Nebel
5.8.8 National jury members •
• •
Poland - Andrzej Marzec (music producer), Małgorzata Gelo, Marek Bieliński (composer), Ewa Zychowicz, Irena Santor (singer), Marek Łańcucki, Edyta Górniak (singer, Polish entrant and runner-up of Eurovision Song Contest 1994), Mariusz Jagoda, Janusz Rzeszewski, Justyna Kucharska, Czesław Niemen (singer and composer), Mirosława Zamojska, Janusz Stokłosa (composer, pianist, co-author of Metro (musical) and Tony Award nominee), Agnieszka Jakołcewicz, Robert Janson (composer, leader of Varius Manx), Wiesława Siudara[28] Ireland – Joe Delaney Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ismeta Krvavac, Dijana Grković-Foretić
130
•
CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
Spain – Ángel Lacalle (journalist), María Kosty (actress), Roberto Antolín (bullfighter), Sara Salazar (singer), Valentín Paredes (actor), Pilar Socorro (journalist at RNE), Lucio Blázquez (restaurant manager), Cuca García de Vinuesa (communication expert), Alejandro Abad (singer and composer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1994), Marily Coll (fashion designer), Arturo Beltrán (businessman), Silvia Abascal (actress), Enrique Cosano (Eurovision fan), Agustina López de los Mozos (businesswoman), Justo Molinero (journalist and music critic), Verónica Magaz (student)[29]
•
Croatia – Ksenija Urličić
•
United Kingdom – Daniel Beach
[11] “Hasselt 2005: Jarige André Vermeulen verzorgt commentaar met Ilse Van Hoecke –". Eurosong.be. 200510-25. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [12] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [13] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [14] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [15] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [16] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [17] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
•
Portugal – Anabela, Luís Filipe, Vasco da Câmara Pereira
[18] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
•
Greece – Grigoris Lambrianidis, Stamatis Mazaris, Lida Halkiadaki, Takis Antoniadis, Agni Hatzikotaki, Antonis Papaioannou, Andreas Hatziapostolou, Angeliki Segditsa, Filia Anastasiadou, Evangelia Vagopoulou, Filippos Varanakis, Anastasia Doulfi, Fotini Theologou, Kostas Kapiris, Panos Kourmouzis, Stavros Moles
[19] “Article Window”. Letempsarchives.ch. Retrieved 201208-10.
5.8.9
[20] “Nostalgični RTV press clipping”. rtvforum.net. Retrieved 2015-09-02. [21] “Begegnung in der Box | Das Erste: Eurovision Song Contest - News - Mein Grand Prix”. Eurovision.de. 2011-0514. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [22] “Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann”. ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
References
[1] O'Connor, John Kennedy (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3. [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 1995”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [3] “Zobacz temat - Eurowizyjna gra”. Eurowizja.Com.Pl. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
wien
[23] Bruce, Ken. “Gin for lunch, whiskey for tea: Radio 2’s Ken Bruce reveals his midlife crisis and the days when one drink was not enough”. Daily Mail. [24] “Pogledaj temu - SPOKESPERSONS”. Forum.hrt.hr. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [25] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1995”. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[26] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810.
[5] “Alt du trenger å vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix Melodi Grand Prix - NRK”. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[27] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[6] “Morgunblaðið, 11.05.1995”. 2012-08-10.
[28] ArchiwumEurowizji (2011-04-27). “Przed Eurowizją '95 - Prezentacja polskiego jury”. YouTube. Retrieved 201208-10.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
[7] Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. [8] “Pogledaj temu - Eurosong komentatori”. Forum.hrt.hr. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [9] “Pogledaj temu - POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956 1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2012-08-10. [10] Christian Masson. “1995 - Dublin”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[29] “XL Edición del Festival de Eurovisión (Año 1995)". eurofestival.tk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
5.8.10 External links • Official website • Eurovision Song Contest 1995’s channel on YouTube
5.9. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1996
5.9 Eurovision Song Contest 1996
131 tory of the ESC in which Germany did not participate in the final.[1]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1996 was the 41st Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 18 May 1996 in Oslo Spektrum in Oslo, Norway. The presenters were Ingvild Bryn and Morten Harket. Harket, lead singer of a-ha, opened the show with a performance of his single "Heaven’s Not for Saints". Twenty-three countries participated in the contest, with Eimear Quinn of Ireland crowned the winner after the final voting, with the song, "The Voice". The song was written by Brendan Graham, who also composed the 1994 winner "Rock 'n' Roll Kids". It was also a record seventh win for Ireland and the last win of Ireland.
The 1996 contest also featured two novelties — which similarly failed to become a tradition — firstly a short 'good luck message' for each entry, recorded by a political leader or official from their country. The seniority of the figure who delivered the message varied wildly from country to country, ranging from Presidents and Prime Ministers on one end of the spectrum to junior ministers or ambassadors on the other, but a few very significant European political figures did appear, including long-serving Swedish premier Göran Persson and President Alija Izetbegović of Bosnia and Herzegovina. But of course the only good luck wish that was fully rewarded A non-televised audio-only pre-qualification round was in the end was that of Irish Taoiseach John Bruton, who song that took his country to a fourth win organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), in introduced the [1] in five years. order to shortlist the number of participating nations that would compete in the televised final from twenty-nine, Secondly, the voting section was conducted using “blue to a more manageable twenty-three.[1] Germany, Israel, screen” virtual reality technology provided by Silicon Denmark, Hungary, Russia, Macedonia, and Romania all Graphics. The host Ingvild Bryn introduced the viewers failed to qualify. Macedonia eventually went on to make to the 'blue room', upon which a 3D scoreboard, views their debut in 1998.[1] The 1996 contest remains the only of the green room, the jury spokespersons and counEurovision without a German entry. try graphics appeared. The only physical aspects were Ingvild herself and two podiums. For the first time in the Eurovision history, during the voting a spokesperson came to stage (exactly the blue room) down next to In5.9.1 Format gvild: the Norwegian one, Ragnhild Sælthun Fjørtoft.[1] The European Broadcasting Union continued to experiment in their efforts to find a broadly acceptable method of whittling down the large number of potential participating countries to a more realistic figure.[1] This year, they reverted to the pre-qualifying round that had been used for the 1993 contest, but this time with just one country exempt from the process - the host Norway. The audio-only pre-qualification round, which was never televised, was used by the EBU in order to shortlist the number of participating nations that would compete in the televised final.[1] With exception to the hosts Norway, audio entries from twenty-nine countries were played to national juries, of which only twenty-two proceeded to the televised final in Oslo.[1] Germany, Israel, Denmark, Hungary, Russia, Macedonia, and Romania all failed to qualify. As a result, Macedonia’s submission was never classified as a debut entry by the EBU, the nation eventually went on to make their official televised debut in 1998.[1] It rapidly became evident that this system was no more sustainable than any other the EBU had tried, as it meant that several countries had gone through their traditional full-blown national selection procedure to come up with an entry, only to suffer the anti-climax of having their challenge quietly extinguished without even having had the opportunity of presenting the song to an international audience. As a leading financial contributor to the contest, Germany were particularly aggrieved that their entry, the techno song “Planet of Blue” performed by Leon, was one of the seven cast aside. It was the only year in the his-
Returning artists
5.9.2 Results Pre-qualifying round Countries listed below submitted entries for the audioonly pre-qualification round, which was never televised, and was used by the EBU in order to shortlist the number of participating nations that would compete in the televised final. Despite a submitted entry from Macedonia, it was never classified as an official debut entry, although the nation would eventually make their official televised debut in 1998.[1] Shaded countries were eliminated from the competition[3][4]
5.9.3 Voting structure Each country had a jury that awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. One year later, televoting would be introduced in only some countries, such as Sweden and the United Kingdom. When Belén Fernández de Henestrosa, the Spanish spokesperson, announced the votes of the Spanish jury, she awarded two points to “Czechoslovakia” (while meaning 'Slovakia'). Furthermore, she awarded six points to “Hol-
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CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
land” (the Netherlands), which host Ingvild Byrn misheard as “Poland.” The official results table corrected this error, and the Netherlands’ seventh-place result was restored at the expense of the United Kingdom, who ultimately finished eighth. Because originally Poland awarded six points from Spain, Greece was placed 14th over Poland after the official results table corrected this error.[1] Norway’s entry, "I evighet", is notable for being the only runner-up not to receive a single “12 points” score in a Eurovision final since the current voting method was introduced in 1975.
5.9.4
•
Estonia - Tiit Vähi, Prime Minister of Estonia (Estonian)
•
Norway - Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway (Norwegian)
•
France - Philippe Douste-Blazy, Minister of Culture of France (French)
•
Slovenia - Milan Kučan, President of Slovenia (Slovene)
•
Netherlands - Aad Nuis, State Secretary of Education, Culture and Science of the Netherlands (Dutch)
•
Belgium - Luc Van den Brande, Prime Minister of Flanders (Dutch)
•
Ireland - John Bruton, Taoiseach (Prime Minister of Ireland) (English)
•
Finland - Riitta Uosukainen, Speaker of Parliament of Finland (Finnish)
•
Iceland - Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (Icelandic)
•
Poland - Aleksander Kwaśniewski, President of Poland (Polish)
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Alija Izetbegović, Chairmen of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian)
Score sheet
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 point in the final:[5]
5.9.5
Good luck wishes
In 1996 all contestants were wished good luck by a politician from their own country in their own language. Those wishes were shown right before their performance. This was the only year in Eurovision with such wishes. These are the people who wished their country’s participant good luck (language in parentheses): •
Turkey - Süleyman Demirel, President of Turkey (Turkish)
•
United Kingdom - Virginia Bottomley, UK Secretary of State for National Heritage (English)
•
•
Slovakia - Vladimír Mečiar, Prime Minister of Slovakia (Slovak)
Spain - Don Alberto Escudero Claramunt, Spanish ambassador (Spanish)
•
Sweden - Göran Persson, Prime Minister of Sweden (Swedish)
•
Portugal - António Guterres, Prime Minister of Portugal (Portuguese)
•
Cyprus - Glafkos Klerides, President of Voting and spokespersons Cyprus (Greek)
5.9.6 International broadcasts and voting
Malta - Edward Fenech Adami, Prime Min- The order in which each country announced their votes was determined by order of performance in the contest. ister of Malta (Maltese) The spokespersons are shown alongside each country. • Croatia - Zlatko Mateša, Prime Minister of Croatia (Croatian) 1. Turkey - Ömer Önder •
•
• •
Austria - Elisabeth Gehrer, Federal Minister of Education, Science and Culture of Austria (German)
2.
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
3.
Spain - Belén Fernández de Henestrosa
Switzerland - Michel Coquoz, Swiss Chargé d'affaires (French)
4.
Portugal - Cristina Rocha
5.
Cyprus - Marios Skordis[6]
6.
Malta - Ruth Amaira
Greece - Caterína Dimaki, Greek Chargé d'affaires (Greek)
5.9. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1996 7.
Croatia - Danijela Trbović[7]
8.
Austria - Martina Rupp
9.
Switzerland - Yves Ménestrier[8]
10.
Greece - Niki Venega[9]
11.
Estonia - Annika Talvik
12.
Norway - Ragnhild Sælthun Fjørtoft
13.
France - Laurent Broomhead[8]
14.
Slovenia - Mario Galunič
15.
Netherlands - Marcha (Dutch representative in 1987)
133
•
France - Olivier Minne (France 2); Laurent Boyer (France Inter)[8]
•
Germany (non participating country) - Ulf Ansorge (Das Erste (relayed)/ WDR (live) / N3 (live));[14] Thomas Mohr(Deutschlandfunk/NDR 2)[15]
•
Greece - Dafni Bokota (ET1);[9] Giorgos Mitropoulos (ERA ERT1)
•
Hungary (non participating country) - István Vágó (MTV2)
•
Iceland - Jakob Frímann Magnússon (Sjónvarpið);[16] Jakob Frímann Magnússon
•
Ireland - Pat Kenny (RTÉ One); Larry Gogan (RTÉ Radio 1)
•
Israel (non participating country) - No commentator
•
Macedonia (non participating country) - Vlado Janevski (MTV 1)
16.
Belgium - Anne Ploegaerts[8][10]
17.
Ireland - Eileen Dunne
18.
Finland - Solveig Herlin[11]
19.
Iceland - Svanhildur Konráðsdóttir
20.
Poland - Jan Chojnacki
21.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Segmedina Srna
•
22.
Slovakia - Alena Heribanová
•
23.
Sweden - Ulla Rundquist
Netherlands - Willem van Beusekom (Nederland 1); Hijlco Span (Radio 2)[17]
•
Norway - Jostein Pedersen (NRK1); Andreas Diesen (NRK P1)[18]
Commentators • •
Austria - Ernst Grissemann (ORF1); Stermann & Grissemann (FM4)[12] Belgium - Michel Follet & Johan Verstreken (BRTN TV1),[13] Jean-Pierre Hautier & Sandra Kim (RTBF La Une);[8] Julien Put (BRTN Radio 2), Alain Gerlache & Adrien Joveneau (RTBF La Première)[8]
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Suad Bejtović (BHT)
•
Croatia - Aleksandar “Aco” Kostadinov (HRT 2); Draginja Balaš (HR 2)
•
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail (RIK 1);[6] Pavlos Pavlou (CyBC Radio 2)[6]
•
Denmark (non participating country) - Jørgen de Mylius (DR TV); Camilla Miehe-Renard (DR P3)
• •
Malta - Charles Saliba (TVM)
•
Poland - Dorota Osman (TVP1)[19]
•
Portugal - Maria Margarida Gaspar (RTP1)
•
Russia (non participating country) - Vadim Dolgachev (RTR)
•
Slovakia - Juraj Čurný (STV1)
•
Slovenia - Miša Molk (SLO1)
•
Spain - José Luis Uribarri (TVE1)[20]
[7]
Estonia - Jüri Pihel (Eesti Televisioon); Marko Reikop (Raadio 2) Finland - Erkki Pohjanheimo & Sanna Kojo (YLE TV1);[11] Aki Sirkesalo & Kati Bergman (Yle Radio Suomi)
•
Sweden - Björn Kjellman (SVT1), Claes-Johan Larsson and Lisa Syrén (SR P3)
•
Switzerland - Sandra Studer (SF DRS), Pierre Grandjean (TSR),[8] Joanne Holder (TSI)
•
Turkey - Bülend Özveren (TRT 1); Ümit Tunçağ (TRT Radyo 3)
•
United Kingdom - Terry Wogan (BBC1); Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2)
•
Yugoslavia (non participating country) Mladen Popović (RTS2) (one day later)[21]
134
CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
National jury members
[6] Savvidis, Christos. “OGAE Cyprus”. OGAE Cyprus.
•
United Kingdom – James Cohen, Kevin Pilley
•
Spain – Montserrat Marial (businesswoman), Juan Diego Arranz (psychologist and teacher), Elvira Quintillá (actress), Álvaro de Luna (actor), Mónica Pont (actress), Mikel Herzog (singer), María Mayor (model), José María Purón (composer), Anabel Conde (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1995), José Sancho (actor), Asunción Embuena (TV hostess), Pedro Bermúdez “Azuquita” (singer), Adriana Vega (actress), Antonio Pinilla (student), Mabel Alfonso (singer and composer), Manuel Redondo (make-up artist and gemologist)
•
Malta – Adrian Muscat Inglott
•
Croatia – Ksenija Urličić
•
•
Netherlands – Coot van Doesburgh, Frank Wetsteyn, Miron Komarnicki, Bart de Wit Iceland – Paul Oscar
•
Poland – Justyna, Ciechowski, Ewa Bem
•
[9] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)" (in Greek). retromaniax. Retrieved 24 July 2012. [10] “ESC 1996 Belgian votes by An Ploegaerts”. mathiasehv. YouTube. Retrieved 24 July 2012. [11] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien?" (in Finnish). viisukuppila. Retrieved 24 July 2012. [12] “Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann”. ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
wien
[14] “41. Eurovision song contest 1996” (in German). ECGermany OGAE club. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
Estonia – Urmas Lattikas
•
[8] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1996” (in French). songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
[13] “Eurosong” (in Dutch). mediawatchers.be. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
Greece – Agni Hatzikotaki, Antonis Papaioannou, Litsa Sakellariou, Giannis Dimitras, Andreas Hatziapostolou, Spiros Papavasiliou, Stamatis Mazaris, Nikos Tsolakis, Artemi Plessa, Sofia-Marina Athanasiou, Eleni-Zina Bilisi, Sokratis Rousopoulos, Kiriaki Tzekou, Nikolaos Papanikolaou, Ioannis Trahanas, Panagiota Kesari
•
[7] “POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956 - 1999 (samo tekstovi)" (in Croatian). HRT. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
Kayah,
Grzegorz
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ismeta Krvavac, Dijana Grković-Foretić
[15] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Eurovision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28. [16] “Television listings”. Dagskrá (in Icelandic). 16 May 1996. Retrieved 24 July 2012. [17] “Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival” (in Dutch). eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 24 July 2012. [18] “Alt du trenger å vite om MGP” (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 24 July 2012. [19] “Konkurs Piosenki Eurowizji” (in Polish). izja.com.pl. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
Eurow-
[20] “Uribarri commentator Eurovision 2010” (in Spanish). Foro EuroSong Contest. Retrieved 24 July 2012. [21] “Nostalgični RTV press clipping”. rtvforum.net. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
5.10 Eurovision Song Contest 1997 5.9.7
References
The Eurovision Song Contest 1997, was the 42nd Eurovision Song Contest and it was held at the Point Theatre Dublin, Ireland, on 3 May 1997. Carrie Crowley and Boyzone member Ronan Keating were the presen[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1996 Languages”. The Dig- ters of the show. Twenty-five countries took part in the 1997 Contest, which saw Italy return after a three-year giloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. absence,[2] along with Denmark, Germany, Hungary, and O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The Eurovision Song Russia, who last took part in the 1995 Contest, deContest - The Official History. United Kingdom: Carlton spite having taken part in the non-televised 1996 preBooks. ISBN 978-1-84732-521-1. qualifying round in which they failed to qualify and there[3] “Eurovision 1996 pre-qualification results”. esc- fore were absent. Belgium, Finland, and Slovakia withhistory.com. ESC History. Retrieved 21 October drew from the contest due to the relegation rule.[1] The 2014. United Kingdom won the competition, thanks to Katrina and the Waves, (Katrina Leskanich) making it the second “Eurovision Song Contest 1996: Scoreboard”. eurovitime that the British won the Eurovision on Irish soil.[1]
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1996”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 18 May 1996. Retrieved 21 October 2014. [2] [3]
[4]
[5]
sion.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 18 May 1996. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
[4]
5.10. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1997
5.10.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Dublin.
135 tries were, in some cases, different from those that used a jury. Iceland received 16 of its 18 points from these five countries.[1] Also, for the first time in Eurovision history, there was a country where not one, but two spokespeople gave votes - France. Television reporter Frédéric Ferrer and 1977 Eurovision winner Marie Myriam each took turns at giving results from that country. Long-time Irish conductor Noel Kelehan was not the host conductor this year, the duty being fulfilled by Frank McNamara. However, from this year, entrants were allowed to use singback without orchestra accompaniment, and in 1999, the orchestra would be abolished completely.[1]
Dublin Location of the host city.
5.10.3 Returning artists Ireland hosted the contest for the fourth time in five years after winning the 1996 Contest in Oslo. Dublin was chosen to be the host city, making it the sixth time that the Eurovision Song Contest was staged in the Irish capital. The venue for the contest was the Point Theatre located on the North Wall Quay of the River Liffey, amongst the Dublin Docklands. The theatre previously hosted the 1994 and 1995 contests.[1]
Alma Čardžić returned for Bosnia and Herzegovina after last representing the nation in 1994.[5] MaarjaLiis Ilus and Şebnem Paker both returned for a second-consecutive year representing Estonia and Turkey respectively.[6][7]
5.10.4 Results 5.10.2
Format
1.^ The Norwegian entry also featured some lyrics in English.
After the controversy over the 1996 pre-qualifying round, the European Broadcasting Union introduced a new sys2 ^ The Austrian entry also featured some tem for 1997: countries with the lowest average scores lyrics in English. over the previous four years would be excluded from the 1997 contest, and those with the lowest averages over the previous five years would be excluded from future contests (save that every country so excluded for one year 5.10.5 Scoreboard would automatically be allowed to participate the following year), with so many countries being omitted as would Each country had a jury that awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, reduce the number of participants each year to 25.[1] 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points for their top ten songs, or a televote, Israel declined to participate, as the Contest was held where the top ten most voted for songs were awarded the on its Holocaust Remembrance Day, granting a reprieve 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points. Iceland got most to Bosnia and Herzegovina, which would otherwise have of its 18 points from the 5 countries that used televotbeen excluded owing to its low point average over the pre- ing. Ireland was ostensibly the best scoring country across vious four years.[1] RTÉ once again produced a highly the televoting countries, except they were able to score spectacular show, with a stage that had a smaller perfor- points from all 5 televoting countries. The United Kingmance space for the artists than in previous years. This dom was only eligible to receive points from 4 of them, was the third Eurovision set to be designed by Paula Far- since they couldn't vote for themselves. In fact, the UK rell, who had previously been involved with the 1988 and received 12 points from all the other televoting countries except Germany, from whom they received 10 points: in 1994 contests.[1] other words, the UK earned 46 of 48 possible televote There was a wide array of different styles this year. Den- points that year; Ireland earned 47 of 60 possible televote mark brought a rap song, Croatia came with their ver- points—including their only 12 from the UK.[10] sion of the Spice Girls and Sweden brought a mid-1980s style boy band. The music was in general more modern than before, and for the first time in six years, an uptempo song won.[1] This year, televoting was tested in five 12 points countries: Austria, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The results of the televoting coun- Below is a summary of all 12-point in the final:[10]
136
5.10.6
CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
Winners
Katrina and the Waves, (with lead vocalist Katrina Leskanich) representing the United Kingdom, were the winners of the contest with the song "Love Shine a Light", written by that band’s lead guitarist Kimberley Rew, and Marc Roberts from Republic of Ireland came second with "Mysterious Woman". Despite being the runner-up, it remarkably received only one 12-point score, which came from the United Kingdom. The UK spokesman Colin Berry remarked: “You're going to like this one: Ireland, twelve points!" causing Terry Wogan to reply: “Well, tit for tat!" The winning song scored an unprecedented 227 points; it received points from all participating countries, including five sets of 10 points and a record-breaking ten sets of the maximum 12 points. “Love Shine a Light” is still regarded as one of the most successful Eurovision winners,[N 1] and was the closing song in the medleys that opened the 50th anniversary show "Congratulations" in Copenhagen in 2005, and the ESC 2006 semi-final in Athens. With this victory, the United Kingdom has five Eurovision wins and it is to date the country’s last win in the Contest.
5.10.7
Barbara Dex Award
For the first time, the fansite House of Eurovision presented the Barbara Dex Award, a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self designed dress. House of Eurovision would continue to provide the Barbara Dex Award until 2016, when another Eurovision fansite, songfestival.be, took the reigns of the award and will present it every year starting with the 2017 Eurovision Song Contest in Ukraine.
6. 7. 8. 9.
Slovenia - Mojca Mavec Switzerland - Sandy Altermatt Netherlands - Corry Brokken (Dutch representative in 1956, 1957 and 1958, and host in 1976) Italy - Peppi Franzelin
10.
Spain - Belén Fernández de Henestrosa
11.
Germany - Christina Mänz
12.
Poland - Jan Chojnacki
13.
Estonia - Helene Tedre[12]
14.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Segmedina Srna
15.
Portugal - Cristina Rocha[13]
16.
Sweden - Gösta Hanson[14]
17.
Greece - Niki Venega[15]
18.
Malta - Anna Bonanno
19.
Hungary - Györgyi Albert
20.
Russia - Arina Sharapova
21.
Denmark - Bent Henius[16]
22.
France - Frédéric Ferrer & Marie Myriam[17]
23.
Croatia - Davor Meštrović[18]
24.
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
25.
Iceland - Svanhildur Konráðsdóttir
Debbie Scerri of Malta was the 1997 Barbara Dex Award Commentators winner.
5.10.8
•
Austria - Ernst Grissemann (ORF1);[19] Stermann & Grissemann (FM4)[20]
•
Belgium (non-participating country) - André Vermeulen (BRTN TV1),[21] Jean-Pierre Hautier (RTBF La Une);[22] Julien Put & Michel Follet (BRTN Radio 2), Alain Gerlache & Adrien Joveneau (RTBF La Première)
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Diana Grković Foretić (BHT)
•
Croatia - Aleksandar “Aco” Kostadinov (HRT 1);[23] Draginja Balaš (HR 2)
•
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail (RIK 1); Pavlos Pavlou (CyBC Radio 2)[11]
•
Denmark - Jørgen de Mylius (DR1); Ole Jacobsen (DR P3)[16]
International broadcasts and voting
Voting and spokespersons The order in which each country announced their votes was determined by order of performance in the contest. The spokespersons are shown alongside each country. 1.
Cyprus - Marios Skordis[11]
2.
Turkey - Ömer Önder
3.
Norway - Ragnhild Sælthun Fjørtoft
4.
Austria - Adriana Zartl
5.
Ireland - Eileen Dunne
5.10. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1997
137 •
United Kingdom - Terry Wogan (BBC 1); Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2)
•
Yugoslavia (non-participating country) Nikola Nešković (RTS2)[34] [N 2]
•
Estonia - Jüri Pihel (Eesti Televisioon); Marko Reikop (Raadio 2)
•
Finland - (non-participating country) - Aki Sirkesalo & Olli Ahvenlahti (YLE TV1)[24]
•
France - Olivier Minne (France 2); Frédéric National jury members Taddeï (France Inter)[22]
•
Germany - Peter Urban (Das Erste);[25] Thomas Mohr (Deutschlandfunk/NDR 2)[26]
•
Greece - Dafni Bokota (ET1); Giorgos Mitropoulos (ERA1)[27]
•
Iceland (Sjónvarpið)[28]
•
Ireland - Pat Kenny (RTÉ One); Larry Gogan (RTÉ Radio 1)
•
Italy - Ettore Andenna (Raiuno); Antonio De Robertis (Rai Radio 2)[29]
•
Macedonia(non-participating country) - Dragan B. Kostik (MTV 1)
• • • • •
• • • •
Netherlands – Maxine, Maggie McNeal, Chiel van Praag, Ruud van Dulkenraad
•
Spain – Fernando González (racing driver), María Esteve (actress), Manuel del Rosario (student), Yolanda Flores (journalist at RNE), Antonio Carbonell (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1996), Beatriz Rojo (student), Fernando Arias (riding instructor), Miryam Fultz (singer), Mari Carrillo (actress), Javier López de Guereña (composer), Eva Santamaría (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1993), Pepe Rubio (fashion designer), Ana Ojeda (doctor), José Moreno “Josele” (comedian), Pilar Darder (housewife), Manuel Hernández “Manolo HH” (radio host)[35]
•
Poland – Wioleta Machowiec, Jacek Skubikowski, Patrycja Markowska, Robert Janson, Magda Makarewicz, Wojciech Karolak, Olga Kurek, Paweł Brodowski, Danuta Błażejczyk, Michał Borkowski, Anita Lipnicka, Grzegorz Szczyrba, Joanna Rawik, Jacek Makowski, Hanna Banaszak, Artur Jaworski
Hungary - István Vágó (MTV1)
•
•
•
Jakob
Frímann
Magnússon
Malta - Gino Cauchi (TVM) Netherlands - Willem van Beusekom (TV2); Daniël Dekker & Hijlco Span (Radio 2)[30] Norway - Jostein Pedersen (NRK1)[31] Poland - Jan Wilkans (TVP1); Artur Orzech (Polskie Radio Bis) Portugal - Carlos Ribeiro (RTP1)[13] Russia - Philip Kirkorov & Sergei Antipov (Public Russian Television); Vadim Dolgachev (Voice of Russia)
• •
Spain - José Luis Uribarri (TVE1)
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ismeta Krvavac, Dijana Grković-Foretić, Segmedina Srna
• •
Slovenia - Miša Molk (SLO1) Slovakia - (non-participating country) - Juraj Čurný (STV2)
Estonia – Koit Toome
Portugal – Raul Mendes Greece – Fotini Dourou, Andreas Hatziapostolou, Litsa Sakellariou, Petri Salpea, Giorgos Vrouvas, Thomas Bakalakos, Evangelos Alexandropoulos, Grigoris Lambrianidis, Loukas Anapliotis, Natalia Giakoumi, Pelagia Gialitaki, Maria Grigoriou, Katerina Kalohereti, Chrisostomos Kontakiotis, Nikolaos Lenos, Maria Sipsa
•
Croatia – Ksenija Urličić
[32]
Sweden - Jan Jingryd (SVT2);[14] Claes-Johan 5.10.9 Larsson and Susan Seidemar (SR P3)
•
Switzerland - Roman Kilchsperger & Heinz Margot (SF DRS), Pierre Grandjean (TSR),[33] Jonathan Tedesco (TSI)
•
Turkey - Bülend Özveren (TRT 1); Fatih Orbay (TRT Radyo 3)
Notes
[1] As noted on a TOTP2 Eurovision special, it ranks third in the rankings of points achieved as a percentage of maximum available with 227 out of 288 or 78.81%, behind Nicole's "Ein bißchen Frieden" in 1982 (161 out of 204 or 78.92%) and Brotherhood of Man's "Save Your Kisses for Me" in 1976 (164 out of 204 or 80.39%). For comparison, Elena Paparizou’s 2005 win took 230 points out of a possible 456, or only 50.04%.
138
CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 – A NEW ERA
[2] After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia last participated in 1992. RTS2 broadcast the show, although Yugoslavia did not participate.
5.10.10
References
[1] “Eurovision Song Contest 1997”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 3 May 1997. Retrieved 21 October 2014. [2] “Italy 1993”. esc-history.com. ESC History. Retrieved 21 October 2014. [3] “Eurovision Song Contest 1996”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 18 May 1996. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
[21] “Hasselt 2005: Jarige André Vermeulen verzorgt commentaar met Ilse Van Hoecke –". Eurosong.be. 25 October 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [22] Christian Masson. “1997 - Dublin”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [23] “Pogledaj temu - POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956 1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [24] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [25] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Düsseldorf 2011”. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [26] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Eurovision.de. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
[4] http://euromusica.org/2010/02/04/ esce-il-libro-di-gigi-vesigna-jalisse-boicottati-dalla-rai-alleurofestival-1997-attacchi-alle-giurie-di-sanremo/ [27] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [5] “Bosnia & Herzegovina”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 October 2014. [28] “Dagblaðið Vísir - DV, 03.05.1997”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [6] “Estonia”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 October 2014. [29] “Jalisse Fiumi di parole Eurofestival 1997”. YouTube. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [7] “Turkey”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 October 2014. [30] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [8] “Eurovision Song Contest 1997”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [31] “Alt du trenger å vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix Melodi Grand Prix - NRK”. Nrk.no. 27 May 2003. Re[9] “Eurovision Song Contest 1997 | Year page | Eurovision trieved 9 August 2012. Song Contest - Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [32] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcon[10] “Eurovision 1997: Scoreboard”. eurovision.tv. European test.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 9 August 2012. Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 October 2014. [33] “Article Window”. Letempsarchives.ch. Retrieved 9 Au[11] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) gust 2012. [12] Archived 22 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. [13] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [14] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [15] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [16] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [17] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [18] “Pogledaj temu - SPOKESPERSONS”. Forum.hrt.hr. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [19] Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. [20] “Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann”. wien ORF.at. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
[34] “Nostalgični RTV press clipping”. rtvforum.net. Retrieved 2015-09-02. [35] “XLII Edición del Festival de Eurovisión (Año 1997)". eurofestival.tk. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
5.10.11 External links • Official website • Eurovision Song Contest 1997’s channel on YouTube
Chapter 6
1998 to 2003 – Televoting arrives 6.1 Eurovision Song Contest 1998
6.1.1 Location For more details on the host city, see Birmingham.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1998 was the 43rd annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place in Birmingham in the United Kingdom, following Katrina and the Waves's win in the 1997 contest in Dublin with "Love Shine A Light". It was the UK’s fifth win, and the eighth time that the UK hosted the contest, the last being in Harrogate in 1982. The UK has not won or hosted the contest since. The contest took place in the National Indoor Arena on 9 May 1998, and the city played host to the G8 summit one week later, so much so that presenter and commentator Terry Wogan's hotel Birmingham room was later occupied by Bill Clinton.[1] Twenty-five countries participated in the contest,[2] with Macedonia Location of the host city. The United Kingdom, along with their national broadmaking their official début, even though they had submitted an entry in the non-televised 1996 pre-qualifying round, which failed to qualify into the televised final of that contest.[3] Belgium, Finland, and Slovakia returned to the contest after a one-year absence. Despite having also taken part in the non-televised 1996 pre-qualifying round, in which they failed to qualify, Romania and Israel returned officially after their last participations in 1994 and 1995 respectively.[4][5] Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, and Russia all withdrew from the contest due to the relegation rule. Italy did not return until 2011.[6] There was much controversy in the lead-up to the contest, mostly surrounding the entries from Greece, Israel, and Turkey: the Greek composer, Yiannis Valvis, was unhappy with the way that the director, Geoff Posner, intended to film his song;[7] many Orthodox Jews objected to the selection of transsexual Dana International for Israel;[8] Turkey struggled during rehearsals to get their song within the three-minute time limit.[7] Dana International eventually went on to win the contest, scoring 172 points,[N 1] with the song "Diva", written by Svika Pick and Yoav Ginai. The singer had attracted much media attention both in Israel and Europe since she had undergone gender reassignment in 1993, being the first openly transgender performer to enter the competition.[8]
National Indoor Arena, Birmingham - host venue of the 1998 contest. (pictured in 2005)
caster the BBC, hosted the contest at the National Indoor Arena in the city of Birmingham. It was the first time since the 1982 Contest that the Eurovision Song Contest was staged in the United Kingdom,[9] and the last to date. This was a record-breaking eighth time that the United Kingdom staged the contest, having done so for the 1960, 1963, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1977, and 1982 contests.[10] The National Indoor Arena had been used for several major events in the past, including counting no less than eight constituencies in the hall for the 1992 general election.[11]
139
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CHAPTER 6. 1998 TO 2003 – TELEVOTING ARRIVES
The week after the Eurovision Song Contest, the city was past five years. Israel could have returned in 1997, but to host the 24th G8 summit, with Terry Wogan vacating opted not to due to Holocaust Remembrance Day, meanhis hotel room to make way for Bill Clinton.[1] ing they returned for the first time in three years. The Italian broadcaster, RAI, decided to withdraw from the contest, a move that would see Italy absent from the con6.1.2 Format test for 13 years before their return in 2011.[6] Russia and Italy did not broadcast the event due to withdrawals. In 1998 the Russian broadcaster ORT prepared to run internal preselections, but soon organisers realised that because of low average results in previous years Russia would not qualify to compete in 1998 (though there were rumours that Channel One had planned to name Tatyana Ovsienko as their representative, performThis was the first year in which televoting was used en ing “Solntse moyo”). Because Russia did not participate, masse: viewers were given five minutes after the end Channel One decided not to broadcast the 1998 contest. of the songs to vote for the song they wanted to win, According to other sources Channel One had expected with Terry Wogan remarking that “you'll have nobody to Channel Russia to broadcast the contest.[2] blame but yourself”, which, ironically, was the reason that Wogan quit the commentary job ten years later.[12] Ironically, the contest was held in an English speaking country 6.1.4 Returning artists for the last time the contest was run without the free language rule, so only the UK, Malta, and Ireland performed Danijela returned for Croatia after last taking part in 1995 in English.[13] as part of the group Magazin. Egon Egemann who was Following a format change in 1997 where acts were allowed to use purely backing tracks, no less than eight countries either partially or wholly used backing tracks: Germany, Slovenia, Switzerland, Malta, Israel and Belgium purely used backing tracks, whilst Greece[1] and France partially used the orchestra.
the violinist for Gunvor this year, last participated for Switzerland at the 1990 contest. José Cid part of Alma Postcards Lusa in 1980 returned for Portugal; and Paul Harrington The postcards continued with the opening theme of who was a backing singer for Dawn Martin in 1998, re“Birmingham old and new”, looking at a traditional ob- turned for Ireland after having won the 1994 contest with ject and then its contemporary. Finally, the flag of the Charlie McGettigan. country about to perform was formed, and then faded into either the conductor bowing or the beginning of the performance of the country about to perform. For example, 6.1.5 Results Croatia's postcard looked at association football then and now, culminating in Temur Ketsbaia scoring a goal, be- 6.1.6 Scoreboard fore a section of the crowd held up small cards, which formed the flag of Croatia. 12 points Voting
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
Each country had a televote except Turkey, Romania, Slovakia and Hungary, where the top ten most voted for 6.1.7 Incidents songs were awarded the 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 points, with a back-up jury in case of mistakes. A jury Miscalculated result was used if there were exceptional reasons not to use a Spain originally gave its 12 points to Israel and 10 to Nortelevote. way. After the broadcast it was announced that Spanish broadcaster wrongly tallied the votes and Germany should have got the top mark - 12 points - instead of 6.1.3 Participation receiving zero points, as in the broadcast. The misMacedonia, participating as Former Yugoslav Republic take was corrected after the contest and so Germany was of Macedonia, took part for the first time, after their placed 7th over Norway. Israel and Norway both received 1996 entry did not make it past the internal selection 2 points less than originally and Croatia, Malta, Portuby the European Broadcasting Union (EBU).[3] Belgium, gal, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium, Estonia and Finland, Romania and Slovakia all participated after their Turkey all received one point less than indicated during break from the previous year’s contest; Austria, Bosnia the broadcast. Originally Estonia, Cyprus and Portugal and Herzegovina, Denmark, Russia and Iceland could not tied for 11th place with 37 points but because Portugal participate because of their low average scores from the and Estonia received one point less than indicated during
6.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1998
141
the broadcast, Cyprus was placed 11th over Estonia and Geoff Posner, intended to film his song, specifically a sePortugal.[2] ries of six heavily-emphasised chords accompanied by six dance moves which Valvis felt the director was not placing enough emphasis upon. After a meeting where Valvis Dramatic finish attempted to ask for the Greeks to have full control over their performance and this request was rejected, Valvis With just one country left to vote, it was anyone’s guess launched a formal protest at the Greek press conference. as to who was going to prevail, with Israel and Malta After making no progress, Valvis protested more actively locked in battle and the United Kingdom just a few points at the dress rehearsal, standing on the stage during the behind. When Macedonia came to award the decisive Greek song, claiming that he was supposed to be playing points, Israel was the first of the three contenders to be bass but had not been given an instrument.[7] mentioned, receiving eight points. That was enough to knock the UK out of contention for victory, but left plenty This proved to be the final straw for the EBU, the BBC, of room for Israel to be overtaken by their principal rival, and ERT: Valvis was refused entry to the arena on the Malta. Next, the ten points went to the UK, nudging them date of the contest. In response, ERT threatened to withinto what looked like being an extremely fleeting spell draw from the competition, which would promote France in second place, since most of the audience assumed the to second in the running order and reduce the number of twelve points were destined for Malta. Instead, there were entrants to twenty-four. However, minutes later, they regasps as Macedonia sent the final points of the evening to versed their decision. Greece earned only 12 points in fellow Balkan nation Croatia, handing Israel their first win the end, all of which came from Cyprus, ranking Greece in the contest since "Hallelujah" in 1979. It is also note- 20th by the end of the broadcast, her worst result till 1998. worthy that Israel only received points from 21 of the 24 (Greece would again be ranked 20th in 2014's edition at other countries, whereas the United Kingdom received at Denmark with 35 points.) Watching from a hotel room, least one point from every country, but finished second. Valvis accused the BBC of favouritism, as "Diva" had Furthermore, whilst Israel received three sets of 12 points similar chords and moves, which had been given empha[7] compared to Malta and the United Kingdom who both re- sis by the BBC. ceived four sets of 12 points, Israel received seven sets of 10 points to help seal the win. Dana International Nul points
Orthodox Jews were unhappy with the fact that Dana International, the first singer at the contest ever to have unFor the second year in a row, at least one country went dergone gender reassignment surgery in 1993, was reprehome empty-handed; Switzerland's Gunvor Guggisberg senting Israel, due to religious obligations.[7][8] with her composition “Lass Ihn” failed to score a single point. Turkey timing issues Guildo Horn Other notable participants were Germany's Guildo Horn, whose shocking comedic act culminated in his climbing the scaffolding on the side of the stage. Controversially chosen to represent Germany, he was criticised for his lack of seriousness by the German press. However, after winning by 60% of the vote, the German people were firmly on Horn’s side. “Guildo-Fever” spread throughout Germany during the weeks leading up to the contest, with Horn becoming front-page material in Germany. He was also noticed in countries around Europe, and the early criticism that had existed in Germany arose in those countries. Even though his 7th place was disappointing, to some Germans it was a revival for the contest in Germany, and was the beginning of 4 consecutive top-ten finishes.
After the first rehearsal, the Turkish conductor was found to be playing the tempo too slowly, and so the Turkish song exceeded three minutes, with the first rehearsal performance being three seconds too long. The next rehearsal performance was, alarmingly, even slower, with the Turkish conductor claiming to a camera that due to a series of “hemi-demi-semi-dim-dams” it was impossible for him to play the song quicker. The third performance came in at 3:07, leading to speculation that Turkey would be disqualified from the contest. The conductor then said that a metronome would be useless due to a number of tempo changes in the song. The final performance on the night was timed at 2:59, which was enough to keep Turkey in the competition.[7]
Ulrika Jonsson ageism row Greece In a BBC interview, future Eurovision entrant Nicki After the first rehearsals, the Greek composer, Yian- French said that one of her most memorable Eurovinis Valvis, was unhappy with the way that the director, sion moments was Jonsson’s infamous faux pas during
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CHAPTER 6. 1998 TO 2003 – TELEVOTING ARRIVES
the voting. On hearing that the Dutch lady announcing the Netherlands’ votes had previously been a contestant in Eurovision, Jonsson replied, “A long time ago, was it?" which was followed by much laughter from the audience.[16] In fact Conny van den Bos who sang for the Netherlands in 1965 said that she had gone to the contest many years ago; unfortunately for both van den Bos and Jonsson, this wasn't heard above the noise of the audience.[16] What was heard, however, was Jonsson’s seemingly insulting comment.[2]
18.
6.1.8
Barbara Dex Award
Netherlands – Conny Vandenbos (representative for Netherlands in 1965)
19.
Sweden – Björn Hedman[23]
20.
Belgium – Marie-Hélène Vanderborght[19]
21.
Finland – Marjo Wilska[24]
22.
Norway – Ragnhild Sælthun Fjørtoft
23.
Estonia – Urve Tiidus[25]
24.
Turkey – Osman Erkan
Macedonia – Evgenija Teodosievska[26] For the second year, the fansite House of Eurovision pre- 25. sented the Barbara Dex Award, a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is Commentators named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self • Austria (Non-participating country) – Ernst designed dress. Grissemann (ORF2), Stermann & Grissemann (FM4)[27][28] Guildo Horn of Germany won the 1998 Barbara Dex Award. • Belgium – Jean-Pierre Hautier (RTBF La Une), André Vermeulen & Andrea Croonenberghs (VRT TV1), Alain Gerlache & Adrien Joveneau (RTBF 6.1.9 International broadcasts and voting La Première), Julien Put & Michel Follet (VRT Radio 2)[29][30] Voting and spokespersons 1.
Croatia – Davor Meštrović[17]
2.
Greece – Alexis Kostalas[18]
3.
France – Marie Myriam[19] (winner for France in
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Non-participating country) – Ismeta Dervoz-Krvavac (BHT)
•
Croatia – Aleksandar “Aco” Kostadinov (HRT 1), Draginja Balaš (HR 2)[31]
•
Cyprus – Evi Papamichail (RIK 1), Pavlos Pavlou (CyBC Radio 2)[22]
•
Denmark (Non-participating country) – Jørgen de Mylius (DR1)[32]
•
Estonia – Reet Linna (Eesti Televisioon), Marko Reikop (Raadio 2)
•
Finland – Maria Guzenina & Sami Aaltonen (YLE TV1), Aki Sirkesalo & Kati Bergman (Yle Radio Suomi)[33]
•
France – Chris Mayne & Laura Mayne "Native" (France 2), François Kevorkian & Michel Field (France Inter)[29]
•
Germany – Peter Urban (Das Erste), Thomas Mohr (Deutschlandfunk/NDR 2)[34][35]
•
Greece – Giorgos Mitropoulos (ET1), Dimitris Konstantaras (ERA1)[36]
•
Hungary – Gábor Gundel Takács (MTV1)
•
Iceland (Non-participating country) – Páll Óskar Hjálmtýsson (Sjónvarpið)[37]
1977)
4. 5.
Spain – Belén Fernández de Henestrosa Switzerland – Regula Elsener
6.
Slovakia – Alena Heribanová
7.
Poland – Jan Chojnacki
8.
Israel – Yigal Ravid[20] (co-presenter in 1999)
9.
Germany – Nena
10.
Malta – Stephanie Farrugia
11.
Hungary – Barna Héder
12.
Slovenia – Mojca Mavec
13.
Ireland – Eileen Dunne
14.
Portugal – Lúcia Moniz[21] (representative for Portugal in 1996)
15.
Romania – Anca Ţurcașiu
16.
United Kingdom – Ken Bruce
17.
Cyprus – Marina Maleni[22]
6.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1998 •
Ireland – Pat Kenny (RTÉ One), Larry Gogan (RTÉ Radio 1)[38]
•
Israel – Television: No Commentator (Haarutz Ha-Rishon) Radio: Daniel Pe'er (Reshet Gimel)
•
Macedonia – Milanka Rašik (MTV 3)
•
Malta – Gino Cauchi (TVM)
•
Netherlands – Willem van Beusekom (TV2), Daniël Dekker & Hijlco Span (Radio 2)[39]
143
[2] After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was last participated in 1992. Third channel of Radio Television of Serbia broadcast the show, although Yugoslavia did not participate.
References [1] The Eurovision Song Contest 1998, BBC, 9 May 1998 [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 1998”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 9 May 1998. Retrieved 21 October 2014. [3] “Eurovision Song Contest 1996”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 18 May 1996. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
•
Norway – Jostein Pedersen (NRK1)[40]
•
Poland – Artur Orzech (TVP1)[41]
•
Portugal – Rui Unas (RTP1)[21]
[4] “Romania 1994”. esc-history.com. ESC History. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
•
Romania – Leonard Miron (TVR2)
[5] “Israel 1995”. esc-history.com. ESC History. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
•
Slovakia – Juraj Čurný (STV2)
•
Slovenia – Miša Molk (SLO1)
[6] Jiandani, Sanjay (2 December 2010). “Italy returns to the Eurovision Song Contest!". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
•
Spain – José Luis Uribarri (TVE1)[42]
[7] Naked Eurovision, BBC, 31 December 1998
•
Sweden – Pernilla Månsson & Christer Björkman (SVT2),[23] Claes-Johan Larsson & Anna Hötzel (SR P4)
•
Switzerland – Roman Kilchsperger & Heinz Margot (SF 1), Jean-Marc Richard (TSR 1), Jonathan Tedesco (TSI 1)[29]
[8] Special Report (10 May 1998). “Transsexual singer stirs up passions”. news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. Retrieved 21 October 2014. [9] “Eurovision Song Contest 1982”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 October 2014. [10] “United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest”. escchat.com. ESC Chat. Retrieved 21 October 2014. Contests hosted by the United Kingdom
•
Turkey – Ömer Önder (TRT 1), Fatih Orbay [11] Election 92, BBC, 9 April 1992 (TRT Radyo 3)
•
United Kingdom – Terry Wogan (BBC One), Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2)
•
Yugoslavia (Non-participating country) – Vojislav Pantić (RTS 3K)[43] [N 2]
6.1.10
Notes and references
Footnotes [1] After the broadcast it was announced that Spanish broadcaster wrongly tallied the votes and Germany should have got the top mark - 12 points - instead of being snubbed, as it happened. The mistake was corrected and so Germany was placed 7th over Norway. Israel and Norway both received 2 points less than originally and Croatia, Malta, Portugal, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium, Estonia and Turkey all received one point less than indicated during the broadcast. Originally Estonia, Cyprus and Portugal tied for 11th place with 37 points but because Portugal and Estonia received one point less than indicated during the broadcast, Cyprus was placed 11th over Estonia and Portugal.
[12] “Terry Wogan 'very doubtful' about presenting Eurovision again”. NME. Retrieved 12 August 2008. [13] “Eurovision Song Contest 1998”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [14] “Eurovision Song Contest 1998: Results”. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 October 2014. [15] “Eurovision Song Contest 1998 | Year page | Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [16] “Nicki French speaks about Eurovision”. BBC News. 2005-05-20. Retrieved 4 January 2010. [17] “Pogledaj temu - SPOKESPERSONS”. Forum.hrt.hr. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [18] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [19] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
144
CHAPTER 6. 1998 TO 2003 – TELEVOTING ARRIVES
[20] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0809.
[42] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[21] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[43] “Nostalgični RTV press clipping”. rtvforum.net. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
[22] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
6.2 Eurovision Song Contest 1999
[23] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [24] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [25] Archived August 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. [26] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema 98 Malta - The one that I love - Chiara”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [27] Archived January 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. [28] “Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann”. ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29. [29] Christian Masson. “1998 - Birmingham”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
wien
Songcon-
[30] mathiasehv (2009-11-19). “ESC 1998: Melanie Cohl België twaalf punten/Belgique douze points”. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [31] “Pogledaj temu - POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956 1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1999 was the 44th Eurovision Song Contest, held on 29 May 1999 in Jerusalem, Israel after Dana International won the contest the previous year in the United Kingdom. The venue for the contest was the International Convention Center, the same place that hosted the 1979 contest. Television news anchor Yigal Ravid, singer and 1992 contestant Dafna Dekel and model/actress Sigal Shahamon were the show’s hosts, and it was the first time that three presenters were used to host the Contest. Israel’s two previous winners, Izhar Cohen, who won in 1978 with “A-Ba-NiBi” and Milk and Honey's Gali Atari who won it the next year with “Hallelujah” attended as spectators. The winner of the Contest was Charlotte Nilsson, representing Sweden with "Take Me to Your Heaven", which scored 163 points. This was Sweden’s fourth win in the Contest and the second in the 1990s (after Carola's win for Sweden in 1991).
6.2.1 Location For more details on the host city, see Jerusalem.
[32] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [33] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [34] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Düsseldorf 2011”. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [35] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Eurovision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28. [36] Archived May 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. [37] “Morgunblaðið, 09.05.1998”. 2012-08-09.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
[38] betelgeuseIE (2010-02-07). “Eurovision Song Contest 1998 opening sequence”. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-0809.
Jerusalem Location of the host city. In the run-up to the Contest, many speculated that it [40] “Alt du trenger å vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix would not be held in Israel, but would be moved to either Melodi Grand Prix - NRK”. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. ReMalta or the United Kingdom (the countries that comtrieved 2012-08-09. pleted the top 3 of the 1998 Contest). This came about [41] “Zobacz temat - Eurowizyjna gra”. Eurowizja.Com.Pl. after major concerns over funding for the event from the Retrieved 2012-08-09. Israeli government arose, alongside the opposition from [39] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
6.2. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1999
145 peting in 1998. Lithuania also returned to the Contest for the first time in five years. The Lithuanian delegation had had budget problems to contend with, and so the EBU allowed the Lithuanians to arrive in Israel a day later than everyone else. The first delegation on the other hand to walk the Holy Land were Estonia.[2]
International Convention Center, Jerusalem - host venue of the 1999 contest.
Orthodox Jews that they would attempt to stop the Contest from coming to Israel after Dana International won the previous year’s Contest. This, however, provided no hindrance for IBA or to the organising team of the event, and the International Convention Center in Jerusalem was selected as the venue for the 44th Contest.[1]
6.2.2
Format
Long-standing rules in place for decades were abolished during this Contest: rules that each country had to sing in one of their national languages was abolished for the first time since 1977. A majority of the participating countries, fourteen out of twenty-three, chose to sing entirely or partly in English and only eight entirely in their respective national languages; Lithuania, Spain, Croatia, Poland, France, Cyprus, Portugal and Turkey. Furthermore, live music became optional for the first time in the Contest’s history. IBA took advantage of this and decided to drop the orchestra from the Contest as a way to conserve money for the show. This meant that for the first time all entries used backing track during their performances.[2] This caused controversy for Eurovision traditionalists, with three-time winner Johnny Logan criticising the move, describing the event now as “karaoke”.[1] It was announced in 1999 that, as of the 2000 Contest, the four biggest financial contributors to the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) – Germany, Spain, France and the United Kingdom – would all be given automatic entry into the Contest, regardless of their average scores over the past five years.[1][2] Latvia had attempted to participate in the Contest for the first time, but withdrew at a late stage. This gave Hungary a chance to enter the Contest; however, Magyar Televízió decided not to take part. This allowed Portugal to compete as the 23rd country.[2] Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark and Iceland returned to the Contest after being relegated from com-
After being relegated from the 1998 Contest, Russia's Channel One had decided not to broadcast that year’s contest, in order to allow for a strong comeback in Israel. However, as only countries which had broadcast the previous year’s contest were allowed to enter the next year’s contest, Russia was forced to miss another year. They were joined by Finland, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia and Switzerland; the countries with the lowest average scores over the previous five years. The favourites to win the Contest came from Iceland's Selma with "All Out of Luck", and Cyprus's Marlain with "Tha 'Ne Erotas", after an internet poll by fans. But, while Iceland finished second to Sweden (the country’s best showing in the contest), Cyprus failed to inspire televotes, finishing second last with only two points, both from the United Kingdom.[1][2]
6.2.3 Incidents A number of controversies occurred before the Contest. Two songs selected to compete in Israel were found to be ineligible: Bosnia and Herzegovina's Hari Mata Hari were disqualified after their entry was discovered to have been released in Finland some years previously; Germany's Corinna May was also disqualified after her song was revealed to have been released in 1997 by a different singer.[1][3] Both artists would eventually represent their countries in Eurovision, in 2006 and 2002 respectively. Croatia’s entry attracted objections from the Norwegian delegation, due to synthesised male vocals being used on the backing track of Doris Dragović's entry. The EBU decided to reduce the country’s score by a third for the purpose of calculating its five-year average to determine participation in future contests, though it was decided to leave its placement in the 1999 result unaffected.[1][2] The interval act was provided by Dana International, who performed a cover of the Stevie Wonder song “Free”, which caused some controversy in Israel due to the song’s lyrics. Dana International also appeared at the end of the show, handing the winning trophy to Nilsson. After pretending that the trophy was too heavy to lift, she fell to the stage, bringing down the winning composers with her.[1][2] The show finished with the three presenters inviting everyone on stage to sing a rendition of the English version of "Hallelujah", the Israeli winner from the 1979 Contest, as a tribute to the victims of the Balkan War, who were unable to view the contest after bombings destroyed television transmitters.[1]
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6.2.4
Returning artists
6.2.5
Results
6.2.6
Voting structure
Each country had a televote, where the top ten most voted-for songs were awarded the 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points, with the exceptions of Turkey, Lithuania, Ireland and Bosnia & Herzegovina who used juries.
19.
Israel - Yoav Ginai (Lyricist of 1998 Eurovision winner "Diva")[12]
20.
Malta - Nirvana Azzopardi
21.
Germany - Renan Demirkan
22.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Segmedina Srna
23.
Estonia - Mart Sander[13]
Commentators
6.2.7
Score sheet
12 points
• •
Belgium - André Vermeulen & Bart Peeters (VRT TV1),[15] Jean-Pierre Hautier (RTBF La Une)[16]
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ismeta DervozKrvavac (BHT)
•
Croatia - Aleksandar “Aco” Kostadinov (HRT 1)[17]
Below is a summary of all 12 point in the final:
6.2.8
International broadcasts and voting
Voting and spokespersons
Austria - Andi Knoll (ORF1)[14]
1.
Lithuania - Andrius Tapinas
2.
Belgium - Sabine De Vos[5]
•
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail (RIK 1)[9]
3.
Spain - Hugo de Campos
•
Denmark - Keld Heick (DR1)[7]
4.
Croatia - Marko Rašica[6]
•
Estonia - Marko Reikop (Eesti Televisioon)
5.
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
•
6.
Slovenia - Mira Berginc
7.
Turkey - Osman Erkan
8. 9.
Norway - Ragnhild Sælthun Fjørtoft Denmark - Kirsten Siggaard (Danish representative in 1984, 1985 and 1988 as member of Hot Eyes)[7]
10.
France - Marie Myriam (Eurovision winner for France in 1977)[8]
11.
Netherlands - Edsilia Rombley (Dutch representative in 1998 and 2007)
Finland (Non participating country) – Jani Juntunen (YLE TV1)[18]
•
France - Julien Lepers (France 3)[16]
•
Germany - Peter Urban (Das Erste)[19]
•
Greece (Non participating country) – Dafni Bokota (ET1)[20]
•
Iceland (Sjónvarpið)[21]
Gísli
Marteinn
Baldursson
•
Ireland - Pat Kenny (RTÉ One)[22]
•
Israel - No commentator
•
Lithuania - Darius Užkuraitis (LTV)
12.
Poland - Jan Chojnacki
13.
Iceland - Áslaug Dóra Eyjólfsdóttir
14.
Cyprus - Marina Maleni[9]
•
Malta - Charlo Bonnici
15.
Sweden - Pontus Gårdinger[10]
•
Netherlands - Willem van Beusekom (TV2)[23]
16.
Portugal - Manuel Luís Goucha[11]
•
Norway - Jostein Pedersen (NRK1)[24]
17.
Ireland - Clare McNamara
•
Poland - Artur Orzech (TVP1)[25]
18.
Austria - Dodo Roščić
•
Portugal - Rui Unas (RTP1)[11]
•
Macedonia (Non participating country) – Ivan Mircevski (MTV 1)
6.2. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1999
• • • • • •
147
Romania (Non participating country) – Leonard Miron (TVR2) Russia (Non participating country) – Yuri Aksyuta (Public Russian Television) Slovenia - Miša Molk (SLO1) Spain - José Luis Uribarri (TVE1)
•
Germany Thomas (Deutschlandfunk/NDR 2)[31]
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - N/A
•
Estonia - N/A
Sweden - Pekka Heino & Anders Berglund 6.2.9 (SVT1)[10] Switzerland (Non participating country) – Sandra Studer (SF2), Jean-Marc Richard (TSR 1), Jonathan Tedesco (TSI 2) Turkey - Gülşah Banda (TRT 1)
•
United Kingdom - Terry Wogan (BBC One)[27]
Radio commentators
•
Malta - N/A Mohr
[26]
•
•
•
Lithuania - N/A Belgium - Julien Put & Michel Follet (VRT Radio 2), Didier Mélon (RTBF La Première)
References
[1] O'Connor, John Kennedy (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. pp. 156–159. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3. [2] “History – Eurovision Song Contest 1999”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 2009-08-12. [3] “GERMAN NATIONAL FINAL 1999”. 50webs.com. [4] “Eurovision Song Contest 1999”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [5] mathiasehv (2009-09-30). “Eurovision 1999 Belgian Voting VRT by Sabine De Vos”. YouTube. Retrieved 201208-09. [6] “Pogledaj temu – SPOKESPERSONS”. Forum.hrt.hr. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
•
Spain - N/A
[7] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
•
Croatia - Draginja Balaš (HR 2)
[8] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet – Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
•
United Kingdom - Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2)[28]
•
Slovenia - N/A
•
Turkey - Fatih Orbay (TRT Radyo 3)
•
Norway - N/A
•
Denmark - N/A
•
France - N/A
•
Netherlands - Daniël Dekker & Hijlco Span (Radio 2)
[9] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [10] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [11] “Comentadores Do ESC – escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [12] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0809. [13] Archived August 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
•
Poland - N/A
•
Iceland - N/A
•
Cyprus - Pavlos Pavlou (CyBC Radio 2)
•
Sweden - Carolina Norén (SR P3)[29]
•
Portugal - João David Nunes (RDP Antena 2)
•
Ireland - Larry Gogan (RTÉ Radio 1)
•
Austria - Stermann & Grissemann (FM4)[30]
•
Israel - Daniel Pe'er (Reshet Gimel)
[14] Archived February 20, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. [15] “Bart Peeters co-commentator op songfestival : showbizz”. Mijnnieuws.skynetblogs.be. Retrieved 2012-0809. [16] Christian Masson. “1999 – Jerusalem”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
Songcon-
[17] “Pogledaj temu – POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956– 1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [18] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
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the only exception is the postcard for Sweden, which is filmed before Expo 2000 in Hanover, Germany. The logo for the contest, a pair of open mouth lips, was chosen by [20] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (1987– SVT, and was described by its designers as “a sensual, yet 2004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. stylistically pure mouth representing song, dialogue and [21] “Morgunblaðið, 29 May 1999”. Timarit.is. Retrieved speech”, and was later one of the possible choices for the 2012-08-09. generic logo introduced at the 2004 Contest.[1] [19] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert – Düsseldorf 2011”. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
The favourite in this year’s contest was Estonia, who was also a fan favourite and praised by the press.[1] However, as the voting results came in, Denmark immediately took control of the scoreboard, beating Russia [23] www.eurovisionartists.nl. “Welkom op de site van Eurointo second place and Latvia into 3rd place. Slovakia, vision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08Greece and Hungary decided not to compete for finan09. cial reasons.[1] The countries with the five lowest aver[24] “Alt du trenger å vite om MGP – Melodi Grand Prix – age scores over the previous five contests who had parMelodi Grand Prix – NRK”. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. Re- ticipated in 1999, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lithuania, trieved 2012-08-09. Poland, Portugal and Slovenia were excluded meaning [25] “Zobacz temat – Eurowizyjna gra”. Eurowizja.Com.Pl. that five countries could return. These countries were: Finland, Macedonia, Romania, Russia and Switzerland. Retrieved 2012-08-09. Latvia also joined contest as the only country to debut. [22] betelgeuseIE (2010-02-08). “Eurovision Song Contest 1999 opening sequence”. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-0809.
[26] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema – Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [27] Eurovision Song Contest 1999 BBC Archives [28] Bruce, Ken. “Gin for lunch, whiskey for tea: Radio 2’s Ken Bruce reveals his midlife crisis and the days when one drink was not enough”. Daily Mail.
For the first time, an official CD compilation was released; it contained all of the songs of the participating nations and was available throughout Europe.[1] Such a disc was attempted in the previous year, however it lacked four of the competing songs.
6.3.1 Format
[29] “Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever”. The Local. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29. [30] “Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann”. ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
wien
[31] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Eurovision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
6.3 Eurovision Song Contest 2000 The Eurovision Song Contest 2000 was the 45th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 13 May 2000 at the Globe Arena in Stockholm, Sweden, following Globe Arena, Stockholm - host venue of the 2000 contest. Charlotte Nilsson's victory in Jerusalem the previous SVT announced on July 7, 1999 that the contest would be year. hosted by the Globe Arena in Stockholm. Other possible It was the first time since 1996 that the contest was held on candidates had been Scandinavium in Gothenburg and mainland Europe. The contest was the second to be held Malmömässan in Malmö. They had previously hosted in Stockholm, and the fourth held in Sweden. The pre- Eurovision Song Contest 1985 and 1992 respectively. senters were Kattis Ahlström and Anders Lundin, and the The Globe was said to be chosen because Stockholm contest was won by the Olsen Brothers who represented hadn't hosted the contest since 1975 and that it would be Denmark with the song "Fly on the Wings of Love" (orig- somewhat cheaper than the other options.[2] inally: Smuk som et stjerneskud). The song was written by one of the brothers, Jørgen Olsen. The Globe Arena was, at the time, the largest venue chosen to host the contest Design with a capacity of 16,000 spectators. The postcards used to introduce each country participating involved Swedish The graphic design programme for this year’s contest themes that incorporated each nation in some respect. All was developed by Stockholm Design Lab and was centhe postcards are filmed in Stockholm, Sweden, however, tred around a stylised mouth symbol. It was given the
6.3. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2000
149
Excellent Swedish Design award later that year.[3] The In exceptional circumstances where televoting was not softness of the mouth was contrasted with a pointy type- possible, a jury was used instead:[7] Russia, Macedonia, face, made specifically for the contest. Turkey and Romania. The intermission during the finale of the ESC was “Once Upon a Time Europe Was Covered With Ice”, a movie/song directed, composed and edited by Johan Söderberg and produced by John Nordling.[4] For the film Söderberg had traveled all over Europe to record children performing the score. On stage were violinist Caroline Lundgren, drummer Strängnäs Trumkorps plus street musicians from Stockholm and dancers from the Bounce Street Dance Company.
The Dutch votes were the votes of the backup jury due to interrupted broadcasting of the contest in the Netherlands because of the fireworks disaster in the Dutch town of Enschede.
Incidents
6.3.5 Commentators
There were some controversies concerning some participating countries. Israel, who opened the contest, entered a group who waved Israeli and Syrian flags advocating peace between the two nations. The two male singers in the group also ran up to each other and kissed for a brief moment. The Russian delegation petitioned for the winning Olsen Brothers to be disqualified, after they had used a vocoder to give Jørgen Olsen an electronic sound to his voice, during one of the verses of their performance. This issue was rejected by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU).[1]
6.3.6 Spokespersons
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
6.3.7 Official album Eurovision Song Contest: Stockholm 2000 was the official compilation album of the 2000 Contest, put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by EMI Records and CMC International on 13 May 2000.[37] The album featured all 24 songs that entered in the 2000 contest, and was the first time that the EBU had produced such merchandise.[6]
In the Netherlands, NOS decided to take the Contest off air halfway through because of the Enschede fireworks disaster that happened earlier that day, so it could use 6.3.8 References the channel for continuous news broadcasts. Later, NOS declared that it was both for practical reasons as well as [1] Bakker, Sietse (2009-12-21). “The end of a decade: Stockholm 2000”. European Broadcasting Union. Rebecause they found it “inappropriate to broadcast a light trieved 21 December 2009. entertainment programme on the night of such a catastrophic event”. As a result, televoting had to be sus- [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 2000 placeras i Stockholm” pended and the Dutch votes were given by a stand-by jury (Press release). Sveriges Television. July 5, 1999. instead.[1] Archived from the original on 2003-01-14. The contest was also broadcast in Canada, Australia, Japan, the United States and via the internet for the first time.
6.3.2 6.3.3
Returning artists Results
1.^ The chorus contains only the word “Be Happy” in English.
6.3.4
Scoreboard
[3] “Fin form från webbdesign till tofflor”. Sydsvenskan. January 21, 2001. [4] Johan Söderberg CV at hammarbyartport.com. Archived April 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. [5] “Eurovision Song Contest 2000”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [6] “Eurovision Song Contest 2000”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [7] “Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 2000” (PDF). Myledbury. Retrieved 9 November 2014. [8] “Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann”.
wien
ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29. According to the EBU rules of the 45th Eurovision Song Contest 2000 (published on 23 September 1999), all par[9] Christian Masson. “2000 – Stockholm”. Songconticipating countries should have used televoting, where test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. the top ten most voted for songs were awarded the 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s). In the televoting house- [10] “Congratulations: 50 jaar Songfestival!". VRTFansite.be. Retrieved 2012-08-09. hold shall not be permitted to vote more than three times.
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[11] “Pogledaj temu – POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956– 1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[32] Archived August 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
[12] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [13] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [14] https://web.archive.org/web/20110902174838/http: //ww.escfans.com/news/read/11322?id=11322&offset= 27. Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help) [15] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [16] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert – Düsseldorf 2011”. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [17] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Eurovision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28. [18] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (1987– 2004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[33] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [34] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0809. [35] “ESCforum.net”. ESCforum.net. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [36] Archived January 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. [37] “Eurovision Song Contest: Stockholm 2000”. allmusic.com. Allmusic. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
6.4 Eurovision Song Contest 2001
The Eurovision Song Contest 2001 was the 46th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, following the Olsen [20] “RTÉ so lonely after loss of Gerry – Marty”. 20 May Brothers' win at the 2000 contest in Stockholm, Sweden 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing with the song "Fly on the Wings of Love". The hostcommentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains ing marked only the second time the contest was held on great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest. Danish soil, after the 1964 contest - 37 years earlier. 23 countries took part in the contest, which was held on 12 [21] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. EurovisionMay 2001. The host venue was the Parken Stadium - the artists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-09. largest venue to ever host the contest (as of 2016). A to[22] “Alt du trenger å vite om MGP – Melodi Grand Prix – tal of 35,000 spectators saw the show live from within Melodi Grand Prix – NRK”. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. Re- the stadium, breaking the record of 16,000 held by the trieved 2012-08-09. previous year’s hosts Sweden.[1] [19] “Dagblaðið Vísir – DV, 13 May 2000”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[23] “Zobacz temat – Eurowizyjna gra”. Eurowizja.Com.Pl. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
The show was opened by the Olsen Brothers, with a snippet from their winning song "Fly on the Wings of Love", [24] “Comentadores Do ESC – escportugalforum.pt.vu | o followed by their latest single “Walk Right Back”, which forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. was already a smash hit in Denmark at the time. The Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved presenters were Danish journalist and TV-show presenter Natasja Crone Back and the famous Danish actor 2012-08-09. Søren Pilmark who spoke most of their announcements [25] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema – in rhyming couplets. Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
France, Greece and Slovenia were the heavy favourites to win the contest; however, as the voting progressed it [26] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the became a two-horse race between Estonia and the host original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. country Denmark.[2] [27] “Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever”. The Local. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
The contest was won by Estonia, represented by Tanel Padar, Dave Benton & 2XL with the song “Everybody”, which scored a total of 198 points. The host nation, Den[28] 2000 Spain televoting results. YouTube. 19 April 2007. mark, finished in 2nd place with 177 points - beaten by 21 [29] “Nostalgični RTV press clipping”. rtvforum.net. Re- points. Coming 3rd were Greece with 147 points - givtrieved 2015-09-02. ing the country their best result up till this point. France [30] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet came 4th with 142 points, and in 5th place were Sweden – Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Euro- with 100 points. vision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [31] “Pogledaj temu – SPOKESPERSONS”. Forum.hrt.hr. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
Dave Benton, who was born and raised in Aruba, was the first black person and, at the age of 50 years and 101 days, the oldest contestant at the time to win the contest.[1]
6.4. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2001
6.4.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Copenhagen.
151 15 placed countries would qualify for next year’s competition. The other spots for 2002 would be filled by countries that were excluded from the 2001 contest because of their low point average for the years 1996–2000.[2]
Incidents Controversy was again rife in the contest: the United Kingdom TV commentator Terry Wogan repeatedly made critical comments about the hosts and dubbed them “Doctor Death and the Tooth Fairy/The Little Mermaid” after providing their entire commentary in Copenhagen rhyming couplets.[3] The Danes were so offended that Location of the host city. the BBC was obliged to issue an apology on Wogan’s Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark was the host city comments.[3] Controversy also surrounded the Swedish song, "Listen To Your Heartbeat", which was repeatedly accused as a plagiarism of the Belgian entry for the 1996 Contest, "Liefde is een kaartspel".[4] Eventually the EBU decided for the matter to be settled in court, with the song allowed to compete as long as the courts did not declare the song as plagiarism.[2][5] At first this was denied by the Swedish songwriters, one of whom was Thomas G:son, but after the Belgian songwriters and the author’s organisation SABAM pressed for legal action, a cash settlement was agreed.[6][7]
Parken Stadium, Copenhagen - host venue of the 2001 contest.
During the voting the Danish band Aqua performed with a medley of their singles, with percussion ensemble Safri Duo performing in the medley.[2] Although enjoyable, people complained about it being a little bit “rude” as there was some swearing during the performance, both at the beginning and end of "Barbie Girl".
for the 46th edition of Eurovision. The venue choice for the contest was Parken Stadium, a football stadium in the Indre Østerbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark, 6.4.3 built from 1990–1992.
6.4.2
Format
The logo of the 2001 Eurovision Song Contest was made out of four circles, placed in the shape of a heart. The four circles were also present in the stage design, with the light construction was made of the same four rings.[2]
Participating countries
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Due to the EBU’s relegation rule of the lowest ranked countries from the contest had to miss the follow year’s contest, meant several countries had to withdraw, while relegated countries from the 1999 contest were able to return this year. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, and Slovenia returned, while Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, Macedonia, Romania, and Switzerland, the seven countries with the lowest average result in the past five contests, were relegated. This brought the total number of participating countries to twenty-three.[1]
The Danish national broadcaster faced some problems whilst organising the contest such as the lack of funds and the search for a suitable venue. The event was eventually located in the football stadium Parken, after the company running the stadium agreed to add a retractable roof to the building. This solution made it the biggest venue ever to host a Eurovision Song Contest, but the scale of it wasn't entirely a success: many of the 38,000 people in the audience could not see the stage, and for many entries the hall appeared to be too big.[2] Returning artists Changes occurred in the qualification process for the 2002 Contest: along with the “Big 4” countries, the top Tanel Padar was a backing vocalist for Ines in 2000.
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6.4.4
Results
6.4.5
Scoreboard
by EMI Records and CMC International on 5 May 2001. The album featured all 23 songs that entered in the 2001 contest.[38]
The majority of participating countries held a televote, where the top ten most voted for songs were awarded 6.4.8 References the 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points. This year the [1] “Eurovision Song Contest 2001”. EBU. Retrieved 14 June EBU introduced for the first time a mix of voting sys2012. tems (50% televoting and 50% jury) for those countries that didn't want to use 100% televoting. Only three votes [2] Bakker, Sietse (2009-12-22). “The end of a decade: Copenhagen 2001”. European Broadcasting Union. Rewere allowed per household.[9] According to the EBU trieved 22 December 2009. rules (published on 05/10/00), every broadcaster was free to make a choice between the full televoting system and [3] Evensen, Geir (16 May 2001). “Wogan i hardt vær”. NRK the mixed 50-50 system. In exceptional circumstances, (in Norwegian). Retrieved 16 September 2014. where televoting was not possible at all, only a jury was used: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Turkey and Russia. Only a [4] Eriksen, Jan (22 March 2000). “The Swedish song – a rip-off?". Eurovision Song Contest 2001 official website. few countries are confirmed to have used the mixed votArchived from the original on 12 March 2001. Retrieved ing system: Croatia, Greece and Malta. 16 September 2014.
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
[5] “Swedish song cleared for Copenhagen by EBU”. Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 18 April 2001. Retrieved 16 September 2014. [6] ESCtoday.com, Swedish entry 2001 now officially plagiarism
6.4.6
International broadcasts and voting
[7] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 290. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 2001 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respec- [8] tive country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of [9] the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they [10] represented are also included in the table below.[1] 1.^ Although Australia is not itself eligible to enter, the event was broadcast on SBS. As is the case each year, it did not however broadcast it live due to the difference in Australian time zones. This year, the broadcast contained a locally produced addition of a studio audience of young representatives from the competing countries. However, a number of complaints saw the United Kingdom’s broadcast, including commentary from Terry Wogan, shown a few weeks later.[37] 2.^ After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was last participated in 1992. YU Info channel broadcast the show, although Yugoslavia did not participate.
6.4.7
Official album
“Eurovision Song Contest 2001”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. “Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 2001” (PDF). myledbury. Retrieved 9 November 2014. www.eurovisionartists.nl. “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-0809.
[11] “Dagblaðið Vísir - DV, 12.05.2001”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [12] “Alt du trenger å vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix Melodi Grand Prix - NRK”. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [13] .""פורום אירוויזיוןSf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 2012-0809. [14] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [15] “Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever”. The Local. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29. [16] BNS. "Šeštadienį Kopenhagoje - “Eurovizijos” konkursas - DELFI Pramogos”. Pramogos.delfi.lt. Retrieved 201208-09. [17] "• Pogledaj temu - SPOKESPERSONS”. Forum.hrt.hr. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
Eurovision Song Contest: Copenhagen 2001 was the official compilation album of the 2001 Contest, put to- [18] "• Pogledaj temu - EUROSONG 2009”. Forum.hrt.hr. gether by the European Broadcasting Union and released Retrieved 2012-08-09.
6.5. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2002
153
[19] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [20] “RTÉ so lonely after loss of Gerry - Marty”. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest.
6.5 Eurovision Song Contest 2002 The Eurovision Song Contest 2002 was the 47th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place in Tallinn, Estonia, following Tanel Padar, Dave Benton & 2XL's win at the 2001 contest in Copenhagen, Denmark with the song “Everybody”.
There had been worries early in the proceedings whether Estonian broadcaster ETV would be able to fund the contest; however, worries were put to rest when a combination of fundraising activities and the Estonian Govern[22] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet ment enabled them to host the event. For the first time, - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovi- a slogan (or theme) was implemented. This year’s theme was called 'A Modern Fairytale', which was evident in the sion.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09. postcards aired between the songs, which showed classic [23] Christian Masson. “2001 - Copenhague”. Songcon- fairytales ending in modern Estonian situations.[2][3] [21] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
The final took place on the 25 May 2002 at the Saku Suurhall. Opening the show were the reigning champions; Tanel Padar and Dave Benton, performing a shorter [25] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Düsseldorf 2011”. Dues- reprise of their winning entry. The hosts for the evening, Annely Peebo and Marko Matvere, gave a performance seldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09. of “A Little Story in the Music”, composed by Raimond [26] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Euro- Valgre and arranged especially for the event, during the vision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28. commercial break between the songs from Sweden and Finland.[3] [27] Archived 2 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. [24] “Zobacz temat - Eurowizyjna gra”. Eurowizja.Com.Pl. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[28] Archived 24 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. [29] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [30] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [31] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [32] “Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann”. ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
The contest was won by Latvia, represented by Marie N with the song "I Wanna", which scored a total of 176 points, beating the runner-up Malta by a tight margin of 12 points. The United Kingdom and host country Estonia shared 3rd place with 111 points each, while France finished in 5th place with 104 points. Despite being one of the favourites to win the contest, Denmark finished last with just 7 points and had to sit out of the following year’s contest.
wien
[33] “Congratulations: 50 jaar Songfestival!". VRTFansite.be. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
6.5.1 Location For more details on the host city, see Tallinn.
[34] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [35] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [36] “Nostalgični RTV press clipping”. rtvforum.net. Retrieved 2015-09-02. [37] Archived 22 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. [38] “Eurovision Song Contest: Copenhagen 2001”. allmusic.com. Allmusic. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Tallinn Location of the host city.
6.4.9
External links
• Official website Coordinates: 55°42′08.89″N 55.7024694°N 12.5722028°E
12°34′19.93″E
Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki in / Finland, east of Stockholm in Sweden, and west of Saint Petersburg in Russia.
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CHAPTER 6. 1998 TO 2003 – TELEVOTING ARRIVES
Founded in 1248 but the earliest human settlements date back to 3000 years BC, making it one of the oldest capital cities of Northern Europe. Due to its important strategic location the city soon became a major trade hub, especially between the 14th to 16th century when it grew to be a key center of commerce within the Hanseatic League. Tallinn’s Old Town is one of the best preserved and intact medieval cities in Europe and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[4]
6.5.3 Returning artists Results
6.5.4 Voting structure Half of the participating countries organized a televote where the top 10 songs received the points, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12, but Macedonia, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina used juries, while Cyprus, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Finland, Malta, Slovenia and Lithuania used a 50-50 mix of both televoting and jury votes. In the televoting household shall not be permitted to vote more than three times.[10] This was used as it had become apparent that the public vote favoured songs in the later part of the running order in comparison to the songs nearer to the start - particularly in the preceding 2001 contest. This year saw allegations that the juries in use were guilty of swapping votes between each other(Cyprus, Greece, Russia, Macedonia, Malta and Romania).[11]
Saku Suurhall, Tallinn - host venue of the 2002 contest.
6.5.5 Score sheet
12 points The Saku Suurhall was chosen as the venue for the contest. It is the largest arena in Estonia, built in 2001 and Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final: holds up to 10,000 people. It is named after the Estonian brewery and soft drink company Saku.
6.5.6 Marcel Bezençon Awards 6.5.2
Participating countries
A total of 24 countries competed in the 2002 Contest, which included the top 17 countries from the previous years contest, alongside the seven returning countries which had been relegated from competing in the 2001 Contest. These countries replaced the bottom 6 countries from the 2001 contest, which were relegated from taking part in this year’s Contest. The total participants had originally been 22, but when the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) increased their participation number for the Contest to 24 this granted Israel and Portugal the opportunity to enter. Portugal declined to enter the Contest due to internal problems in the Portuguese broadcaster RTP. This allowed Latvia (who went on to win the Contest) to enter.[3][5]
For the first time, the Marcel Bezençon Awards were handed out to the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon.[12] The awards are divided into 3 categories; Press Award; Artistic Award; and Fan Award.[13]
6.5.7 International broadcasting As had been the case every year since the mid-1980s, the contest was broadcast in Australia on SBS-TV with the BBC commentary. Within a few years, the contest would grow to be so popular in Australia, it would warrant SBS sending its own commentators.
Controversy erupted during the competition over remarks by commentators on Swedish and Belgian TV, both of whom told the audience not to vote for the Israeli Other involved countries singer Sarit Hadad. Hadad received zero points from the Swedish audience but earned two from the Belgians, finSerbia and Montenegro After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic ishing 12th overall.[6]
6.5. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2002
155 •
Israel - Michal Zoharetz
•
Switzerland - Diana Jörg
• •
Finland - Marion Rung (Finnish representative in 1962 and 1973)[39]
•
Denmark - Signe Svendsen (Danish representative as member of Rollo & King in 2001)[21]
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Segmedina Srna
•
Belgium - Geena Lisa Peeters
•
France - Marie Myriam (Eurovision winner for France in 1977)[40]
•
Germany - Axel Bulthaupt
•
Turkey - Meltem Ersan Yazgan
•
Malta - Yvette Portelli[41]
•
Romania - Leonard Miron
• Laura Voutilainen, Winner of Fan Award
Sweden - Kristin Kaspersen[19]
•
Slovenia - Nuša Derenda (Slovene representative in 2001) Latvia - Ēriks Niedra
• Lithuania - Loreta Tarozaitė of Yugoslavia last participated in 1992. Radio Television of Serbia broadcast the show. Originally, first time as Serbia and Montenegro had planned 6.5.10 Official album debuts, but the EBU’s late changes to the relegation procedure meant that they could not compete. They Eurovision Song Contest: Tallinn 2002 (also known as made their debut in 2004 Eurovision Song Contest: Estonia 2002) was the official compilation album of the 2002 Contest, put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by Ariola 6.5.8 Commentators Records on 18 May 2002. The album featured all 24 songs that entered in the 2002 contest.[42]
6.5.9 • •
Spokespersons
Cyprus - Melani Steliou[14] United Kingdom - Colin Berry (his final year as spokesperson)
•
Austria - Dodo Roščić
•
Greece - Alexis Kostalas[36]
•
Spain - Anne Igartiburu
•
Croatia - Duško Čurlić[37]
•
Russia - Arina Sharapova
•
Estonia - Ilomai Küttim “Elektra”
•
Macedonia - Biljana Debarlieva[38]
6.5.11 References [1] “Eurovision Song Contest 2002 Interval Act”. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [2] Bakker, Sietse (2002-05-23). “Postcards about fairytales compared with Estonia”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2002-0523. [3] Bakker, Sietse (2009-12-23). “The end of a decade: Tallinn 2002”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 23 December 2009. [4] “Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 7 December 1997. Retrieved 29 September 2013. [5] Bakker, Sietse (2002-11-29). “EBU confirmed: Portugal resigns, Latvia is in”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
156
[6] Ringby, Daniel. “Israeli government investigates ESC”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-07-30. [7] “Eurovision Song Contest 2002”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [8] “Fairytales about love - lyrics - Diggiloo Thrush”. Diggiloo.net. 2010-03-21. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [9] “Eurovision Song Contest 2002 | Year page | Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [10] “Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 2002” (PDF). Myledbury. Retrieved 9 November 2014. [11] http://esctoday.com/1498/cheating_at_the_eurovision_ song_contest_2002/ [12] “Marcel Bezençon Award - an introduction”. Poplight. Retrieved 2009-06-02. [13] “Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2012 | News | Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
CHAPTER 6. 1998 TO 2003 – TELEVOTING ARRIVES
[28] “Alt du trenger å vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix Melodi Grand Prix - NRK”. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [29] “Zobacz temat - Eurowizyjna gra”. Eurowizja.Com.Pl. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [30] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [31] “Nostalgični RTV press clipping”. rtvforum.net. Retrieved 2015-09-02. [32] “Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann”. ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
wien
[33] “Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever”. The Local. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29. [34] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Eurovision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28. [35] http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?issId=250618& pageId=3445288&lang=is&q=Söngvakeppni evrópskra/
[14] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [15] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [16] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [17] "• Pogledaj temu - EUROSONG 2009”. Forum.hrt.hr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [18] Archived September 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. [19] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [20] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [21] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [22] “Bart Peeters co-commentator op songfestival : showbizz”. Mijnnieuws.skynetblogs.be. Retrieved 2012-0809. [23] Christian Masson. “2002 - Tallinn”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [24] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Düsseldorf 2011”. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [25] “Dagblaðið Vísir - DV, 25.05.2002”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [26] “RTÉ so lonely after loss of Gerry - Marty”. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest. [27] www.eurovisionartists.nl. “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-0809.
[36] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [37] "• Pogledaj temu - SPOKESPERSONS”. Forum.hrt.hr. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [38] “ESCforum.net”. ESCforum.net. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [39] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [40] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [41] Archived January 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. [42] “Eurovision Song Contest: Tallinn 2002”. amazon.co.uk. Amazon. Retrieved 5 November 2014. Product Details: Released 18 May 2002
6.6 Eurovision Song Contest 2003 “Eurovision 2003” redirects here. For the Junior Contest, see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003. The Eurovision Song Contest 2003 was the 48th annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place in Riga, Latvia on 24 May 2003, following Marie N's win in the 2002 contest with the song "I Wanna". It was the first win and hosting of the competition for Latvia with only their third participation after debuting at the 2000 contest. Latvijas Televīzija (LTV) chose the Skonto Hall as the venue after conducting a bidding process among several cities and venues in Latvia. The hosts for the contest were the previous year’s winner Marie
6.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2003 N and former Latvian representative at the 2000 contest, Renārs Kaupers, who competed in the contest as part of the band Brainstorm.[1] The design of the contest was built around the theme “Magical rendez-vous”, which represented the meeting of the various European nations coming to Latvia and encountering Latvia’s versatile landscapes.[2][3] Twenty-six countries participated, which saw the return of Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway and Poland after having been relegated from competing the previous year, Portugal returning to the contest after withdrawing the previous year, while Ukraine participated in the contest for the first time.[4] Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Macedonia and Switzerland were required to withdraw due to their poor results in the 2002 contest.
157 the contest, but additional funds would be needed for infrastructure, hotels and other financial issues.[8] The Government of Latvia allotted €5.3 million for the event with a further €1.1 million being provided by the Riga City Council – covering the anticipated organisational costs for the contest.[9] A task force that included members from LTV, the National Radio and Television Council and state secretaries was formed to explicitly work on organisation of the contest and report on the estimated expenses.[8] Bidding phase
The winner for 2003 was Turkey with the song "Everyway That I Can" sung by Sertab Erener, which scored 167 points, narrowly beating Belgium into second place with a margin of 2 points and Russia into third place with a margin of 3 points.[5] This was the first win for Turkey at the Eurovision Song Contest. Norway and Sweden rounded out of the top five, placing fourth and fifth respectively. The United Kingdom achieved their worst result to date, Jūrmala coming in last place (26th) and scoring no points from [6] any of the twenty-six voting nations. The 2003 contest was the last contest to take place on one evening. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) revealed that Riga it would be adding a semi-final show to the competition in order to accommodate the growing number of interested countries wishing to take part in the contest.[7] This Ventspils was also the last contest in which a relegation system was Locations of the candidate cities. The chosen host city is used to determine which countries would participate in marked in red. the following year’s contest. The contest also marked the Three cities were considered as host city of the confifth time in the history of the competition where all participants were participating for the first time; there were no returning artists that had already competed in the contest on a previous occasion.
6.6.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Riga. On 22 August 2002, Latvian public broadcaster Latvijas Televīzija (LTV) announced that it had chosen the Skonto Hall in Riga as the host venue for the 2003 contest.[8] Latvia won the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 on 25 May 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia with the song “I Wanna” performed by Marie N. This was Latvia’s first victory in the contest, which also carried the right for LTV to organise the 2003 contest. LTV initially had budgetary concerns with staging the contest. The chairman of the National Radio and Television Council Ojārs Rubenis stated that if the government presented no budget guarantees, the council, which owns shares in LTV, would vote against organising the contest. Rubenis elaborated that LTV was prepared to cover the creative side and broadcasting of
Skonto Hall, Riga - host venue of the 2003 contest.
test: Riga, Ventspils and Jūrmala.[10] LTV requested proposals from the three cities concerning how they plan to organise the contest. Riga City Council offered the Mežaparks Open-air Stage, Skonto Hall and the Ķīpsala International Exhibition Centre as potential venues for hosting the contest.[8] Ventspils bid to host the contest at the Ventspils Olympic Centre with a pledge of support from city mayor Aivars Lembergs, who added that Ventspils could also provide two cruise ferries that
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could be used to accommodate up to 8,000 guests.[11] Jūrmala City Council offered the Dzintari Concert Hall with plans to expand and upgrade the facility and surrounding infrastructure.[10]
and Yuri Malenchenko—gave their greetings from the International Space Station.[20][21][22] The interval act for the contest was a short film directed by Anna Viduleja that featured a sequence of performances by Latvian postLTV’s organisational task force later decided to proceed folklore group Iļģi, Renārs Kaupers’ band[23]Brainstorm, with the bids from Riga and Ventspils, eliminating Jūr- Marie N and piano player Raimonds Pauls. mala and the Mežaparks Open-air Stage in Riga.[8] On On the day of the contest, bookmaker William Hill's 15 June 2002, the EBU Reference Group decided in con- odds placed Russia as joint favourites to win the conjunction with the organisational task force in Latvia that test with Spain. Ireland, Slovenia, Estonia, Norway Riga would host the 2003 contest with the venue option and Iceland were behind in third, fourth and joint between the Skonto Hall and Ķīpsala International Ex- fifth respectively.[24] At the conclusion of the conhibition Centre being decided upon by LTV.[8][12] LTV test, favourites Russia placed third and Spain placed ultimately chose the Skonto Hall as the venue to stage the eighth, while outsiders Turkey (20-1) and Belgium (501) claimed the first and second places, respectively. Auscontest.[8] tria, at 100-1, were favourites to finish last, however, they scored their best result since 1989, placing sixth.[24]
6.6.2
Format
An official compilation album, featuring all twenty-six competing entries from the contest, was released for the The EBU released the rules for the 2003 contest in first time on the EMI/CMC label.[25] November 2002, which detailed that twenty-six countries would participate, making it the largest number of participants to take part in the contest up to this point.[13] Graphic design The rules also modified the eligibility criteria for entries, changing the date of release cut-off point for songs from LTV launched a competition in order to find the logo for 1 January 2003 to 1 October 2002.[14] There was also the contest. At the close of the competition, high ina change in the tie-break rule, which would now resolve terest from the public translated into 204 logo submissuch a case in favour of the nation that received points sions, which were ultimately judged by a jury panel confrom a higher number of countries rather than taking into sisting of Uldis-Ivars Grava (general director of LTV), account the amount of top scores (12 points) received.[14] Arvīds Babris (then executive producer of the contest), The draw for running order was held on 29 November Ugis Brikmanis (director), Laimonis Šteinbergs (artist), 2002 in Riga, hosted by Marie N and Renārs Kaupers, Ingūna Rībena (architect), Arta Giga (LTV representawith the results being revealed during a delayed broad- tive) and Juhan Paadam (EBU representative).[26] On 16 cast of the proceedings later that day.[15] November 2002, LTV and the EBU presented the logo The official sponsors for the contest were Latvian mobile telecom provider Latvijas Mobilais Telefons and Latvian bank company Parex Banka.[16] LTV selected Latvia Tours as its official partner to provide lodging, travel and recreation for the contest delegations and other guests.[17] Riga City Council was also responsible for offering promotion and activities during the week preceding the contest.[18] Full preparations for the 2003 contest began on 18 May 2003 at the Skonto Hall. There were rehearsals, press conferences and participants were also involved in an internet chat.[19] Two dress rehearsals were held on 23 May, in front of an estimated 12,000 people. The organisers of the contest held a press conference; one of the issues complained about was the lack of invitations for the afterparty. The final dress rehearsal was held on 24 May, the day of the contest. A simulation of the voting procedure was also held, in which the presenters linked up with all twenty-six countries by satellite for the first time.[19] The contest featured special guests that communicated with the hosts via satellite: Lys Assia, winner of the 1956 Contest greeted the hosts and spectators from Nicosia, Elton John spoke to the presenters live from the Life Ball in Vienna and one astronaut and one cosmonaut—Ed Lu
for the contest which was designed by the director of the Computer Graphics Department of LTV, Maris Kalve with further elaboration by LTV’s chief artist Kristaps Skulte.[14][27] The logo was named upes, the Latvian word for rivers, and carried the slogan “All rivers flow toward the sea, all songs flow toward the Eurovision Song Contest”.[14] The postcards shown between the entries were directed by Ugis Brikmanis and featured the artists competing at the contest interacting with Latvia’s various landscapes: forests, rivers, lakes and towns.[28] The postcards were recorded during the preceding week of the contest and ran behind schedule, leading to some postcards featuring only footage from the rehearsals and press conferences.[29] The stage design was created by Aigars Ozoliņš and based on the concept called Planet Latvia.[30][31] The stage used several light and video effects and included an innovation new to the contest - a video screen stage floor that could be used to give each entry a unique look.[31] The green room where the delegations and competitors awaited the results of the contest was placed directly behind the stage and unveiled shortly before the voting portion of the show commenced, allowing the audience to view the representatives of the competing nations as they received points.[31]
6.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2003 National host broadcaster Initially, Arvīds Babris, head of the Latvian delegation at the 2002 contest, was appointed as executive producer for the contest, however, after production fell behind schedule and the EBU applied pressure upon LTV, he was dismissed and Brigita Rozenbrika took over the position, receiving additional support from the Swedish broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT) and Estonian broadcaster Eesti Televisioon (ETV).[3][32][33] SVT was also the technical producer of the contest for the second year running with Sven Stojanovic as director and the Swedish lighting company Spectra+ contracted for the contest.[34][35]
159 remaining spots in the final.
6.6.3 Incidents Organisational issues
In January 2003, German news magazine Der Spiegel reported that Guntars Kukuls, spokesperson of the city council of Riga, stated that Riga was suffering from serious financial problems that could possibly lead to a breach of contract and that the contest needed to be moved to another city.[40] Ilona Bērziņa, spokesperson of LTV, denied that potential financial issues the city council of Riga may be facing would interrupt the organisation of the Voting contest.[41] In February 2003, The Baltic Times reported that a committee of Riga municipality rejected the proThe EBU reintroduced televoting as an obligatory voting posal to withdraw the promised funds it pledged in supmode in all participating countries, which awarded 1, 2, 3, port of organising the contest.[42] 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 points to their ten favourite songs, in ascending order. Countries voted in the same order In March 2003, Danish newspaper B.T. published an artias they had performed. Bosnia and Herzegovina and cle based on accusations that the EBU television director Russia were granted an exception to holding a televote Bjørn Erichsen made in reference to LTV suffering from as they cited that their telecommunications penetration organisational chaos which could result in the removal of duties since they were running behind was less than 80%.[5][13] Polish broadcaster Telewizja Latvia’s hosting [43] schedule. The general director of LTV, Uldis-Ivars [36] Polska opted to use only SMS-voting. In the televotGrava, replied, saying: “A few weeks ago, the EBU's legal ing/smsvoting household shall not be permitted to vote director, Werner Rumphorst, was in Riga, and I spent an [37] more than three times. All other countries planned to entire day with him and with the former general director use a televote. This contest was also the first to introof the Danish broadcaster DR, Bjørn Erichsen. We talked duce a computer-generated scoreboard which rearranged itself in order as the points were awarded. Broadcasters about co-operation and about programme exchanges, and neither of them said a single word that would indicate were required to assemble back-up juries that consisted [44] of eight voting members, with age and gender equally dis- any doubts, lack of trust or accusation.” Ingrida Smite, head of press for the Eurovision Song Contest 2003, reaftributed, in the case of televote failure on the night of would take place in Riga despite [13] the competition. Four members of the jury had to be firmed that the contest [44] reports to the contrary. members of the general public and the other four members had to be music professionals.[13] Controversies surrounding Russian artists Future changes in contest format With the increased amount of potential participating countries, the EBU began to review the format of the contest with potential changes being considered such as adding extra evenings for the show, holding a regional pre-selection, or putting a limit to number of participating countries by increasing the entrance fee.[38] On 29 January 2003, the EBU unveiled a two-night system for the contest in 2004: a semi-final would be held before a grand final. The "Big Four", along with the top ten from the 2003 contest, would automatically qualify for the 2004 final.[39] The format change eliminated the relegation system, allowing all countries to send an artist and song to the contest. The fourteen eventual countries from the 2003 contest that qualified to compete directly in the 2004 final were Turkey, Belgium, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Poland, Spain, Iceland, Romania, Ireland, Germany, France and the United Kingdom. All other countries would have to compete in the semi-final for ten
Upon the selection of the Russian artists t.A.T.u., the duo gave an interview to German tabloid Bild in March 2003 where they claimed that they would win the contest without a doubt and criticised the German entrant Lou calling her a witch with duo member Julia Volkova (also referring to Germany’s 2002 entrant) stating, “In Russia we nurse blind and old people, but we don't send them to the Grand Prix. This must be different in Germany.”[45][46] Lou later responded to the comments stating, “I don't know whether bitching, fighting and boozing kids are the right representatives for such a beautiful country as Russia.”[47] t.A.T.u.'s first rehearsal dominated proceedings on 20 May—the band were supposed to rehearse the day before, but had turned up a day late, claiming that Julia Volkova was suffering from a sore throat.[48] The group were booed by journalists during their press conference where they complained about the production’s poor lighting and stage. EBU supervisor Sarah Yuen said “They are the bad girls of pop…we shouldn’t have expected them to
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come here and be nice and pleasant.”[49] The EBU had originally planned to have a pre-recorded performance of the Russian entry ready to substitute during the live broadcast in case the duo performed a lesbian publicity stunt on stage, which they deemed inappropriate for a family entertainment show.[50] The EBU later stated that the performance would be broadcast live without any interruption.[51][52]
6.6.4 Participating countries
Russian complaint against Irish vote
Twenty-four countries participated in the 2002 contest in Tallinn; of these, fourteen were expected to compete in 2003. The bottom ten in Tallinn would be relegated, to allow countries to compete for the first time.[58] In reality, only five countries were relegated— nineteen countries that entered in 2002 competed in Riga. Macedonia, Finland, Switzerland, Lithuania and Denmark were forced to sit out the contest. The nineteen qualifiers were joined by the six countries that had sat out the 2002 contest: Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Portugal. The twenty-sixth contestant was Ukraine, making its debut at the contest.[59] Originally, Serbia and Montenegro, Albania and Belarus had planned 2003 debuts, but the EBU’s late changes to the relegation procedure meant that they could not compete.[60] All three countries eventually made their debuts in 2004. RTBF was the Belgian broadcaster at the forty-eighth contest, marking the first Walloon entry since 2000. Twenty-six entries was the highest number in the final of the contest’s history at that point; subsequently equalled nine years later in 2012 and then beaten in 2015, when twenty-seven countries participated in the final that year. The draw for the running order took place in December 2002 in Riga: Iceland would open the contest and Slovenia would complete it.[61]
After the contest, Russian broadcaster Channel One complained that Irish broadcaster RTÉ had used a back-up jury, and that it had cost them victory. A statement by Channel One said “Considering [the] insignificant difference in points between the first and third places, there are grounds to believe that the contest results could be much different for Russia.”[53][54] On the night of the competition, the voting polls operated by Irish telecommunications company Eircom suffered a delay in delivering the results on time, which prompted RTÉ to use the votes of the back-up jury instead.[55] The EBU cleared RTÉ of any potential wrongdoing after an investigation on the matter and stated that the rules concerning substituting the back-up jury in place of the televote were correctly applied.[55] RTÉ later published the unused results of the televote, which showed that had the jury not been used, Turkey would still have won, and Ireland’s voting “partners”, the United Kingdom, would still have no points. 6.6.5 Results Russia did not receive any points from the televote, however, since Belgium only received 2 points from the Irish 1.^ Specifically Styrian, a Southern Bavarian televote as opposed to 10 points awarded by the Irish jury, dialect spoken in Styria. Russia would have placed second.[56] 2.^ The chorus contains a few words in English, Greek, French and Spanish. United Kingdom’s last place finish The United Kingdom’s last-place finish was greeted with much consternation in the British media. Terry Wogan, long-time commentator on the contest for the BBC, said that the UK was suffering from “post-Iraq backlash”.[5] Chris Cromby from Jemini said, in reference to the group’s off-key vocals, “The monitors were off. Maybe it was sabotage, but we couldn't hear anything...we used the floor monitors, the others used their own.”[57] The UK’s result was their worst-ever at Eurovision; by contrast, Turkey’s win was their first. Alf Poier’s sixth place was Austria’s best result for fourteen years, Poland’s seventh place was their best in nine, and Romania’s tenth place was one place behind their best-ever. Belgium’s second place was their first top-five finish in seventeen years, but Latvia’s third-from-bottom finish was their worst result in four attempts; it was also the worst placing for a host country since 1992, until 2015 when host country Austria received 0 points and came second to last (Germany also received nil points but because of the running order Austria placed ahead of them).
6.6.6 Scoreboard 12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
6.6.7 Marcel Bezençon Awards The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia honoring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon.[63] The awards are divided into 3 categories; Press Award; Artistic Award; and Fan Award.[64]
6.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2003
6.6.8
International broadcasts and voting
Spokespersons The voting order in the 2003 contest was the order in which the countries had been drawn to perform. The spokespersons for each country were: 1.
Iceland - Eva María Jónsdóttir
2.
Austria - Dodo Roščić
3.
Ireland - Pamela Flood
4.
Turkey - Meltem Ersan Yazgan
5.
Malta - Sharon Borg[65]
6.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ana Vilenica
7.
Portugal - Helena Ramos[66]
8.
Croatia - Davor Meštrović[67]
9.
Cyprus - Loukas Hamatsos[68]
10.
Germany - Axel Bulthaupt
11.
Russia - Yana Churikova
12.
Spain - Anne Igartiburu
13.
Israel - Michal Zoharetz
14.
161 Commentators •
Albania - (TVSH)[74]
•
Armenia - (Armenia TV)[75]
•
Andorra - Meri Picart and Albert Roig (ATV)[76]
•
Austria - Andi Knoll (ORF1); Martin Blumenau (Hitradio Ö3)
• •
Belarus - Ales Kruglyakov and Tatyana Yakusheva (BTRC)[78]
•
Belgium - Dutch: André Vermeulen and Anja Daems (TV1);[79] Julien Put & Michel Follet (Radio 2), French: Jean-Pierre Hautier (La Une);[80] Patrick Duhamel and Sophie Brems (La Première)
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Dejan Kukrić (BHTV1)
•
Croatia - Danijela Trbović (HRT 2);[81] Draginja Balaš (HR 2)
•
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail (RIK 1);[68] Pavlos Pavlou (RIK Deftero)
•
15.
United Kingdom - Lorraine Kelly
16.
Ukraine - Lyudmyla Hariv[69]
17.
Greece - Alexis Kostalas[70]
18.
Norway - Roald Øyen
19.
France - Sandrine François[71]
Estonia - Marko Reikop (ETV);[83] Vello Rand (Raadio 2)
•
Finland - Maria Guzenina and Asko Murtomäki (YLE TV2)[84]
•
France - Laurent Ruquier and Isabelle Mergault (France 3);[80] Laurent Boyer (France Bleu)
•
Germany - Peter Urban (Das Erste);[85] Thomas Mohr (Deutschlandfunk and NDR 2)[86]
•
Greece - Dafni Bokota (ET1);[87] Giorgos Mitropoulos (ERA1)
•
Iceland (Sjónvarpið)[88]
•
Ireland - Marty Whelan (RTÉ One);[89] Gerry Ryan (RTÉ Radio 1)
•
Israel - No commentator (Channel 1); Daniel Pe'er (Reshet Gimel)
•
Italy - Fabio Canino and Paolo Quilici (GAY.tv)[90]
(French representative in the 2002 Contest)
20.
Poland - Maciej Orłoś
21.
Latvia - Ģirts Līcis[72]
22.
Belgium - Corinne Boulangier[71]
23.
Estonia - Ines (Estonian representative in the 2000 Contest)
24.
Romania - Leonard Miron
25.
Sweden - Kattis Ahlström[73]
26.
Denmark - Jørgen de Mylius (DR1)[82]
•
Netherlands - Marlayne (Dutch representative in the 1999 Contest)
Australia - Des Mangan (SBS)[77]
Gísli
Marteinn
Baldursson
(Co-presenter of the 2000 Contest)
•
Latvia - Kārlis Streips (LTV1)
Slovenia - Peter Poles
•
Lithuania - Darius Užkuraitis (LTV2)
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CHAPTER 6. 1998 TO 2003 – TELEVOTING ARRIVES
•
Macedonia - Milanka Rašik (MTV 3)
•
Malta - John Bundy (TVM)
•
6.6.10 References
Netherlands - Willem van Beusekom (Nederland 2);[91] Wessel van Diepen (Radio 3FM)
•
Norway - Jostein Pedersen (NRK1)[92]
•
Poland - Artur Orzech (TVP1)[93]
•
Portugal - Margarida Mercês de Mello (RTP1)[66]
[1] Bakker, Sietse (1 December 2002). “Renars Kaupers and Marie N hosts 2003 show”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013. [2] Bakker, Sietse (26 November 2002). “Eurovision 2003 theme will be rendez-vous”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013. [3] Bakker, Sietse (24 December 2009). “The end of a decade: Riga 2003”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 16 November 2013. [4] Bakker, Sietse (27 November 2002). “EBU released list of participant for 2003”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
•
Puerto Rico - (MSN)[75]
[5] “Turkish delight at Eurovision win”. BBC News. BBC News. 24 May 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
•
Romania - Andreea Demirgian (TVR1)
[6] “UK act hits Eurovision low”. BBC News. BBC News. 25 May 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
•
Russia - Yuri Aksyuta and Yelena Batinova (Channel One); Vadim Dolgachev (Voice of Russia)
[7] Barak, Itamar (22 May 2003). “EBU press conference about the contest’s future”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
•
Serbia and Montenegro - Mladen Popović (RTS2)[74][94]
[8] Mikheev, Andy (22 August 2002). “Archived news. Part 1.”. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
•
Slovenia - Andrea F (SLO1)
•
Spain - José Luis Uribarri (TVE1)[95]
•
Sweden - Pekka Heino (SVT1); Norén (SR P3)[96]
[73]
[9] “Vēstulē noliedz Eirovīzijas finansu problēmas” (in Latvian). Delfi. 31 January 2003. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
Carolina
[10] “Dzintaru koncertzāles pārbūve Eirovīzijas rīkošanai izmaksātu trīs miljonus latu” (in Latvian). TVNET. 6 June 2002. Retrieved 27 October 2013. [11] Lēvalde, Vēsma (3 June 2002). “Ventspils dome vēlas Eirovīzijas rīkošanu Ventspilī (papildināts)" (in Latvian). db.lv. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
•
Switzerland - Roman Kilchsperger (SF2), JeanMarc Richard and Alain Morisod (TSR 1), Daniele Rauseo (TSI 1) [12] “Eirovīzija izmaksās 4,7 vai 5,5 miljonus latu” (in Lat-
•
Turkey - Bülend Özveren (TRT 1); Canan Kumbasar (TRT Radyo 3)
•
Ukraine - Pavlo Shylko (First National TV Channel)
• •
vian). TVNET. 2 July 2002. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
United Kingdom - Terry Wogan (BBC One); Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2)[97] United States - Sisi Fleitas and Ana Maria Canseco (Univision)
6.6.9
Official album
[13] “RULES OF THE 2003 EUROVISION SONG CONTEST” (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. European Broadcasting Union. 20 November 2002. Retrieved 16 November 2013. [14] Mikheev, Andy (20 November 2002). “Archived news. Part 4.”. Retrieved 16 November 2013. [15] Bakker, Sietse (28 November 2002). “Draw to be made public Friday 17:00 CET”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013. [16] Bakker, Sietse (30 November 2002). “Latvijas Mobilais and Parex sponsor 2003 contest”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013. [17] Bakker, Sietse (27 November 2002). “Latvia Tours selected as cooperation partner”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
Eurovision Song Contest: Riga 2003 was the official compilation album of the 2003 Contest, put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by CMC [18] Medinika, Aija (25 March 2002). “The preparation for International on 19 May 2003. The album featured all 26 Eurovision Song Contest 2003”. ESCToday.com. Resongs that entered in the 2003 contest.[98] trieved 16 November 2013.
6.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2003
163
[19] Event at the Wayback Machine (archived June 2, 2003). Eurovision.tv. Retrieved on 22 March 2008.
[38] Mikheev, Andy (17 September 2002). “Archived news. Part 2.”. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
[20] Bakker, Sietse (1 December 2008). “Artists and fan sites campaign on World AIDS Day”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
[39] Bakker, Sietse (29 January 2003). “EBU confirms new Eurovision Song Contest format”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
[21] Bakker, Sietse (21 May 2008). “1956 winner Lys Assia: “It will go on!"". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
[40] Rau, Oliver (28 January 2003). “Financial problems in Riga”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[22] Tarm, Michael (2003). “Turks beat back Russia and Belgium to win; Baltics and Britain bomb.”. City Paper. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
[41] Bakker, Sietse (29 January 2003). “LTV: 'Eurovision Song Contest not in danger'". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[23] “Eirovīzijas veidotāji pārcēlušies uz 'Skonto' halli” (in Latvian). Delfi. 6 May 2003. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
[42] Barak, Itamar (2 February 2003). “Riga municipality won't cut Eurovision budget”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[24] Bakker, Sietse (24 May 2003). “William Hill: update of the betting figures!". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
[43] Ringby, Daniel (15 March 2003). “Danish newspaper writes about LTV’s chaos”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[25] “Eurovision Song Contest Riga 2003: CD available now”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
[44] Bakker, Sietse (16 March 2003). “LTV: “Eurovision will take place in Riga!"". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[26] Medinika, Aija (27 November 2002). “204 logo propositions for ESC 2003”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
[45] Mikheev, Andy (19 March 2003). “Archived news. Part 7.”. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[27] Bakker, Sietse (27 November 2002). “Logo for Eurovision 2003 selected”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
[46] “Grand-Prix sensation: t.A.T.u. participate against Lou*. (“Blind” - Germany)". 19 March 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[28] Mikheev, Andy (7 October 2002). “Archived news. Part 3.”. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[47] Mikheev, Andy (20 March 2003). “Russia”. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[29] Jordan, Paul (11 January 2013). “What’s Another Year? Ten Years On From Riga”. ESCInsight. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[48] “Eurovision row over Tatu”. BBC News. 21 May 2003. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
[30] Bakker, Sietse (27 March 2003). “Eurovision Song Contest 2003 on Planet Latvia”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[49] “tATu plan to take Eurovision by storm”. BreakingNews.ie. 23 May 2003. Retrieved 22 March 2008. [50] “Tatu Lesbian Stunt Feared (SkyNews)". 22 May 2003. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
[31] Barak, Itamar (7 May 2003). “Magical encounter on the Eurovision stage”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[51] Rau, Oliver (24 May 2003). “t.A.T.u.'s performance will not be interrupted”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
[32] Bakker, Sietse (28 November 2002). “Arvids Babris will produce the contest in Latvia”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[52] “Eurovision to Brave All with Live t.A.T.u. Show (Reuters)". 25 May 2003. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
[33] Barak, Itamar (18 March 2003). “Riga 2003: A new executive producer”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013. [34] Opheim, Bjørn Erik (13 December 2002). “SVT to produce 2003 Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 21 March 2008. [35] “Spectra+ lands third Eurovision contract”. Live Design. 17 April 2003. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
[53] Walsh, Nick Paton (30 May 2003). “Vote switch 'stole Tatu’s Eurovision win'". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 November 2013. [54] “Russia launches Eurovision appeal”. BBC News. 29 May 2003. Retrieved 20 November 2013. [55] Rodrigues, André (20 June 2003). “EBU approves use back-up jury of Irish television”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
[36] Medinika, Aija (24 May 2003). “Poland will use SMSvoting only”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
[56] Bakker, Sietse (27 June 2003). “Irish televoting results finally announced”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
[37] “Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 2003” (PDF). myledbury. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
[57] “Eurovision flops blame equipment”. BBC News. 26 May 2003. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
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CHAPTER 6. 1998 TO 2003 – TELEVOTING ARRIVES
[58] Sietse Bakker (25 May 2002). Latvia won the 47th Eurovision Song Contest. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 23 March 2008.
[78] БТ покажет нам "Евровидение−2003” (in Russian). Komsomolskaya Pravda. 24 May 2003. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
[59] Sietse Bakker. EBU released list of participant for 2003. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 23 March 2008.
[79] “Congratulations: 50 jaar Songfestival!". VRTFansite.be. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[60] Sietse Bakker. No new countries at next Eurovision Song Contest. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 23 March 2008.
[80] Christian Masson. “2003 - Riga”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[61] Sietse Bakker (1 December 2002). Draw of running order finally available. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 23 March 2008. [62] “Eurovision Song Contest 2003”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [63] “Marcel Bezençon Award - an introduction”. Poplight. Retrieved 2009-06-02. [64] “Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2012 | News | Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [65] Archived January 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. [66] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [67] "• Pogledaj temu - SPOKESPERSONS”. Forum.hrt.hr. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [68] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [69] ""Євробачення" — готовність № 1 /ДЕНЬ/". Day.kiev.ua. 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[81] "• Pogledaj temu - Eurosong komentatori”. Forum.hrt.hr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [82] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [83] Archived September 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. [84] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [85] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Düsseldorf 2011”. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [86] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Eurovision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28. [87] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [88] “Fréttablaðið, 24.05.2003”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 201208-09. [89] “RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry - Marty”. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest. [90] Lombardini, Emanuele; Pigliavento, Alessandro (2012). “Guida all'EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2012” (PDF). Eurovision Italia. Eurovision Italia. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
[70] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[91] www.eurovisionartists.nl. “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-0809.
[71] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[92] “Alt du trenger å vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix Melodi Grand Prix - NRK”. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[72]
[93] “Turcja, nie Polska zwycięzcą Eurowizji 2003 - Onet Muzyka”. Muzyka.onet.pl. 2003-05-25. Retrieved 201208-09.
[73] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [74] Opheim, Bjørn Erik (22 February 2003). “50th Anniversary won't affect annual Eurovision”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 23 November 2013. [75] Barak, Itamar (22 May 2003). “EBU press conference about the contest’s future”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
[94] “Nostalgični RTV press clipping”. rtvforum.net. Retrieved 2015-09-02. [95] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [96] “Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever”. The Local. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
[76] “ATV Eurovisio”. Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra. 9 October 2003. Archived from the original on December 10, 2003. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
[97] Bruce, Ken. “Gin for lunch, whiskey for tea: Radio 2’s Ken Bruce reveals his midlife crisis and the days when one drink was not enough”. Daily Mail.
[77] Jinman, Richard (24 May 2003). “Lesbian kiss could be Russia’s Waterloo”. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
[98] “Eurovision Song Contest: Riga 2003”. amazon.co.uk. Amazon. Retrieved 5 November 2014. Product details: released 19 May 2003
6.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2003
6.6.11
External links
• Official website • Official rules for 2003 • Eurovision Song Contest 2003 at the Internet Movie Database Coordinates: 56°56′56″N 24°06′23″E / 56.94889°N 24.10639°E
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Chapter 7
2004 to 2014 – Semifinals and beyond 7.1 Eurovision Song Contest 2004
Location For more details on the host city, see Istanbul.
“Eurovision 2004” redirects here. For the Junior Contest, see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004. The Eurovision Song Contest 2004 was the 49th Eurovision Song Contest and it was held in the Abdi İpekçi Arena in Istanbul, Turkey. This was the first occasion in which the contest was held Location of the host city. in Turkey after they had won the competition in 2003 with Sertab Erener singing "Everyway That I Can". The hosting national broadcaster of the contest was Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT).
Istanbul
Ukrainian singer Ruslana won the contest with "Wild Dances". It is notable that this was only Ukraine’s second participation in the contest. This was also the third year in a row in which the contest was won by a woman, performing a song composed at least partially by herself (being the previous two Marie N and Sertab Erener, which co-wrote their winning songs for the 2002 and 2003 contests). 2nd Place went to Serbia & Montenegro in their debut entry, 3rd to Greece, 4th to host nation Turkey, 5th to Cyprus (being their most successful entry to date) 6th to Sweden and 7th to Albania (also a debuting country). To accommodate the increasing number of countries who wished to participate, a semi-final was introduced. The countries which didn't qualify for the final are normally calculate like participating countries, as well semi finals are a part of the competition. For the second consecutive year, no returning acts were present - only the sixth Abdi İpekçi Arena, Istanbul - host venue of the 2004 contest. time (including 1956) in the history of the contest that this happened and it was the first time this had happened The contest was held in Istanbul following Turkey's vicin two consecutive years. tory in the 2003 contest in Riga, Latvia with Sertab Originally the Erener's "Everyway That I Can". Mydonose Showland was chosen by TRT to host the event, but was changed to the Abdi İpekçi Arena as the contest approached due to its bigger capacity.[1]
7.1.1
Hosts
Korhan Abay and Meltem Cumbul were presenters of the show. In the semi-final and the final, Meltem Cumbul warmed up the audience with a sing-a-long of Eurovision classic 166
7.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2004 "Nel blu dipinto di blu (Volare)", originally by Domenico Modugno. Sertab Erener returned to the stage in the final to perform “Everyway That I Can”, the 2003 winning song, and one of her new songs called "Leave". Sertab also interviewed contestants in the green room. The Turkish dance ensemble Fire of Anatolia performed as the interval act.[1] An official CD was released and, for the first time, the entire contest was released on DVD which included the Semi-Final and the Grand Final.
7.1.2
Firsts
The contest’s new official generic logo was used for the first time this year, with the heart-shaped flag in the centre due to be changed for future contests. The slogan for Istanbul’s contest was “Under The Same Sky”, which communicated the importance of a united Europe and Turkish integration. This year was also notable as it was the first year that Turkey voted for Cyprus and the second year in a row that Cyprus voted for Turkey. Nevertheless, in a move that angered some Cypriots, when the country presented its votes no map of the island was shown (all other presenters were preceded with their country being highlighted on a map). This was due to Turkey’s recognition of the northern half of the island as an independent republic (not recognised by any other state). It is likely Turkey pulled out of showing the map because it would have only highlighted the southern portion of the island, and thus angered the international community.[1] This was also the first year that the scores were only reread by the hosts in one language. Before 2004 every point was repeated in French and English, but due to 36 countries voting, and more in years to come, in 2004 to save time the hosts only re-read each score in one language. This was in the opposite of the original country representative spoke in. Also, this year was the first time in which a non-winning entry scored over 200 points. Prior to this contest, only Rock 'n' Roll Kids and Love Shine a Light, the winners on 1994 and 1997 had passed this mark. In this contest, all songs in the top 3 got over 200 points.
7.1.3
Participating countries
This year’s Eurovision contest was the first to be a twoday event, with one qualifying round held on a Wednesday and the grand final held on the following Saturday. Under this new format, byes into the final were given to the 'Big 4'; France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom (as the largest financial contributors to the European Broadcasting Union) and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2003 contest. Andorra, Albania, Belarus and Serbia and Montenegro participated in the Contest for the first time, with Monaco returning after a 25-year ab-
167 sence. Luxembourg were due to return after an absence of 11 years, but later pulled out after money issues arose between RTL and the EBU. All participating countries had the right to vote in both the qualifying round and the grand final. This was the first year in which all 36 participating countries voted based on a public phone vote. However France, Poland and Russia did not broadcast the semi-final (as they were not participating in it) and therefore did not give votes for it like the other thirty-three countries.
7.1.4 Problems Just before the Slovenian entry was about to be performed, the Turkish broadcaster accidentally took a commercial break which meant the Slovenian song was not heard by Turkish viewers and consequently, Turkey gave no votes for the song.[1] There were technical problems when in a short hiatus halfway through the songs, (used for the advertising break), the hosts tried to contact various parties in Europe. They tried contacting Germany, Spain and Turkey, but in the end were only able to get a response from Germany. During the Romanian postcard introduction, the information for the Romanian entry appeared on the screen, but was quickly taken away. A final minor hiccup occurred when, on her way to present the winner the trophy, Sertab Erener got her shoe stuck in a speaker grill by the side of the stage and had to be freed by stagehands. However this didn't delay proceedings, and other than the above the show ran smoothly. An hour after the semi-final had been aired, the European Broadcasting Union discovered that there had been problems with the vote counting in Monaco and Croatia. Digame, an affiliate of Deutsche Telekom, who had been responsible for processing all the votes(from 2004), reported that they had encountered problems with their calculation software, and there was a problem with text message voting in Croatia. When the votes were counted, results showed that Croatia had awarded themselves 4 points, which is against Eurovision rules. Later, an official EBU statement read that there had been technical problems at the side of the Croatian mobile service provider, who neglected to delete the illegal votes from the results. Consequently, some votes were not counted in the results announced at the end of the broadcast of the semi-final. When the results were corrected to include these additional votes, they were found not to have affected which countries had qualified for the Final.[1]
7.1.5 Format Voting structure Every country in the competition, including those who did not qualify for the final, were allowed to vote for other countries. After all performances were completed, each
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
country opened their phone lines to allow their viewers to vote for their favourite song. Voting for the country in which you are situated is not allowed, however. Each country awarded points based on the number of votes cast for each song: the song which received the most viewer votes was awarded 12 points, the second 10 points, the third 8 points and then 7, 6, 5, etc. down to 1. In the event of a tie, the number of countries to vote for the tying songs would be counted, and the song having the most countries awarding points to it, would be the winner. In the event of a further tie, then the previously used method of counting back on the number of 12 points, 10 points etc., would be used to find an eventual winner.
2.
Albania
3.
Austria
4.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
5.
Belgium
6.
Belarus
7.
Switzerland
8.
Serbia and Montenegro
9.
Cyprus
10.
Germany
11.
Denmark
Semi-final
12.
Estonia
The semi-final was held on 12 May 2004 at 21:00 (CET). 22 countries performed and all participants voted except France, Poland and Russia. This was the first ever semifinal in Eurovision history.
13.
Spain
14.
Finland
15.
France
Shaded countries qualified for the Eurovision Final
16.
United Kingdom
17.
Greece
18.
Croatia
19.
Ireland
20.
Israel
21.
Iceland
22.
Lithuania
23.
Latvia
24.
Monaco
7.1.6
Results
A new ABBA video was shown in the semi final, briefly outlining how ABBA started and what the response was of the first record company they approached. It featured small puppets of the band performing snippets of their songs (the voices being the ones of the band) and featured Rik Mayall as the record company manager.[1] This was cut from the Eurovision Song Contest DVD and released separately. References to the video that were made running up to the showing of it were also cut. Final The finalists were: • the four automatic qualifiers France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom; • the top 10 countries from the 2003 contest (other than the automatic qualifiers); • the top 10 countries from the 2004 semi-final. The final was held on 15 May 2004 at 21:00 (CET) and was won by Ukraine. Countries in bold automatically qualified for the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 Final. Voting during the final Countries revealed their votes in the following order: 1.
Andorra
25.
Macedonia
26.
Malta
27.
Netherlands
28.
Norway
29.
Poland
30.
Portugal
31.
Romania
32.
Russia
33.
Sweden
34.
Slovenia
35.
Turkey
36.
Ukraine
7.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2004
7.1.7
Score sheet
169 •
Finland - Finnish: Markus Kajo and Asko Murtomäki (YLE TV2),[12] Swedish: Thomas Lundin (YLE FST), Sanna Kojo & Jorma Hietamäki (YLE Radio Suomi)[13]
•
France - Laurent Ruquier and Elsa Fayer (Final - France 3),[7] Jean-Luc Delarue (Final - France Bleu)
•
Germany - Peter Urban (All - Das Erste),[14] Thomas Mohr (Deutschlandfunk/NDR 2)[15]
Semi-final 12 points semi-final:
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the
Final 12 points final:
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the
•
7.1.8
AP Awards
7.1.9
Marcel Bezençon Awards
The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia honoring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon.[4] The awards are divided into 3 categories; Press Award; Artistic Award; and Composer Award.[5]
7.1.10 •
Commentators
Andorra - Meri Picart & Josep Lluís Trabal (RTVA)
•
Austria - Andi Knoll (ORF2), Martin Blumenau (Final - Hitradio Ö3)
• •
Belarus - Ales Kruglyakou (Belarus 1) Belgium - Dutch: André Vermeulen and Bart Peeters (VRT TV1),[6] Julien Put and Michel Follet (Final - VRT Radio 2), French: Jean-Pierre Hautier (La Une),[7] Patrick Duhamel and Serges Otthiers (Final - La Première)
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Dejan Kukric (BHTV1)
•
Croatia - Aleksandar “Aco” Kostadinov[8]
•
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail (RIK 1)[9]
•
Denmark - Jørgen de Mylius (DR1)[10]
•
•
Iceland (Sjónvarpið)[17]
•
Ireland - Marty Whelan (All - RTÉ One),[18] Brendan Balfe (Final - RTÉ Radio 1)
Estonia - Marko Reikop (ETV)[11] and Vello Rand (Raadio 2)
Gísli
Marteinn
•
Israel - No commentator
•
Latvia - Kārlis Streips
•
Lithuania - Darius Užkuraitis
•
Macedonia - Milanka Rasic
•
Malta - Eileen Montesin[19]
Baldursson
•
Mexico - Andrea Legarreta and Eugenio Derbez (Canal de las Estrellas)
•
Monaco - Bernard Montiel & Génie Godula (TMC Monte Carlo)
•
Netherlands - Willem van Beusekom and Cornald Maas (Nederland 2),[20] Hijlco Span and Ron Stoeltie (Radio 3)
Albania - Leon Menkshi (TVSH)
•
Greece - Dafni Bokota (NET)[16]
•
Norway - Jostein Pedersen (NRK1)[21]
•
Poland - Artur Orzech (TVP1)[22]
•
Portugal - Eládio Clímaco (RTP1)[23]
•
Romania - Andreea Demirgian (TVR1)
•
Russia - Yuri Aksyuta and Yelena Batinova (Channel One)
•
Serbia and Montenegro - Duška Vučinić-Lučić (RTS1), Dražen Bauković & Tamara Ivanković (TVCG2))
•
Slovenia - Andrea F
•
Spain - Beatriz Pécker (semifinal TVE2, final TVE1)[24]
•
Sweden - Pekka Heino (SVT1),[25] Carolina Norén (SR P3)[26]
170
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND 20.
Ireland - Johnny Logan (the only double ESC winner at that time - in 1980 and 1987; he also wrote 1992 winner “Why Me?" for Linda Martin)
•
Switzerland - German: Marco Fritsche (SF1),[27] French: Jean-Marc Richard and Alain Morisod (TSR1), Italian: Daniela Tami and Claudio Lazzarino (TSI 1)
21.
Israel - Merav Miller
•
Turkey - Bülend Özveren and Didem Tolunay (TRT 1),[28] Ümit Tunçağ, Osman Erkan and Gülşah Banda (Final - TRT Radyo 3)
22.
Iceland - Sigrún Ósk Kristjánsdóttir
23.
Lithuania - Rolandas Vilkončius
•
Ukraine - Rodion Pryntsevsky (First National TV Channel),[29]
24.
•
United Kingdom - Paddy O'Connell (SemiFinal - BBC Three), Terry Wogan (Final - BBC One), Ken Bruce (Final - BBC Radio 2)
•
United States - Juana Acosta y Valentina Acosta (Univision)
7.1.11
Spokespersons
Each country appointed a spokesperson to announce the points of each country.[30]
25. 26. 27.
Latvia - Lauris Reiniks (Latvian representative in 2003 Contest as a part of F.L.Y.) Malta - Claire Agius Monaco - Anne Allegrini Netherlands - Esther Hart (Dutch representative in the 2003 contest)
28.
Norway - Ingvild Helljesen
29.
Poland - Maciej Orłoś
30.
Portugal - Isabel Angelino
1.
Andorra - Pati Molné
31.
Romania - Andreea Marin
2.
Albania - Zhani Ciko
32.
Russia - Yana Churikova
3.
Austria - Dodo Roscic
33.
Sweden - Jovan Radomir
34.
Slovenia - Peter Poles
35.
Turkey - Meltem Ersan Yazgan
4.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mija Martina (Bosnian representative singer in 2003 contest)
5.
Belgium - Martine Prenen
6.
Belarus - Denis Kurian
7.
Switzerland - Emel Aykanat
8.
Serbia and Montenegro - Nataša Miljković
9.
Cyprus - Loukas Hamatsos
36.
Ukraine - Pavlo Shylko (DJ Pascha) (Would be the presenter of the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 held in Kiev following Ruslana's victory.)
7.1.12 Official album
Eurovision Song Contest: Istanbul 2004 was the official compilation album of the 2004 Contest, put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by EMI 11. Denmark - Camilla Ottesen Records and CMC International on 26 April 2004. The album featured all 36 songs that entered in the 2004 con12. Estonia - Maarja-Liis Ilus (Estonian representest, including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify into tative singer in the 1996 and 1997 contests) the grand final.[31] 10.
Germany - Thomas Anders
13.
Spain - Anne Igartiburu
14.
Finland - Anna Stenlund
15.
France - Alex Taylor
16.
Macedonia - Karolina Petkovska
17.
United Kingdom - Lorraine Kelly
18.
Greece - Alexis Kostalas
19.
Croatia - Barbara Kolar
7.1.13 References [1] Bakker, Sietse (2009-12-25). “The end of a decade: Istanbul 2004”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 25 December 2009. [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 2004”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [3] “Eurovision Song Contest 2004”. EBU. Retrieved 200911-09.
7.2. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2005
171
[4] “Marcel Bezençon Award - an introduction”. Poplight. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
[26] “Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever”. The Local. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
[5] “Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2012 | News | Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[27] “Marco Fritsche kommentiert “Eurovision Song Contest"". persoenlich.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
[6] “Bart Peeters co-commentator op songfestival : showbizz”. Mijnnieuws.skynetblogs.be. Retrieved 2012-0809. [7] Christian Masson. “2004 - Istanbul”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [8] "• Pogledaj temu - Prijedlog - Eurosong večer(i) na HRTu!". Forum.hrt.hr. 2011-03-27. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [9] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [10] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[28] “2004 semifinal Meltem Cumbul and Korhan Abay”. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [29] "Запитання "Телекритики": - Що, на вашу думку, потрібно для того, щоб українське ТБ на належному рівні організувало трансляцію "Євробачення−2005"?". Telekritika.ua. Retrieved 2013-10-22. [30] Archived January 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. [31] Sietse Bakker (31 March 2004). “2004 album to be released as double cd”. esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
[11] Archived September 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. [12] Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. [13] Julkaistu To, 29/04/2010 - 10:19 (2010-04-29). “YLE Radio Suomen kommentaattorit | Euroviisut | yle.fi | Arkistoitu”. yle.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [14] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Düsseldorf 2011”. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [15] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Eurovision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28. [16] "Η Δάφνη Μπόκοτα και η EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [17] “Fréttablaðið, 15.05.2004”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 201208-09. [18] “RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry - Marty”. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest.
7.1.14 External links • Media related to Eurovision Song Contest 2004 at Wikimedia Commons • Official website • EBU press notice regarding voting problems in the semi-final • Details about the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul • Video Clips (BBC Eurovision 2004) (RealPlayer) Coordinates: 41°00′44″N 28°58′34″E / 41.01222°N 28.97611°E
7.2 Eurovision Song Contest 2005
[19] Archived February 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. [20] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
“Eurovision 2005” redirects here. For the Junior Contest, see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005.
[21] “Alt du trenger å vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix Melodi Grand Prix - NRK”. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
The Eurovision Song Contest 2005 was the 50th annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place at the Palace of Sports in Kiev, Ukraine, following Ruslana's [22] “Pliki użytkownika Eurowizja”. Chomikuj.pl. Retrieved win in the 2004 Contest with the song "Wild Dances". The contest consisted of two shows: the semi-final and 2012-08-09. final, which took place on 19 and 21 May 2005, respec[23] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o tively. The shows were hosted by Maria Efrosinina and forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Pavlo Shylko. Thirty-nine countries participated, includArchived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved ing the débuts of Bulgaria and Moldova and the return of 2012-08-09. Hungary, which was last represented in 1998. [24] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
Organizers hoped that this event would boost Ukraine’s image abroad and increase tourism, while the country’s new government hoped that it would also give a modest [25] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the boost to the long-term goal of acquiring European Union original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. membership.
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
The winner for 2005 was Greece with the song "My Number One" performed by Helena Paparizou, written by Christos Dantis and Natalia Germanou, both successful singer-songwriters in Greece. It scored 230 points, beating Malta into second place by a margin of 38 points. This was the first victory for Greece at the Eurovision Song Contest. Romania, Israel and Latvia rounded out the top five. The "Big Four" countries (France, Germany, Spain and United Kingdom) ended up as the “Last Four”, all placing in the bottom four position of the scoreboard in the final.
7.2.1
Overview
The official logo of the contest remained the same from the 2004 contest with the country’s flag in the heart being changed. Following Istanbul's 'Under The Same Sky', the slogan for the 2005 show was 'Awakening', which symbolised the awakening of the country and city ready to present itself to Europe. The postcards (short clips shown between performances) for the 2005 show illustrated Ukraine’s culture and heritage along with a more modern and industrial side to the country. The hosts of the Eurovision Song Contest in Kiev were television presenter Maria “Masha” Efrosinina and DJ Pavlo “Pasha” Shylko. Previous winner Ruslana returned to the stage in Kiev to perform in the interval act and to interview the contestants backstage in the 'green room'. The famous Ukrainian boxers Vitali and Wladimir Klitschko opened the televoting, while a special trophy was presented to the winner by Ukraine’s president, Viktor Yushchenko.
7.2.2
Publicity
An official CD and DVD was released and a new introduction was an official pin set, which contains heartshaped pins with the flags of all thirty-nine participating countries. The EBU also commissioned a book “The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History” by British/American author John Kennedy O'Connor to celebrate the contest’s fiftieth anniversary.[1] The book was presented on screen during the break between songs 12 and 13 (Serbia and Montenegro, Denmark). The book was published in English, German, French, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and Finnish.
quit after her producer admitted manipulating the country’s pop charts with mass purchases of her single. Gracia Baur defended her producer David Brandes, also behind Swiss entry Vanilla Ninja, and said she would go to the finals in Kiev despite complaints from other German singers. Bulgaria’s debut was overshadowed by a scandal. The song "Lorraine" by Kaffe was accused of plagiarism. The song sounded too similar to another one released by Ruslan Mainov in 2001. There were also problems in Malta with the electricity supply during the contest, so TV viewers were unable to watch their national selection from the very beginning. There was a controversy regarding the Turkish entry: TRT got a false jury which led to the victory of the song Gülseren, which the 2003 winner Sertab Erener said was not the best choice. There were similar controversies in Macedonia which led to an eventual victory for Martin Vučić. The Ukrainian song had to be changed because it would bring a political message to the people, and EBU stated that no politics could be involved in the contest. The entry for Serbia and Montenegro was also overshadowed by a scandal and an accusation of plagiarism. Portugal’s entry, "Amar", had very poor sound quality, with the female singer’s microphone failing many times on stage. It is also notable that the programme lasted just short of 3.5 hours. This was mainly due to the extremely long voting procedure, where 39 countries voted, reading out every single score. Many people, including United Kingdom commentator Terry Wogan, noticed this and commented about the marathon-like voting procedure, when Russia voted he stated “How many more [countries] have we got to go? What time is it?". Because the show overran so badly, the EBU changed the way the votes were announced in 2006 into a much shorter method, where only the top 3 scores were read out (the rest appeared on the scoreboard automatically). Ruslana was also intended to be a presenter for the show, but was pulled out before the contest for numerous reasons, including her poor English skills. She opened the contest, and did do a few brief interviews in the green room at a few different stages in the event.
7.2.4 Participating countries
Thirty-nine countries participated in the 2005 Contest. Hungary returned to the contest after a six-year absence, last competing in 1998. Bulgaria and Moldova competed During the semi final, there were a few volume falls in the in the contest for the first time. sound, most notably during the Norwegian song, shortly after the intro. These were not fixed for the DVD release. Returning artists
7.2.3
Incidents
Constantinos Christoforou represented Cyprus for the third time, having previously represented the nation at 2005 was no exception for scandals regarding the rep- the 1996 contest as a solo artist and at the 2002 contest resentatives from the countries participating. Germany’s as part of the group One. Helena Paparizou previously entrant in the Eurovision Song Contest rejected calls to represented Greece in 2001 as part of the duo Antique.
7.2. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2005
173 Countries in bold automatically qualified for the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 Final. Notes 1.^ The song also contained phrases in Czech, French, German, Polish, Russian and Spanish.[5]
7.2.6 Scoreboard The EBU introduced an undisclosed threshold number of televotes that would have to be registered in each voting country in order to make that country’s votes valid. If that number was not reached, the country’s backup jury would vote instead. In the semi-final this affected Monaco, Andorra and Albania, and Andorra, Monaco and Moldova in the final. Semi-final 12 points semi-final:
Ruslana performing at the opening of the final
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the
Final
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the Selma previously represented Iceland in 1999. Chiara final: previously represented Malta in 1998. Anabel Conde, who represented Spain in 1995, returned as a backing vo7.2.7 Other countries calist for Andorra.
7.2.5
Results
•
Czech Republic – Czech broadcaster Česká televize (ČT) initially applied to participate in the 2005 Contest, however, the broadcaster reconsidered débuting in the contest and later withdrew their application on 3 December 2004.[6]
•
Lebanon – Lebanese broadcaster Télé Liban confirmed Lebanon’s début in the contest and selected the song “Quand tout s’enfuit” performed by Aline Lahoud as their entry. However, the broadcaster announced their withdrawal from the competition on 18 March 2005 after the EBU informed them that the rules of the competition require them to broadcast the Israeli entry during the live show and enable viewers to vote for the nation, which contravened a Lebanese law prohibiting any acknowledgement of Israel. As the withdrawal period for the contest had passed, Télé Liban forfeited the return of their participation fee and potentially faced further fines from the EBU.[7]
Semi-final The semi-final was held on 19 May 2005 at 21:00 (CET). 25 countries performed and all 39 participants voted. Shaded countries qualified for the Eurovision Final Final The finalists were: • the four automatic qualifiers France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom; • the top 10 countries from the 2004 final (other than the automatic qualifiers); • the top 10 countries from the 2005 semi-final.
The final was held on 21 May 2005 at 21:00 (CET) and 7.2.8 was won by Greece.
Awards
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
Marcel Bezençon Awards
11.
Andorra – Ruth Gumbau
The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia honoring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon.[8] The awards are divided into 3 categories; Press Award; Artistic Award; and Composer Award.[9]
12.
Bulgaria – Evgenia Atanasova
Barbara Dex Award
13.
Ireland – Dana Rosemary Scallon (winner for Ireland in 1970)
14.
Slovenia – Katarina Čas
15.
Poland – Maciej Orłoś
16.
Hungary – Zsuzsa Demcsák
17.
United Kingdom – Cheryl Baker (winner for United Kingdom in 1981 as part of Bucks Fizz)
18.
Malta – Valerie Vella
Further information: Barbara Dex Award
19.
Romania – Berti Barbera
The Barbara Dex Award has been annually awarded by the fan website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self designed (awful) dress.[10]
20.
Norway – Ingvild Helljesen
21.
Turkey – Meltem Ersan Yazgan
22.
Moldova – Elena Camerzan
23.
Albania – Zhani Ciko
24.
Cyprus – Melani Steliou
25.
Spain – Ainhoa Arbizu
26.
Israel – Dana Herman
27.
Serbia and Montenegro – Nina Radulović
7.2.9
International broadcasts and voting
Voting and spokespersons The order in which each country announced their votes was compiled by placing the countries that failed to qualify from the semi-final first in the running order they performed in during the semi-final, followed by the finalists which voted in the order they performed in during the final. The spokespersons are shown alongside each country.[12]
28. 29. 30.
1.
Austria – Dodo Roscic
2.
Lithuania – Rolandas Vilkončius
3.
Portugal – Isabel Angelino
4.
Monaco – Anne Allegrini
Ukraine – Maria Orlova
32.
Germany – Thomas Hermanns
33.
Croatia – Barbara Kolar
34.
Greece – Alexis Kostalas
35.
Russia – Yana Churikova
6.
Netherlands – Nancy Coolen
7.
Iceland – Ragnhildur Steinunn Jónsdóttir
8.
Belgium – Armelle Gysen
37.
9.
Estonia – Maarja-Liis Ilus
38.
36.
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ana Mirjana Račanović Switzerland – Cécile Bähler Latvia – Marija Naumova (winner for Latvia in 2002 and co-presenter in 2003)
(participant for Estonia in 1996 and 1997)
Finland – Jari Sillanpää
Macedonia – Karolina Gočeva
31.
Belarus – Elena Ponomareva
(participant for Finland in 2004)
Sweden – Annika Jankell (participant for Macedonia in 2002 and in 2007)
5.
10.
Denmark – Gry Johansen (participant for Denmark in 1983)
39.
France – Marie Myriam (winner for France in 1977)
7.2. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2005 Commentators •
Albania – Leon Menkshi (TVSH)
•
Andorra – Meri Picart and Josep Lluís Trabal (RTVA)
•
Austria – Andi Knoll (ORF2) and Martin Blumenau (Hitradio Ö3)
•
•
Moldova – TBC
•
Monaco – Bernard Montiel and Génie Godula (TMC Monte Carlo)[13]
•
Netherlands – Willem van Beusekom and Cornald Maas (Nederland 2),[27] Hijlco Span and Ron Stoeltie (Radio 3FM)
•
Norway – Jostein Pedersen (NRK1)[28]
•
Poland – Artur Orzech (TVP1)[29]
Belgium – French: Jean-Pierre Hautier (La Une),[13] Patrick Duhamel and Carlo de Pascale (La Première), Dutch: André Vermeulen and Anja Daems (Dutch, één),[14] Julien Put and Michel Follet (Dutch, Radio 2)
•
Portugal – Eládio Clímaco (RTP1)[30]
•
Romania – Andreea Demirgian (TVR1)
•
Russia – Yuri Aksyuta and Yelena Batinova (Channel One)
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Dejan Kukric (BHT1)
•
Serbia and Montenegro – Duška VučinićLučić (Serbian, RTS1), Dražen Bauković, Tamara Ivanković (semi-final & final) & Danijel Popović (final) (Montenegrin, TVCG 2)
• •
175
Belarus – Denis Kurian (Belarus 1)
•
Bulgaria – Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushvaliev
•
Croatia – Aleksandar “Aco” Kostadinov[15]
•
Slovenia – Mojca Mavec
•
Cyprus – Evi Papamichail (RIK 1)[16]
•
Spain – Beatriz Pécker (TVE1)[31]
•
Denmark – Jørgen de Mylius (DR1)[17]
•
Estonia – Marko Reikop[18]
•
•
• • • • • • • • • •
Finland – Finnish: Jaana Pelkonen, Heikki Paasonen and Asko Murtomäki (YLE TV2),[19] Swedish: Thomas Lundin (YLE FST), Sanna Kojo and Jorma Hietamäki (YLE Radio Suomi)[20] France – Julien Lepers and Guy Carlier (France 3, Final), Peggy Olmi (France 4, Semi-Final),[13] Jean-Luc Delarue (France Bleu, final) Germany – Peter Urban (All, Das Erste),[21] Thomas Mohr (Deutschlandfunk/NDR 2)[22]
•
Sweden – Pekka Heino (SVT1),[32] Carolina Norén (SR P3)[33]
•
Switzerland – German: Sandra Studer (SF 1), French: Jean-Marc Richard and Marie-Thérèse Porchet (TSR 2),[13] Italian: Daniela Tami and Claudio Lazzarino (TSI 1)
•
Turkey – Bülend Özveren (TRT 1), Ümit Tunçağ and Canan Kumbasar (Final, TRT Radyo 3)
•
Ukraine – Yaroslav Chornenkyi (First National TV Channel),[34] Galyna Babiy (National Radio)
•
United Kingdom – Terry Wogan (Final, BBC One), Paddy O'Connell (Semi final, BBC Three), Ken Bruce (Final, BBC Radio 2)
Greece – Alexandra Pascalidou (NET) Hungary – Zsuzsa Demcsák, András Fáber and 7.2.10 Official album Dávid Szántó[23] Eurovision Song Contest: Kyiv 2005 was the official Iceland – Gísli Marteinn Baldursson compilation album of the 2005 Contest, put together by (Sjónvarpið)[24] the European Broadcasting Union and released by EMI Records and CMC International on 2 May 2005. The [25] Ireland – Marty Whelan (All, RTÉ One), album featured all 39 songs that entered in the 2005 Ronan Collins (All, RTÉ Radio 1) contest, including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify into the grand final.[35] The original cover designed for Israel – No commentator the album was changed after Lebanon's withdrawal from Latvia – Kārlis Streips the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 after announcing they would show advertisements over the Israeli entry. Had Lithuania – Darius Užkuraitis they entered, they would have been on track 4, disc 2 with the song "Quand tout s’enfuit" by Aline Lahoud.[36] It was Macedonia – Milanka Rasic reported that sales of the 2005 Eurovision merchandise Malta – Eileen Montesin[26] reached record-breaking levels.[37]
176
7.2.11
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
See also
• The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History by John Kennedy O'Connor. Carlton Books, UK ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3
7.2.12
[21] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Düsseldorf 2011”. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-07-04. [22] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Eurovision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
References
[1] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History. Carlton Books, UK ISBN 978-184442-994-3 [2] “Eurovision Song Contest 2005”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [3] “Zauvijek moja – info” (in Montenegrin). Thrush. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
[20] Julkaistu To, 29/04/2010 - 10:19 (2010-04-29). “YLE Radio Suomen kommentaattorit | Euroviisut | yle.fi | Arkistoitu”. yle.fi. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
Diggiloo
[4] “Eurovision Song Contest 2005 Final | Year page | Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. 200505-21. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
[23] Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. [24] “Fréttablaðið, 21.05.2005”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 201207-04. [25] “RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry – Marty”. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest. [26] Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. [27] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-07-04. [28] “Adresse Kiev - NRK”. Nrk.no. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
[5] “Lyrics of “Razom nas bahato"". Lyricstranslate.com. [6] Bakker, Sietse (3 December 2004). “CZECH REPUBLIC WITHDRAWS”. Esctoday.com. Retrieved 13 September 2014. [7] Bakker, Sietse (18 March 2005). “BREAKING NEWS: LEBANON WITHDRAWS”. Esctoday.com. Retrieved 9 August 2008. [8] “Marcel Bezençon Award - an introduction”. Poplight. Retrieved 2009-06-02. [9] “Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2012 | News | Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [10] van Thillo, Edwin. “Barbara Dex Award”. Retrieved 24 June 2014. [11] Van Bedts, Raf (25 May 2005). “Martin Vucic wint Barbara Dex-award 2005”. eurosong.be (in Dutch). eurosong.be. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
[29] “Pliki użytkownika Eurowizja”. Chomikuj.pl. Retrieved 2012-07-04. [30] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-04. [31] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-07-04. [32] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [33] “Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever”. The Local. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29. [34] “10 обранців приєднаються до 14 уже відібраних учасників конкурсу Євробачення, фінальне змагання відбудеться завтра - Новости на Киев 2000”. Kiev2000.com. 2005-05-20. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
[12] Philips, Roel (2005-05-17). “The 39 spokespersons!". ESCToday. Retrieved 17 May 2005.
[35] Sietse Bakker (9 March 2005). “Pre-order the official 2005 album and DVD”. esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
[13] Christian Masson. “2005 - Kiev”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
[36] Sietse Bakker (18 March 2005). “Lebanon withdraws”. esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
[14] “Congratulations: 50 jaar Songfestival!". VRTFansite.be. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
[37] Phillips, Roel (19 May 2005). “Record sales of Eurovision merchandising”. esctoday.com. ESCTOday. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
[15] “Pogledajte temu - Prijedlog - Eurosong večer(i) na HRTu!". forum.hrt.hr. Retrieved 2012-07-04. [16] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [17] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
7.2.13 External links • Official website
[18] Archived 2 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
• Eurovision Song Contest 2005 at the Internet Movie Database
[19] “Selostajat ja taustalaulajat läpi vuosien? • Viisukuppila”. Viisukuppila.fi. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
• Eurovision Song Contest 2005’s channel on YouTube
7.3. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2006
7.3 Eurovision Song Contest 2006
177
7.3.1 Location For more details on the host city, see Athens.
Athens Location of the host city. The venue that was chosen as the host venue, was the “Eurovision 2006” redirects here. For the Junior Contest, Olympic Indoor Hall in Athens, the capital city of Greece. see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006. The Eurovision Song Contest 2006 was the 51st Eurovision Song Contest, held at the Olympic Indoor Hall in Athens, Greece on 18 May (for the semi-final) and 20 May 2006 (for the final). The hosting national broadcaster of the contest was Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi (ERT). The Finnish band Lordi won the contest with the song "Hard Rock Hallelujah", written by lead singer Mr. Lordi. “Hard Rock Hallelujah” was the first ever hard rock song to win the contest, since Eurovision is normally associated with softer pop music and schlager. This was Finland's first victory in Eurovision after waiting fortyfive years. It is also noted that they scored the same Olympic Indoor Hall, Athens - host venue of the 2006 contest. amount of points in the semi-final and the grand final. The hosts of the Eurovision Song Contest in Athens were Greek singer Sakis Rouvas, the Greek representative at Eurovision in 2004 and 2009, and the Greek American television presenter and actress, Maria Menounos.[1] In the semi-final, both the hosts sang Katrina and the Waves' contest-winning “Love Shine A Light”. For one of the intervals, Sakis Rouvas sang an English version of his Greek hit “S'eho Erotefthi” called “I'm in love with you”. Helena Paparizou, who performed the winning song in Kiev, returned to the Eurovision stage in Athens. Following the examples of Sertab Erener, Ruslana and Marie N in the last three years, she sang twice in the final, "My Number One" in the opening and her current song "Mambo!" in the interval (which was also a smash hit in Greece at the time); Greek dancers were also present in the interval acts, as well as other Greek elements. An official CD and DVD was released and a new introduction was an official fan book released from this year, and every year to come with detailed information of every country. The 2006 contest also saw the 1,000th song to be performed in the contest, when “Every Song Is a Cry for Love” by Ireland’s Brian Kennedy was first sung in the semi-final. Armenia also entered for the first time in the contest.
7.3.2 Format Visual design The official logo of the contest remained the same from 2004 and 2005 with the country’s flag in the heart being changed. The 2006 sub-logo created by the design company Karamela for Greek television was apparently based on the Phaistos Disc which is a popular symbol of ancient Greece. According to ERT, it was “inspired by the wind and the sea, the golden sunlight and the glow of the sand”. Following Istanbul’s “Under The Same Sky” and Kiev’s “Awakening”, the slogan for the 2006 show was “Feel The Rhythm”. This theme was also the basis for the postcards for the 2006 show, which emphasized Greece’s historical significance as well as being a major modern tourist destination. Voting To save time in the final, the voting time lasted ten minutes and the voting process was changed: points 1-7 were shown immediately on-screen. The spokespersons only
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
announced the countries scoring 8, 10 and 12 points. Despite this being intended to speed proceedings up, there were still problems during voting – EBU imaging overrode Maria Menounos during a segment in the voting interval and some scoreboards were slow to load. The Dutch spokesperson Paul de Leeuw also caused problems, giving his mobile number to presenter Rouvas during the Dutch results,[2] and slowing down proceedings, also by announcing the first seven points. Constantinos Christoforou (who also represented Cyprus in 1996, 2002 and 2005) saluted from "Nicosia, the last divided capital in Europe"; during Cyprus’ reading, the telecast displayed Switzerland by mistake. This voting process has been criticized because suspense was lost by only reading three votes instead of ten. And for the first time, the display for the Macedonian entry had the title spelled out in its entirety (as “Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”) instead of being abbreviated as it has been in previous years (as “FYR Macedonia”).
1.
Slovenia - Peter Poles
2.
Andorra - Xavi Palma
3. 4. 5.
7.
Sweden - Jovan Radomir
8.
Finland - Nina Tapio
9.
Belgium - Yasmine (Hilde Rens)
10.
12.
Shaded countries qualified for the Eurovision Final Final The finalists were: • the four automatic qualifiers France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom; • the top 10 countries from the 2005 final (other than the automatic qualifiers); • the top 10 countries from the 2006 semi-final.
Croatia - Mila Horvat Serbia and Montenegro - Jovana Janković (Host of the 2008 Contest) Norway - Ingvild Helljesen
13.
Estonia - Evelin Samuel (Estonian singer in the 1999 Contest and veteran of several 1990s Eurolauls)
14.
Ireland - Eimear Quinn (Irish winner of the 1996 Contest)
15.
Malta - Moira Delia (Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014)
Semi-final The semi-final was held on 18 May 2006 at 21:00 (CET). 23 countries performed and all 37 participants and Serbia & Montenegro voted.
Latvia - Mārtiņš Freimanis (Latvian singer in the 2003 Contest as part of F.L.Y.) Portugal - Cristina Alves
Participating countries
Participating countries in a Eurovision Song Contest must be active members of the EBU.
Denmark - Jørgen de Mylius
6.
11.
7.3.3
Romania - Andreea Marin Bănică (Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006)
16. 17.
Lithuania - Lavija Šurnaitė Cyprus - Constantinos Christoforou (Cypriot singer in the 1996, 2002 and 2005 Contests)
18.
Netherlands - Paul de Leeuw
19.
Switzerland - Jubaira Bachmann
20. 21.
The final was held on 20 May 2006 at 21:00 (CET) and was won by Finland.
Ukraine - Igor Posypaiko Russia - Yana Churikova (Commentator of the 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015 contests for Channel One)
Countries in bold automatically qualified for the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 Final.
22.
Poland - Maciej Orłoś
23.
United Kingdom - Fearne Cotton
Voting during the final and spokespersons The following people were the spokespersons for their countries. A spokesperson delivers the results of national televoting during the final night, awarding points to the entries on behalf of his or her country.[7] A draw was held to determine each country’s voting order. Countries revealed their votes in the following order:
24.
Armenia - Gohar Gasparyan (Co-presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2011)
25.
France - Sophie Jovillard
26.
Belarus - Corrianna
27.
Germany - Thomas Hermanns
7.3. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2006
179
1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of 29. Moldova - Svetlana Cocoş the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the 30. Bosnia and Herzegovina - Vesna Andreeannual competition, Marcel Bezençon.[8] The awards are Zaimović divided into 3 categories; Press Award; Artistic Award; and Composer Award.[9] 31. Iceland - Ragnhildur Steinunn Jónsdóttir 28.
Spain - Sonia Ferrer
32.
Monaco - Églantine Eméyé
33.
Israel - Dana Herman
34.
Albania - Leon Menkshi
35.
Greece - Alexis Kostalas
Barbara Dex Award Further information: Barbara Dex Award
The Barbara Dex Award has been annually awarded by the fan website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is 36. Bulgaria - Dragomir Simeonov a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each 37. Macedonia - Martin Vučić (Macedonian singer year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist, in the 2005 Contest) Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self designed (awful) dress. 38. Turkey - Meltem Yazgan Although Serbia & Montenegro did not compete in the 7.3.6 Other countries contest, they still regained voting rights due to a scandal that was caused during their National Selection. Withdrawals
7.3.4
Score sheet
Televoting was used in all nations except Monaco and Albania. Monaco used a jury as the chances of getting enough votes needed to validate the votes were low. Albania used a jury since there were problems with their televote. In the semi final, Monaco and Albania used the jury voting due to insufficient televoting numbers. Coincidentally, Albania and Monaco were two of the three countries that didn't vote for the winning entry, the third one was Armenia.
•
Austria - On 18 June 2005, Austrian newspaper Kurier reported that the Austrian broadcaster ORF would not be taking part in the 2006 contest.
•
Czech Republic - On 6 October 2005 Česká televize announced that the Czech Republic would not participate, however also made its debut Next Year.
•
Georgia - On 5 October 2005 the managing director of Georgia Television & Radio Broadcasting stated that Georgia would not enter the 2006 contest, however made its debut next year.
•
Hungary - On 9 December 2005 Hungarian broadcaster Magyar TV announced that Hungary would not participate for financial reasons.
•
Italy - Italy did not take part in the Contest between 1997 and 2011.
•
Serbia and Montenegro - Serbia and Montenegro withdrew from the contest due to a scandal in the selection process, which has caused tensions between the Serbian broadcaster, RTS, and the Montenegrin broadcaster, RTCG. Serbia and Montenegro did retain voting rights for the contest. Serbia and Montenegro's withdrawal left a vacancy in the final. In the delegations meeting on 20 March, it was decided that Croatia, who finished 11th in the 2005 Contest, would fill the empty spot.
Semi-final 12 points semi-final:
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the
Final 12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
7.3.5
Other Awards
Marcel Bezençon Awards The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia honoring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the
180
7.3.7
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
Ratings
After the Contest, EBU officials that the overall ratings for the Semi-Final were 35% higher than in 2005, and for the Final had risen by 28%. In France, average market shares reached 30.3%, up by 8% over the 2005 figure. Other countries that showed a rise in average market shares included Germany with 38% (up from 29%), United Kingdom with 37.5% (up from 36%), Spain with 36% (up from 35%), Ireland with 58% (up from 35%) and Sweden, which reached over 80% compared to 57% the year previously.
• Both Turkey (91) and Finland (292) received the same number of points in the semifinal and the final. • Despite having withdrawn from the 2006 contest, Serbia and Montenegro retained their voting rights. During the announcement of their votes, spokesperson Jovana Janković said “So, as you know, we don't have a song for you this year, but we promise that next year we will give you the best one”. Her promise was fulfilled when Marija Šerifović of Serbia won the contest the following year.[10] Janković would also host the 2008 Contest.
Voting revenues had also risen from the Kiev Contest, and the official Eurovision website, www.eurovision.tv, reported visits from over 200 countries and over 98 million page views, compared with 85 million in 2005.
• Alexis Kostalas, the long-time Greek spokesman, jokingly described Finland's Lordi “beautiful, gorgeous, sweet-looking creatures” before giving them the maximum twelve points, which eventually cemented their victory.
7.3.8
• The Norwegian entry "Alvedansen" performed by singer, songwriter Christine Guldbrandsen, is the first and until now, the latest entry performed in Norwegian Language since the end of the language-rule in 1999.
Noteworthy occurrences and records
From the Final • Finland had to wait forty-four years since their debut in 1961 to achieve their first victory. They had only received three 12 points in the history of the contest up to the 2006 contest, and none since 1977.
• For the first time ever, "Spidercam" technology was used in Eurovision
• Lordi’s winning score of 292 points was a record, • Dima Bilan would come back in 2008, this time with the highest number of points in the contest’s hisa different song and a different television channel tory at the time, only surpassed by Alexander Ryand he won that year. bak in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, Loreen in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, Måns Zelmerlöw and Polina Gagarina, (the latter two both in the 7.3.9 Returning artists 2015 Eurovision Song Contest) with larger number 7.3.10 Broadcasting of voting countries in 2009, 2012 and 2015. • Bosnia & Herzegovina reached third place, its high- International broadcasts est position ever. The seventh place reached in 1999 had been its most successful entry. Australia Although Australia is not itself eligible to enter, the • Sweden’s Carola obtained 170 points without resemi-final and final were broadcast on SBS. As is ceiving 12 points from any one country and reached the case each year, they were not however broadcast 5th place. live due to the difference in Australian time zones. • Though Turkey was the fourth country with the Australia aired the United Kingdom’s broadcast, most 12s (received from France, Germany and the including commentary from Paddy O'Connell and Netherlands), the entry by Sibel Tüzün only reached Terry Wogan. Before the broadcasts, viewers 11th place with 91 points. were told by an SBS host that the Eurovision Song Contest was one of their most popular programmes. • Lithuania waited 12 years to receive their first 12 The final rated an estimated 462,000, and was points. This was finally realised by points from Ireranked 21st of the broadcasters top rating programs land. for the 2005/06 financial year. • Runner-up Russia and 4th placed Romania were Azerbaijan voted for by 35 countries, more than winner FinAzerbaijan were willing to enter the contest but land, who received votes from 34 countries. since AzTV applied for active EBU membership • The United Kingdom placed 19th, receiving points but was denied on June 18, 2007, they missed the from 10 countries, while Macedonia (12th), Croatia contest and have to wait until they're accepted. (13th) and Denmark (18th) were voted for by 9, 8 Another Azerbaijan broadcaster, OTV, broadcast and only 5 countries respectively. the contest. It is a passive EBU member, and has
7.3. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2006 broadcast it for the last 2 years. It was the only non-participating broadcaster this year to send its own commentators to the contest. Italy Italian television did not enter because RAI, the national broadcaster, is in strong competition with commercial TV stations and they believe that the Eurovision Song Contest would not be a popular show in Italy. They have not broadcast the contest in recent years, although an independent Italian channel for the gay community has shown the show. Worldwide A live broadcast of the Eurovision Song Contest was broadcast worldwide by satellite through Eurovision streams such as Channel One Russia, ERT World, TVE Internacional, TVP Polonia, RTP Internacional and TVR i. The official Eurovision Song Contest website also provided a live stream without commentary using the peer-to-peer transport Octoshape. Gibraltar Gibraltar screened only the final.
7.3.11 •
Commentators Albania – Leon Menkshi (TVSH)
•
Andorra - Meri Picart and Josep Lluís Trabal (RTVA)
•
Armenia - Gohar Gasparyan and Phelix Khachatryan
•
Austria - Andi Knoll (ORF2)
•
Belarus - Denis Kurjan (Belarus 1)
•
Belgium - Dutch: André Vermeulen & Bart Peeters (één), Michel Follet & Sven Pichal (Radio 2). French: Jean-Pierre Hautier (La Une),[11] Patrick Duhamel & Thomas Gunzig (La Première)
181 •
Finland - Finnish: Heikki Paasonen, Jaana Pelkonen and Asko Murtomäki (YLE TV2),[16] Sanna Kojo and Jorma Hietamäki (YLE Radio Suomi),[17] Swedish: Thomas Lundin (YLE FST)
•
France - Peggy Olmi and Éric Jean-Jean (semifinal, France 4), Michel Drucker, Claudy Siar (final, France 3)[11] and Alexandre Devoise (final, France Bleu)
•
Germany - Peter Urban (Das Erste),[18] Thomas Mohr (Deutschlandfunk/NDR 2)[19]
•
Greece - Giorgos Kapoutzidis and Zeta Makrypoulia (NET)
•
Iceland - Sigmar Guðmundsson (Sjónvarpið)[20]
•
Ireland - Marty Whelan (RTÉ One),[21] Larry Gogan (RTÉ Radio 1, final)
•
Israel - No commentator
•
Latvia - Kārlis Streips
•
Lithuania - Darius Užkuraitis
•
Macedonia - Karolina Petkovska
•
Malta - Eileen Montesin[22]
•
Moldova - TBC
•
Monaco - Bernard Montiel and Églantine Eméyé (TMC Monte Carlo)[23]
•
Netherlands - Cornald Maas and Paul de Leeuw (Nederland 2),[24] Ron Stoeltie (Radio 2)
•
Norway - Jostein Pedersen (NRK1)[25]
•
Poland - Artur Orzech (TVP1)[26]
•
Portugal - Eládio Clímaco (RTP1)[27] Romania - Andreea Demirgian (TVR1)
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Dejan Kukrić (BHT1)
•
•
Bulgaria - Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushva-
•
Russia - Yuri Aksyuta and Tatiana Godunova (Channel One)
Croatia - Duško Čurlić[12]
•
Serbia and Montenegro - Duška VučinićLučić (Serbian, RTS1), Dražen Bauković & Tamara Ivanković (Montenegrin, TVCG2)
liev • •
• •
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail and Pampina Themistokleous (semi-final), Evi Papamichail and Vasso Komninou (final) (RIK 1)[13] Denmark - Mads Vangsø and Adam Duvå Hall (DR1)[14] [15]
Estonia - Marko Reikop
•
Slovenia - Mojca Mavec
•
Spain - Beatriz Pécker (TVE1)[28]
•
Sweden - Pekka Heino (SVT1),[29] Carolina Norén (SR P3)[30]
182
•
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
Switzerland - German: Sandra Studer (SF zwei), French: Jean-Marc Richard and Alain Morisod (TSR 1), Italian: Sandy Altermatt and Claudio Lazzarino (TSI 2)
• • •
Turkey - Bülend Özveren (TRT 1) Ukraine - Pavlo Shylko (First National TV Channel) United Kingdom - Paddy O'Connell (BBC Three, semi-final), Terry Wogan (BBC One, final) and Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2, final)
7.3.12
Official album
[15] Archived September 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. [16] “Eurovision 2006 Voting Part 1/3 With Finnish Commentary”. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [17] Julkaistu To, 29/04/2010 - 10:19 (2010-04-29). “YLE Radio Suomen kommentaattorit | Euroviisut | yle.fi | Arkistoitu”. yle.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [18] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Düsseldorf 2011”. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [19] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Eurovision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28. [20] “Morgunblaðið, 20.05.2006”. 2012-08-09.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
Eurovision Song Contest: Athens 2006 was the official [21] “RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry – Marty”. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing compilation album of the 2006 Contest, put together by commentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains the European Broadcasting Union and released by CMC great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest. International on 28 April 2006. The album featured all 37 songs that entered in the 2006 contest, including the [22] Archived February 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. semi-finalists that failed to qualify into the grand final.[31] [23] Christian Masson. “2005 - Kiev”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
7.3.13
References
[1] “In pictures: Eurovision 2006”. BBC News. 2006-05-21. Retrieved 2008-08-09. [2] “Eurovision Songcontest Dutch tele-votes”. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [3] “Eurovision Song Contest 2006”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [4] The song is sung proficiently in English, Polish, Russian and German, but also contains some words in Spanish. [5] “We are the winners - lyrics - Diggiloo Thrush”. Diggiloo.net. 2010-03-21. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [6] “Eurovision Song Contest 2006 Final | Year page | Eurovision Song Contest - Copenhagen 2014”. Eurovision.tv. 2006-05-20. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
[24] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [25] “Adresse Athen - NRK”. Nrk.no. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [26] “Pliki użytkownika Eurowizja”. Chomikuj.pl. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [27] “Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [28] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [29] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[7] Archived June 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. [8] “Marcel Bezençon Award - an introduction”. Poplight. Retrieved 2009-06-02. [9] “Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2012 | News | Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [10] Video on YouTube [11] Christian Masson. “2006 - Athènes”. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [12] "• Pogledaj temu - Prijedlog - Eurosong večer(i) na HRTu!". Forum.hrt.hr. 2011-03-27. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [13] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus) [14] “Forside”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[30] “Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever”. The Local. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29. [31] Sietse Bakker (28 April 2006). “Athens 2006 album available in stock now!". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
7.3.14 External links • Official Eurovision Website – Audio and video clips available in the Multimedia Lounge • Eurovision Record Book Coordinates: 37°58′N 23°43′E / 37.967°N 23.717°E
7.4. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2007
183
7.4 Eurovision Song Contest 2007 “Eurovision 2007” redirects here. For other uses, see Eurovision 2007 (disambiguation). The Eurovision Song Contest 2007 was the 52nd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It was won by firsttime appearance as an independent country Serbia [2] and was held at the Hartwall Areena in Helsinki, Finland from 10 May to 12 May. The host broadcaster was Yle. Finland earned the right to host the event after heavy metal band Lordi's victory at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. It was the first time the Contest had been held in Finland. A budget of €13 million was presented for arranging the contest. Other bids to host the contest came from Espoo, Turku and Tampere. The hosts were Finnish television personality Jaana Pelkonen and Finnish musician, stage performer and actor Mikko Leppilampi. Krisse Salminen acted as guest host in the green room, and reported from the crowds at the Senate Square.
Hartwall Areena, Helsinki - host venue of the 2007 contest.
lege. All countries opted for spots in the second half of both evenings. Shortly after the draw, the entries were approved by the EBU, ending the possibility of disqualification for the Israeli song. The United Kingdom chose A record number of 42 countries participated. The Eu- their entry after the deadline because they were granted ropean Broadcasting Union (EBU) put aside its limit of special dispensation from the EBU. 40 countries, which would have meant excluding some The contest saw some minor changes to the voting timecountries using a ranking order scheme.[3] frame. The compilation summary video of all entries After Lordi scored the first ever Eurovision victory with a including phone numbers was shown twice. The vothard rock song in 2006, several countries sent rock songs ing process was the same as 2006 except there was fifto the Contest rather than the soft pop and schlager styles teen minutes to vote, an increase of five minutes on the more closely associated with Eurovision. This trend con- 2006 Contest. In the final, the results from each country were once again shown from one to seven points autotinued at the 2008 and 2009 Contests. matically on screen and only eight, ten and twelve were read by the spokespeople. For the first time, the winner was awarded a promotion tour around Europe, vis7.4.1 Format iting Denmark, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands, Greece and Germany. The tour was held between 16 May and 21 May. The event was sponsored by European communications group TeliaSonera, and — as with several previous contests — Nobel Biocare. Apocalyptica were the interval act, and played a medley of songs: Worlds Collide, Faraway and finally Life Burns!, but without the usual lyrics.
Visual design
The hosts Jaana Pelkonen and Mikko Leppilampi
On 12 March 2007, the draws for the running order for the semi-final, final and voting procedure took place. A new feature allowed five wild-card countries from the semi-final and three countries from the final to choose their starting position. The heads of delegation went on stage and chose the number they would take. In the semifinal, Austria, Andorra, Turkey, Slovenia and Latvia were able to choose their positions. In the final, Armenia, Ukraine and Germany were able to exercise this privi-
The official logo of the contest remained the same as 2006; the flag in the centre of the heart was changed to the Finnish flag. The European Broadcasting Union and YLE announced that the theme for the 2007 contest would be “True Fantasy”, which embraced Finland and “Finnishness” in terms of the polarities associated with the country.[4] The design agency Dog Design was responsible for the design of the visual theme of the contest which incorporated vibrant kaleidoscopic patterns formed from various symbols including exclamation marks and the letter F.[5] The stage was in the shape of a kantele, a traditional Finnish instrument. On 20 February 2007 a reworked official website for the contest was
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launched marking the first public exhibition of this year’s theme. An official CD and DVD were released (but no HD DVD or Blu-ray, despite the event being broadcast in high definition for the first time). An official fan book was also released. The themes of the postcards (short videos between the acts) were short stories happening in different Finnish places.
7.4.2
Participating countries
7.4.3 Scoreboard All countries participating in the contest were required to use televoting and/or SMS voting during both evenings of the contest. In the event of technical difficulties, or if the votes of the country did not meet the EBU threshold, then a back-up jury’s results were to be used. Albania and Andorra were the only countries that used juries. A draw was held in Helsinki to establish the order in which the countries presented their votes during the final.
Participating countries in a Eurovision Song Contest must Semi-final be active members of the EBU. 42 countries submitted preliminary applications. Although in previous years the maximum number of participating countries was 40, the EBU allowed all 42 to participate in 2007. The Czech Republic, Serbia, Montenegro and Georgia all entered the contest for the first time in 2007.[6] Monaco announced its withdrawal on 12 December 2006,[7] and the EBU announced the final lineup of 42 countries on 15 December 2006.
12 points semi-final:
Returning artists
7.4.4 Other Awards
Evridiki returned to represent Cyprus, having previously represented the nation in 1992 and 1994. Eiríkur Hauksson previously represented Iceland in 1986 as part of the vocal trio ICY and he previously represented Norway in 1991 as part of the group Just 4 Fun. Karolina Gočeva previously represented Macedonia in 2002. Edsilia Rombley previously represented the Netherlands in 1998.
Marcel Bezençon Awards
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the
Final 12 points final:
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the
The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia honoring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the Semi-final annual competition, Marcel Bezençon.[10] The awards are The semi-final was held on 10 May 2007 at 21:00 (CET). divided into 3 categories; Press Award; Artistic Award; and Composer Award.[11] 28 countries performed and all 42 participants voted. Countries qualified for the final are highlighted. OGAE Final The finalists were:
Further information: OGAE
Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision (more commonly known as OGAE) is an international • the four automatic qualifiers France, Germany, organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna, Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[12] The organiSpain and the United Kingdom; sation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song • the top 10 countries from the 2006 final (other than Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is a non-governmental, non-political, and non-profitable the automatic qualifiers); company.[13] In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing • the top 10 countries from the 2007 semi-final. members from different clubs around the world to vote for their favourite songs of the 2007 contest. Below is The final was held on 12 May 2007 at 21:00 (CET) and the top five overall results, after all the votes had been was won by Serbia. cast.[14]
7.4. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2007
185
Barbara Dex Award
20.
Slovenia – Peter Poles
Further information: Barbara Dex Award
21.
Israel – Jason Danino-Holt
The Barbara Dex Award has been annually awarded by the fan website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self designed (awful) dress.
22.
Germany – Thomas Hermanns
23.
Lithuania – Lavija Šurnaitė
24.
Norway – Synnøve Svabø
25.
Switzerland – Sven Epiney
7.4.5
International broadcasts and voting
Voting and spokespersons The order in which each country announced their votes was determined in a draw during the heads of delegation meeting. The spokespersons are shown alongside each country.[15] 1.
Montenegro – Vidak Latković
2.
Belarus – Juliana
3.
27.
28.
Czech Republic – Andrea Savane Netherlands – Paul de Leeuw and Edsilia Rombley Ireland – Linda Martin (Irish representative in the 1984 Contest and winner of the 1992 Contest)
29.
Malta – Mireille Bonello
Armenia – Sirusho (Armenian representative in the 2008 Contest)
4.
26.
30.
Estonia – Laura Põldvere (Estonian representative in the 2005 Contest as part of Suntribe)
Andorra – Marian van de Wal (Andorran representative in the 2005 Contest)
5.
Austria – Eva Pölzl
31.
Georgia – Neli Agirba
6.
France – Vanessa Dolmen
32.
Bulgaria – Mira Dobreva
33.
Sweden – André Pops
34.
Ukraine – Katya Osadchaya
35.
Russia – Yana Churikova
7.
Denmark – Susanne Georgi (Andorran representative in the 2009 Contest)
8.
Greece – Alexis Kostalas
9.
Spain – Ainhoa Arbizu
10.
Serbia – Maja Nikolić
11.
Finland – Laura Voutilainen
36.
(Finnish representative in the 2002 Contest)
12. 13.
Latvia – Jānis Šipkevics (Latvian representative in the 2006 Contest as part of Cosmos)
Turkey – Meltem Ersan Yazgan Bosnia and Herzegovina – Vesna Andree Zaimović
37.
Iceland – Ragnhildur Steinunn Jónsdóttir
38.
Poland – Maciej Orłoś
39.
Moldova – Andrei Porubin United Kingdom – Fearne Cotton
14.
Belgium – Maureen Louys
15.
Portugal – Francisco Mendes
16.
Albania – Leon Menkshi
40.
17.
Romania – Andreea Marin Bănică
41.
18.
Cyprus – Giannis Haralambous
19.
Croatia – Barbara Kolar
Macedonia – Elena Risteska (Macedonian representative in the 2006 Contest)
42.
Hungary – Éva Novodomszky
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Other involved countries Australia Although Australia was not itself eligible to enter, the semi-final and final were broadcast the event on SBS.[16] As is the case each year, they were not broadcast live due to the difference in Australian time zones. Australia aired the United Kingdom’s broadcast, including commentary from Paddy O'Connell, Sarah Cawood and Terry Wogan. Before the broadcasts, viewers were told by an SBS host that the Eurovision Song Contest was one of their most popular programmes. The final rated an estimated 436,000 viewers, and was ranked number 20 on the broadcasters top rating programs of the 2006/2007 financial year. Azerbaijan Azerbaijan were willing to enter the contest, but since AzTV applied for active EBU membership but was denied on 18 June 2007, they missed the contest and had to wait until they were accepted. Another Azerbaijani broadcaster, İctimai Televiziya və Radio Yayımları Şirkəti, broadcast the contest. It was a passive EBU member at the time, and had broadcast it for the previous two years. It was the only non-participating broadcaster this year to send its own commentators to the contest.[17]
High-definition broadcast YLE produced the event in 1080i HD and 5.1 Surround Sound.[19] This was the first year that the event was broadcast live in HD. The BBC in the United Kingdom broadcast the final in high definition on BBC HD.[20] Swedish broadcaster SVT broadcast both the semi-final and the final on their HD-channel SVT HD.[21] However the event is only available to buy on standard-definition DVD, with no HD DVD or Blu-ray version available in high definition. Commentators Commentators for participating countries The commentators of the 42 participating countries are as follows: Commentators for non-participating countries The commentators of the non-participating countries are:
7.4.6 Official album Eurovision Song Contest: Helsinki 2007 was the official compilation album of the 2007 Contest, put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by CMC International on 20 April 2007. The album featured all 42 songs that entered in the 2007 contest, including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify into the grand final.[44]
Italy Italian television had not entered since 1997. National broadcaster RAI is in strong competition 7.4.7 References with commercial TV stations and believes that Eurovision would not be a popular show in Italy, [1] “Opening and interval acts known”. esctoday.com. 13 April 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2011. although the 1991 edition (held in Rome) was followed by 6 million people. They have not [2] Marija from Serbia wins Helsinki 2007, Eurovision.tv broadcast the contest in recent years, although an independent Italian channel for the gay community [3] “Eurovision EBU Press conference”. esctoday.com. has shown the show.[18] [4] The 2007 Eurovision Song Contest theme is True Fantasy, 27 November 2006, YLE
Monaco Monaco broadcast the final on TMC after having withdrawn from this competition in December 2006, opening the possibility of returning for the 2008 contest. However TMC did not return in 2008.
[5] Eurovision.tv meets dog design, Eurovision.tv [6] ESC 2007 Event page, ESCKaz.com [7] EXCLUSIVE: Monaco withdraws, 12 December 2006, ESCtoday.com [8] “Eurovision Song Contest 2007”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Worldwide A live broadcast of the Eurovision Song [9] “Eurovision Song Contest 2007”. EBU. Retrieved 30 July Contest was broadcast worldwide by satellite 2009. through Eurovision streams such as Channel One Russia, ERT World, TVE Internacional, TVP Polo- [10] “Marcel Bezençon Award – an introduction”. Poplight. Retrieved 2 June 2009. nia, RTP Internacional and TVR i. The official Eurovision Song Contest website also provided a live [11] “Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2012 | News stream without commentary using the peer-to-peer | Eurovision Song Contest – Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 August 2012. transport Octoshape.
7.5. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2008
187
[12] “Eurovision Fanclub Network”. OGAE. Retrieved 15 June 2012. [13] “Klubi-info: Mikä ihmeen OGAE?" [The club info: What on Earth is OGAE?] (in Finnish). OGAE Finland. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012. [14] OGAE International (2007). “OGAE Poll Results 2007”. OGAE. [15] Viniker, Barry (12 May 2007). “The voting running order revealed”. ESCToday. Retrieved 29 November 2009. [16] Eurovision to be aired in Australia 1 April 2007, ESCtoday.com [17] “Eurovision Song Contest Germany 2011 | News – Azerbaijan to debut in 2008?". Esctoday.com. Retrieved 30 May 2010. [18] ESC Today, 2003 Archived 20 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. [19] Technical Partners Appointed for Eurovision Song Contest, 16 March 2007 [20] Eurovision Song Contest 2007 schedule, BBC
[36] Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. [37] www.eurovisionartists.nl. “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [38] Archived 26 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine. [39] DODAJ OGŁOSZENIE Ogłoszenie już od 200zł! (10 May 2007). “Eurowizja 2007 w Jedynce”. Wirtualnemedia.pl. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [40] “Comentadores Do ESC – escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [41] “FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema – Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [42] “Infosajten.com”. Infosajten.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [43] “Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever”. The Local. 16 May 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
[22] “Imprimir”. Normalitzacio.cat. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[44] Hoyler, Steve (23 April 2007). “The Official Eurovision Song Contest Album is here”. esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
[23] Christian Masson. “2007 – Helsinki”. test.free.fr. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
7.4.8 External links
[21] “HDTV”. svt.se.
Songcon-
[24] "• Pogledaj temu – Prijedlog – Eurosong večer(i) na HRTu!". Forum.hrt.hr. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
• Official website
[25] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
• Eurovision Song Contest 2007 at the Internet Movie Database
[26] Vi tager MGP dødsens alvorligt, BT.dk
• Official channel on YouTube
[27] “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
Coordinates: 60°10′N 24°56′E / 60.167°N 24.933°E
[28] Archived 30 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. [29] Julkaistu To, 29 April 2010 – 10:19 (29 April 2010). “YLE Radio Suomen kommentaattorit | Euroviisut | yle.fi | Arkistoitu”. yle.fi. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [30] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert – Düsseldorf 2011”. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [31] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Eurovision.de. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2012. [32] “Tim Frühling: Protokoll eines Dramas”. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2012. [33] “Fréttablaðið, 12 May 2007”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [34] “RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry – Marty”. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest. [35] “Eurovision Song Contest 2007”. RTÉ News.
7.5 Eurovision Song Contest 2008 “Eurovision 2008” redirects here. For other uses, see Eurovision 2008 (disambiguation). The Eurovision Song Contest 2008 was the 53rd edition of the Contest. It was hosted in Belgrade, Serbia after Marija Šerifović won the 2007 Contest in Helsinki, Finland. This year was the first time there were three contests; two semi-finals which were held on 20 and 22 May, and the traditional grand final which was held on 24 May 2008. The shows were hosted by Jovana Janković and Željko Joksimović at the Belgrade Arena which had a total capacity of 25,000 seats. The host broadcaster was RTS.[5] After a total of 272 points, Dima Bilan representing Russia (for the second time) was declared the winner, with the song "Believe" written by American Jim Beanz
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
and Bilan himself. So far this has been the only time Visual design Russia has won the contest. Russia came third in the semi-final, making it the winner with the worst semi-final result. Ukraine were runners up for the second year running, with 3rd place going to Greece, 4th to Armenia seeing their best result so far and 5th to Norway. Azerbaijan landed 8th place in its debut contest. 2008 also saw for the first time ever, Eurovision.tv streamed national finals live on ESCTV with broadcasters’ permission.[6] On 30 January 2008, Eurovision.tv revealed the theme of the Contest: “The Confluence of Sound”,[7] which was inspired by Belgrade’s location at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers.
7.5.1
Venue
Belgrade Arena, Belgrade - host venue of the 2008 contest.
Serbia gained the right to host the Contest after Marija Šerifović won the 2007 Contest in Helsinki, Finland. Since Serbia was the winner of the preceding contest, the 2008 contest was subsequently held there. The Belgrade Arena was chosen as the venue for the contest,[8] and is among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, with a total capacity of 25,000 seats. On 14 September 2007, the Mayor of Helsinki handed over the “Eurovision keys” to the Deputy of Belgrade. This ceremony is meant to be a tradition from the 2008 contest and onward, and the ring contains a key from every city that has ever hosted the competition.[9] Due to problems and riots in Belgrade following the unilateral declaration of independence by Kosovo on 17 February 2008, the EBU held a phone conference to decide if the contest should be moved to a different country. Ukraine was considered an option since they came second in Eurovision Song Contest 2007. YLE were another option, as they hosted the previous year’s competition in Helsinki, Finland.[10] Greece’s Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi (ERT) also offered the EBU to host the contest in Athens, Greece again.[11] It was later decided that the contest would stay in Belgrade, with the EBU giving support. RTS would gain a guarantee of safety and security from the government of Serbia for all visitors and participants of the contest.[12] The delegations of Albania, Croatia and Israel had special security.[13]
Presenters Željko Joksimović and Jovana Janković during the first semi-final
RTS ran a competition that led to the creation of the 2008 Contest’s branding, logo and the stage.[14] The theme of the Contest was based around the “confluence of sound”. This was symbolic as Belgrade lies on the confluence of two European rivers, the Sava and Danube. The logo chosen, a treble clef, formed the graphical basis of the design created by Boris Miljković.[15] The postcards in the first and second semi-final were based around the creation of the flag of the nation that was to perform next. Each post card had a short story related to each country and its people. During each postcard a short letter was displayed. All were in the national language of the artist’s country, with the exception of the Serbian postcard, which consisted of “Welcome to Belgrade” and “Welcome to Serbia” in various languages and the Belgian postcard which was written in the constructed language the Belgian group performed in. The postcards were brought to an end by a stamp with this year’s Eurovision logo. According to RTS the stage represented native identities, history and modern themes, symbols and universally recognised messages. The confluence-themed stage also contained a large number of television and LCD display screens. The stage had settings for all new electronic possibilities including some movable parts of the stage.[16] It was designed by Chicago-based David Cushing. The first semi-final was created around a city theme. The
7.5. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2008
189
contest opened with a panorama of the city of Belgrade forming in the stage’s background with two waves sliding down the stage to meet in the centre – at the confluence, the overall theme of the contest.
conducted by the hosts of the contest Jovana Janković Željko Joksimović. First, two envelopes with 'Semi-Final 1' and 'Semi-Final 2' were drawn. Then, three countries from each pot were chosen randomly to take part in the The second semi-final was based around the theme of wa- first semi-final and the other three in the second one. The ter, which was enhanced by the look of the stage during country left in Pot 5 took part in the first envelope that While, the country left in Pot 6 in the second the interval act where the water formed the main colours is drawn. [19] one. of the stage. The final was based on the theme of the confluence. Construction of the stage lasted several days and was carried out by various teams from across Europe. Pyrotechnics were heavily used for the entries from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Finland, Germany, Turkey, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Switzerland. The stage received positive feedback from the media and fans describing it as “one of the best looking stages in the history of the competition”.
The automatic finalist countries chose whether they would broadcast both semi-finals or just one, but viewers from these countries could only vote in one. From the draw conducted, it was decided which of the five finalist countries would broadcast and have voting rights in either of the events. The semi-finals were webcast live through Eurovision.tv.[20] The top nine songs from the televoting qualified for the final, and a tenth was determined by the back-up juries. Twenty-five songs competed in the final.[21]
7.5.2
Semi-final allocation
Format
On 24 January 2008, all 38 countries in the semi-finals were separated into the following pots based on voting history and geographical location: Running order The draw to decide the running order of the songs in each Semi-Final and the Final was conducted at the Heads of Delegation meeting on 17 March 2008.[22]
7.5.3 Participating countries On 21 December 2007, the EBU confirmed that 43 countries would be present in Belgrade.[23] San Marino, as well Countries in the first semi-final as the newest EBU member, Azerbaijan, made its debut Countries in the second semi-final at the 2008 contest. Austria did not compete; its broadCountries voting in the first semi-final caster, ORF, said “we've already seen in 2007 that it’s not Countries voting in the second semi-final the quality of the song, but the country of origin that determines the decision.”[4] Italy, which had not competed since 1997, and which would have been an automatic fiAt a press conference in Helsinki in May 2007, Svante nalist, was again absent. Slovakia was absent due to budStockselius, executive supervisor of the Contest for the get problems. EBU, announced that the competition’s format may be expanded to two semi-finals in 2008 or 2009.[17] On 28 The following countries competed in two semi-finals September 2007 it was announced that the EBU had ap- which were broadcast live on Tuesday 20 May and Thursday 22 May 2008. In addition to this, automatic finalproved the plan of hosting two semi-finals in 2008.[18] ists Germany and Spain exercised voting rights at the first Based on research conducted by the EBU’s tele-voting semi-final. France, the United Kingdom and Serbia expartner Digame, the semi-finalists were sorted into the ercised voting rights at the second semi-final. Spain and two heats through the drawing of lots, which was seeded France each broadcast only the semi-final in which they to keep countries that have a significant history of voting participated; Germany, Serbia and the UK screened both for each other apart. Each broadcaster had to broadcast semi-finals (with Germany broadcasting on a delay). the semi-final in which they took part, with the broadcasting of the other semi-final being optional. The draw for the semi-final allocation occurred in the Belgrade City 7.5.4 Results Hall on Monday 28 January 2008 at 13:00 CET and was
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND 10.
Latvia – Kristīne Virsnīte[32]
• The first semi-final was held on 20 May 2008.
11.
Bulgaria – Valentina Voykova
• Germany and Spain voted in this semi-final.
12.
Serbia – Dušica Spasić[33]
• Flax denotes the entry chosen by the jury to go to the final.
13.
Israel – Noa Barak-Weshler
14.
Cyprus – Hristina Marouhou[34]
15.
Moldova – Vitalie Rotaru
• The second semi-final was held on 22 May 2008
16.
Iceland – Brynja Þorgeirsdóttir
• The United Kingdom, France and Serbia voted in this semi-final.
17.
France – Cyril Hanouna[35]
18.
Romania – Alina Sorescu
19.
Portugal – Sabrina[36]
Semi-final 1
Semi-final 2
• Flax denotes the entry chosen by the jury to go to the final.
(Portuguese representative in the 2007 Contest)
Final
20.
Norway – Stian Barsnes Simonsen (Co-Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004)
The finalists were: 21.
Hungary – Éva Novodomszky
22.
Andorra – Alfred Llahí
23.
Poland – Radek Brzózka[37]
24.
Slovenia – Peter Poles[38]
• the top nine countries from the second semi-final plus one wildcard from the juries (marked in flax)
25.
Armenia – Hrachuhi Utmazyan
26.
Czech Republic – Petra Šubrtová
The final was held on 24 May 2008 and was won by Russia.
27.
Spain – Ainhoa Arbizu[39]
28.
Netherlands – Esther Hart[40]
• the big four France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom • the host country Serbia • the top nine countries from the first semi-final plus one wildcard from the juries (marked in flax)
Voting during the final The voting order and spokespersons during the final were as follows:[25] 1.
United Kingdom – Carrie Grant[26]
Macedonia – Ognen Janeski[27]
3.
Ukraine – Marysya Horobets
4.
Germany – Thomas Hermanns[28]
5.
29. 30.
(UK representative in the 1983 Contest as part of Sweet Dreams)
2.
(Dutch representative in the 2003 Contest)
Turkey – Meltem Ersan Yazgan[41] Malta – Moira Delia[42] (Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014)
31.
Ireland – Niamh Kavanagh[43] (Winner of the 1993 and representative in the 2010 Contest)
[29]
32.
Switzerland – Cécile Bähler[44]
33.
Azerbaijan – Leyla Aliyeva[45]
Estonia – Sahlene
(Co-Presenter of the 2012 Contest)
(Estonian representative in the 2002 Contest)
6.
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Melina Garibović[30]
7.
Albania – Leon Menkshi
34.
Greece – Alexis Kostalas[46]
35.
Finland – Mikko Leppilampi[47] (Co-Presenter of the 2007 Contest)
[31]
8.
Belgium – Sandrine van Handenhoven
36.
Croatia – Barbara Kolar
9.
San Marino – Roberto Moretti
37.
Sweden – Björn Gustafsson[48]
7.5. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2008 38.
Belarus – Olga Barabanschikova
39.
Lithuania - Rolandas Vilkončius
40.
Russia – Oxana Fedorova
41.
Montenegro – Nina Radulović[33]
42.
Georgia – Tika Patsatsia[49]
43.
Denmark – Maria Montell
7.5.5
Scoreboards
191 a non-governmental, non-political, and non-profitable company.[54] In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing members from different clubs around the world to vote for their favourite songs of the 2008 contest. Below is the top five overall results, after all the votes had been cast.[55] Barbara Dex Award Further information: Barbara Dex Award
The Barbara Dex Award has been annually awarded by the fan website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each 12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist, first semi-final: Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self designed dress. Semi-final 2 Semi-final 1
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the 7.5.7 Broadcasting second semi-final: Semi-finals broadcasts As stated above, a country only has to broadcast the final and the semi-final when it is one of the competitors or 12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the voters. The United Kingdom,[56] San Marino, Greece, final: Croatia,[57] Ireland, Germany,[58] the Netherlands,[59] Norway,[60] Malta,[61] Serbia,[62] Finland,[63] Bosnia and Herzegovina,[64] Denmark,[65] Portugal,[66] Cyprus,[67] 7.5.6 Other Awards Israel,[68] Estonia,[69] Turkey,[70] Latvia,[71] Slovenia,[72] Russia,[73] Ukraine,[74] Lithuania, the Czech RepubMarcel Bezençon Awards lic,[75] Andorra,[76] Albania,[77] Bulgaria, Iceland,[78] Sweden,[79] Romania[80] and Australia confirmed they The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out dur- would broadcast both semi-finals (some in delay and ing the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Es- some live). tonia honoring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head International broadcasts of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (memAustralia ber of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winAlthough Australia was not eligible to enter, the ner from Sweden), the awards are named after the cre[50] contest was broadcast on SBS. The first semi-final ator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon. For was broadcast on Friday 23 May at 19:30 local time, the only time, the awards were divided into 4 categories; with the second semi-final on Saturday 24 May 2008 Press Award; Poplight Fan Award; Artistic Award; and [51] at 19:30 local time, and the Final on Sunday 25 May Composer Award. 2008 at 19:30 local time,[81] amongst a weekend of Eurovision-themed programming.[82] SBS local OGAE host, Julia Zemiro, provided introductory and concluding segments with SBS otherwise broadcasting Further information: OGAE the BBC’s coverage and commentary.[83] In recent years the contest has been one of SBS’s highestrating programmes in terms of viewer numbers.[84] Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision The final rated well for SBS with 427,000 viewers (more commonly known as OGAE) is an international tuning in for the final with 421,000 for the second organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna, [53] semi-final and 272,000 for the first semi-final.[85] Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen. The organisation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is Austria Final
192
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND In Austria, ORF broadcast the contest live and re- The commentators of the 43 participating countries are ceived extremely high TV ratings, despite its as follows: withdrawal. However, it did not broadcast the semifinals on 20 and 22 May, though Austrians Non-participating countries were able to watch these on German television via ARD.[86] The commentators of the non-participating countries are: Italy No Italian broadcaster proper showed the contest, but San Marinese SMRTV, which broadcast live the full event on both TV and radio, is available in some parts of Italy: Romagna (and a small part of Emilia, including Bologna), northern Marche, and southern Veneto, including Venice.[87]
7.5.9 Official album
Eurovision Song Contest: Belgrade 2008 was the official compilation album of the 2008 Contest, put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by EMI Records and CMC International on 12 May 2008.The album featured all 43 songs that entered in the 2008 consemi-finalists that failed to qualify into Worldwide A live broadcast of the Eurovision Song test, including the [125] the grand final. Contest was available worldwide via satellite through European streams such as TVRi, ERT World, ARMTV, TVE Internacional, TRT International, TVP Polonia, RTP Internacional, RTS 7.5.10 Notes Sat and SVT Europa. The official Eurovision • A ^ “Irelande Douze Pointe” is mostly in English, Song Contest website also provided a live stream but includes words and phrases in French, German, without commentary via the peer to peer medium Italian and Spanish. Octoshape.
High-definition broadcasts RTS broadcast the event in 1080i high-definition (HD) and 5.1 Surround Sound. The new high-definition television system was in place at the Belgrade Arena by April 2008.[88] This is the second year that the event was broadcast live in HD. BBC HD broadcast the contest in High Definition in the United Kingdom. Swedish broadcaster SVT broadcast both the semi-final and the final on their HD-channel SVT HD. Lithuanian broadcaster LRT broadcast both the semi-final and the final in 1080i highdefinition (HD) on their channel LTV. The same occurred on Swiss HD channel HD suisse; on this channel viewers were able to choose the language of the commentary while viewing a semi-final or final of the Eurovision Song Contest. However, all other countries broadcast the show only in standard definition, and the event will only be available to buy on a standard-definition DVD; it will not be released on Blu-ray Disc.
7.5.8
• B ^ “Hasta la Vista” is in English, but contains three words in Spanish. • C ^ Vodka” is in English, but also includes 2 Russian words excluding 'vodka': На здоровье/Na zdorovye (Cheers). • D ^ Poland, the United Kingdom and Germany all received a total of 14 points. Whilst the rules of the contest describe mechanisms to break a tie should it be for first place, it is ambiguous as to whether the procedure applies to other rankings. Should the rules apply, Germany having received more twelve points than the others would be ranked 23rd, Poland having scored more ten points than the UK would be ranked 24th, leaving the UK in 25th and last place. A table located at the contest’s official website, Eurovision.tv, shows the ties as broken, however in all previous years the same source has shown unbroken ties. Since 2009 the rules have stated that all ties, regardless of position, are now broken.[126]
Returning artists
Commentators Most countries sent commentators to Belgrade or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to the participants and, if necessary, provide voting information. Participating countries
7.5.11 References [1] “Ukrajinka digla Arenu na noge”. [2] "ŠERIFOVIĆEVA I BREGOVIĆ U FINALU EVROVIZIJE”. evropesma.org. 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2008-04-21. [3] “San Marino in Belgrade confirmed”. ESCToday.com. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
7.5. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2008
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[4] “Austria will not go to Belgrade”. ESCToday.com. 200711-20. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
[25] Floras, Stella (2009-11-24). “Tonight’s voting order”. ESCToday. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
[5] “Jovana Janković & Željko Joksimović the hosts”. Oikotimes.com. 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
[26] “Talking Shop: Carrie Grant”. BBC News. 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
[6] “Revamped eurovision.tv site launched!". day.com. 2008-01-15. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
[27] “ESCforum.net”. ESCforum.net. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
ESCTo-
[7] “Belgrade 2008: The Confluence Of Sound”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2008-01-30. [8] “Welcome to Belgrade Arena.”. Eurovision.tv. 2007-0513. Archived from the original on 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
[28] “Schräg und schrill: Das Grand Prix-Fieber kehrt zurück”. quotenmeter.de. Retrieved 2008-05-23. [29] “Estonia: Sahlene to be ETV’s spokesperson”. esctoday.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09. [30] “Laka u utrci za stari mikrofon”. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
[9] “Belgrade received Helsinki city keys”. Eurovision.tv. 2007-09-14. Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
[31] “Belgium: Sandrine to announce Belgian votes”. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
[10] "'Helsinki could host Eurovision again'". ESCToday.com. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
[32] “AKTUALITĀTES > Eirovīzijā triumfē Dima Bilans no Krievijas, Pirāti – vienpadsmitie / divpadsmitie”. eirovizija.lv. Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
[11] “WEBU holds phone conference to decide host city”. Oikotimes. 2008-02-02. Retrieved 2008-02-22. [12] “Eurovision 2008: Set to stay in Belgrade”. esctoday.com. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
[33] “Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja”. Evropesma.org. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [34] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
[13] "ЕВРОВИЗИЈА ПОД СИЛНО ОБЕЗБЕДУВАЊЕ: Во Белград ќе се пее со страв". vreme.com.mk. 2008-0222. Retrieved 2008-02-22. [14] “Serbia 2008: THE WINNER OF THE LOCAL OPEN COMPETITION FOR THE SUBLOGO – CODE MAMA 2008”. RTS.co.yu. 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2007-07-05. [15] “Izabran novi logo za “Evrosong” u Beogradu”. blic.co.rs. 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2008-02-01. [16] “Eurovision 2008: Full stage image – The Sava, the Danube & Kalemegdan”. ESCToday.com. 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2007-10-10. [17] “Two semi finals in 2008”. ESCToday.com. 2007-07-31. Retrieved 2007-05-14. [18] “Eurovision: 2 semi finals confirmed!". ESCToday.com. 2007-07-31. Retrieved 2007-07-31. [19] “All you need to know for Monday’s draw!". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
[35] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet – Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [36] “Sabrina to announce Portuguese votes”. oikotimes.com. Retrieved 2008-04-03. [37] “Radek Brzózka przekaże głosy do Belgradu”. Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-04-29. [38] “Slovenia: Rebeka danes na poti v Beograd (Rebeka will today go to Belgrade)". RTVSLO.SI. Retrieved 2008-0510. [39] “Uribarri vuelve a ser la voz de Eurovisión cuatro años después (Uribarri is the voice of Eurovision again after four years)". vertele.com. Retrieved 2008-05-13. [40] “Esther Hart, the new Dutch spokeswoman”. day.com. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
escto-
[41] "Ötesi final”. Hürriyet. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
[21] “Eurovision 2008 – format confirmed!". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
[42] https://web.archive.org/20160124012146/ http://www.escflashmalta.com/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=1033: breaking-news-and-the-spokesperson-is&catid=2: latest-news-international&Itemid=2. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
[22] Sietse Bakker (2008-03-17). “Belgrade 2008: The running order!". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
[43] “Quick update”. allkindsofeverything.ie. Retrieved 200805-21.
[23] “43 Countries for Eurovision 2008”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
[44] “Details zur Sendung”. sf.tv. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
[20] “Svante Stockselius explains the new format”. times.com. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
Oiko-
[24] “Eurovision Song Contest 2008”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
[45] Floras, Stella (7 May 2008). “Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan: Elnur, Samir & Ruslana in Istanbul”. ”ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
[46] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION – Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[69] “Estonia: Sahlene to be ETV’s spokesperson”. esctoday.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
[47] “Mikko and Jaana are back!". Retrieved 2008-05-07.
[70] “Turkey: TRT will broadcast both semi-finals live”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
[48] “Björn Gustafsson to announce SVT viewers’ vote”. oikotimes.com. Retrieved 2008-05-24. [49] “Georgia: Tika Patsatsia spokesperson for 2008”. esctoday.com. Retrieved 2008-04-17. [50] “Marcel Bezençon Award – an introduction”. Poplight. Retrieved 2009-06-02. [51] “Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2012 | News | Eurovision Song Contest – Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [52] Viniker, Barry (2008-03-11). “Marcel Bezençon Award for fans”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-06-02. [53] “Eurovision Fanclub Network”. OGAE. Retrieved 15 June 2012. [54] “Klubi-info: Mikä ihmeen OGAE?" [The club info: What on Earth is OGAE?] (in Finnish). OGAE Finland. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012. [55] OGAE International (2008). “OGAE Poll Results 2008”. OGAE. [56] During the UK national final (Eurovision: Your Decision), Terry Wogan confirmed both semi-finals would be broadcast on BBC Three.
[71] “Latvia: Wolves of the Sea release first CD”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2008-05-10. [72] “Slovenia: Rebeka danes na poti v Beograd (Rebeka will today go to Belgrade)". RTVSLO.SI. Retrieved 2008-0510. [73] “Eurovision: Rossija”. Rossija. Retrieved 2008-05-10. [74] “Eurovision: fair play”. NTU. Retrieved 2008-05-17. [75] “Czech Republic: Broadcasting both semi finals”. esctoday.com. Retrieved 2008-05-20. [76] “RTVA Official Schedule for Thursday has slot marked for Semi Final 2 as well”. RTVA. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2008-05-21. [77] “TVSH Official Schedule for Tuesday has slot marked for Semi Final 1 as well”. TVSH. Retrieved 2008-05-21. [78] “RUV Official Schedule for Tuesday has slot marked for Semi Final 1 as well”. RUV. Retrieved 2008-05-21. [79] “SVT Official Schedule for Tuesday has slot marked for Semi Final 1 as well”. SVT. Retrieved 2008-05-21. [80] “TVR1/29 May 2008 – 30 May 2008”. [81] “Australia: SBS to air both Eurovision semi finals”. TVtonight.com.au. 2008-04-26. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
[57] “Croatia: We will broadcast both semi finals”. [58] “Supporters of German finalists and broadcast details revealed”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2007-02-26. [59] “Netherlands: We will broadcast live both semi-finals”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
[82] Mitchell, Simone (2008-05-23). “Eurovision 2008”. The Vine. Fairfax Digital. Retrieved 2008-05-26. [83] Nicholson, Sarah (2008-05-21). “Top of the Euro pops”. Courier Mail. news.com.au. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
[60] VG Nett – TV-guiden, VG, May 22, 2008 [61] “exclusive PBSmalta to air both semifinals”. malta.com. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
ogae-
[62] “Oba polufinala u direktnom prenosu”. evropesma.org. Retrieved 2007-11-15. [63] “Finland: YLE to broadcast both semi finals”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2008-03-29. [64] “BHRT goes Euromaniac”. oikotimes.com. Retrieved 2008-03-29. [65] “Denmark: DR to broadcast both semi finals”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2008-04-04. [66] “RTP to broadcast both Eurovision semi-finals”. oikotimes.com. Retrieved 2008-04-16. [67] “Cyprus: CyBC to air both semis and preview shows”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2007-04-24. [68] “OGAE Israel: 12 points to Sweden!". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
[84] “Broadcasting of Eurovision in Australia”. OZEurovision. 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2008-02-07. [85] “The Who We Are update: week 24”. smh.com.au. 200805-26. Retrieved 2008-07-13. [86] “ORF to broadcast the Eurovision final live”. times.com. 2008-03-16. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
oiko-
[87] “San Marino to air both Eurovision semi finals”. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved 2008-03-31. [88] “Tijanić: Sa RTS-a proterane španske serije”. Mondo. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
MTS
[89] “Sandrine geeft de Vlaamse punten op het Songfestival”. eurosong.be. Retrieved 2008-05-05. [90] “RTBF – La 1 – Concours Eurovision de la chanson”. rtbf.be. Retrieved 2008-05-22. [91] Archived May 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. [92]
7.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2009
195
[93] "Πρώτος ημιτελικός, ώρα μηδέν!". eurovisionclub.com. [112] “EUROWIZJA.COM.PL – Konkurs Piosenki EurowRetrieved 2012-08-09. izji”. Retrieved 2008-04-14. [94] “Eurosong / Eurovision Song Contest 2008 — TV pro- [113] “Commentator revealed by RTP, updated news”. oikotimes.com. Retrieved 2008-04-01. gram — Česká televize — TV program — Česká televize”. Ceskatelevize.cz. 2010-02-19. Retrieved 2012[114] “Eurosong finale”. b92.net. Retrieved 2008-05-24. 08-09. [95] “Nicolaj Molbech til beograd”. esconnet.dk. Retrieved [115] “Slovenci padamo na žalostna besedila”. rtvslo.si. Retrieved 2008-04-03. 2008-04-30. [96] Julkaistu To, 29/04/2010 – 10:19 (2010-04-29). “YLE Radio Suomen kommentaattorit | Euroviisut | yle.fi | Arkistoitu”. yle.fi. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[116] “Uribarri vuelve a ser la voz de Eurovisión cuatro años después (Uribarri is the voice of Eurovision again after four years)". vertele.com. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
[117] “SVT tableau”. svt.se. Retrieved 2008-05-19. [97] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Düsseldorf 2011”. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2011-07-05. [118] “Björn gör comeback” (in Swedish). Retrieved 2008-0524. [98] “Der ESC 2008 im Fernsehen”. NDR.de. Retrieved 2008-05-01. [119] “Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever”. The Local. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29. [99] “Tim Frühling: Protokoll eines Dramas”. 2011-04-18. Retrieved 2012-10-28. [120] “Programme TV”. tsr.ch. Retrieved 2008-05-22. [100] “Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten”. Euro- [121] “Eurovision 2008 Şarkı Yarışması Finali”. TRT. Revision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28. trieved 2008-05-24. [101] “The press conference at the Athens Hilton hotel”. Oik- [122] “UK: Caroline Flack to Commentate”. esctoday.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved itimes.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008-05-09. 2010. Retrieved 2008-01-22. [102] “Information on Hungarian broadcasting”. gary.extra.hu. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
eschun- [123] “Eurovision Song Contest 2008: BBC coverage”. BBC. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
[103] “Fréttablaðið, 24 May 2008”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 2012- [124] “Der “Eurovision Song Contest” am 24. Mai live aus Belgrad”. kundendienst.orf.at. Retrieved 2008-05-27. 08-09. [104] “Millions to tune in for Eurovision final”. Break- [125] “Eurovision Song Contest: Belgrade 2008”. amazon.co.uk. Amazon. Retrieved 5 November 2014. ProdingNews.ie. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2009-05-31. uct detail: release date 12 May 2008 [105] “RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry - Marty”. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commen- [126] Rues for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, p. 7 “Section Five: Procedure in case of a tie” tary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest. [106] “Marty heads to final of 'Celebrity Bainisteoir'". EuroVisionary.com. Retrieved 2008-05-13. [107] “RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry – Marty”. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest. [108] “Ireland: Eurovision week schedule of events on RTÉ". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2008-05-17. [109] https://web.archive.org/web/20100212154112/http: //www.oikotimes.com/v2/index.php?file=articles&id= 5462. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
7.5.12 External links • Eurovision Song Contest • RTS Evrosong (Serbian) • Official Serbian Eurovision website (Serbian) Coordinates: 44°49′14″N 20°27′44″E / 44.82056°N 20.46222°E
7.6 Eurovision Song Contest 2009
[110] www.eurovisionartists.nl. “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-0809.
“Eurovision 2009” redirects here. For other uses, see Eurovision 2009 (disambiguation).
[111] “Hanne Hoftun blir MGP-kommentator”. trieved 2008-04-08.
The Eurovision Song Contest 2009 was the 54th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest and was hosted by
NRK. Re-
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Russia after their win in 2008. It took place between futed rumours of emergency reconstruction of the build12 and 16 May 2009 at the Olympic Indoor Arena in ing, saying: “It will not be required for the Eurovision Moscow, Russia. Song Contest. We now can take up to 25 thousand [6] The contest was won by Norway's Alexander Rybak with spectators.” his self-penned "Fairytale", which received a recordbreaking 387 points out of 492, at the time the highest total score in the history of the contest and with a margin of 169 points over the second place which went to Iceland.[A] Third place went to Azerbaijan, fourth to Turkey, and the United Kingdom taking 5th, seeing their best placing since 2002. After criticism of the voting system after the 2007 Contest, changes in the voting procedure were made with the re-introduction of a national jury alongside televoting while the format of the semi-finals remained the same. Forty-two countries participated in the contest; Slovakia announced that it would return to the contest, while San Marino withdrew due to financial issues. Latvia and Georgia originally announced their intention to withdraw, but it was later stated by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) that both countries would indeed participate.[2] However, Georgia later decided to withdraw after the EBU rejected its selected song as being a breach of contest rules.
7.6.2 Format The contest final took place on 16 May 2009 at the Olympic Indoor Arena in Moscow, Russia with two semifinals preceding it on 12 and 14 May.[3][5][7] Thirty-seven countries participated in one of the two semi-finals of the contest, with the "Big Four" countries (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the host pre-qualified for the final.[2] In addition to those pre-qualified, the final also included the ten selected countries from each semifinal, making a total of twenty-five participants. A discussion on changes to the format of the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest had taken place at an EBU meeting in Athens, Greece in June 2008 where a proposal was made that could have resulted in the “Big Four” losing their automatic place in the final of the contest.[8] However, it was confirmed that the “Big Four” countries would continue to automatically qualify for the final at the 2009 contest.[9]
For the very first time in Eurovision history, there were four hosts, each divided in two sets: Natalia Vodianova Graphic design and Andrey Malahov were the hosts of the semi-final, while the final was presented by Ivan Urgant and Alsou Abramova.
7.6.1
Location
The stage of the contest
Olympic Indoor Arena, Moscow - host venue of the 2009 contest.
The contest was held in Russia following its victory in the 2008 contest in Belgrade, Serbia, with Dima Bilan's "Believe".[3] Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister of Russia, stated that the contest would be held in Moscow.[4] It was proposed by Channel One that the contest be held in Moscow’s Olympic Indoor Arena, and this proposal was evaluated by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and confirmed on 13 September 2008.[4][5] The Director-General of the venue, Vladimir Churilin, re-
Host broadcaster Channel One presented the sub-logo and theme for the 2009 contest on 30 January 2009.[10] The sub-logo is based upon a "Fantasy Bird", which can be used with many colours. As in previous years, the sublogo was presented alongside the generic logo.[10] 2009 was the first year since 2001 that there was no slogan for the contest. The stage was designed by New York-based set designer John Casey, and was based around the theme of contemporary Russian avant-garde. Casey, who had previously designed the stage for the Eurovision Song Contest 1997 in Dublin, was also involved in design teams for the 1994 and 1995 contests. He explained that “even before [he] worked with the Russians on the TEFI Awards in Moscow in 1998, [he] was inspired by and drawn to art from the Russian Avant Garde period, especially the constructivists... [He] tried to come up with a theatrical de-
7.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2009
197
sign for the contest that incorporates Russian avant-garde art into a contemporary setting, almost entirely made up of different types of LED screens.”[11] Casey explained that together, the various LED shapes form the finished product. Furthermore, large sections of the stage can move, including the circular central portion of curved LED screens, which can be moved to effect and allow each song to have a different feel.
contest, with the possibility of a change in the voting system for 2009. Contest organisers sent a questionnaire regarding the voting system to participating broadcasters, and a reference group incorporated the responses into their suggestions for next year’s format.[15] Telewizja Polska (TVP), the Polish broadcaster, suggested that an international jury similar to the one used in the 2008 Eurovision Dance Contest be introduced in the Eurovision Song Contest to lessen the impact of neighbourly voting and The postcards (short videos between the acts) were as folplace more emphasis on the artistic value of the song.[16] lows: A jury would lead to less political and diaspora voting as the jury members, mandated to be music industry ex• Miss World 2008, Ksenia Sukhinova appeared; perts, would also have a say in addition to “random members of the public”.[17] • A group of famous buildings, monuments and landscapes from the corresponding country were shown, It was decided that for the contest final, each country’s votes would be decided by a combination of 50% similar to 3-D pages of a book; televoting results and 50% national jury.[18] The method • Sukhinova reappeared wearing a hat comprising the of selecting the semi-final qualifiers remained the same above (as well as a different hairstyle & make-up for the most part, with nine countries, instead of the ten as each time) and a T-shirt with the colours of the in years past, qualifying from each semi-final based on the country’s flag. On the right the ESC 2009 logo televoting results.[19][20] For the tenth qualifier from each appeared with the name of the country; The Rus- semi-final, the highest placed country on the back-up jury sia’s video had the exact appearance of Sukhinova scoreboard that had not already qualified, was chosen for shown in the first part of every video and no differ- the final.[18] At the final, each country combined their 1ent hairstyle was shown for Russia. 7, 8, 10,12 points from the televote with their 1-7,8,10,12 jury points to create their “national scorecard”. The coun• Finally a phrase in transliterated Russian and its try with the most points received 12 points, the second English translation were shown (e.g. Spasibo and placed country received 10 points, the third placed counThank You). try received 8 points and so on to 1 points. If a tie arose, the song with the higher televote position was given the advantage and the higher point value.[18] National juries Semi-final allocation draw were originally phased out of the contest beginning in 1997, with televoting becoming mandatory for nearly all On Friday 30 January 2009, the draw to decide which participants since 2003. countries would appear in either the first or second semifinal took place. The participating countries excluding Edgar Böhm, director of entertainment for Austria’s pubthe automatic finalists (France, Germany, Russia, Spain lic broadcaster Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF), has & the United Kingdom) were split into six pots, based stated that the 2008 format with two semi-finals “still upon how those countries have been voting. From these incorporates a mix of countries who will be politically pots, half (or as close to half as is possible) competed in favoured in the voting process,” and “that, unless a clear the first Semi Final on 10 May 2009. The other half in guideline as to how the semifinals are organised is made that particular pot will compete in the second Semi Final by the EBU, Austria will not be taking part in Moscow [21][22] Despite the inclusion of jury voting in the on 12 May 2009.[12][13][14] The draw for the running order 2009.” [23] of the semi-finals, finals, and the order of voting, occurred final, Austria did not return to the contest in 2009. on 16 March 2009.[2] Juries 1.^ Georgia withdrew approximately a month and a half after the semi-final allocation draw.
“In each of the 42 participating countries, a jury of five music industry professionals (including one jury chairperson) will judge the entries taking part in the Final. Voting Their decision will be based on the second dress rehearsal. The names of the jury members must be revealed See also: Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest and List by the respective participating broadcasters before or durof Eurovision Song Contest 2009 jurors ing the Final. In response to some broadcasters’ continued complaints about politically charged, neighbourly and diaspora voting, the EBU evaluated the voting procedure used in the
• Each jury member of each national jury will make a ranking of his ten favourite songs and award points from 1 to 8, 10 and 12 points. The chairperson will
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND allocate 12 points to the song having obtained the highest number of votes from all jury members, 10 points to the song having obtained the second highest number of votes, 8 points to the song having obtained the third highest number of votes, 7 points to the next, and so on down to 1 point for the song having obtained the tenth highest number of votes from all jury members. In the event of a tie for any of the above positions, the order of the tying songs shall be ascertained by a show of hands by the jury members (abstentions are not allowed).
• The jury should consist of a variety of members in terms of age, gender and background. All jury members must be citizens of the country they are representing. • None of the jury members must be connected with any of the participating songs/artists in such a way that they cannot vote independently. The participating broadcasters must send a letter of compliance with the voting instructions together with signed declarations by each jury member stating that they will vote independently. The jury voting will be monitored by an independent notary and auditor in each country”. - Quotes from Eurovision.tv [24]
7.6.3
ing the monument displayed on a video screen in the background, and having presenter Sirusho read the results from a clipboard decorated with a photo of the monument.[29] There were also allegations that no number had been shown for the public to call and vote for Armenia’s entry during the telecast in Azerbaijan. Representatives denied these allegations by showing a video that showed an untampered signal during the Armenian performance.[30] However, a subsequent EBU investigation found that the Azerbaijani broadcaster, Ictimai TV, had blurred out the number for Armenia’s entry and distorted the TV signal when the Armenian contestants were performing on stage. The EBU fined Ictimai TV an undisclosed sum and is said to have threatened to exclude the broadcaster from the competition for up to three years if further infractions of the Eurovision Song Contest rules are made.[31] In August 2009, a number of Azerbaijanis who had voted for Armenia’s entry during the 2009 Contest were summoned for questioning at the Ministry of National Security in Baku, during which they were accused of being “unpatriotic” and “a potential security threat”. This incident initiated an EBU investigation that resulted in a change to the Eurovision rules to allow a country’s participating broadcaster to be liable “for any disclosure of information which could be used to identify voters”.[32]
Incidents
The 2009 contest experienced several controversies and incidents during its lead-up, including the interpretation of over Georgia’s entry as an attack against the Russian prime minister,[25] conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan stemming from the inclusion of a monument in a disputed region to represent Armenia in a video introduction,[26] Spain’s broadcaster showing a semi-final on tape delay after a scheduling conflict,[27] and protests over Russia’s treatment of LGBT people to coincide with the contest.[28]
Broadcast delays in Spain
Due to its commitments to broadcast the Madrid Open tennis tournament, Spanish broadcaster Televisión Española (TVE) broadcast the second semifinal on a tape delay on its channel La 2, approximately 66 minutes after the show began in Moscow.[33] As a result of the tape delay, the broadcaster also utilized a backup jury rather than televoting to decide its votes.[27][34] TVE had already switched to voting in the second semi-final due to another scheduling conflict, which had already sparked criticism Armenia and Azerbaijan from the neighboring Andorran and Portuguese delegaMain articles: Armenia–Azerbaijan relations in the Eu- tions, who stated that a Spanish vote would have positively rovision Song Contest and Azerbaijan in the Eurovision influenced their performance in the first semifinal.[34] Song Contest On the day following the semifinal, local newspaper El Mundo speculated that RTVE may have administered the Armenia and Azerbaijan experienced several conflicts delay on purpose in order to prevent Spain from winduring the 2009 contest. ning the contest, claiming that the broadcaster would not [35] A After the first semi-final, representatives for Azerbai- be ready to host the contest if Spain were to win. ABC had cited technical difficulties for the statement in jan complained to the EBU over the introductory “post[33] card” preceding the Armenian entry, since the video clip delay. had included a depiction of We Are Our Mountains, a monumental statue located in the unrecognized NagornoKarabakh republic, which is considered to be a de jure part of Azerbaijan.[26] As a result of the complaint, the statue was edited out during the finals.[29] However, Armenia retaliated during the results presentations by hav-
After the semi-finals, the EBU announced that Spain would face sanctions for their actions in the contest, but also stated that their participation in the 2009 contest in Moscow would not be affected.[27] The Spanish entry, "La noche es para mí", did not fare well in the contest itself, placing 24th during the finals.[36]
7.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2009 Georgia: “We Don't Wanna Put In” After being placed to compete in the first semi-final on 12 May, a national final was held in Georgia to select its entry. The selected entry, Stefane & 3G with "We Don't Wanna Put In" gained coverage and controversy due to perceived political connotations within its lyrics relating to Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.[37] The EBU rejected the song due to these political connotations, calling it a clear breach of the contest’s rules. The EBU then asked the Georgian broadcaster Georgian Public Broadcaster (GPB) on 10 March to change either the lyrics of the song, or to select a new song to compete for the country.[38][39] GPB refused to change the lyrics or the song, claiming that the song contained no political references, and that the rejection by the EBU was due to political pressure from Russia. As such, GPB withdrew Georgia from the contest on 11 March.[40][41] The EBU never made a comment on the country’s withdrawal. On 11 May the band admitted the political content of the song and their intention was just to embarrass Putin in Moscow.[25] As a result of refusing to change the song lyrics and decision to withdraw the song developed in an idea to start an AlterVision Open Air Song Contest. First Open Air AlterVision Song Contest was held in Tbilisi (Georgia) on May 15–17, 2009.
LGBT protests Russian gay rights activist Nikolai Alekseev used the Contest’s presence in Russia as a platform for promoting the country’s position on the rights of LGBT people, countering Moscow mayor Yury Luzhkov's view that homosexuality is satanic.[42] Alekseev announced that the 2009 edition of Moscow Pride, the city’s annual gay pride parade, would coincide with the finals on 16 May, the day before the International Day Against Homophobia. The parade was also renamed "Slavic Pride", to promote gay rights and culture across the entire Slavic region of Europe.[43] The parade was denied authorisation by Moscow officials on the basis that it would “destroy morals in society”[28] and statements were issued stating that protesters would be treated “toughly”,[44] and that “tough measures” would be faced by anyone joining the march.[45]
199 self the “biggest gay parade”.[48] The Dutch group De Toppers made news by member Gordon threatening to boycott the final of Eurovision 2009 if the gay parade was violently beaten down. However, the group’s failure to qualify for the final left this threat redundant.
7.6.4 Participating countries
Countries in the first semi-final Countries in the second semi-final Countries voting in the first semi-final Countries voting in the second semi-final
Following the release of the final participants list by the EBU, 42 countries confirmed their participation in the 2009 contest, including Slovakia, which returned to the contest after 11 years.[2][49] Georgia originally announced that it was to withdraw from the contest due to the 2008 South Ossetia war in protest of the foreign policies of Russia,[50][51][52] but later decided to return to the contest, inspired by its win at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008, as well as Russia’s 12 points to it in the same contest.[53][54] The country eventually withdrew from the contest due to its entry being deemed to contain political references, including in the title a play on words of Russia’s prime minister’s surname.[40] Rumours arose surrounding the participation and return of San Marino and Monaco. Télé Monte Carlo (TMC), the Monegasque broadcaster, confirmed that there were talks with the EBU over a Monegasque return to the 2009 contest.[55] At the same time, rumours spread that San Marino’s broadcaster, Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV), would withdraw from the contest due to poor placing at the 2008 contest.[56] In the end, after originally confirming their intent to participate in Moscow, SMRTV was forced to withdraw from the event due to financial difficulties that prevented a second entry.[57][58]
The rally was broken up by Moscow police, and 20 protesters were arrested including Nikolai Alekseev[28] and human rights campaigner Peter Tatchell, who exclaimed that “this shows the Russian people are not free” as he was taken away by police.[46] Sweden’s representative Malena Ernman supported the cause saying that she is not homosexual herself but would be proud to call herself gay to support her fans, stating that she was sad that the Moscow government would not allow a “tribute to love” to occur.[47] The winner of the contest, Norway’s Alexander Rybak, also referred to the controversy in an interview when he called the Eurovision Song Contest it- The Latvian broadcaster, Latvijas Televīzija (LTV), had
200
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND Valeriya and Wenche Myhre. Before mainstream international success Kosovar-British singer Rita Ora was a finalist on Your Country Needs You for the United Kingdom. Returning artists By the completion of the 2009 selection processes, three countries had chosen artists who had previously participated in the contest. Returning artists included Chiara, who represented Malta in 1998 and 2005, Sakis Rouvas, who represented Greece in 2004 and presented the 2006 Contest. Friðrik Ómar, part of the Euroband duo in 2008, was part of the choir in Iceland's entry and Martina Majerle, who represented Slovenia with Quartissimo, had participated as a backing vocalist in the 2003 Croatian and 2007 Slovenian entries.
7.6.5 Results Semi-finals Thirty-seven countries participated in one of the two semi-finals of the contest.[2] The semi-final allocation draw took place on 30 January 2009,[13][14] while the reportedly withdrawn from the 2009 contest on 17 De- draw for the running order was held on 16 March [64][65] cember 2008, three days after the final participation 2009. deadline. This came about due to budget cuts of over 2 million lati (2.8 million euros) from the LTV budget, hindering their ability to pay the participation fee.[59] LTV Semi-final 1 confirmed that they had informed the EBU of their in• The first semi final took place in Moscow on 12 May. tent to withdraw based solely on financial difficulties. LTV then went into discussions with the EBU in an at• The United Kingdom and Germany voted in this tempt to find a solution that would keep the country in the semi-final.[66] [60][61] Contest. On 20 December 2008, LTV announced that it would be withdrawing from the contest, and that • Flax denotes the entry chosen by the jury to go to both the EBU and Channel One had agreed not to force a the final. financial penalty on the late withdrawal of the broadcaster from the 2009 contest. LTV also announced its intent to be at the 2010 contest.[62][63] However, on 12 January Semi-final 2 2009, it was announced that Latvia would participate in the 2009 contest.[2] Each country chose its entry for the • The second semi final took place in Moscow on 14 contest through its own selection process. Some countries May. selected their entry through an internal selection, where the representing network chose both the song and artist, • France and Russia voted in this semi-final.[66] Spain while others held national finals where the public chose was also scheduled to televote in this semi-final, but the song, the artist, or both. due to scheduling errors at TVE, the semi-final was aired late and Spanish viewers were not able to vote, so the Spanish jury’s vote was used instead.[71] Notable artists that did not qualify • Flax denotes the entry chosen by the jury to go to Notable artists that participated in one of the national the final. song selection shows, but did not manage to qualify for the Eurovision Song Contest include Agnes Carlsson, Alcazar, Alexey Vorobyov, Ana Bebić, Anita Hegerland, Final Anna Semenovich, Bambir, Emilia Rydberg, Hera Björk, Hurriganes, Jari Sillanpää, Kaliopi, Marie Serneholt, The finalists were: Alexander Rybak after winning the final.
7.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2009
201
• The “Big Four” (France, Germany, Spain and the 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 United Kingdom). points each country awarded to another in the final: Below is a summary of the split number one selection, by respectively each country’s jury and televoters in the • The top nine countries from the first semi-final plus Grand Final: one wildcard from the juries. • The host country, Russia.
• The top nine countries from the second semi-final 7.6.7 plus one wildcard from the juries. The final took place in Moscow on 16 May at 23:00 MST (19:00 UTC) and was won by Norway. They received points from every voting country (lowest score was 2 points from Bulgaria) and led the vote from the beginning to the end. Norway also got 36 nations’ top 3 scores (no less than 8 points).
Other Awards
Marcel Bezençon Awards
The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia honoring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from 7.6.6 Scoreboards Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon.[80] The awards are In this year’s Eurovision Song Contest there were a few divided into 3 categories; Press Award; Artistic Award; glitches out of the 84 total televote counts from the two and Composer Award.[81] [75] semi finals and Grand final. Semi-final 1
OGAE
• No problems were reported in the first Eurovision Further information: OGAE Song Contest semi-final. Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 (more commonly known as OGAE) is an international points each country awarded to another in the 1st semi- organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna, Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[82] The organifinal: sation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is Semi-final 2 a non-governmental, non-political, and non-profitable company.[83] In what has become an annual tradition for • In the second semi final, Spain’s and Albania’s de- the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing lays in broadcasting the show meant that their results members from different clubs around the world to vote were provided by the back-up juries. for their favourite songs of the 2009 contest. Below is the top five overall results, after all the votes had been cast.[84] 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the 2nd semifinal: Barbara Dex Award Final
Further information: Barbara Dex Award
• In the Grand Final, SMS voting was the only method used to provide the Hungarian public voting scores as the televotes could not be counted due to a technical problem.
The Barbara Dex Award has been annually awarded by the fan website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist, • Norway’s jury vote was used because a technical Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which mistake by the local telephone operator rendered the she wore her own self designed dress. televotes and SMS texts unusable. • The full split jury/televoting results were announced 7.6.8 by the EBU in July 2009.[76]
International broadcasts and voting
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
Voting and spokespersons
27.
Serbia – Jovana Janković[89] (Co-Presenter of the 2008 Contest)
The voting order and spokespersons during the final were as follows:[85] 1. 2.
28.
(Co-Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008)
Spain – Iñaki del Moral[86] Belgium – Maureen Louys (Co-Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005)
3.
Belarus – Ekaterina Litvinova
4.
Malta – Pauline Agius[87]
5.
Germany – Thomas Anders
6.
Czech Republic – Petra Šubrtová
7.
Cyprus – Sophia Paraskeva[92]
29.
Poland – Radek Brzózka
30.
Netherlands – Yolanthe Cabau van Kasbergen
31.
Estonia – Laura Põldvere (Estonian representative in the 2005 Contest as part of Suntribe)
32.
Croatia – Mila Horvat
Sweden – Sarah Dawn Finer
33.
Portugal – Helena Coelho
8.
Iceland – Þóra Tómasdóttir
34.
Romania – Alina Sorescu
9.
France – Yann Renoard[88]
35.
Ireland – Derek Mooney
36.
Denmark – Felix Smith[93]
37.
Moldova – Sandu Leancă
38.
Slovenia – Peter Poles
10.
Israel – Ofer Nachshon
11.
Russia – Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė
12.
Latvia – Roberto Meloni (Latvian representative in the 2007 and 2008 Contests as part of Bonaparti.lv and Pirates of the Sea respectively)
13.
Montenegro – Jovana Vukčević[89]
39.
Armenia – Sirusho (Armenian representative in the 2008 Contest)
14.
Andorra – Brigits García
15.
Finland – Jari Sillanpää (Finnish representative in the 2004 Contest)
16. 17.
Switzerland – Cécile Bähler Bulgaria – Yoanna Dragneva (Bulgarian representative in the 2008 Contest as part of Deep Zone)
18. 19.
Lithuania – Ignas Krupavičius United Kingdom – Duncan James (British representative in the 2011 Contest as part of Blue)
20.
Macedonia – Frosina Josifovska[90]
21.
Slovakia – Ľubomír Bajaník
22.
Greece – Alexis Kostalas[91]
23.
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Laka (Bosnian representative in the 2008 Contest)
24.
Ukraine – Marysya Horobets
25.
Turkey – Meltem Ersan Yazgan
26.
Albania – Leon Menkshi
40.
Hungary – Éva Novodomszky
41.
Azerbaijan – Hüsniyya Maharramova
42.
Norway[C] – Stian Barsnes Simonsen (Co-Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004)
Commentators Most countries sent commentators to Moscow or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to the participants and, if necessary, provide voting information. Participating countries The commentators of the 42 participating countries are as follows: Non-participating countries The commentators of the non-participating countries are:
7.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2009 Broadcasting
203 local prime time, about 10 hours after the show has finished in Moscow.[123]
Australia Although Australia is not eligible to enter, the con- Worldwide A commentated live broadcast of the Eutest was broadcast on Special Broadcasting Service rovision Song Contest was available worldwide via (SBS) as in previous years.[116] The first semi-final satellite by broadcaster streams such as was broadcast on Friday 15 May 2009, the second semi-final on Saturday 16 May 2009, and the final • Belgium: BVN[124] on Sunday 17 May 2009, with all shows broadcast • Bulgaria: BNT Sat[125] at 19:30 local time (09:30 UTC). This year, instead • Croatia: HRT Sat[126] of airing the United Kingdom's commentary, the broadcaster sent its own commentators, Julia • Cyprus: RIK Sat Zemiro and Sam Pang. They also anchored a • Greece: ERT World number of behind the scenes and interview pieces, • Lithuania: LTV World which were inserted during assigned the various broadcasts.[117] In recent years the contest has been • Macedonia: MKTV Sat[127] one of SBS’s highest-rating programmes in terms • Montenegro: TVCG Sat of viewer numbers. The contest rated well for SBS • Netherlands: BVN with 482,000 viewers tuning in for the final,[118] with 414,000 for the second semi-final and 276,000 • Poland: TVP Polonia for the first semi-final.[119] • Portugal: RTP Internacional SBS also broadcast the Junior Eurovision and Eurovision Dance Contests for 2008 in the lead-up to the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest. The Eurovision Dance Contest 2008 was broadcast on SBS on Wednesday 6 May 2009 at 13:00 local time (03:00 UTC), while the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008 was broadcast on Wednesday 13 May at 13:00 local time (03:00 UTC). SBS also broadcast the EBU produced Eurovision Countdown shows on 13, 14 and 15 May 2009 at 17:30 local time (07:30 UTC) before the semi-finals and final.[120]
•
Romania: TVR International
•
Serbia: RTS Sat[128]
•
Spain: TVE Internacional
•
Turkey: TRT AVAZ
Additionally, the official Eurovision Song Contest website also provided a live stream without commentary via the peer-to-peer medium Octoshape.[129]
7.6.9 Official album
Eurovision Song Contest: Moscow 2009 was the official compilation album of the 2009 Contest, put together by Austria the European Broadcasting Union and released by EMI Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF) confirmed that, Records and CMC International on 11 May 2009. The despite having no Austrian entry in the competition, album featured all 42 songs that entered in the 2009 conthey would broadcast the Contest on television. test, including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify into Both semi-finals were broadcast on ORF on a the grand final.[130] time delay, beginning past midnight CET. A song presentation show was broadcast on the night of the final, before broadcasting live the voting in the 7.6.10 Notes final. The entire Eurovision final was broadcast • A ^ Until then, the highest winning score had been later that night. In all three shows the commenFinland in 2006 with 292 points.[131] tator was Hitradio Ö3 radio presenter Benny Hörtnagl.[121][122] • B ^ “Düm Tek Tek” is onomatopoeic for the sound generated by a drum; with “boom bang bang” beNew Zealand ing an English equivalent.[132] Graham Norton, the Although New Zealand was not eligible to enter, the commentator for the BBC broadcast of the contest final of the contest was broadcast on Triangle TV's said that “Düm Tek Tek” also meant “With Every satellite channel STRATOS on 17 May 2009. They Heartbeat”. also did a compilation of the two 2008 semi-finals • C ^ Norway was originally scheduled to announce on 3 May 2009 and the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 final on 10 May 2009. This was the first time its votes as the 17th country, but instead voted 42nd in 30 years that the contest has been broadcast in (last). This was due to a technical error, and only New Zealand. The 2009 final was broadcast in the jury’s votes were appointed.
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7.6.11
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
References
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[36] “Eurovision Song Contest 2009 - Final”. EBU. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
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[37] Lewis, Daniel (2009-03-10). “Georgian Eurovision entry sparks news frenzy”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
[17] Viniker, Barry (2009-02-03). “Has Eurovision changed perceptions?". ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
[38] Bakker, Sietse (2009-03-10). “Georgian song lyrics do not comply with Rules”. EBU. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
[18] Viniker, Barry (2008-12-08). “EBU confirms 50/50 vote for Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
[39] Viniker, Barry (2009-03-10). “EBU rejects Georgia Eurovision entry”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
[19] Bakker, Sietse (2008-09-14). “Televoting/jury mix in 2009 Final voting”. EBU. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
[40] Shegrikyan, Zaven (2009-03-11). “Georgia withdraws from Eurovision Song Contest 2009”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
[20] Floras, Stella (2008-09-14). “Eurovision 2009: The juries are back in the final!". ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
[41] “Georgia pulls out with 'Put in'". BBC Online. 2009-0312. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
7.6. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2009
205
[42] Leonard, Peter (May 5, 2009). “Russian gays risk Eurovision confrontation”. London. Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
[62] Konstantopoulos, Fotis (2008-12-20). “Latvia: LTV officially out and confirmed”. Oikotimes. Retrieved 2008-1220.
[43] "'Slavic Gay Pride' to be held in Moscow on Eurovision finals day”. mosnews.com. March 30, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
[63] Viniker, Barry (2008-12-20). “Latvia Eurovision withdrawal accepted”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
[44] “Eurovision: is the world’s campest contest ready to get serious?". Lesbilicious. May 11, 2009. Retrieved 200905-12. [45] “UK rights activists defends banned Moscow Gay Pride parade”. mosnews.com. May 12, 2009. Retrieved 200905-12. [46] “Gay protest broken up in Moscow”. BBC News. May 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-16. [47] Viniker, Barry (May 16, 2009). “Malena Ernman is gay today”. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved 2009-05-16. [48] - Verdas største homseparade (Norwegian), NRK, May 17, 2009 [49] Hondal, Victor (2008-09-24). “Slovakia to return in 2009”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-09-24. [50] “Georgian broadcaster confirms Eurovision boycott”. ESCKaz. 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2008-08-28. [51] Tongeren, Mario van (2008-08-28). “GPB officially withdraws from Eurovision 2009”. Oikotimes. Retrieved 2008-08-28. [52] Viniker, Barry (2008-08-28). “Georgia will not participate in Moscow Eurovision”. ESCToday. Retrieved 200808-28. [53] Konstantopoulos, Fotis (2008-12-19). “Georgia: GPB proudly changes decision and enters Eurovision 2009”. Oikotimes. Retrieved 2008-12-19. [54] Floras, Stella (2008-12-19). “Georgia returns to the Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
[64] Siim, Jarmo (2009-03-16). “Results: Draw for the Running Order!". EBU. Retrieved 2009-03-16. [65] Klier, Marcus (2009-03-16). “Live: Draw of the running order”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-03-16. [66] Bakker, Sietse (2009-04-28). “Spain to vote in second Semi-Final”. EBU. Retrieved 2009-04-28. [67] “Eurovision Song Contest 2009”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [68] “Iceland’s profile at Eurovision.tv”. EBU. Retrieved 200903-27. [69] “Interview”. ESCKaz. Retrieved 2009-04-18. You're going to perform in Bosnian on Eurovision stage. Was it natural or difficult decision? It is natural that we sing on our language since it is the best way to express. [70] “Regina - Bistra voda”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 2008-04-18. Language: Bosnian [71] “TVE no emite en directo la segunda semifinal de Eurovisión”. onoweb.net. Retrieved 2011-07-05. [72] “Serbia’s profile at Eurovision.tv”. EBU. Retrieved 200905-08. [73] Siim, Jarmo (2009-02-12). “Azerbaijan to send a duet to Eurovision”. EBU. Retrieved 2009-02-12. [74] Schacht, Andreas (2009-02-09). “Germany selects Alex Swings Oscar Sings internally!". EBU. Retrieved 200903-07. [75] Viniker, Barry (2009-05-22). “Winning country’s televote glitch”. esctoday.com. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
[55] Kuipers, Michael (2008-11-19). “Monaco back in Moscow?". ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
[76] Bakker, Sietse (2009-07-31). “Exclusive: Split jury/televoting results out!". EBU. Retrieved 2010-0214.
[56] Konstantopoulos, Fotis (2008-11-27). “San Marino & Monaco out?". Oikotimes. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
[77] Bakker, Sietse (2009-07-31). “EBU: results TELEVOTING only” (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
[57] Viniker, Barry (2008-12-08). “San Marino not quitting Eurovision!". ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
[78] Bakker, Sietse (2009-07-31). “EBU: results JURY only” (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
[58] Viniker, Barry (2008-12-18). “San Marino leaves Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
[79] eurovision.tv (31 July 2009). “Exclusive: Split jury/televoting results out!". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
[59] Supranavicius, Alekas (2008-12-17). “Latvia: LTV withdrew or just cancelled the national selection?". Oikotimes. Retrieved 2008-12-17. [60] Viniker, Barry (2008-12-18). “Latvia confirms withdrawal request”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-12-18. [61] “Latvia: LTV confirms withdrawal from the 2009 Eurovision edition”. Oikotimes. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 200812-18.
[80] “Marcel Bezençon Award - an introduction”. Poplight. Retrieved 2009-06-02. [81] “Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2012 | News | Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [82] “Eurovision Fanclub Network”. OGAE. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
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[83] “Klubi-info: Mikä ihmeen OGAE?" [The club info: What [104] “Valerie Vella chosen as commentator”. Oikotimes.com. on Earth is OGAE?]. Club History (in Finnish). OGAE Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. ReFinland. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012. trieved 2009-05-31. [84] OGAE International (2009). “OGAE Poll Results 2008”. [105] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2011-07-05. OGAE. [85] Klier, Marcus (2009-03-16). “Live: Draw of the running [106] “As the Eurovision entrants return home, the home crowds weigh in”. MND. 2009-05-18. Retrieved 2009-05-31. order”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-03-28. [86] “Iñaki del Moral será el portavoz de los votos de TVE en [107] “Z moskiewskim pozdrowieniem – Artur Orzech o półfinałach Eurowizji - Telewizja Polska SA”. Tvp.pl. 2009Eurovisión”. RTVE.es. 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2011-0705-13. Retrieved 2011-07-05. 05. [87] “Breaking News: And the Spokesperson Is”. Escflash- [108] “Commentator revealed by RTP; other updated news”. Oikotimes.com. 2009-04-01. Retrieved 2009-05-31. malta.com. 2011-07-01. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved 2011-07-05. [109] Atlas, a. s. “Eurovízia stála miliardu korún! (3D FOTO)" (in Slovak). Dnes.atlas.sk. Retrieved 2011-07-05. [88] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. Eurovi- [110] “TVE Commentator claims Soraya will make Top 5”. sion.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09. Oikotimes.com. 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-05-31. [89] “Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja”. Evropesma.org. [111] “New Commentators For Swedish Broadcaster SVT For Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved Eurovision Song Contest 2009”. Eurovisionary.com. 2012-08-09. 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2011-07-05. [90] “Eurovision spokespersons 1957-2010”. Escforum.net. [112] Retrieved 2011-07-05. [113] [91] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Re[114] trieved 2011-07-05.
“Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever”. thelocal.se. “The Eurovision Song Contest 2009 – coverage”. BBC. 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2009-05-31. Osborn, Michael (2009-05-15). “Norton takes the Eurovision mic”. BBC News. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
[92] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
[115] “Australia & New Zealand: Full Eurovision schedule”. Esctoday.com. Retrieved 2011-07-05. [93] “Eurovision 2009 - British Commentator Graham Norton Makes Fun Of The Danish Spokesperson”. YouTube. [116] Murray, Gavin (2009-02-17). “Australia: SBS will air all 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2011-07-05. Eurovision finals”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-02-21. [94] “Aysel & Arash - Eurovision 2009 commentators!!!". Eu[117] Knox, David (2009-04-16). “Airdate: Eurovision 2009”. rovisionfamily.tv. Retrieved 2011-07-05. TV Tonight. Retrieved 2009-04-16. [95] “Finally! Eurovision commentary in English – in Cyprus”. [118] Knox, David (2009-05-18). “Sunday ratings no simple Cyprus-Mail.com. Retrieved 2009-05-31. song & dance”. TV Tonight. Retrieved 2009-10-05. [96] “Danske kommentatorer og pointsoplæsere”. net.dk. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
Escon- [119] Knox, David (2009-05-11). “Week 20”. TV Tonight. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
[97] “Asiasanat - Euroviisut - yle.fi - Arkistoitu”. yle.fi. [98] Eurovision commentators revealed by FR3
[120] Murray, Gavin (2009-04-26). “Australia & New Zealand: Full Eurovision schedule”. ESCToday. Retrieved 200904-26.
[99] “Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Düsseldorf 2011”. Dues- [121] Klier, Marcus (2009-04-09). “Austria: Confirmed - Only seldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2011-07-05. the voting will be broadcast live”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-04-09. [100] ERT commentator makes hilarious & hysteric statements [101] DV ehf. “Sigmar: Borða sellóið með réttri mareneringu”. DV.is. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[122] Costa, Nelson (2009-04-09). “Austria: Only the voting of the 2009 Eurovision to be broadcast live”. Oikotimes. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
[102] “Millions to tune in for Eurovision final”. Break- [123] “Eurovision broadcast returns to New Zealand after 30 ingNews.ie. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2009-05-31. years.”. ESCToday. 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2009-04-14. [103] “RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry - Marty”. 20 May 2010. [124] “BVN | Programma”. Bvn.nl. 2007-12-05. Retrieved Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commen2010-05-30. tary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great en[125] “bnt.bg – Program”. thusiasm for the much lampooned contest.
7.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2010
[126] “EUROSONG 2009. - finalna večer”. HRT Forum. Retrieved 2009-05-04. [127] "Мартин и Стефан во љубов со сестрите Инге и Ануш од Ерменија?". Vest. Retrieved 2009-05-04. [128] "ПЕСМА ЕВРОВИЗИЈЕ". Radio Television Serbia. Retrieved 2009-05-04. [129] “Streaming (ESCTV)". EBU. Retrieved 2009-05-02. [130] “Eurovision Song Contest: Moscow 2009”. amazon.co.uk. Amazon. Retrieved 6 November 2014. Product details: release date 11 May 2009 [131] Daily Mail Reporter (2009-05-17). “Norway’s baby-faced fiddler wins Eurovision... but Jade Ewen does the UK proud and turns the tide of tactical voting”. London: Daily Mail. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
207 Thirty-nine countries took part in the contest,[3] with Georgia[5] returning after a one-year hiatus, and Andorra,[6] the Czech Republic,[7][8] Hungary,[9] and Montenegro[10][11] withdrawing. Lithuania originally announced its withdrawal from the competition, but was later among the 39 participants confirmed by the EBU.[3][12] A global financial crisis affected how the event was run; several countries elected not to compete due to budget cuts, and host broadcaster NRK sold its broadcast rights for the 2010 FIFA World Cup to TV2 and Viasat to finance the event.[13]
7.7.1 Venue
[132] “Düm Tek Tek - lyrics”. The Diggiloo Thrush. 2009-0101. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
7.6.12
External links
Media related to Eurovision 2009 at Wikimedia Commons • Eurovision Song Contest official site • Lyrics from Diggiloo Thrush
Screenshot from the rehearsals where the design can be seen
Coordinates: 55°46′N 37°40′E / 55.767°N 37.667°E
7.7 Eurovision Song Contest 2010 “Eurovision 2010” redirects here. For other uses, see Eurovision 2010 (disambiguation). The Eurovision Song Contest 2010 was the 55th annual Eurovision Song Contest, broadcast from the Telenor Arena in Bærum, Greater Oslo, Norway. Norway gained the rights to host the contest after achieving a record breaking victory in Moscow the previous year. It was the third time Norway had hosted the contest, having previously done so in 1986 and 1996. The 2010 winner was Germany with Lena singing "Satellite", written by American Julie Frost and Denmark’s John Gordon. It was Germany’s first win in twenty-eight years, its second since the Contest’s inception, and its first win as a unified country. It was also the first time a "Big Four" country won the contest since the rule’s introduction in 2000. The semi-finals took place on 25 and 27 May 2010 while the final was scheduled for 29 May 2010.[1][4] The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) announced that the voting system used in the semi-finals would change from previous years to balance jury voting with televoting. A return of accompaniment by orchestra was also proposed, but did not happen.
Telenor Arena, Oslo - host venue of the 2010 contest.
150 million Norwegian kroner (€17 million) was originally the venue budget agreed upon by Trond Giske and Hans-Tore Bjerkaas, respectively the Norwegian Minister for Culture and the head of Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK).[14][15] This represents a larger budget than that allotted in the 2007 Contest in Helsinki, but is not as much as the budget in Moscow for 2009.[14] The revised estimated cost for the concert now stands at 211 million kroner (€24 million).[16] At a press conference in Oslo on 27 May 2009, it was announced that the show was to be held in the Oslo metropolitan area. NRK argued that Oslo was the only city with the required capacity, venues, and infrastructure to hold the show. On 3 July 2009, it was decided that the venue would be the newly constructed Telenor Arena, in the municipality of Bærum neighbouring Oslo.[17] The Oslo Spektrum was ruled out to host the contest due to its smaller size and capacity[1] as was Valhall in Oslo and the Hamar Vikingskipet.
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Visual design NRK announced the theme art, slogan and design for the Contest on 4 December 2009, during the Host City Insignia Exchange between the Mayors of Moscow, Oslo and Bærum, marking the official kick-off of the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 season.[18] The theme art, a series of intersecting circles, was selected to “represent gathering people and the diversity of emotions surrounding the Eurovision Song Contest.”[19] In addition to the base colour of white, the logo was created in black, gold, and pink.[20] A preview of the stage design was released on 6 May 2010, featuring no LED screens, opting instead for various other lighting techniques.[21] Postcards
On 11 October 2009 the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) announced that the format of the semi-finals was to be changed so that the results would be determined by a combination of 50% national jury and 50% televoting, making it more consistent with the final. Each country’s votes were determined by combining the jury votes and the televoting results; the countries with the top ten highest points in each semi-final then qualify to participate in the final of the contest.[23] This replaces the semifinal format used in the 2008 and 2009 contests in which the countries with the top nine highest points from the televoting results in each semi-final qualified for the final. The tenth semi-final place was then given to the country with the highest number of points from the jury’s votes which had not already qualified for the final from the televoting results.[24] On 26 October 2009 the EBU announced that the voting would be open throughout the competition and would conclude 15 minutes after the end of the very last song.[25]
Unlike the 2009 and the 2008 postcards, the 2010 postcards were based in simplicity but also included an innovative idea, they are shown like they could be seen right in the venue, over the crowd’s heads. Possible return of the orchestra The basic synopsis of the postcards is a numerous group of little golden balls (the theme of the ESC 2010) forms the shape of each country. Then, they move and form a screen where we can see a pre-recorded video of a little crowd from in a city of the country (usually the capital) about to perform supporting and cheering their act. After that, a few seconds of the performer of the country getting ready in the stage are shown; and then, the balls form the flag of the country supported.
A number of fans began a campaign on social networking site Facebook for the return of an orchestra to the contest in Oslo, for the first time since 1998, with more than 5,000 people joining [26] An orchestra, which had been used since the first contest in 1956, was dropped after the 1998 contest due to rapid developments in music technology, which made backing tracks more useful.[27][28] Jan Fredrik Heyerdahl of the Norwegian Radio Orchestra said that they were interested in participating in the In the part of the shape of the country, there were little 2010 Contest if the EBU and NRK approved the return discrepancies: some countries’ shapes, such as those for of an orchestra.[27][28] However, no such change to the Serbia, Israel, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, weren't com- contest had been approved. pletely shown, due to territorial or border disputes in those areas. Interval
7.7.2
Presenters
NRK announced the hosts of the contest on 10 March 2010. Those chosen were Erik Solbakken, Haddy Jatou N'jie, and Nadia Hasnaoui. Solbakken and N'jie opened the three shows, introduced the artists, and reported from the green room during the voting, with Hasnaoui presenting the voting section and scoreboard announcements.[2][22] This was the second time that more than two hosts were presenting the shows, after the 1999 Contest.
The interval act involved a number of live public outdoor dance events from across Europe, which were planned for promotional purposes, but done in the style of a series of spontaneous flashmobs. The outdoor footage was intercut with webcam footage from individual private households. Peter Svaar, Head of Press for the contest on behalf of broadcaster NRK, said: “We want to share the Eurovision Song Contest, rather than just broadcast it.”[29] The seven and a half minute long song, called “Glow”, was produced and co-written by the Element team and performed and co-written by Madcon.[30]
7.7.3
Pot allocations
Voting
Format
On Sunday 7 February 2010, the draw to decide which countries were to appear in either the first or second semiSee also: Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest and List final took place. The participating countries excluding of Eurovision Song Contest 2010 jurors the automatic finalists (France, Germany, Norway, Spain & the United Kingdom) were split into six pots, based
7.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2010 upon how those countries had been voting. From these pots, half (or as close to half as is possible) competed in the first Semi Final on 25 May 2010. The other half in that particular pot will compete in the second Semi Final on 27 May 2010. This draw also doubled up as an approximate running order, in order for the delegations from the countries to know when their rehearsals commenced. The draw also determined in which Semi Final the automatic finalists voted in.[31][32] The draw for the running order of the semi-finals, finals, and the order of voting, took place on 23 March 2010.[3]
7.7.4
Participating countries
Countries in the first semi-final Countries voting in the first semi-final Countries in the second semi-final Countries voting in the second semi-final
209 informed Austria would not take part in the competition stating that the contest has been “ruined by the regulations”.[38] Télé Monte Carlo (TMC) has also declared that Monaco would not be returning to the Eurovision Song Contest for the 2010 Edition, mainly due to a lack of finances to send a Monegasque entry.[39] The RTL Group had announced that they were having serious discussions regarding a possible comeback for Luxembourg in the contest for the first time since 1993, but later confirmed that the country would not be present for the 2010 Contest either.[40] San Marino also considered returning to the competition in 2010. However, after deliberations with Italian artists, including Italian sister duo Paola & Chiara, Sammarinnese broadcaster Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) was informed to withhold returning after failing to receive funding from the Sammarinnese parliament or sponsors.[41] EBU had talks to Liechtenstein's only broadcaster 1FLTV (1 Fürstentum Liechtenstein Television) for them to join the EBU, and become a part of the Eurovision Song Contest. 1FLTV’s programme director Peter Kolbel had confirmed interest in Liechtenstein’s participation in the Eurovision Song Contest as soon as full EBU membership is granted, which may have happened in December 2009. Thus they were getting ready to debut in 2010, considering a national final concept similar to the German version of the Idol series – Deutschland sucht den Superstar (DSDS).[34][42] In November 1FLTV decided against applying for EBU membership in December for financial reasons, ruling out a debut in at the 2010 contest. The broadcaster will now look at other options for funding EBU membership in the future.[43][44] In 2009, Jillian Evans, a representative of the European Parliament from Wales, stated her interest in securing Wales a place in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Norway. but in the end it was decided they would not to participate in the competition. Because their debut was rejected because Wales isn't a sovereign state and the BBC has the exclusive right to represent the United Kingdom. Wales could be represented by either BBC Cymru Wales, ITV Cymru Wales or S4C.
A total of 39 countries confirmed their participation for the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest, including Georgia, which returned to the contest after its withdrawal in 2009 when its entry, "We Don't Wanna Put In" (by Stephane & 3G), was disallowed owing to political references to the newly elected Russian President Vladimir Putin, which violated contest rules.[5] From July to December 2009, five countries who particThe EBU announced that they would work harder to bring ipated in the 2009 contest announced their withdrawal, back Austria, Italy, and Monaco to the 2010 Contest.[33] and non-participation in the 2010 contest. The Czech ReIn September 2009 the EBU’s director Bjørn Erichsen public declared that it was to withdraw due to a lack of successive semistated during an EBU press conference that “Austria will interest from Czech viewers after three[7][8] 2007. final failures since their debut in be back”, and that the EBU “has reasons to believe that Luxembourg and Monaco” were also to participate and that “now we are only missing Italy”.[34][35][36] In late October 2009, the 2010 Contest project manager Jon Ola Sand has stated that “countries such as Monaco and Luxembourg have indicated that they wish to participate in next year’s competition in Norway”.[34][37] However, the representatives of broadcasters of Austria, Monaco and Luxembourg denied participation in the 2010 contest. Wolfgang Lorenz, the programme director of the Austrian broadcaster Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF),
Andorra's broadcaster Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra (RTVA) announced a 10% reduction in its spending budget for 2010.[45] RTVA had submitted a preliminary application to take part in the contest.[46] However, being unable to secure extra funds by 11 December 2009, it decided to withdraw from the 2010 Contest.[6] After its withdrawal many former Andorran Eurovision Song Contest contestants expressed their “disappointment” in RTVA’s decision to withdraw, and the lack of publicity
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
the country will now receive by not being contestants in • Norway and the United Kingdom voted in this semithe contest.[47] Hungary withdrew from the 2010 Contest, final.[52][53] due to financial difficulties of the national broadcaster Magyar Televízió (MTV).[9] Montenegro and the Montenegrin broadcaster Radiotelevizija Crne Gore (RTCG) Final also withdrew because of financial problems, in a way to reach financial consolidation after three years as an independent state.[10][11] Lithuania's broadcaster Lithuanian National Radio and Television (LRT) initially announced its formal withdrawal from the contest after failing to achieve the necessary funds of 300,000 litas (€90,000) for participation.[12] It was later confirmed by the EBU that Lithuania would indeed participate in Oslo.[3] Funding was eventually given by Lithuanian company Teo LT, which allowed Lithuania to participate in the contest.[48]
7.7.5
Results
Lena performing the winning entry, "Satellite,” for Germany.
Semi-finals Thirty-four countries participated in the semi-finals of the contest. The semi-final allocation draw took place on 7 February 2010, while the draw for the running order was held on 23 March 2010. To keep tension high, the qualifiers were announced in random order, and scores were published online only after the final took place.[49] Semi-final 1 • The first semi-final took place in Oslo on 25 May 2010.
• The final took place on 29 May 2010 at 21:00 CEST in Telenor Arena, Bærum, Akershus, Greater Oslo, Norway. • 'The Big Four' and the host country, Norway, qualified directly for the final. • From the two semi-finals on 25 and 27 May 2010, twenty countries qualified for the final. A total of twenty-five countries competed in the final. • The voting system used was similar to that used in the 2009 contest (with a combination of televotes and jury votes), but viewers were able to vote during the performances; the voting window ended 15 minutes after the conclusion of the songs.
• The ten countries in this semi-final with the highest scoring points, according to a combination of televotes and jury votes from each voting country, Notes qualified for the final. The Wildcard option from 1.^ Contains one phrase in English. the previous contest has been dropped. • France,[50][51] Germany and Spain voted in this semi-final.[52][53] Notes
• A ^ Spain was given a second chance to perform after Denmark, following a stage invasion by Jimmy Jump, during their performance. [127][128][129][130][131]
1.^ Contains one phrase in English. Semi-final 2 • The second semi-final took place in Oslo on 27 May 2010. • The ten countries in this semi-final with the highest scoring points, according to a combination of televotes and jury votes from each voting country, qualified for the final.
Voting during the final Countries revealed their votes in the following order:[132] 1.
Romania
2.
Ireland
3.
Germany
4.
Serbia
7.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2010
211
5.
Albania
7.7.6 Scoreboards
6.
Turkey
Semi-final 1
7.
Croatia
8.
Poland
9.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
10.
Finland
11.
Slovenia
12.
Estonia
13.
Russia
14.
Portugal
15.
Azerbaijan
16.
Greece
17.
Iceland
18.
Denmark
19.
France
20.
Spain
21.
Slovakia
22.
Bulgaria
23.
Ukraine
24.
Latvia
25.
Malta
26.
Norway
27.
Cyprus
28.
Lithuania
29.
Belarus
In the first semifinal, one unknown country had only a jury because the votes of the country did not meet the EBU threshold.[133] • The split jury/televoting results were announced by the EBU in June 2010. Only the split totals received by each country were given, not the full breakdown[134]
12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the 1st semifinal:
Semi-final 2 • The jury/televoting results were announced by the EBU in June 2010. Only the split totals received by each country were given, not the full breakdown[134]
12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the 2nd semifinal:
Final • The split jury/televoting results were announced by the EBU in June 2010. Unlike in 2009, only the split totals received by each country were given, not the full breakdown.[134]
12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the final:
30.
Switzerland
31.
Belgium
32.
United Kingdom
Marcel Bezençon Awards
33.
Netherlands
34.
Israel
35.
Macedonia
36.
Moldova
37.
Georgia
38.
Sweden
39.
Armenia
The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia honoring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon.[136] The awards are divided into 3 categories; Press Award; Artistic Award; and Composer Award.[137]
7.7.7 Other Awards
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
7.7.10 Spokespersons
OGAE Further information: OGAE Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision (more commonly known as OGAE) is an international organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna, Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[138] The organisation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is a non-governmental, non-political, and non-profitable company.[139] In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing members from different clubs around the world to vote for their favourite songs of the 2010 contest. Below is the top five overall results, after all the votes had been cast.[140]
•
Albania – Leon Menkshi
•
Armenia – Nazeni Hovhannisyan
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Azerbaijan - Tamilla Shirinova
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Belarus – Aleksei Grishin
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Belgium – Katja Retsin (Eurovision Contestant in 2008 part of Ishtar)
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Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ivana Vidmar
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Bulgaria – Desislava Dobreva
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Croatia – Mila Horvat
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Cyprus – Christina Metaxa (Eurovision Contestant in 2009)
Barbara Dex Award
•
Denmark – Bryan Rice[142]
Further information: Barbara Dex Award
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Estonia – Rolf Junior[156]
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Finland – Johanna Pirttilahti[157]
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France – Audrey Chauveau[158]
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Georgia – Mariam Vashadze
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Germany – Hape Kerkeling[159]
•
Greece – Alexis Kostalas[160]
The Barbara Dex Award has been annually awarded by the fan website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self designed (awful) dress.
7.7.8
Incidents
The performance of Daniel Diges representing Spain was disrupted by Catalan pitch invader Jaume Marquet Cot, also known as Jimmy Jump. The performance continued as Marquet, wearing a barretina, joined in with the carefully choreographed routine, but he ran off when security personnel appeared on the stage. Spain was subsequently allowed to perform their song a second time after Denmark’s entry - the 25th and final song - had been performed.[127][128][129][130][131]
7.7.9
Commentators
Most countries sent commentators to Oslo or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to the participants and, if necessary, provide voting information.
•
Iceland – Yohanna (Eurovision runner-up in 2009)
•
Ireland – Derek Mooney
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Israel – Ofer Nachshon
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Latvia – Kārlis Būmeisters (Eurovision contestant in 2005 as half of Valters and Kaža)
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Lithuania – Giedrius Masalskis[161]
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Macedonia – Maja Daniels[162]
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Malta – Chiara Siracusa (Eurovision contestant in 1998, 2005 and 2009)[163]
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Moldova – Tanya Cerga
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Netherlands – Yolanthe Cabau van Kasbergen
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Norway – Anne Rimmen
•
Poland – Aleksandra Rosiak
•
Portugal – Ana Galvão[164]
Non-participating countries
•
Romania – Malvina Cservenschi
The commentators of the non-participating countries are:
•
Russia – Oxana Fedorova
Participating countries The commentators of the 39 participating countries are as follows:
7.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2010
•
Serbia – Maja Nikolić[165]
•
Slovakia – Ľubomír Bajaník
•
Slovenia – Andrea F
•
Spain – Ainhoa Arbizu[166]
•
213
New Zealand Although New Zealand is not eligible to enter the contest, the contest was broadcast on Triangle TV's satellite channel STRATOS. It broadcast both the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 semi finals as well as the final as a delayed broadcast.[169]
Sweden – Eric Saade (Eurovision contestant in 2011)
•
Switzerland - Christa Rigozzi[167]
•
Turkey – Meltem Ersan Yazgan
•
Ukraine – Iryna Zhuravska
•
United Kingdom – Scott Mills[168]
7.7.11
Hungary It was announced at the Reference Group meeting on 22 March 2010 that Hungary would be broadcasting the contest.[174] Duna TV, currently an approved member of the EBU, has been confirmed as broadcasting the contest in Hungary after Magyar Televízió, the current Hungarian broadcaster, pulled out. They have also announced that they will attempt to send a Hungarian entry to the 2011 contest.[175]
Broadcasting
Kazakhstan It was announced at the Reference Group meeting on 22 March 2010 that Kazakhstan would be broadcasting the contest.[174]
Australia Even though Australia is not eligible to enter, the contest was broadcast on Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), a free-to-air television station, as in previous years.[169] As in 2009, the coverage featured local commentary and segments from Julia Zemiro and Sam Pang.[154] The first semi-final was broadcast on 28 May 2010, the second semi-final on 29 May 2010, and the final on 30 May 2010, with all shows broadcast at 19:30 AEST (09:30 UTC). The first semi final rated a respectable 316,000 viewers, the second semi-final rated 415,000 viewers and the final rated 366,000, a solid result considering Sunday night offers tough competition on the commercial networks.[170][171] The final was also simulcast on a special Digital Radio Channel, set-up by the network, which is aired classic Eurovision songs, in the lead-up to the event. SBS also aired the EBU-Produced 'Countdown To Eurovision' specials on 14 May and 21 May at 4 pm.[172] For the 2010 contest, SBS broadcast a special TV programme “The A to Z of Eurovision” one week before Eurovision. This programme was a 20 to 1 style show that plays the craziest, campest and most controversial moments of Eurovision with great guests and performers. It also featured as a form guide to find out who was hot that year, and what to look out for the following weekend. The A to Z of Eurovision featured Eurovision performers including Johnny Logan and Dima Bilan as well as Australian celebrities. The show was hosted by Julia Zemiro and Sam Pang.[173]
Kosovo It was announced at the Reference Group meeting on 22 March 2010 that Kosovo would be broadcasting the contest.[174] Montenegro Despite not participating in 2010’s Eurovision Song Contest due to financial trouble, the national broadcaster of Montenegro, RTCG, aired both semi finals and the final live on its main channel RTCG2.[176] Worldwide The official Eurovision Song Contest website provided a live stream without commentary via the peer-to-peer medium Octoshape.[177] Eurovision 2010 was also broadcast worldwide through European streams such as BVN,[178] RTS SAT,[177] HRT SAT,[177] RTP Internacional,[179] TVE Internacional, TVP Polonia,[180] TRT Avaz,[181] BNT Sat,[182] ERT World[183] and SVT World, among others. Some radio stations such as Bosnian Radio, Croatian Radio[184] and Radio Tirana broadcast live through their internet websites as well as on their satellite channels. High-definition broadcasts For the third time, the contest was broadcast in highdefinition. Some countries, through their high-definition channel, allowed their country to watch the contest in HD: •
Australia – SBS HD
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Belgium – Eén HD
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Denmark – DR HD
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Germany – Das Erste HD
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Hungary - Duna TV HD
•
Israel – Hot HD and Yes HD
•
Netherlands – Nederland 1 HD
•
Norway – NRK HD
•
Poland – TVP HD
•
Portugal – RTP HD
•
Romania – TVR HD
•
Serbia – RTS HD
•
Spain – TVE HD (deferred)
•
Sweden – SVT HD
•
Turkey – TRT HD
•
United Kingdom – BBC HD
[12] Hondal, Victor (2009-12-15). “Lithuania seeking funding for Eurovision 2010”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
Notable artists that did not qualify
[13] “Eurovision song contest feels the pinch”. Reuters India. 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
7.7.12
[3] Bakker, Sietse (2009-12-31). “Exclusive: 39 countries to be represented in Oslo”. EBU. Retrieved 2009-12-31. [4] “NRK press conference; host city and dates confirmed”. NRK. 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2009-05-27. [5] Pozzi, Renee (2009-07-18). “Georgia confirms return in Oslo!". ESCTime. Retrieved 2009-07-17. [6] Victor, Hondal (2009-12-12). “Definitely, no Andorra in Oslo”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-12-12. [7] Hondal, Victor (2009-07-22). “Czech Republic withdraws from Eurovision”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-0722. [8] "ČT withdraws from Eurovision 2010”. 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
Oikotimes.
[9] Hondal, Victor (2009-10-22). “Hungary withdraws from Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 200910-22. [10] Hondal, Victor (2009-11-17). “Montenegro withdraws from Eurovision 2010”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-1117. [11] “RTCG withdraws from Eurovision Song Contest”. Oikotimes. 2009-11-17. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
Notable artists that participated in one of the national [14] Bayliss, Marc Calleja (2009-05-21). “The ship sets sail”. Oikotimes. Retrieved 2009-05-22. song selection shows, but did not manage to qualify for the Eurovision Song Contest include A1, Andreas John- [15] “Norsk MGP-finale vil koste 150 millioner kroner” (in son, Buranovskiye Babushki, Darin, Emina Jahović, Eric Norwegian). Dagbladet. Retrieved 2009-05-18. Saade, Keep of Kalessin, Lenna Kuurmaa, Michael Gra[16] “NRK estimates cost of Eurovision Song Contest at 24 ham and Ola Svensson mill. Euro”. ESC Today. 2010-02-02.
7.7.13
Returning artists
[17] Bakker, Sietse (2009-07-03). “Breaking news: Fornebu Arena to host Oslo 2010”. EBU. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
7.7.14
Official album
[18] Siim, Jarmo (2009-11-26). “Host City Insignia Exchange on December 4”. EBU. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
Eurovision Song Contest: Oslo 2010 was the official [19] Sietse, Bakker (2009-12-04). “Oslo 2010 theme revealed: Share The Moment”. EBU. Retrieved 2010-02-27. compilation album of the 2010 Contest, put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by EMI [20] “Logo downloads Oslo 2010”. EBU and NRK. 2009-12Records and CMC International on 17 May 2010.The al17. Retrieved 2010-02-27. bum featured all 39 songs that entered in the 2010 contest, including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify into [21] “NRK presents Eurovision stage to the press”. EBU. 201005-06. Retrieved 2010-05-08. the grand final.[185]
7.7.15
References
[22] Viniker, Barry (2010-03-10). “Eurovision 2010 hosts announced”. ESCToday. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
[1] Laufer, Gil (2009-07-03). “Telenor Arena to host Eurovision 2010”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
[23] Bakker, Sietse (2009-10-11). “Exclusive: Juries also get 50% stake in Semi-Final result!". EBU. Retrieved 200910-11.
[2] Bakker, Sietse (2010-03-10). “Nadia, Haddy and Erik to host 2010 Eurovision Song Contest”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
[24] Viniker, Barry (2008-12-08). “EBU confirms 50/50 vote for Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
7.7. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2010
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[45] Murray, Gavin (2009-09-11). “Andorra: On course to withdraw from Eurovision 2010”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-09-16. [46] Hondal, Victor (2009-11-13). “Andorra to take a decision today”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-11-13. [47] Hondal, Victor (2009-12-13). “Andorran eurostars “disappointed” with withdrawal”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-12-13. [48] Hondal, Victor (2010-01-06). “First details on the 2010 Lithuanian national selection”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
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[31] Bakker, Sietse (2010-02-04). “Sunday: Watch the SemiFinal Allocation Draw!". EBU. Retrieved 2010-02-04. [32] Grillhofer, Florian (2010-02-04). “Eurovision 2010: Semi final allocation draw on Sunday”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
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[55] Brey, Marco (2010-03-06). “Sun Stroke Project & Olia Tira for Moldova!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
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[56] Klier, Marcus (2010-03-06). “Moldova sends Sunstroke Project & Olia Tira to Eurovision”. ESCToday. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
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[57] Omelyanchuk, Olena (2010-03-07). “Russia: Not lost and not forgotten”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
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[58] Montebello, Edward (2010-03-07). “Russia sends The Peter Nalitch Band to Eurovision”. ESCToday. Retrieved 7 March 2010. [59] Grillhofer, Florian (2010-03-12). “Estonia sends Malcolm Lincoln to the Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 12 March 2010. [60] Webb, Glen (2010-03-12). “Malcolm Lincoln & Manpower 4 to Oslo for Estonia”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 12 March 2010. [61] Brey, Marco (2010-02-27). “Kristína to represent Slovakia!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 27 February 2010. [62] Klier, Marcus (2010-02-27). “Slovakia sends Kristina to the Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 27 February 2010. [63] Schacht, Andreas (2010-01-30). “Finland: Kuunkuiskaajat win ticket to Oslo!". EBU. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
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[64] Klier, Marcus (2010-01-30). “Finland sends Kuunkuiskaajat to the Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
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[65] Medinika, Aija (2010-02-27). “Latvia has decided – Aisha to Oslo!". ESCToday. Archived from the original on March 23, 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
[83] Dahlander, Gustav (2010-02-25). “3+2 equals 12 for Belarus in Eurovision?". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
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[86] Grillhofer, Florian (2010-02-06). “Iceland sends Hera Björk to Eurovision”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2010-02-06. [87] Grillhofer, Florian (2010-03-04). “Lithuania sends InCulto to the Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 4 March 2010. [88] Webb, Glen (2010-03-04). “East European Funk for Lithuania”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 4 March 2010. [89] Brey, Marco (2010-02-14). “Eva Rivas to represent Armenia!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 14 February 2010. [90] Klier, Marcus (2010-02-14). “Armenia sends Eva Rivas to the Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 14 February 2010. [91] Webb, Glen (2010-03-15). “Israel: Harel Skaat to sing Milim in Oslo”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 March 2010. [92] Klier, Marcus (2010-03-15). “Harel Skaat to perform Milim in the Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 15 March 2010. [93] Kirkpatrick Green, Simon (2010-02-06). “Chanée & N'evergreen to Oslo for Denmark!". EBU. Retrieved 2010-02-06. [94] Klier, Marcus (2010-02-06). “Denmark sends Chanée & Tomas N'evergreen to Eurovision”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
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[96] Grillhofer, Florian (2010-03-13). “Sweden sends Anna Bergendahl to the Eurovision Song Contest”. ESCToday. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
[79] Escudero, Victor M. (2010-03-07). “Portugal decided: Filipa Azevedo to Oslo!!!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
[97] Schacht, Andreas (2010-03-13). “Sweden: Anna Bergendahl to Oslo”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
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[98] Hondal, Victor (2010-03-18). “Safura to sing Drip drop in Oslo”. ESCToday. Archived from the original on March 22, 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
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[136] “Marcel Bezençon Award - an introduction”. Poplight. [157] “Euroviisut: Sillanpään ruutupaitamoka ei toistu!". IltaleRetrieved 2009-06-02. hti. 2010-05-24. Retrieved 2010-05-27. [137] “Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2012 | News [158] “Concours Eurovision de la Chanson • Consulter le sujet | Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012”. Eurovision.tv. - Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones”. EuroviRetrieved 2012-08-09. sion.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [138] “Eurovision Fanclub Network”. OGAE. Retrieved 15 [159] “Die deutsche Jury beim ESC – Das Erste: EuroviJune 2012. sion Song Contest – Hintergründe”. Eurovision.ndr.de. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved [139] “Klubi-info: Mikä ihmeen OGAE?" [The club info: What 2010-05-30. on Earth is OGAE?]. Club History (in Finnish). OGAE Finland. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012. [160] "Εκφωνητές της ΕΡΤ για τις ψήφους της Ελλάδας στην EUROVISION - Page 3”. Retromaniax.gr. Re[140] OGAE International (2010). “OGAE Poll Results 2008”. trieved 2012-08-09. OGAE. [161] “Euroviziją komentuos D.Užkuraitis, balus skelbs [141] Archived August 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. G.Masalskis” (in Lithuanian). DELFI. 2010-05-25. Retrieved 2010-05-30. [142] “Danske kommentatorer og pointsoplæsere”. Esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
[162] “Dnevnik”. Dnevnik. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2010-0530. [143] “Suuri spekulaatiostudio löytää monia voittajasuosikkeja”. Retrieved 16 November 2014. [163] https://web.archive.org/20160124012146/ http://www.escflashmalta.com/index.php? [144] “ESC 2010: Alle Fernsehtermine im Überblick – Das Eroption=com_content&view=article&id=1033: ste: Eurovision Song Contest – Hintergründe”. Eurovibreaking-news-and-the-spokesperson-is&catid=2: sion.ndr.de. Retrieved 2010-05-30. latest-news-international&Itemid=2. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved February 7, [145] “Fréttablaðið, 29.05.2010”. Timarit.is. Retrieved 20122016. Missing or empty |title= (help) 08-09. [146] “RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry – Marty”. 20 May [164] “Festival Eurovisão da Canção começa hoje”. 2010-0525. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains [165] “Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja”. Evropesma.org. great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09. [147] “Eurovision Song Contest 2009”. RTÉ News. 2009-0515. [166] “Ainhoa Arbizu regresa como portavoz de los votos de España en Oslo”. Eurovision-spain.com. Retrieved 2011[148] “Eurovision Song Contest 2010 - Oslo - Norwegen”. 05-22. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2011-05-22. [149] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovision- [167] Scohy, Valentin (2010-04-26). “Christa Rigozzi sera la porte-parole de la Suisse” (in French). eurovision-info.net. artists.nl. Retrieved 2011-05-22. Retrieved 26 April 2010. [150] “Sérgio Mateus será o comentador da RTP em Oslo | ESC PORTUGAL | Notícias”. Escportugal2.blogspot.com. [168] “Scott to speak for the UK”. BBC. 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2011-05-22. [151] “FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIÓN • Ver Tema - Urib- [169] Murray, Gavin (2010-02-24). “SBS and Triangle Stratos tv Australia & New Zealand: Eurovision 2010 down unarri comentarista Eurovision 2010”. Eurosongconder”. ESCToday. Retrieved 2010-02-24. test.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2011-05-22. [152] Bergqvist, Mattias (2010-04-09). “Christine Meltzer [170] Knox, David (2010-05-24). “TV Tonight: Week 22”. TVTonight. Retrieved 2010-05-31. kommenterar Eurovision Song Contest”. Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 2010-05-26. [171] Knox, David (2010-05-31). “TV Tonight: Week 23”. TVTonight. Retrieved 2010-05-31. [153] “Eurovision Song Contest 2010 – introduction”. BBC. 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-05-28. [172] “SBS Eurovision”. SBS. 2010-05-06. Retrieved 201005-06. [154] Knox, David (2010-03-12). “TV Tonight: 2010 Eurovision hosts revealed”. TVTonight. Retrieved 2010-03-12. [173] “Be in the audience for The A to Z of Eurovision with Julia Zemiro”. SBS – Special Broadcasting Service. 2010[155] “Eurovision live on Duna Television”. Duna TV. 201004-06. Retrieved 2010-04-06. 05-28. Retrieved 2010-05-28. [156] Jussila, Riina (18 May 2010). “Eurovisioonil annab eest- [174] Bakker, Sietse (2010-03-22). “Delegates “impressed” aflaste hääled Rolf Roosalu”. Publik.ee (in Estonian). Reter NRK presentations”. European Broadcasting Union. trieved 26 May 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
7.8. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2011
219
to make it into the top 10, with the United Kingdom close behind at 11th place; France and Spain, failed to make it into the top half of the leader board coming 15th (82 points) and 23rd (50 points) respectively. 2010 Hosts “RTCG to air Eurovision final”. Oikotimes. 2010-05-23. Norway was eliminated in the first semi final. Azerbaijan Retrieved 23 May 2010. obtained its first ever victory in any Eurovision since its debut in 2008. Azerbaijan won the viewers voting with “Streaming (ESCTV)". EBU. Retrieved 2009-05-02. Sweden in second place, and Greece in third place. Italy “BVN | Programma”. Bvn.nl. 2007-12-05. Retrieved won the jury voting, with Azerbaijan in second place and 2010-05-30. Denmark in third place. This is the first time since the “RTP – 55.º Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2010”. Rtp.pt. juries were reintroduced alongside the televoting in 2009 that the winner didn't place first in the juryvoting. 2010-05-25. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
[175] Imre, Klesz (2010-04-24). “Duna Televízió broadcast all live shows of Eurovision 2010”. Oikotimes. Retrieved 24 April 2010. [176] [177] [178] [179]
[180] “Program telewizyjny – Telewizja Polska SA”. Tvp.pl. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
The broadcast of the final won the Rose d'Or award for Best Live Event.[4]
[181] “trt.net – Yayin Akis”. [182] “bnt.bg – Program”.
7.8.1 Location
[183] “TVradio.ert.gr, worldprogram”. [184] HRT. “Drugi program HR”. hrt.hr. [185] Deming, Mark. “Eurovision Song Contest: Oslo 2010”. allmusic.com. Allmusic. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
7.7.16
External links
• Eurovision official website Coordinates: 59°56′00″N 10°45′23″E / 59.93333°N 10.75639°E
7.8 Eurovision Song Contest 2011 “Eurovision 2011” redirects here. For the Junior Contest, see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2011. The Eurovision Song Contest 2011 was the 56th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Düsseldorf, Germany, following Lena's win at the 2010 contest in Oslo, Norway with the song "Satellite". This was the first contest to take place outside of the host nation’s capital city since the 2004 contest in Istanbul. The event was held at the Esprit Arena, with semi-finals held on 10 and 12 May, and the final held on 14 May 2011.[2]
Berlin Cologne
Düsseldorf Frankfurt am Main
Forty-three countries participated in the contest,[3] with Gelsenkirchen those returning including Austria, which last participated Hamburg Hanover in 2007; Hungary, which last competed in 2009; and San Marino, which last participated in 2008. Italy also reMunich turned to the Contest, marking its first participation since Locations of the eight candidate cities (unsuccessful 1997. No country withdrew from the contest. cities are marked with blue dots) The winner was Azerbaijan with the song "Running Scared" performed by Ell & Nikki. The runner up was Following Lena's win at the 2010 contest with the song Italy, and Sweden finished in third place. Italy (2nd) and "Satellite", Germany became host nation for the 2011 Germany (10th) were the only members of the "Big Five" edition.
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Bidding phase
Esprit Arena Düsseldorf
Twenty-three cities submit official bids to the German For more details on the host city, see Düsseldorf. broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR), in order to The Esprit Arena in Düsseldorf was announced by Gerbe the host city for the 2011 contest.[5] Eight of these cities continued to show interest in hosting the event including Berlin, Hamburg, Hanover, Gelsenkirchen,[6] Düsseldorf, Cologne, Frankfurt and Munich.[7] NDR announced on 21 August 2010 that four of those cities had officially applied to host the 2011 Contest: Berlin, Hamburg, Hanover, and Düsseldorf.[8] Possible locations within the cities included the following:[9] Key
Host venue
Media reports regarding host city Berlin Concerns were raised about Berlin’s bid concept which consisted of an inflatable tent to be built on Tempelhof's hangar area. Decision makers at NDR reportedly doubted the venue’s ability to provide advantageous acoustic conditions. Berlin’s speaker Richard Meng neither confirmed nor denied that because, he stated, “secrecy about the bid concepts was promised to the NDR”.[10] Düsseldorf On 24 September 2010, it was announced that Fortuna Düsseldorf football club had applied to the Deutsche Fußball Liga for permission to move its home matches to the Paul-Janes-Stadion if the Esprit Arena in Düsseldorf was awarded the 2011 Song Contest. This message indicated that talks with Düsseldorf to host the song contest in the Esprit Arena were already at an advanced stage.[11] The club later announced on 6 October 2010 that it had obtained permission to move its games if necessary.[12] The Neue Ruhr Zeitung newspaper reported on 12 December 2010 that Fortuna Düsseldorf were to be moved to the Paul-Janes-Stadion due to the contest. Fortuna Düsseldorf’s training venue next to the Esprit Arena would be equipped with mobile stands from a Swiss event construction specialist, Nussli Group, creating 20,000 extra seats.[13] This decision was made because the Arena Sportpark Düsseldorf holds better logistic qualifications.
Esprit Arena, Düsseldorf - host venue of the 2011 contest.
man broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) as the venue for the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest on 12 October 2010.[15][16] This was the first Eurovision Song Contest held in Germany since German reunification, with West Germany having previously hosted the contest in 1957[17] and 1983.[18] Germany was also the first member of the “Big Five” to host the Contest since the implementation of the rule in 2000 that permits the five largest contributors to the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) – Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy – to qualify automatically for the final alongside the previous year’s winner. That the stadium acquired a rental period of six weeks, in order to allow construction and dismantling work within the Esprit Arena to be carried out.[19] The stadium accommodated a capacity of 38,000 for spectators during the Eurovision Song Contest.[20] Düsseldorf offered 23,000 hotel beds and 2,000 additional beds in the Düsseldorf surroundings and on ships on the River Rhine.[21]
7.8.2 Format
The four countries that were part of the Big Four, along with the host of the contest, automatically qualify for a place in the final. Since Germany was both a “Big Four” country and the host for the 2011 contest, there was a vacant spot in the final. At a Reference Group meeting in Belgrade it was decided that the existing rules would remain in place, and that the number of participants in the final would simply be lowered from twenty-five to twentyHamburg four.[22] On 31 December 2010, the official participation list was published by the EBU, which stipulated that with On 2 October 2010 the Hamburger Abendblatt newspa- the return of Italy to the contest, this nation would beper announced that Hamburg would be unable to host the come a member of the “Big Five”. This change permit2011 Song Contest, because the city could no longer fulfil ted Italy automatic qualification into the finals, alongside the required financial conditions.[14] France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and host nation Ger-
7.8. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2011
221
many, restoring the number of participants for the final to living in Germany or tourists from that country. The contwenty-five nations.[23] test’s motto, 'Feel your heart beat', was then shown or said [28] On 30 August 2010 it was announced that Svante Stock- in the country’s national or native language. For examselius, Executive Supervisor of the Eurovision Song Con- ple, in the first postcard shown (Poland’s), the boyfriend test, would be leaving his position on 31 December drops a piece of paper. The camera then pans down to 2010.[24] On 26 November 2010, EBU reported that Jon the paper, to show the Polish phrase “Poczuj bicie serca” Ola Sand would be the new Executive Supervisor of the handwritten on it. In the second postcard shown (Norway’s), a mountain climber from Norway climbs to the Eurovision Song Contest.[25] top of a mountain and yells the Norwegian phrase “Kjenn ditt hjerte slå.”. Then, the heart appeared once again, and the stage and the crowd could be seen, with heartSemi-final allocation draw beat sounds and pink lights pulsating in rhythm with the The draw to determine the semi-final running orders was heartbeat, before the performance started. held on 17 January 2011. All of the participating countries excluding the automatic finalists were split into six pots, based on the voting history of those countries in previous years. From these pots, half (or as close to half as was possible) competed in the first semi-final on 10 May 2011. The other half in that particular pot competed in the second semi-final on 12 May 2011. This draw doubled as an approximate running order, in order for the delegations from the countries to know when their rehearsals commenced. The draw also determined in which of the semi-finals the automatic finalists would be able to cast their votes.[26] Israeli broadcaster IBA requested to take part in the second semi-final due to the Israeli Memorial Day, which was held during the first semi-final. German broadcaster NDR also requested that it be allowed to vote in the second semi-final for scheduling reasons.[26]
The main colours of the letterboxes were black and pink. The scoreboard showed a spokesperson from the country giving their votes on the right, while showing a table of results on the left. The large points (8, 10 and 12) were highlighted in pink, whilst the lower points, (1–7) were in purple.[29] This scoreboard design was used again the following year, with minor changes such as the large points appearing progressively larger in size compared to the lower points and the highlighted colours changed to match the 2012 theme, “Light your fire!"[30] National host broadcaster
Graphic design
Anke Engelke, Judith Rakers and Stefan Raab hosted the 2011 edition.
Ell & Nikki of Azerbaijan, during the ESC 2011
The design of the contest was built around the motto “Feel your heart beat”, with the logo and on-screen graphics designed by Turquoise Branding.[27] The postcard introducing each performance included the logo in the colours of the performing country (e.g. the United Kingdom in red, white and blue); then a German place was shown in a toy-like view using tilt-shift photography and a story happened there, whose main characters were people either
ARD, the European Broadcasting Union member to broadcast the Eurovision Song Contest in Germany, is a joint organisation of Germany’s regional public-service broadcasters. The ARD has 10 members. The venues that were in consideration are located in the areas of three different members: Berlin is located within the Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB) member area, Hamburg and Hanover within the Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) area and Düsseldorf within the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR) broadcasting area. While NDR has been responsible for the transmission of the Eurovision Song Contest in recent years when the final took place in other countries, the financial scope of the three broadcasters seemed to have become a decisive factor in the application procedure for the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest. The Tagesspiegel reported on 7 October 2010 that the costs for hosting this event resulted in a tense discussion about necessary savings on other programme con-
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tents made by the three broadcasters.
Hosts On 16 December 2010, NDR announced that Anke Engelke, Judith Rakers, and Stefan Raab were to be the presenters for the contest. It was the third time three people would host the contest, the previous such contests being 1999 and 2010.[31] Raab is known as the German representant in 2000 with "Wadde hadde dudde da?", whereas Engelke is an actress and comedian, and Rakers journalist and television presenter.
Event concept and ticket sale On 13 October 2010 Thomas Schreiber, coordinator at ARD, outlined details of Düsseldorf’s event concept. The Esprit Arena was to be split in two parts separated from each other. On one side of the stadium the stage would be installed while the other side would function as background dressing rooms for the artist delegations. An athletics arena next to the Esprit Arena would serve as the press centre for the event. The Esprit Arena offered comfortable seats relatively near to the stage that created an indoor event arena atmosphere rather than a footballstadium ambiance. There were plans to allow the public the chance to attend the dress rehearsals.[32] Altogether, tickets were sold for seven shows (the final, two semifinals and four dress rehearsals).[33] He also said in that interview that tickets for the event were likely to go on sale “within the next four weeks” (by mid-November 2010). NDR had already opened a preregistration e-mail-newsletter on its website for all people interested in tickets for the event.[34]
Countries in the first semi-final Countries voting in the first semi-final Countries in the second semi-final Countries voting in the second semi-final
edition saw the returns of Austria, which had last participated in 2007; Italy, which had last participated in 1997; San Marino, which had only taken part in 2008; and Hungary, which had last participated in 2009.[23] Montenegro had applied to take part in the contest on 4 December, but decided against participation and withdrew its name on 23 December, two days before the 25 December no-strings-attached deadline.[37] Slovakia initially withdrew from the 2011 Contest due to financial reasons, despite holding a public poll on the Slovenská televízia (STV) website on its Eurovision participation which received an 87.5% positive vote. STV announced that it planned to return in the 2012 contest.[38][39] However, Slovakia’s application remained on the provisional list, leading to Slovakia’s continued participation in the 2011 contest.[23] STV announced in January 2011 that Slovakia would, in fact, withdraw from the contest due to financial reasons and organisational changes.[40] However the country was listed by the EBU as one of the semi-finalist countries in the semi-final allocation draw on 17 January, and STV later confirmed they would continue their participation to avoid receiving a fine for late withdrawal.[26][41] Thus, in this edition, no country withdrew.
Ticket sales started on 12 December 2010 at 12:12 CET on the website www.dticket.de, the only authorised seller.[35] However, the ticket page opened for sales approximately two hours earlier than originally advertised; this announcement was made by an email newsletter sent to preregistered buyers minutes before opening, giving them a slight benefit in acquiring tickets. The final 32,000 tickets that were put on sale on 12 December sold out in less than six hours. Once camera positions had been determined, a few thousand extra tickets were put on sale. At a meeting in Belgrade on 28 August 2010, the EBU decided that each country had to choose its artist and song Tickets for the semi-finals were put on sale in midbefore 14 March 2011. On 15 March 2011, the draw January, when it was known which countries would take for the running order took place in the host city.[42] The part in each semi-final.[36] semi-final allocation draw took place on 17 January in Düsseldorf.[23]
7.8.3
Participating countries
Returning artists Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Several artists made their return to the Eurovision Song On 31 December 2010, the EBU confirmed that 43 coun- Contest, including Dino Merlin,[43] who had represented tries would compete in the 2011 Contest.[3][23] The 2011 Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1999. Gunnar Ólason (part of
7.8. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2011
223 • France, Germany and Italy voted in this semi-final. Final • The final took place on 14 May 2011. • Only the “Big Five” countries automatically qualified for the final. • From the two semi-finals on 10 and 12 May 2011, twenty countries qualified for the final. A total of twenty-five countries competed in the final.[42]
Israeli backing vocalists, at Eurovision 2011
Sjonni’s Friends)[44] for Iceland had last appeared in 2001 as part of Two Tricky.[45] Moldova's 2005 entrant Zdob şi Zdub also returned.[46] TWiiNS from Slovakia also return, they were backing vocalists for the Czech Republic in 2008.[47] Along with those artists, two previous Eurovision winners also returned to the contest: Dana International who won for Israel in 1998, and Lena[2] who won for Germany in 2010 and brought the contest to Düsseldorf. Stefan Raab, who represented Germany in 2000 and appeared as a conductor and backing artist for other German entries, hosted the contest. This was the first time since 1958 and only the second time in the history of the contest that two former winners returned on the same year.
7.8.4
Results
• The voting system used was the same as in the 2010 contest, with a combination of televotes and jury votes selecting the winner. Viewers were able to vote during the performances; the voting window ended 15 minutes after the conclusion of the songs.[49] • Background music for "Wonderful" by Gary Go.
the
show
included
1.^ Includes two phrases in French. American Sign Language was also used during the live televised performance.[56] 2.^ Includes two words in Russian. 3.^ Spanish idiom which literally means “Let them take away from me what I've danced”.
7.8.5 Scoreboard
Semi-finals The split jury/televoting results were announced by the Semi-final 1 The full split jury/televoting results were EBU in May 2011. As in 2010, only the split totals received by each country were given, not the full announced by the EBU in May 2011.[48] breakdown,[48] although the BBC revealed the details of • The first semi-final took place in Esprit Arena in the United Kingdom vote on 26 May 2011.[57] Düsseldorf on 10 May 2011. • The ten countries in this semi-final with the high- Semi-final 1 est scoring points, according to a combination of televotes and jury votes from each voting country, 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 qualified for the final.[49] points each country awarded to another in the first semi• Spain and the United Kingdom voted in this semi- final: final. Semi-final 2 Semi-final 2 The full split jury/televoting results were 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 announced by the EBU in May 2011.[48] points each country awarded to another in the second • The second semi-final took place in Esprit Arena in semifinal: Düsseldorf on 12 May 2011. • The ten countries in this semi-final with the high- Final est scoring points, according to a combination of televotes and jury votes from each voting country, 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the final: qualified for the final.[49]
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7.8.6
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
Other awards
Incidents
During the first semifinal, many broadcasters lost contact with their commentators due to a technical glitch. Dropouts in the multichannel sound connections were the Further information: Marcel Bezençon Awards cause of this fault, which was corrected, with a second backup system put into place, and tested extensively beThe Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out durfore the second semifinal.[64] ing the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia honouring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative Voting and spokespersons in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (mem1. Russia – Dima Bilan[65] ber of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner (Russian representative in the 2006 and winner of the from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of 2008 Contest) the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon.[59] The awards 2. Bulgaria – Maria Ilieva are divided into three categories: Press Award; Artistic Award; and Composer Award.[60] 3. Netherlands – Mandy Huydts[66] Marcel Bezençon Awards
(Dutch representative in the 1986 Contest as part of Frizzle Sizzle)
OGAE Further information: OGAE Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision (more commonly known as OGAE) is an international organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna, Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[61] The organisation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is a non-governmental, non-political, and non-profitable company.[62] In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing members from the respective clubs to vote for their favourite songs of the 2011 contest. Below are the top five overall results, after all the votes had been cast.[63] Barbara Dex Award
4.
Italy – Raffaella Carrà[67]
5.
Cyprus – Loukas Hamatsos[68]
6.
Ukraine – Ruslana[69] (Winner of the 2004 Contest)
7.
Finland – Susan Aho[70] (Finnish representative in the 2010 Contest as part of Kuunkuiskaajat)
8.
Norway – Nadia Hasnaoui (Co-Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004 and the Eurovision Song Contest 2010)
9.
Armenia – Lusine Tovmasyan
10.
Macedonia – Kristina Taleska[71]
11.
Iceland – Ragnhildur Steinunn Jónsdóttir
12.
Slovakia – Mária Pietrová
13.
United Kingdom – Alex Jones[72]
14.
Denmark – Lise Rønne[73]
Further information: Barbara Dex Award The Barbara Dex Award has been annually awarded by the fan website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self designed (awful) dress.
7.8.7
International broadcasts and voting
Unlike previous years, the voting order was not drawn with the order of presentation of songs. Rather, the voting order was calculated just before the event, to reduce the likelihood of there being an outright winner from the start. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language.
(Co-Presenter of the 2014 Contest)
15.
Austria – Kati Bellowitsch[74]
16.
Poland – Odeta Moro-Figurska
17.
Sweden – Danny Saucedo[75] (Swedish representative in the Eurovision Dance Contest 2008)
18.
San Marino – Nicola Della Valle (Sammarinese representative in the 2008 Contest as part of Miodio)
19.
Germany – Ina Müller[76]
7.8. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2011 20.
225
Azerbaijan – Safura Alizadeh[77]
Commentators
(Azeri representative in the 2010 Contest)
21.
Slovenia – Klemen Slakonja[78]
22.
Turkey – Ömer Önder
23.
Most countries sent commentators to Düsseldorf or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to the participants and, if necessary, the provision of voting information. Participating countries
Switzerland – Cécile Bähler[79]
The commentators of the 43 participating countries are as follows:
24.
Greece – Lena Aroni[80]
25.
Georgia – Sofia Nizharadze[81] (Georgian representative in the 2010 Contest)
26.
France – Cyril Féraud[82]
27.
Serbia – Dušica Spasić[83]
28. 29.
Non-participating countries The commentators of the non-participating countries are: Broadcasting
[71]
Croatia – Nevena Rendeli
•
Armenia – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on ARM 1.[128]
•
Australia – Even though Australia is not eligible to enter, the contest was broadcast on SBS One and SBS HD, with the first semi-final on 13 May, the second semi-final on 14 May and final on 15 May.[127]
•
Austria – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on ORF eins.
•
Azerbaijan – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on İctimai TV.
•
Belarus – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on Belteleradio First Channel.[129]
•
Belgium – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on RTBF and VRT.[130]
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on BHT1, division of BHRT.[131]
•
Bulgaria – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on BNT.
•
China - As a non-participating country, the final was broadcast on CCTV-15 on 24 January 2014. The final was shortened to two hours, and the voting details and interval acts were ignored.
•
Croatia – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on HRT and Croatian Radio.
•
Denmark – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on DR and DR HD.[132]
•
Estonia – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on ETV, Raadio 2 and online.[133]
Belarus – Leila Ismailava (Co-Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2010)[84]
30.
Romania – Malvina Cservenschi[69]
31.
Albania – Leon Menkshi
32.
Malta – Kelly Schembri[85]
33.
Portugal – Joana Teles[86]
34.
Hungary – Éva Novodomszky[87]
35.
Lithuania – Giedrius Masalskis [71]
36.
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ivana Vidmar
37.
Ireland – Derek Mooney
38.
Spain – Elena S. Sánchez[88]
39.
Israel – Ofer Nachshon[89]
40.
Estonia – Piret Järvis[90] (Swiss representative in the 2005 Contest as part of Vanilla Ninja)
41.
Moldova – Geta Burlacu[65] (Moldovan representative in the 2008 Contest)
42.
Belgium – Maureen Louys[91]
43.
Latvia – Aisha[92] (Latvian representative in the 2010 Contest)
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
•
Faroe Islands – Although not eligible to take part as an independent region, the semi-finals and the final were broadcast on timeshift on Kringvarp Føroya with Danish commentary from DR.[134]
•
Finland – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on YLE TV2.[135]
•
France – The second semi-final (in which France voted) was broadcast on France Ô, with the final on France 3 and France Bleu.[104]
•
Netherlands – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on Nederland 1 for TROS.[141][142][143]
•
New Zealand – Despite not being eligible to take part, the contest was broadcast on Stratos, with the first semi-final on 11 May, the second semi-final on 13 May, and the final on 15 May.[144]
•
Norway – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on NRK1 and NRK1 HD.[145]
•
Portugal – The first semi-final and the final were broadcast live and semi-final 2 on delay on RTP1, RTP HD and RTP Internacional.[115]
•
Romania – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on TVR1, TVR International and TVR HD.[146]
•
Russia – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on Channel One.[147]
•
Serbia – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on RTS1, RTS Digital, RTS HD, RTS SAT and Radio Belgrade 1.[117]
•
San Marino – As in 2008, the whole event was broadcast live on San Marino RTV.[67]
•
Slovakia – The first semi-final and the final were broadcast live by Slovenská televízia on Jednotka and the second semi-final on Dvojka. The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on Rádio FM.
•
Slovenia – The semi-finals were broadcast live on RTV SLO 2 and the final was broadcast live on RTV SLO 1, both channels from Slovenian national television.[148]
•
Italy – The second semi-final (where Italy votes) was broadcast on Rai 5 and Rai Radio 2, the final on Rai 2.[67]
Spain – Both semi-finals were broadcast live on La 2, and the final was broadcast live on La 1 and TVE Internacional and deferred on TVE HD.[149]
•
Sweden – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on SVT1 and SVT1 HD.[150]
•
Latvia – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on LTV.[92]
•
•
Lithuania – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on LRT.[110]
•
Macedonia – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on MTV 1.[140]
•
Malta – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on TVM.
Switzerland – For the French-speaking part of the country, TSR 2 broadcast the first semi-final and the final; SF zwei broadcast the first semi-final and the final for the German-speaking regions; for the Italian-speaking regions RSI La 2 broadcast the first semi-final while RSI La 1 broadcast the final. HD Suisse also broadcast the final, but with no commentary. The second semi-final was not broadcast by Swiss channels.
•
•
Moldova – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on Moldova 1.
Turkey – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on TRT 1, TRT HD, TRT Avaz, TRT Müzik and TRT Radyo 3.[151]
•
Georgia – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on 1 TV GPB.
•
Germany – Host broadcaster, NDR, produced the programme for ARD.[136] Einsfestival (without a commercial break) and ProSieben (including commercial break) broadcast the first semi-final, while Das Erste and Das Erste HD broadcast the second semi-final and the final.[137] The final was also broadcast on NDR Radio 2, WDR 1LIVE and hr3 for Deutschlandfunk.
•
Greece – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on NET and ERT HD.
•
Greenland – Although not eligible to take part as an independent region, The semi-finals and the final were broadcast on timeshift on KNR.[138]
•
Hungary – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on m1.[139]
•
Ireland – The semi-finals were broadcast live on RTÉ Two, with the final broadcast live on RTÉ One. RTÉ Radio 1 also broadcast the second semifinal and the final. RTÉ website
•
•
Israel – The second semi-final and the final were broadcast live on IBA. The first semi-final was broadcast on IBA on 12 May 12.
7.8. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2011
•
•
Ukraine – The semi-finals and the final were broadcast live on NTU First National Channel,[152] as well as on UR1 and UR2 channels of National Radio.[153] United Kingdom – The semi-finals were broadcast on BBC Three and BBC HD while the final was broadcast on BBC One, BBC One HD and on BBC Radio 2.[126][154]
7.8.8
Official album
227
[11] Hoff, Rüdiger (23 September 2010). “Wenn Lena in Düsseldorf singt, weicht Fortuna” (in German). Retrieved 24 September 2010. [12] “DFL genehmigt Umzug in den Flinger Broich”, Fortuna Düsseldorf, 6 October 2010 (German) [13] “NUSSLI builds interim stadium for Fortuna Düsseldorf” (PDF). [14] Renner, Kai-Hinrich (2 October 2010). “Hamburg kann den Eurovision Song Contest abhaken”. Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). Retrieved 2 October 2010. [15] “Der ESC 2011 in Düsseldorf , Das Erste: Eurovi-
Eurovision Song Contest: Düsseldorf 2011 was the offision Song Contest – Event – Finale”. Eurovision.ndr.de. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Recial compilation album of the 2011 Contest, put together trieved 17 May 2011. by the European Broadcasting Union and released by EMI Records and CMC International on 15 April 2011. [16] “And the winner is... Düsseldorf! , News , Eurovision The album featured all 43 songs that entered in the 2011 Song Contest – Düsseldorf 2011”. Eurovision.tv. 12 Occontest, including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify tober 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2011. into the grand final.[155] [17] “Eurovision History by Year (1957)". EBU. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
7.8.9
References
[1] Siim, Jarmo (12 October 2010). “And the winner is... Düsseldorf!". EBU (Eurovision.tv). Retrieved 12 October 2010.
[18] “Eurovision History by Year (1983)". EBU. Retrieved 29 May 2010. [19] “Eurovision Song Contest kommt nach Düsseldorf” (in German). 7 October 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
[2] Bakker, Sietse (30 June 2010). “Final of Eurovision 2011 set for 14 May, Lena returns!". EBU. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
[20] “Eurovision Song Contest 2011 findet in Düsseldorf statt”. Agence France-Presse. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
[3] Hondal, Victor (7 January 2011). “Slovakia: STV confirms withdrawal decision”. ESCToday. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
[21] “Eurovision Song Contest kommt nach Düsseldorf” (in German). 7 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
[4] “Eurovision 2011 wins prestigious Rose d'Or | News | Eurovision Song Contest - Copenhagen 2014”. Eurovision.tv. 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2013-11-16. [5] Mohr, Thomas. “Wir wollen die beste Show machen” [We want to make the best show] (in German). eurovision.ndr.de. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2013. [6] “Jetzt will auch Schalke den Grand Prix” (in German). Bild.de. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010. [7] “GERMANY – Seven cities already declared interest”. Oikotimes. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010. [8] Bakker, Sietse (21 August 2010). “Four cities in the running to host Eurovision 2011”. EBU. Retrieved 20 August 2010. [9] “Eurovision Song Contest – Lenas großer Triumph”. Stern (in German). 23 August 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010. [10] “Luftnummer für den Grand Prix: Song Contest: Berlin bewirbt sich mit aufblasbarer Halle – Stadtleben – Berlin – Tagesspiegel”. Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 17 May 2011.
[22] Bakker, Sietse (28 August 2010). “Reference Group gathered in Belgrade”. EBU. Retrieved 28 August 2010. [23] Bakker, Sietse (31 December 2010). “43 nations on 2011 participants list!". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 31 December 2010. [24] Bakker, Sietse (30 August 2010). “Svante Stockselius says Eurovision farewell”. EBU. Retrieved 30 August 2010. [25] Siim, Jarmo (26 November 2010). “Jon Ola Sand new Executive Supervisor”. EBU. Retrieved 26 November 2010. [26] Bakker, Sietse (16 January 2011). “Düsseldorf gets ready for exchange and draw”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 16 January 2011. [27] “Düsseldorf 2011: Feel your heart beat!". Eurovision.tv. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012. [28] “Exclusive details on Düsseldorf!". Eurovision.tv. 14 March 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012. [29] “Eurovision Song Contest Düsseldorf 2011”. Turquoise Branding. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012. [30] “Eurovision 2012 – Light Your Fire”. Turquoise Branding. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
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[31] “Presenters for 2011 Eurovision Song Contest announced! , News , Eurovision Song Contest – Düsseldorf 2011”. Eurovision.tv. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2011. [32] “Wir wollen die beste Show machen” (in German). 13 October 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010. [33] “Für sieben Grand-Prix-Shows wird es Tickets geben”. Die Welt (in German). 25 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010. [34] https://web.archive.org/web/20101110002452/http: //eurovision.ndr.de/service/ticketsesc101.html. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010. Missing or empty |title= (help) [35] “Tickets Eurovision 2011 Final on sale this Sunday!". 'EBU'. 10 December 2010. [36] Bakker, Sietse (12 December 2010). “Tickets Eurovision final sold out”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 12 December 2010. [37] Victor, Hondal (23 December 2010). “Montenegro officially out of Eurovision 2011”. ESC Today. Retrieved 23 December 2010. [38] Floras, Stella (17 October 2010). “Slovakia: The public says Yes! to Eurovision”. ESCToday. Retrieved 17 October 2010. [39] Hondal, Victor (1 December 2010). “Slovakia withdraws from Eurovision 2011”. ESCToday. Retrieved 1 December 2010. [40] Hondal, Victor (7 January 2011). “Slovakia: STV confirms withdrawal decision”. ESCToday. Retrieved 7 January 2011. [41] Busa, Alexandru (17 January 2011). “Slovakia : Better in than paying fine”. ESCToday. Retrieved 17 January 2011. [42] Bakker, Sietse (28 August 2010). “Reference Group gathered in Belgrade”. EBU. Retrieved 28 August 2010. [43] Al Kaziri, Ghassan (1 December 2010). “Dino Merlin returns as 2011 representative”. Oikotimes. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010. [44] Escudero, Victor M. “Sigurjón’s Friends will pay him homage in Düsseldorf”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 12 February 2011. [45] “Aftur heim – info”. Digiloo Thrush. Retrieved 19 February 2011. [46] Brey, Marco (26 February 2011). “Zdob şi Zdub to represent Moldova!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 26 February 2011. [47] http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=slovakia_ choose_twiins_for_duesseldorf [48] Bakker, Sietse (26 May 2010). “EBU reveals split televoting and jury results”. EBU. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
[49] “Voting | Eurovision Song Contest – Düsseldorf 2011”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 18 March 2011. [50] “Eurovision Song Contest 2011”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012. [51] “Eurovision Song Contest 2011 Participants Eurovision Song Contest – Düsseldorf 2011”. Retrieved 30 March 2011. [52] “Eurovision Song Contest 2011 semi-final (1)". European Broadcasting Union. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011. [53] eurovision. “Haba Haba for Norway to the Eurovision Song Contest”. YouTube. Retrieved 17 May 2011. [54] “Eurovision Song Contest 2011 semi-final (2)". European Broadcasting Union. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011. [55] “Eurovision Song Contest 2011 Final”. European Broadcasting Union. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011. [56] Busa, Alexandru (14 May 2011). “Live: The Eurovision Final”. ESCToday. Retrieved 4 November 2013. [57] BBC Eurovision Paul. “UK televoting and jury votes revealed”. BBC. Retrieved 27 May 2013. [58] “Scoreboard: Eurovision Song Contest 2011 Final”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 17 May 2011. [59] “Marcel Bezençon Award – an introduction”. Poplight.se. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [60] Roxburgh, Gordon (27 May 2012). “Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2012”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [61] “Eurovision Fanclub Network”. OGAE. Retrieved 15 June 2012. [62] “Club History” (in Finnish). OGAE Finland. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012. [63] Vranis, Michalis (9 May 2011). “OGAE 2011 poll: We have a winner!". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 28 May 2013. [64] NDR Press (11 May 2011). “EBU/NDR press conference”. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 14 April 2015. [65] “TONIGHT: The Grand Final”. EBU. Retrieved 14 May 2011. [66] “Mandy Huydts terug bij Songfestival”. De Telegraaf (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 May 2011. [67] “Raffaella Carrà e il duo Dose-Presta conduttori in Rai. E San Marino...”. [68] Όνομα *. "ΕΛΕΟΣ! Γιούχαραν το 12άρι που έδωσε η Κύπρος στην Ελλάδα! « thousandnews”. Thousandnews.wordpress.com. Retrieved 17 May 2011. [69] Busa, Alexandru (13 May 2011). “Ruslana to announce the Ukrainian votes”. ESCToday. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
7.8. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2011
[70] “Susan Aho ilmoittaa Suomen pisteet Euroviisujen finaalissa” (in Finnish). yle.fi. Retrieved 9 May 2011. [71] “Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja”. Evropesma.org. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
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[88] “Elena S. Sánchez dará los votos de España en Düsseldorf” (in Spanish). eurovision-spain.com. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
[72] Presenters: Alex Jones, Chris Evans (13 May 2011). “The One Show”. The One Show. BBC. BBC One.
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[73] “Lise uddeler Danmarks point”. dr.dk. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
[90] “ETV: Saatekava” (in Estonian). etv.err.ee. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
[74] “Big viewing figures”. escdaily.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
[91] “Maureen Louys, porte-parole pour la RTBF” (in French). eurovision-info.net. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
[75] Bokholm, Mirja (28 April 2011). “Eurovision Song Contest 2011: Danny Saucedo delar ut Sveriges poäng i Düsseldorf”. Poplight (in Swedish). Retrieved 28 April 2011.
[92] “Eirovīziju vairs nekomentēs Streips; Latvijas balsojumu paziņos Aisha” (in Latvian). NRA.lv. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
[76] “Deutsche Jury steht offiziell fest” (in German). Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
[93] “Radio Tirana Live”. RTSH. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
[77] "Кто будет объявлять баллы на "Евровидении 2011” от Азербайджана?". Day.Az. 8 May 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
[95] “Leyla Əliyeva: “Yoldaşımla İctimai Televiziyada tanış olmuşuq, o rejissor, mən aparıcıyam"". Modern.az. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
[78] “Slakonja bo najprej zapel, nato pa Evropi sporočil, kdo je všeč Sloveniji...”.
[96] “Concours eurovision de la chanson” (in French). Retrieved 11 May 2011.
[79] “Cécile Bähler ist die Punkte-Fee der Schweiz – Eurovision Song Contest: Videos, Bilder und News – glanz & gloria – Schweizer Fernsehen” (in German). Glanzundgloria.sf.tv. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
[97] “Vermeulen en Pichal op Eurosong” (in Dutch). Retrieved 12 May 2011.
[80] “Countdown for Final”. http://eurovision.ert.gr. Retrieved 12 May 2011. External link in |publisher= (help) [81] ESCkaz.com Georgia ESC 2011. Sofia Nizharadze as a spokesperson from Georgia [82] “La France a son porte-parole” (in French). eurovisioninfo.net. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
[94] “Der Fahrplan zum Eurovision Song Contest 2011”. cluboe3.orf.at. 23 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
[98] https://web.archive.org/20110522121005/http: //www.cazin.net:80/kolumna/douze-points/. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help) [99] https://web.archive.org/20110617075256/http: //www.cybc.com.cy/index.php?option=com_content& view=article&id=595:56----eurovision------&catid=52: 2009-08-27-10-36-13&Itemid=259. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
[83] “Veliko finale 56. takmičenja za Pesmu Evrovizije” (in Serbian). Retrieved 14 May 2011. [100] “Ole Tøpholm skal kommentere Grand Prix”. TVnyt.com. Retrieved 10 May 2011. [84] “Meet them: the hosts of Junior 2010! | Junior Eurovision Song Contest – Amsterdam 2012”. Junioreurovision.tv. [101] “ETV: Saatekava”. etv.err.ee. Retrieved 9 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2013. [102] “Tarja Närhi tv-kommentaattoriksi Euroviisuihin” (in Finnish). satumaa.yle.fi. Retrieved 10 May 2011. [85] https://web.archive.org/20160124012146/ http://www.escflashmalta.com/index.php? [103] “Vi finns överallt” (in Swedish). svenska.yle.fi. Archived option=com_content&view=article&id=1033: from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 13 May breaking-news-and-the-spokesperson-is&catid=2: 2011. latest-news-international&Itemid=2. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016. [104] “News – France: “We will respect every candidate"". ESMissing or empty |title= (help) CToday. Retrieved 8 May 2011. [86] “Comentadores Do ESC – escportugalforum.pt.vu | o [105] “Der 'Eurovision Song Contest'-Countdown beginnt”. forum eurovisivo português”. 21595.activeboard.com. Cinefacts.de. 9 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012. [106] “Countdown for Final”. ERT. Retrieved 12 May 2011. [87] “MTV Press Conference”. eschungary.hu. 9 March 2011. [107] “Hrafnhildur hringitónn”. mbl.is. 13 May 2011. ReRetrieved 23 April 2011. trieved 17 May 2011.
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7.9. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2012
[152] "Телепрограма". NTU. Retrieved 8 May 2011. [153] "Національна радіокомпанія транслюватиме "Євробачення" у прямому ефірі". Telekrytyka. Retrieved 15 May 2011. [154] “BBC – Eurovision Song Contest 2011”. BBC. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
231 the event was anti-Islamic because it was, according to them, a "gay parade".
7.9.1 Location For more details on the host city, see Baku.
[155] Siim, Jarmo (4 March 2011). “Pre-order your Eurovision CD right now!". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
7.8.10
External links
• Media related to Eurovision 2011 at Wikimedia Commons • Eurovision official website
Baku Location of the host city.
7.9 Eurovision Song Contest 2012 “Eurovision 2012” redirects here. For the Junior Contest, see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2012. The Eurovision Song Contest 2012 was the 57th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Baku, Azerbaijan, following Ell & Nikki's win at the 2011 contest in Düsseldorf, Germany with the song "Running Scared" — marking the first time that the country had won the contest. The contest was held at the newly constructed Baku Crystal Hall, with semi-finals held on 22 and 24 May 2012, followed by the final held on 26 May 2012. Forty-two countries competed in the contest - one less than the record number of 43 set at the previous contest, with Montenegro returning for the first time since 2009, and the withdrawal of Armenia due to security concerns in relation to the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict with Azerbaijan, and Poland due to financial concerns.
Tofiq Bahramov Stadium Heydar Aliyev Sports and Exhibition Complex Baku Crystal Hall Locations of the three suggested venues in Baku, Azerbaijan. The selected venue is highlighted with a red mark.
Azerbaijan got the right to host the 2012 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest after winning the previous 2011 edition with the song "Running Scared" performed by Ell & Nikki.[6][7] Baku, the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and The contest was won by singer Loreen from Sweden of the Caucasus region, was named the host city for the with the song "Euphoria"—written by Thomas G:son and contest, with the venue being the Baku Crystal Hall, built Peter Boström, the song scored a total of 372 points. a few months prior to the contest on the city’s coastline. Russia finished in second place, with Serbia finishing Shortly after Azerbaijan’s victory at the 2011 edition, ofin third. They were followed by the host country, ficials announced that a new 23,000 seat concert venue Azerbaijan, which reached the 4th place. Albania fin- was to be built near National Flag Square in Baku, as ished 5th, achieving its first top 5 placing. Germany, Italy a potential venue for the event.[8][9] Three days later, and Spain were the three members of the “Big Five” that other venue options were revealed by organisers, such as managed to rank within the top 10, finishing in 8th, 9th the 37,000-seat Tofiq Bahramov Stadium and the Heydar and 10th places respectively. Aliyev Sports and Exhibition Complex.[10] On 2 AuThe lead-up to the contest was met with political concerns and protests surrounding the host country, including its human rights record and allegations by advocacy groups that Baku was carrying out forced evictions in the construction of the contest’s venue, along with objections to the contest’s presence by Iranian officials—who felt that
gust 2011, Alpine Bau Deutschland AG was awarded the contract to construct the Baku Crystal Hall. Preparations for construction began in the area shortly after the announcement.[11] Even though the full cost of the contract was not named, the government allocated 6 million AZN for the construction of the venue.[12]
232
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND try had their own national jury, which consisted of five professional members of the music industry.[18] Under the official rules released on 24 November 2011, the number of participants in the final was raised to 26, including the host nation, the "Big Five", and the ten qualifiers from each semi-final. This was the second time in the Eurovision Song Contest that 26 countries were in the final, the first being the 2003 Contest.[18][19][20] Semi-final allocation draw
Baku Crystal Hall, Baku - host venue of the 2012 contest.
On 8 September 2011, Azad Azerbaijan TV (ATV) reported that Baku Crystal Hall would be the venue of the contest, but no formal confirmation was made at the time by the EBU. On 31 October 2011, Ismayil Omarov, the director general of Azerbaijani national broadcaster İctimai Television announced that a decision on the venue choice would be taken by the steering committee in January 2012.[13] On 25 January 2012, it was confirmed that the Baku Crystal Hall would be the venue of the contest.[14] Even though the venue had an extended capacity of 23,000 people, only 16,000 people were able Semi-final allocation draw ceremony at the Buta Palace in Baku. to attend each show.[14] Tickets for the festival became available online for purchase on 28 February 2012.[15][16] The draw that determined the semi-final running order was held on 25 January 2012 at the Buta Palace. The participating countries, excluding the automatic final7.9.2 Format ists (Azerbaijan, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom), were split into six pots, based upon how those countries voted in past contests. From these pots, half (or as close to half as possible) competed in the first semi-final on 22 May 2012. The other half in that particular pot competed in the second semi-final on 24 May 2012.[21] This draw also acted as an approximate running order, in order for the delegations from the countries to know when their rehearsals would commence and determine which semi-final the automatic finalists would be allowed to vote in.[22][23] 1.^ Armenia withdrew approximately a month and a half after the semi-final allocation draw. Presenters of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, from left to right – Leyla Aliyeva, Eldar Gasimov and Nargiz Birk-Petersen
In a meeting of the Eurovision Reference Group on 29 June 2011,[17] it was decided that the televoting system would revert the format used most recently in the 2009 Contest, in which the phone and SMS lines opened for a fifteen-minute window after all songs had been performed, instead of opening before the show starts, which was the system used between 2010 and 2011. The results format of each show remained the same with each country’s votes being decided on a 50:50 split between televoting and a national jury. Each participating coun-
Graphic design The design of the contest was built around the motto “Light your fire!", inspired by the nickname of Azerbaijan itself, “Land of Fire”.[24] Each introductory video postcard began with a shot of the artist and performers, followed with the flag and country name in a handwritten font with a background resembling the yellow, orange and red fire of the 2012 theme art.[25] The postcards consisted of various shots of Azerbaijan, with a caption displaying 'Azerbaijan' and under-
7.9. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2012
233
Inside of Baku Crystal Hall.
neath 'Land of ...' (e.g. Land of Abundance; Land of Poetry etc.), which were then followed by the name of a town or geographic feature, showing the landscape and culture of the country.[25] Some postcards focused on the host city of Baku with text changing to 'Baku' and underneath 'City of ...' (e.g. City of Jazz; City of Leisure etc.). The postcards finished with a shot of the Crystal Hall displayed in the colours of the performing country’s flag. These postcards acted as a tourism mechanism to present the country to a wider audience.[25][26]
Countries in the first semi-final Countries voting in the first semi-final Countries in the second semi-final Countries voting in the second semi-final
previously represented by Andrea Demirović in 2009.[34] Armenia, who had originally planned to participate, later withdraw their application due to security fears of the continuous Nagorno-Karabakh War with Azerbaijan.[35] Poland also withdrew from the competition, due to the financial burden of the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship (which Poland co-hosted with Ukraine) and Summer Olympics.[33]
The artist, song and number graphics as well as tables and voting graphics were kept the same as those used in 2011, with a slight modification to incorporate the 2012 theme art.[25] The lower points (1-7) were highlighted in red squares while the top points (8, 10, 12) were highlighted in orange squares with each square increasing in Returning artists size in relation to the point value. Both sets of graphics were designed by London brand design agency Turquoise Four artists returned in this year’s contest. Kaliopi for Branding.[27][28] Macedonia who previously participated in the 1996 contest with the song "Samo ti", which placed in 26th position in the pre-qualifying round.[36][37] Jónsi for National host broadcaster Iceland[38] and Željko Joksimović for Serbia[39] both preİctimai Television (İTV), which was the EBU member viously participated in 2004. that broadcast the Eurovision Song Contest in Azerbai- Joksimović had represented Serbia and Montenegro in jan, is one of country’s public-service broadcasters.[29][30] 2004 with the song "Lane moje" which placed second in Deputy Minister of Communication and Information that year, and co-hosted the 2008 Contest with Jovana Technology of Azerbaijan, Iltimas Mammadov, stated Janković. Jónsi performed "Heaven" in 2004, which that telecom networks were ready to host the event. Azer- placed 19th.[40] For a second consecutive year Jedward baijan’s largest telecommunications operator, Azercell, participated for Ireland, after their 8th-place finish at was chosen as the presenting partner for the contest.[31] the 2011 Contest with the song "Lipstick".[41][42] Kaliopi On 1 December 2011, İTV named the German produc- would also then go on to re-represent Macedonia at the tion company Brainpool as its official production partner Eurovision Song Contest 2016. for the contest, citing the quality of its work on the previous year’s contest.[32] Languages
7.9.3
Participating countries
The Finnish entry, "När jag blundar", sung by Pernilla Karlsson, was only Finland’s second entry in Swedish Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision and the first entry at all to be sung in Swedish since Song Contest 1998. Russia’s entry, "Party for Everybody", sung by On 17 January 2012, the EBU announced that forty- Buranovskiye Babushki, was the first entry ever to be perthree countries would take part in the 2012 contest.[33] formed in Udmurt. The Georgian entry, "I'm a Joker" The 57th edition saw the return of Montenegro, who was was the first Eurovision entry containing the Georgian
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language while the Bulgarian song "Love Unlimited" had Semi-final 1 a few words in the Azerbaijani language, both of whom never appeared at the contest before. 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the first semifinal:
7.9.4
Results
Semi-finals
Semi-final 2
12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 Semi-final 1 Azerbaijan, Italy and Spain voted in the points each country awarded to another in the second first semi-final.[21] The EBU allowed the Albanian broad- semifinal: caster Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) to defer transmission and only use jury votes due to a serious bus acciFinal dent in the country.[43] Notes
12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the final:[64]
2.^ Contained some phrases in Montenegrin and German. 3.^ Although the song was completely in Albanian, the title is in Latin. 4.^ Suus is a Latin third person reflexive possessive pronoun, and means “his”, “his own”.
No country took nul points (receiving 0 points total) when both scores were added together, but France received 0 points at the televoting stage.
7.9.6 Other countries •
Andorra – On 19 October 2011, Andorra announced that there are no plans for the country to participate in 2012 due to financial difficulties; the country also had planned to withdraw from the EBU entirely.[65][66]
•
Armenia – On 7 March 2012, the EBU announced that Armenian Public Television (ARMTV) had decided to withdraw from participation despite originally being included in the list of participating countries. Its decision came after President Aliyev of Azerbaijan gave a speech on 28 February 2012 when he stated “Our main enemies are Armenians of the world and the hypocritical and corrupt politicians under their control.”[67][68][69] The country was consequently fined by the EBU and were expected to face further penalties, such as exclusion from participation in future contests if it failed to comply with the EBU requirements.[70][71] Armenia had been in a continuous state of war with Azerbaijan since 1994 because of the Nagorno-Karabakh War.[72]
•
Czech Republic – On 24 November 2011, it was reported that the Czech Republic would not compete at the 2012 contest, following the release of a television schedule by Česká televize (ČT).[73]
•
Liechtenstein – On 26 November 2011, it was announced that two official EBU documents, published in March and October 2011, showed Liechtenstein’s only national broadcaster 1FLTV as being granted active EBU membership, sparking speculations of a début for the nation.[74] However, on 29
5.^ Contained some phrases in Italian. 6.^ Specifically Mühlviertlerisch, a Central Bavarian dialect spoken in Upper Austria. 7.^ Although the song was completely in English, the title was in Romanian.
Semi-final 2 France, Germany and the United Kingdom voted in the second semi-final. Germany requested that they vote in this semi-final.[21] Armenia was drawn to perform in the first half of this semi-final, but later withdrew from the contest due to security reasons.[35] Notes 9.^ The song also contained phrases in Arabic, Azerbaijani, English, French, Greek, Italian, Romani, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish and Turkish.[59]
Final
7.9.5
Scoreboard
The EBU and PwC audit company checked and verified the individual jury and televoting results, which were combined to create the overall national vote for the contests. On 18 June 2012, the EBU published these results, which were as follows.[60][61]
7.9. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2012
235
November 2011, these documents were later con- in the neighbourhood where the Baku Crystal Hall was firmed as editing mistakes, and thus a début had yet built.[89] The Public Association for Assistance to Free to be planned.[75] Economy, a transparency and economic rights campaign group, had described the evictions as a “violation of hu• Luxembourg – On 31 December 2011, RTL man rights”, and as having “no legal authority”. However, Luxembourg confirmed that Luxembourg would not in a statement to the BBC, Eurovision said that on a reparticipate at the Eurovision in Baku.[76] cent visit to Baku they had observed “that the construction of the concert hall [which] media reports refer to was al• Monaco – It had been reported on 23 November ready well under way on a clean construction site and thus 2011, at an EBU meeting in Geneva, that Monaco there are no demolitions needed”.[90] The EBU cited the were considering a return to the 2012 contest.[77] “apolitical” nature of the contest and the Azerbaijani govHowever, on 3 December 2011, Phil Bosco, a for- ernment’s claim that the construction was not tied to the mer head of delegation told a French-speaking web- Eurovision Song Contest.[89] site that the Monegasque national broadcaster Télé Monte Carlo (TMC) did not intend to return to the The festival’s winner Loreen met local human rights acEurovision Song Contest any time in the near future, tivists during the contest, the only entrant to do so. She later told reporters, “Human rights are violated in Azeras there were no financial budget available.[78] baijan every day. One should not be silent about such [88] An Azerbaijan government spokesman criti• Morocco – In an interview with the French things.” delegation it had been revealed that Morocco were cized her in response, saying that the contest should not [88] “likely to return” to the Eurovision Song Contest in “be politicised” and requested the EBU prevented fur[91] [79] Swedish diplomats 2012 with a new broadcaster 2M TV. Reports ther meetings of a similar nature. about the proposed return of Morocco to the contest, replied that the EBU, Swedish TV and Loreen had not [92] after an absence of more than 30 years, were further acted against the competition’s rules. [77][80] enhanced at an EBU meeting in Geneva. On 26 May, a flash mob of anti-government protesters •
Poland – On 16 December 2011, it had been reported on the official Facebook page of Telewizja Polska (TVP) that Poland were withdrawing from the 2012 Contest.[81] This was confirmed a few days later, stating that the broadcaster had decided to focus on the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship (which Poland co-hosted with Ukraine) and Summer Olympics. TVP stated that a return in 2013 has not been ruled out.[82][83][84]
7.9.7
Controversies
were quickly dispersed by police.[85] Activists expressed fears that they would face a crackdown when the international spotlight left Azerbaijan again at the end of the contest.[86] Before submitting the results of the German vote, the presenter from Germany Anke Engelke gave a live statement that alluded to the human rights issues in Azerbaijan, saying: “Tonight nobody could vote for their own country. But it is good to be able to vote. And it is good to have a choice. Good luck on your journey, Azerbaijan. Europe is watching you.”[93][94]
Tensions with Iran
Human rights concerns Iranian officials objected to Azerbaijan hosting the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest. Iranian clerics Ayatollah Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari and Ayatollah Ja'far Sobhani condemned Azerbaijan for “anti-Islamic behaviour”, claiming that Azerbaijan were going to host a gay parade.[95] This led to protests in front of Iranian embassy in Baku, where protesters carried slogans mocking the Iranian leaders. Ali Hasanov, head of the public and political issues department in Azerbaijani President’s administration, said that gay parade claims were untrue, and advised Iran not to meddle in Azerbaijan’s internal affairs.[96] In response, Iran recalled its ambassador from Baku,[97] while Azerbaijan demanded a formal apology from Iran for its statements in connection with Baku’s hosting of the Eurovision Song Contest,[98] and later also [99] Human Rights Watch also criticised the Azerbaijani gov- recalled its ambassador from Iran. ernment and the Baku City Authority for carrying out On 30 May, the Ministry of National Security of Azerbaiforced evictions against local residents, in order to allow jan announced that they had thwarted a series of planned for the demolition of flats to make way for construction terror attacks against the Eurovision Song Contest, among Azerbaijan’s large investment in hosting the Eurovision contest was widely discussed in Western media as an attempt to “mitigate misgivings about its poor democracy and human rights record”.[85][86] Elnur Majidli, an activist imprisoned during the Arab Spring-inspired 2011 Azerbaijani protests, was released in an apparent effort to soften Azerbaijan’s image ahead of the contest, but many political prisoners remained.[86] Human Rights Watch reported a “violent crackdown on protesters” on the eve of the contest,[87] and Amnesty International condemned the “stern crackdown of freedom of expression, dissent, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), critical journalists, in fact anyone who criticised the Aliyev regime too strongly” that continued up to the contest.[88]
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the targets being Baku Crystal Hall, as well as Marriott and Hilton hotels in Baku.[100] On 22 August, The Daily Telegraph reported that according to Western intelligence services, Iran’s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei personally gave orders to the elite Quds Force unit to launch terrorist attacks against the West and its allies, including Azerbaijan during the Eurovision Song Contest.[101]
7.9.8
Other awards
Marcel Bezençon Awards Further information: Marcel Bezençon Awards
7.9.9 International broadcasts and voting Voting and spokespersons The order in which each country announced their vote was determined in a draw following the jury results from final dress rehearsal. Similar to the 2011 contest an algorithm was used to add as much excitement as possible. The spokespersons are shown alongside each country.[109] 1.
Albania – Andri Xhahu
2.
Montenegro – Marija Marković
3. The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia honoring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards were named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon.[102] The awards were divided into three categories; Press Award; Artistic Award; and Composer Award.[103]
4.
Austria – Kati Bellowitsch
5.
Ukraine – Oleksiy Matias
6.
Further information: OGAE
Belarus – Dmitry Koldun (Belarusian representative in 2007 Contest)
7. 8.
Belgium – Peter Van de Veire Azerbaijan – Safura Alizadeh (Azeri representative in 2010 Contest)
9. OGAE
Romania – Paula Seling (Romanian representative in 2010 and 2014)
10. 11.
Malta – Keith Demicoli San Marino – Monica Fabbri France – Amaury Vassili (French representative in 2011 Contest)
Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision (more commonly known as OGAE) is an international organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna, Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[104] The organisation consisted of a network of 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is a nongovernmental, non-political, and non-profit company.[105] In what had become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing members from the respective clubs to vote for their favourite songs of the 2012 contest. Below are the top five overall results, after all the votes had been cast.[106]
Barbara Dex Award Further information: Barbara Dex Award The Barbara Dex Award has been annually awarded by the fan website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian singer Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest wearing her own self-designed and often-mocked dress.[107]
12.
United Kingdom – Scott Mills
13.
Turkey – Ömer Önder
14.
Greece – Adriana Magania
15.
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Elvir Laković Laka (Bosnian representative in 2008 Contest)
16.
Moldova – Olivia Fortuna
17.
Bulgaria – Anna Angelova
18.
Switzerland – Sara Hildebrand
19.
Slovenia – Lorella Flego
20.
Cyprus – Loucas Hamatsos
21.
Croatia – Nevena Rendeli
22.
Slovakia – Mária Pietrová
23.
Macedonia – Kristina Talevska
24.
Netherlands – Viviënne van den Assem
25.
Portugal – Joana Teles
7.9. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2012
26.
Iceland – Matthías Matthíasson (Icelandic representative in 2011 Contest as part of Sjonni’s Friends)
27.
Sweden – Sarah Dawn Finer
237 Non-participating countries The commentators of the non-participating countries are:
7.9.10 Official album
(as Lynda Woodruff)[110]
28.
Norway – Nadia Hasnaoui (Co-Host of 2010 Contest)
29.
Lithuania – Ignas Krupavičius
30.
Eurovision Song Contest: Baku 2012 was a compilation album put together by the European Broadcasting Union, and released by Universal Music Group on 3 May 2012. The album featured all the songs from the 2012 contest.[159]
Estonia – Getter Jaani (Estonian representative in 2011 Contest)
31.
Denmark – Louise Wolff
32.
Latvia – Valters Frīdenbergs (Latvian representative in 2005 Contest as part of Valters and Kaža)
33.
7.9.11 See also • ABU Radio Song Festival 2012 • ABU TV Song Festival 2012 • Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2012
Spain – Elena S. Sánchez
34.
Finland – Mr Lordi (Winner of 2006 Contest as lead singer of Lordi)
35.
Georgia – Sopho Toroshelidze (Georgian representative in 2011 Contest as part of Eldrine)
36.
Italy – Ivan Bacchi
37.
Serbia – Maja Nikolić
38.
Germany – Anke Engelke (Co-Host of 2011 Contest)
39.
Russia – Oxana Fedorova
40.
Hungary – Éva Novodomszky
41.
Israel – Ofer Nachshon
42.
Ireland – Gráinne Seoige10
Notes 10.^ Ireland was originally scheduled to announce its votes as the 32nd country, but instead voted 42nd (last). The reason for this was technical difficulties in the minutes running up to the voting presentation.
Commentators
7.9.12 References [1] Jarmo Siim (16 April 2012). “Eldar, Nargiz, Leyla to host Eurovision 2012”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [2] “Eurovision 2012 Hosts: Leyla, Nargiz, Eldar”. Oikotimes.com. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [3] Marco Brey (21 May 2012). “Live report from the First Semi-Final dress rehearsal”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [4] Jarmo Siim (10 May 2012). “Lena, Rybak, Bilan, Šerifović Eurovision interval acts”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [5] Jarmo Siim (2 May 2012). “Eurovision interval acts revealed”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [6] “Azerbaijan’s Eurovision rebirth”. news.com.au. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [7] Daniel Sperling (14 May 2011). “Azerbaijan win Eurovision Song Contest 2011”. Digital Spy. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [8] Тарана Мустафаева (17 May 2011). Для "Евровидения−2012” будет построена новая арена? (in Russian). anspress.com. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [9] “Special concert complex for Eurovision 2012 to be built in centre of Baku”. abc.az. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
Most countries sent commentators to Baku or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to the participants and, if necessary, the provision of voting [10] “Azerbaijan has not yet selected site for Eurovision 2012”. information. abc.az. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011. Participating countries The commentators of the 42 participating countries are as follows:
[11] “German company to construct Modern Sport-Concert Complex in Azerbaijan’s capital”. en.apa.az. APA News Agency. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
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[23] Siim, Jarmo (19 March 2012). “Baku: All songs officially presented to EBU”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
[43] “Albania to broadcast tonights semifinal deferred”. European Broadcasting Union. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
[24] Siim, Jarmo (25 January 2012). “Baku 2012: Light your fire!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
[44] “Results of the 2012 Running Order Draw!". European Broadcasting Union. 20 March 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[25] “First Semi-Final concludes, we have ten finalists!". European Broadcasting Union. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
[45] “Eurovision Song Contest 2012”. The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
[26] “Second Semi-Final: We have our ten qualifiers”. European Broadcasting Union. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012. [27] “Eurovision Song Contest 2012 Official Logo + Visual Identity”. Turquoise Branding. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
[46] “Eurovision Song Contest Participants”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 10 March 2012. [47] “Euro Neuro”. Diggiloo.net. 17 March 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012. [48] “Albania: Suus Stays in Albanian”. Eurovisiontimes. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
[28] “Baku 2012: Light your fire!". European Broadcasting Union. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
[49] “Albania: Rona Nishliu to Baku!". ESCDaily.com. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
[29] Siim, Jarmo (29 August 2011). “Eurovision Song Contest governing body to meet in Baku first time”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
[50] “Iris brengt sowieso een ballade op het Songfestival” (in Dutch). Eurosong.be. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
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[51] Escudero, Victor M. (21 February 2012). “Pernilla Karlsson winner of UMK in Finland”. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
[68] “Armenia pulls out of Azerbaijan-hosted Eurovision show”. BBC News. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
[52] “Valentina Monetta rappresenterà San Marino a Baku 2012”. San Marino RTV (in Italian). 14 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
[69] Anna Barseghian; Daisy Sindelar (22 May 2012). “No Saturday Night Fever, As Armenia Mulls Eurovision Blackout”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
[53] "'The Social Network Song' for San Marino”. European Broadcasting Union. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[70] Melnikov, Valery (3 May 2012). “Armenia Fined for Refusal to Take Part in Eurovision 2012”. Moscow: RIA Novosti. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
[54] Brey, Marco (24 February 2012). “It’s Trackshittaz for Austria!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
[71] Nuhiu, Rinor (2 May 2012). “EBU: Armenia to face sanctions for late withdrawal”. ESC Daily.
[55] Toronidis, Theofilos (14 March 2012). “Serbia: Zeljko to sing in Serbian in Baku”. ESCDaily. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
[72] Резолюция СБ ООН № 822 от 30 апреля 1993 года (in Russian). United Nations Security Council. 30 April 1993. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
[56] Loncar, Zorica (10 March 2012). “Serbia: Željko Joksimović presents “Nije Ljubav Stvar” to Europe”. ESCDaily. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
[73] “Czech Republic: No return in Baku”. ESCDaily.com. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
[57] Webb, Glen (29 February 2012). “FYR Macedonia,Kaliopi presents Crno E Belo”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 29 February 2012. [58] Webb, Glen (16 January 2012). “It’s Black & White for FYR Macedonia”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 16 January 2012. [59] “Lyrics of “Love unlimited"". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [60] Hondal, Victor (18 June 2012). “Split Jury and Televoting results announced”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 18 June 2012. [61] Siim, Jarmo (18 June 2012). “Eurovision 2012 split jurytelevote results revealed”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 18 June 2012. [62] “Scoreboard: Eurovision Song Contest 2012 Semi-Final 1”. European Broadcasting Union. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012. [63] “Scoreboard: Eurovision Song Contest 2012 Semi-Final 2”. European Broadcasting Union. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012. [64] “Scoreboard: Eurovision Song Contest 2012 Final”. European Broadcasting Union. 27 May 2012. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2012. [65] Nuhiu, Rinor (10 November 2011). “Andorra: RTVA to quit the European Broadcasting Union!". ESCDaily. Retrieved 16 June 2012. [66] “Andorra: No return planned for 2012”. ESCDaily.com. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2011. [67] Ilham Aliyev (28 February 2012). “Closing Speech by Ilham Aliyev at the conference on the results of the third year into the “State Program on the socioeconomic development of districts for 2009-2013"". President of Azerbaijan. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
[74] “Is Liechtenstein an EBU Member?". Eurovision Times. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2012. [75] “No Participation of Liechtenstein at Eurovision 2012”. Eurovision Times. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2012. [76] “Luxembourg: No participation in Eurovision 2012”. EurovisionTimes. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2012. [77] “Monaco: Talks about a return at Eurovision”. EurovisionTimes. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2012. [78] “Monaco: Dampned Expectations”. EurovisionTimes. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2012. [79] “Morocco bids to take part in Eurovision”. News.Az. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011. [80] “Bakıdakı “Eurovision” da Afrika ölkəsi iştirak edə bilər”. Gün.Az (in Azerbaijani). 3 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011. [81] Pozzi, Renee (7 November 2011). “Poland: TVP to make participation decision on November 24th”. ESCDaily. Retrieved 16 June 2012. [82] G, Luke (16 December 2011). “Poland: TVP withdraws from Eurovision 2012”. ESCDaily. Retrieved 16 June 2012. [83] “Eurovision 2012: No List of Participants, No Venue, No Tickets... No Hope?". Eurovision Times. 8 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2012. [84] “EBU: List of Participants To Be Released Next Week”. Eurovision Times. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2012. [85] Leonard, Peter (26 May 2012). “Azerbaijan hopes Eurovision Song Contest will distract from poor human rights record”. Global Edmonton. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [86] Elder, Miriam (25 May 2012). “Eurovision does little help to human rights in Azerbaijan”. The Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
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[87] Gogia, Giorgi (23 May 2012). “Eurovision: The view [105] “Club History” (in Finnish). OGAE Finland. 5 June 2012. from the courtroom”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved Retrieved 17 June 2012. 26 May 2012. [106] Hondal, Victor (25 May 2012). “OGAE 2012 poll: Sweden wins by a landslide”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 15 [88] Margarita Antidze (25 May 2012). “Swedish Eurovision July 2012. star strays into Azeri rights row”. Reuters. Retrieved 26 May 2012. [107] “Barbara Dex Award”. eurovisionhouse.nl. 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2014. [89] “Azerbaijan: Homeowners Evicted for City Beautification. Some Forced Out Ahead of Eurovision 2012”. Human Rights Watch. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 6 [108] Roxburgh, Gordon (8 June 2015). “Rona Nishliu wins the Barbara Dex Award”. eurovision.tv. European BroadcastMarch 2012. ing Union. Retrieved 3 June 2012. [90] McGuinness, Damien (22 December 2011). "'Evicted in Baku to make way for Eurovision'". BBC News. Re- [109] Roxburgh, Gordon (26 May 2012). “Running order for the voting tonight”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 17 May 2012. trieved 26 May 2012. [91] Azerbaidzhan syyttää Ruotsin viisuedustajaa politikoinnista “Azerbaidzhan syyttaa ruotsin viisuedustajaa poli- [110] Mirja Bokholm (22 April 2013). “YOHIO presenterar de svenska rösterna i Eurovision Song Contest”. SVT.se (in tikoinnista” Check |url= value (help) (in Finnish). YLE. Swedish). Retrieved 22 April 2013. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [92] Loreen mitt i diplomatiskt drama “Loreen mitt i diplo- [111] “Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann”. ORF.at (in German). 1 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2012. matiskt drama” Check |url= value (help) (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [112] “Trackshittaz: Mit schlechter Quote gen Baku”. Kurier (in German). 10 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. [93] “Umstrittener Eurovision Song Contest. Danke, Anke!" (in German). Der Spiegel. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 15 [113] “Lukas Plöchl kommentiert im TV”. news.at (in German). July 2012. 25 May 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012. [94] “Anke’s brave message to Baku - Final Eurovision 2012”. [114] “Könül Arifqızı və Saleh Bağırov “Eurovision-2012"ni YouTube. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. şərh edəcək”. Gun.az (in Azerbaijani). 15 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012. [95] Antidze, Margarita (22 May 2012). “Iran’s “gay” Eurovision jibes strain Azerbaijan ties”. Reuters. Retrieved 15 [115] “André Vermeulen en Peter Van De Veire worden comJuly 2012. mentator bij Eurovisiesongfestival”. Knack.be. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012. [96] Lomsadze, Girgoi (21 May 2012). “Azerbaijan: Pop Music vs. Islam”. EurasiaNet.org. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [116] “Eurovision 2012: Le duo Hautier-Lahaye reste à Bruxelles!". cinetelerevue.be. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 26 [97] “Iran recalls envoy to Azerbaijan ahead of Eurovision”. April 2012. AFP. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [117] “Eurosong 2012 – Baku”. BHRT. 15 May 2012. Re[98] “Azerbaijan Demands Apology From Iran Over Eurovitrieved 25 May 2012. sion”. Voice of America. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [118] “Melina to comment from Cyprus” (in Greek). 18 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [99] “Azerbaijan Recalls Ambassador To Iran”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July [119] “Tøpholm skal kommentere dansk Grand Prix”. DR (in 2012. Danish). 28 December 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2012. [100] Mammadov, Elman (30 May 2012). “Eurovision 'terror [120] “Eurovision laulukilpailun 42 kilpailubiisiä lauantai-illan plot' thwarted: Azerbaijan”. American Free Press. Google esikatselumaratonissa”. Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved 11 News. Retrieved 15 July 2012. May 2012. [101] Coughlin, Con (23 August 2012). “Iran’s supreme leader [121] “Eurovision 2012: Euroviisujen ensimmäinen karsinta” orders fresh terror attacks on West”. The Daily Telegraph. (in Finnish). YLE. Retrieved 24 May 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012. [122] “Programme de Le 57ème Concours Eurovision de la [102] “Marcel Bezençon Award - an introduction”. Poplight.se. chanson”. France Télévisions (in French). Retrieved 8 Retrieved 15 July 2012. May 2012. [103] Roxburgh, Gordon (27 May 2012). “Winners of the [123] “Soirée fun en vue: Mireille Dumas et Cyril Féraud comMarcel Bezençon Awards 2012”. European Broadcasting menteront l'Eurovision”. L'Express. 12 March 2012. ReUnion. Retrieved 15 July 2012. trieved 13 March 2012. [104] “Eurovision Fanclub Network”. OGAE. Retrieved 15 [124] “On repeint la musique sur France Bleu” (in French). June 2012. France Bleu. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
7.10. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2013
241
[125] “ESC 2012 Eurovision Song Contest 2012” (in German). [145] “José María Íñigo repite como comentarista de TVE en ARD. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012. el Festival de Eurovisión”. RTVE (in Spanish). 30 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012. [126] “Eurovision Song Contest 2012”. hr (in German). 24 May [146] “Gina Dirawi och Edward af Sillén kommenterar Eurovi2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012. sion Song Contest”. Sveriges Television (in Swedish). 17 [127] “NDR 2 Spezial: Der umstrittene ESC in Baku” (in GerApril 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012. man). NDR. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012. [147] “TV-Programm 26. Mai 2012”. Schweizer Fernsehen (in [128] ΕΛΛΑΔΑ: ….τελικά η Μαρία Κοζάκου ταξιδεύει στο German). 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012. Μπακού!. OGAE (in Greek). 30 April 2012. Retrieved [148] “mardi 22 mai à 21:00 sur RTS Deux Eurosong 2012 22. 15 July 2012. Mai 2012”. Télévision Suisse Romande (in French). 18 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012. [129] “Gunda goes to the Eurovision Song Contest”. blikk.hu (in Hungarian). 12 December 2012. Retrieved 7 January [149] “martedì 22 maggio 2012, 21:00 sur RSI La 2 Eurosong 2012. 2012”. Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana (in Italian). 19 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012. [130] “Hellulagt í lakkskóm í Baku” (in Icelandic). RÚV. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. [150] "Özveren'in veliahtı kim?". posta.com.tr (in Turkish). 15 April 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012. [131] “Eurovision just won't be the same without Larry, admits Marty”. Herald.ie. 20 April 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012. [151] "Пісенне Євробачення 2012 – Перший Національний канал" (in Ukrainian). 1tv.com.ua. 20 April 2012. Re[132] “Non solo Gialappa’s Band: la semifinale a Federica Gentrieved 25 May 2012. tile (Radio 2)". eurofestival.ws (in Italian). 12 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. [152] “BBC One – Eurovision Song Contest, 2012, Semi Final 1”. BBC. Retrieved 13 April 2012. [133] “La finale dell'Eurovision 2012 affidata a Solibello e Ardemagni (Radio 2)". eurofestival.ws (in Italian). 18 [153] “BBC – Eurovision Song Contest 2012”. BBC Online. ReMay 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012. trieved 27 February 2012. [134] “Anmary gatava Eirovīzijas pusfinālam” (in Latvian). [154] “BBC – Media Centre – BBC Eurovision Song Contest Tvnet.lv. 21 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012. Coverage 2012”. BBC Online. Retrieved 2 May 2012. [135] “Noskaties, kādas dziesmas piedalīsies Eirovīzijas finālā [155] “Armenia is back for 2013”. OGAE. 28 May 2012. ReVIDEO” (in Latvian). Kasjauns.lv. 26 May 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012. trieved 26 May 2012. [156] Knox, David (3 May 2011). “Airdate: Eurovision Song [136] Woning, Merike (28 October 2011). “Jan Smit heeft altijd Contest 2012”. tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 9 May 2012.l slingers op zak – Metro”. metronieuws.nl. Retrieved 14 January 2012. [157] “SBS TO AIR EUROVISION 2012”. Oikotimes.com. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2012. [137] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists”. Eurovisionartists.nl. 17 April 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012. [158] “Kazakhstan to broadcast Eurovision 2012!". Eurovision Diary. 19 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012. [138] “Eurovision Song Contest 2012 – finale”. NRK (in Nor[159] “Eurovision Song Contest Baku 2012”. wegian). 15 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012. itunes.apple.com. iTunes. 1 May 2012. Retrieved [139] “57.º Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2012”. rtp.pt. 17 May 4 November 2014. 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012. [140] “Romanian television schedule”. PORT.ro (in Romanian). 20 May 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012. [141] "Евровидение−2012”. Russia.tv. 25 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012. [142] “Ecco il video ufficiale de “L'amore è femmina”. E San Marino...”. eurofestival.ws (in Italian). 7 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
7.9.13 External links • Official website Coordinates: 49.8502°E
40°20′39″N 49°51′01″E / 40.3442°N
[143] “Pesma Evrovizije 2012”. RTS (in Serbian). 19 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
7.10 Eurovision Song Contest 2013
[144] "Úspechy Romana Bomboša: Svadba, ocenenie a Eurovízia priamo v Baku!". eurovisionslovakia.blogspot.com (in Slovak). 5 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
“Eurovision 2013” redirects here. For the Junior Contest, see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013.
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The Eurovision Song Contest 2013 was the 58th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Malmö, Sweden, following Loreen's win at the 2012 contest in Baku, Azerbaijan with the song "Euphoria". It was the fifth time that Sweden had hosted the contest, the last time being in 2000. Sveriges Television (SVT) chose Malmö Arena as the venue following the consideration of several venues in Sweden. The host for the contest was Petra Mede. Thirty-nine countries participated, including Armenia, which was last represented in 2011. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal, Slovakia and Turkey announced their withdrawal from the 2013 Contest. The design of the contest was built around the theme “We Are One” – highlighting equality and unity of all the participating countries alongside the cultural diversity and influence of each participant. Compared to many of the previous contests in the history of Eurovision, rather than focusing on promoting its own country, Sweden chose to lay focus on the artists and their respective countries. The postcards presented before every song which have often been used to show the host country’s nature, culture and social life, were changed to show the typical everyday life of each individual artist in their home countries scattered around Europe.
Square in Malmö before the finals, with time table demonstrating the countdown for the broadcast.
and 2000 that the competition was held in Sweden and the second time, after 1992, that it was held in Malmö. SVT had expressed the desire to host the contest at a slightly smaller venue than previous years, as well as smaller environment which is easier to dedicate and decorate for other celebrations and festivities of the event within the host The winner for 2013 was Denmark with the song "Only city. This were factors in the choice of Malmö Arena as [11] and Malmö as Sweden’s third-largest Teardrops" sung by Emmelie de Forest, which scored 281 the host venue, city by population after Stockholm and Gothenburg, the points, beating Azerbaijan with a margin of 47 points. two other initial location-bidders. This makes it the second time that Denmark won on Swedish soil. Ukraine finished in third place and Norway SVT made the advance decision to allocate Denmark at in fourth, while Russia finished in fifth place. Out of the one semi-final and Norway at the other, in consideration countries with the 'Big Five' status, only Italy managed for the number of Danish and Norwegian fans likely to to finish in the top ten, coming seventh with 126 points, come, with the arena being relatively small and so not exactly double of remaining ones’ sum. The Netherlands suitable for accommodating both countries’ fans at one finished ninth in their first participation in a final since semi-final event. Øresund bridge was eventually also used 2004. 170 million viewers watched the semifinals and fi- as the main artistic medium for the theme of the contest, nal of the 2013 edition. For the first time since 1985, no as an expression of binding cultures. country of the former Yugoslav federation participated in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest. This year was the first time adult Eurovision displayed the “Parade of Nations”, which already existed in Junior Bidding phase Eurovision since 2004, an idea introduced by Sweden to become a new Eurovision tradition. The concept sees all countries performing in the Grand Final present themselves with their national flags before the contest begins. This year, the contestants entered the main stage by walking across a bridge over the audience. The idea was continued the following years by Denmark and Austria, the hosts of Eurovision 2014 and 2015 respectively.
7.10.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Malmö. On 8 July 2012, the Swedish broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT) announced that Malmö Arena in Malmö would be the host venue for the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest. This was the fifth time after 1975, 1985, 1992 Malmö Arena, Malmö - host venue of the 2013 contest.
7.10. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2013
243 firmed as the host venue for the contest. Malmö Arena is Sweden's fourth-largest indoor arena, after Friends Arena, Tele2 Arena and Ericsson Globe, all located in Stockholm. Key
Host venue
7.10.2 Format
Stockholm
Malmö Gothenburg
The combination of televoting and jury voting results underwent changes that were detailed in the official rules for the 2013 contest.[18][19] Each member of a respective nation’s jury was required to rank every song, except that of their own country. The voting results from each member of a particular nation’s jury were combined to produce an overall ranking from first to last place. Likewise, the televoting results were also interpreted as a full ranking, taking into account the full televoting result rather than just the top ten. The combination of the jury’s full ranking and the televote’s full ranking produced an overall ranking of all competing entries. The song which scored the highest overall rank received 12 points, while the tenth-best ranked song received 1-point. It was announced in the official Media Handbook that an official app would also be available for voters to vote via during the contest.[20]
Locations of the three candidate cities. (Unsuccessful Official sponsors of the broadcast were the main SwedishFinnish telecommunication company TeliaSonera, and cities are marked with blue dots) the German cosmetics company Schwarzkopf.[21][22] The competition sponsors were the makeup company IsaDora On the night of the final for the 2012 Contest, the chief cosmetics, the supermarket ICA and Tetra Pak.[23][24] executive of SVT, Eva Hamilton, stated to the Swedish media that various venues in Stockholm, Gothenburg The singer and actress Sarah Dawn Finer also appeared in in sketches as the comic charand Malmö were being considered for hosting the 2013 both semifinals and the final [25] acter Lynda Woodruff. “Lynda” presented the votes [12] Contest. One alternative put forward in the Expressen, for Sweden at the previous contest in Baku.[25] Finer also was to hold the competition at three different venues – the semi-finals in Gothenburg and Malmö, and the final appeared in the final as herself performing the ABBA Takes It All" before the results were in Stockholm.[13] This proposal was dismissed as unfea- song "The Winner [10] announced. The footballer Zlatan Ibrahimović was resible by SVT, which declared that the contest would be vealed on 28 April to be part of the opening segment [14] hosted in only one city. of the Eurovision final, in a pre-recorded message welOn 20 June 2012, it was announced that Gothenburg had coming viewers to his home city of Malmö.[26] The 2011 withdrawn from the bidding process due to the city being Swedish entrant Eric Saade was the host of the green the host of the Göteborg Horse Show in late April 2013. room during the final.[27] There were also concerns about the availability of hotel rooms due to a variety of other events taking place in the same time frame as the Eurovision Song Contest.[15] The Semi-final allocation draw executive producer for the 2013 Contest, Martin Österdahl, told Swedish press that he did not like the decisions The draw that determined the semi-final allocation was [28] made by previous hosts to hold the contest in larger are- held on 17 January 2013 at the Malmö City Hall. nas, stating that he and SVT wanted the 2013 Contest to A draw at the EBU headquarters determined that, due be “more close and personal”.[11][16] SVT also claimed to their geographical proximity with Malmö, Denmark that the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) wanted the would perform in the first semi-final, while Norway 2013 Contest to be “smaller” due to the escalating costs would perform in the second semi-final. This provided a maximum availability of tickets for visitors from both of previous contests.[16] countries.[29] The EBU also allocated Israel to the secThe following candidate cities had provisionally reserved ond semi-final after a request from the delegation in order venues and hotel rooms, as part of their bids to host the to avoid complications with a national holiday coincid2013 Contest.[17] On 8 July 2012, Malmö Arena was con- ing with the date of the first semifinal.[30] The remaining
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participating countries, excluding the automatic finalists (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom), were split into five pots, based on voting patterns from the previous nine years. From these pots, 15 (in addition to Denmark) were allocated to compete in the first semi-final on 14 May 2013 and 15 (in addition to Norway and Israel) were allocated to compete in the second semi-final on 16 May 2013.[31]
Arena’s space to highlight the performances and increase the audience’s visibility compared to previous years. SVT created a main stage and a smaller stage with higher-lower shifted floors, connected by a trail closely surrounded by a standing crowd from both sides of it and around the small stage. The main stage mobility was expressed as a main artistic medium at the opening act of the second semifinal and with highlighting Moldova’s performance towards its finish, as a movable part beneath the singer’s dress making The pots were calculated by the televoting partner her look gradually taller. The small stage mobility high[30] Digame and were as follows: lighted United Kingdom’s performance towards its finish, lifted above the close-standing audience. Running order On 17 January 2013, at the semi-final allocation draw, Unlike previous years, the running order was not decided by the drawing of lots, but instead by the producers, with the aim of making the shows more exciting and ensuring that all contestants had a chance to stand out, preventing entries that are too similar cancelling each other out.[29] The decision elicited mixed reactions from both fans of the contest and participating broadcasters.[32][33][34][35] The running order for the semi-finals was released on 28 March 2013.[36] The running order for the final was determined on 17 May 2013.[37][38] An additional allocation draw occurred for the final with each finalist nation drawing to perform either in the first or second half of the final.[37] The allocation draw for qualifying countries from the semi-finals occurred during the semi-final winners’ press conferences following each semi-final, while the allocation draw for the Big Five countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) occurred during their first individual press conferences on 15 May 2013.[37][39] As the host country, the running order position for Sweden in the final was exclusively determined by a draw during the heads of delegation meeting on 18 March 2013.[37] Sweden was drawn to perform 16th in the final.[37]
the EBU revealed the graphic design, created by the Gothenburg-based branding agency Happy F&B for the 2013 contest, featuring a butterfly and slogan “We Are One”.[40] The butterfly featured an array of colours and textures, it also represented something small which can start powerful and big movements, a phenomenon known as the butterfly effect, indicating that a flap from one butterfly can start a hurricane.[41] SVT confirmed on 19 February 2013 that the postcard films, used to introduce each song in the contest, would feature each artist in their respective country, to give the viewer a personal insight of each competing participant. This broke with recent tradition of the postcards often containing short segments of life within either the host city or country of the contest.[42] They were produced by a company called Camp David.[43] The on-air graphics were produced by Broken Doll, a production company. The animation of the many butterflies was done by the visual effects studio Swiss International.[44] For example, Sweden’s postcard features Robin and his friends at a funfair, having fun and meeting fans, while Ireland’s postcard shows Ryan together with his family. In addition to the graphic design, there was a theme music for the contest entitled “Wolverine” composed by Adam Kafe, which was used in the intros and in-between commercial breaks.[45]
Graphic design
The stage with its movable parts and the audience closely surrounding it during the opening act of the second semi-final
As aforesaid, SVT wanted to make a good use of Malmo
Petra Mede, the presenter of the Eurovision Song Contest 2013
7.10. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2013
245
National host broadcaster
Returning artists
On 11 July 2012, the show producer Christer Björkman advised the public not to buy tickets for the 2013 Contest that are currently in circulation and instead to wait for tickets to be released through official channels. Björkman said that official tickets had not yet been released, as necessary decisions over the stage and seating plans had not yet been made.[46] Björkman also gave reassurance that accommodation would be available, as while the organizers had booked a large quantity of hotel rooms, some may be made available to the general public.[46] On 21 November 2012, SVT officially announced the launch of ticket sales.[47]
Valentina Monetta represented San Marino for the second year in a row.[57] Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov returned as a duo, having previously represented Bulgaria in 2007.[58] Nevena Božović represented Serbia as part of Moje 3 and became the first contestant to compete in the Eurovision Song Contest after competing in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, where she came third in 2007.[59] Bledar Sejko, who represented Albania, was the on-stage guitarist for the Albanian entry in 2011. Gor Sujyan, who represented Armenia, was a backing vocalist for the Armenian entry in 2010. Aliona Moon, who represented Moldova, was a backing vocalist for the Moldovan entry in 2012. In addition, Pasha Parfeny, the Moldovan representative of 2012, was the composer of the Moldovan entry. Estonian backing vocalists Lauri Pihlap and Kaido Põldma were part of the group 2XL, which won the contest in 2001 together with Dave Benton and Tanel Padar.
On 17 October 2012, the executive producer Martin Österdahl told the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter that SVT plans for the 2013 Contest to have only one presenter for the entire contest, unlike previous years where there were up to three presenters per show. The last time there was just one presenter was in the 1995 Contest, in Dublin, Ireland, when the solo host was Mary Kennedy.[48][49] Petra Mede was announced as the host 7.10.4 for the 2013 contest on 28 January 2013.[2][50]
Results
Semi-finals
7.10.3
Participating countries
Semi-final 1 Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom voted in this semi-final.[31] The ten songs that are marked in orange qualified to the final.
Semi-final 2 Germany, France and Spain voted in this semi-final.[31] The ten songs that are marked in orange qualified to the final. 1.^ The song is in Greek; however, the titular English phrase is repeated throughout the song. 2.^ Due to EBU regulations banning political and religious content, Heilsarmee (German for Salvation Army) changed their name to Takasa for the contest. Countries in the first semi-final Countries voting in the first semi-final Countries in the second semi-final Countries voting in the second semi-final
Final For the first time since 1985, no country of the former Yugoslav federation participated in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest.[64][65]
It was announced on 21 December 2012 that 39 countries would compete in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. 3.^ The song is Spanish; however the last Armenia, which was last represented in 2011, confirmed phrase was sung in English. that it would be returning to the contest following a oneyear break.[51][52] Bosnia and Herzegovina and Portugal both withdrew from the 2013 Contest due to financial Denmark won the 2013 contest with the song "Only difficulties,[53][54] whilst Slovakia and Turkey withdrew Teardrops" sung by Emmelie de Forest, which scored 281 for different reasons.[55][56] points, beating Azerbaijan with a margin of 47 points.[66]
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7.10.5
Scoreboard
•
Monaco – On 24 September 2012, Télé Monte Carlo (TMC) confirmed that Monaco would not return to the 2013 Contest for unspecified reasons.[77]
•
Morocco – On 20 September 2012, Société Nationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision (SNRT) confirmed Morocco would not be returning for the 2013 Contest, although reasons for this decision have not been published.[78]
•
Poland – On 22 November 2012, Telewizja Polska (TVP) announced that Poland would not be returning to the contest in 2013.[79] Poland withdrew in 2012 due to the broadcaster’s primary financial focus being on the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship (which Poland co-hosted with Ukraine) along with the 2012 Summer Olympics.[80]
•
Portugal – On 22 November 2012, the Portuguese broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) confirmed that Portugal would not be taking part in the 2013 Contest for financial reasons.[54] RTP broadcast the 2013 Contest despite their withdrawal.[71]
•
Slovakia – On 4 December 2012, the Slovakian broadcaster Rozhlas a televízia Slovenska (RTVS) announced that Slovakia would not be participating in the 2013 Contest.[55]
•
Turkey – On 14 December 2012, the Turkish broadcaster Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu (TRT) announced their withdrawal from the contest, citing dissatisfaction with the introduction of a mixed jury/televote voting system and the current status of the "Big Five".[56] This ended with that Turkey created their own singing competition called "Türkvizyon Song Contest", which started in December 2013.
Semi-final 1 [67]
12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the first semifinal: Semi-final 2 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the second semifinal: Final 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the final:[68]
7.10.6
Other countries
•
Andorra – At a meeting with the head of the EBU, Ingrid Deltenre, the Andorran Prime Minister Antoni Martí said that Andorra would not return for the 2013 Contest due to investment cuts.[69][70]
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina – The Bosnian broadcaster Radiotelevizija Bosne i Hercegovine (BHRT) announced that the country would not participate in the 2013 Contest due to economic difficulties.[53] BHRT broadcast the 2013 Contest despite their withdrawal.[71]
•
Czech Republic – The Czech broadcaster Česká televize (ČT) announced that they had no intention of participating in the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest.[72]
•
Liechtenstein – The head of 1 Fürstentum Liechtenstein Television (1FLTV), Peter Kölbel, had said that due to a lack of financial subsidies from the Government of Liechtenstein, participation would be impossible until 2013 at the earliest.[73] 1FLTV have been trying to join the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) since 2010, but the government has not granted the nation’s only channel the necessary subsidies. Kölbel stated that the country had a good chance of joining the contest in 2013, if funding was approved, but it was later announced that it would not be participating.[74][75]
7.10.7 Incidents Azerbaijan vote rigging
Prior to the finals, the Lithuanian media outlet 15 min released an undercover video suggesting that representatives from Azerbaijan were trying to bribe Lithuanians for votes in the tele/smsvoting.[81] The video detailed the plan, which involved recruiting groups of 10 people each, and supplying them with SIM cards so they could vote multiple times during the voting window in the tele/smsvoting. It was also suggested that similar activity was taking place in a total of 15 countries including Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, Croatia and • Luxembourg – On 13 September 2012, RTL Switzerland.[82] In response to the allegations, Executive Télé Lëtzebuerg announced that they would not re- Supervisor Jon Ola Sand reaffirmed the contest’s comturn to the Eurovision Song Contest in Malmö due mitment to a “fair and transparent result.” He stated that to a lack of available resources.[76] while Eurovision organisers were looking into the case,
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they "[emphasised] that the intention of these individuals have not yet been clarified, and nor has a link been established between the individuals in the video and the Azeri delegation, the Azeri act or the Azeri EBU member Ictimai TV.” He added that, since 1998, when he was first involved with the contest, “every year there are rumors about irregularities in the voting”.[81] The EBU later confirmed an attempt of cheating in the contest, which was unsuccessful according to EBU as the EBU’s system prevent fraud. According to the EBU, there is no evidence that any broadcaster has been involved in cheating. The rules were changed the next year to ensure that all broadcasters would be responsible for Finland’s contestant Krista Siegfrids kissing one of her backing preventing fraud to their advantage or face a three-year singers. suspension if fraud is revealed.[83] However, in May 2015 a member of The Eurovision Song Contest Reference Group confirmed that Azerbaijan had cheated and that Finland’s same-sex kiss it was organized and very expensive.[84] The performance of the Finnish entry, “Marry Me”, When Azerbaijan officially awarded no points to Dina caused controversy in certain more socially conservative Garipova of Russia, despite Garipova having reportedly countries broadcasting the contest. The act featured the come second in the country’s phone poll, the Azerbaijani female singer Krista Siegfrids and one of her female backPresident Ilham Aliyev ordered an inquiry. The Russian ing singers kissing each other at the end, widely labelled Foreign Affairs Minister Sergei Lavrov claimed that the in media as Eurovision’s first “lesbian kiss”. Siegfrids result had been falsified, and stated that “this outrageous stated to the media that the act was done to encourage Finaction will not remain without a response”. He promised land to legalise same sex marriage. It was reported that a co-ordinated response with his Azerbaijani counterpart Turkish and Greek media reacted negatively to Siegfrids’ Elmar Mammadyarov. Simultaneously, the Belarusian act.[91] According to Gay Star News, the Turkish EuroPresident Alexander Lukashenko claimed that his own vision broadcaster TRT, who had earlier withdrawn from country having received no points from Russia showed competing in the contest for 2013, initially indicated that that the result must have been falsified.[85] In June 2013, they would still broadcast the contest, but made a late deUK entrant Bonnie Tyler also claimed she overheard Rus- cision not to do so.[92] A number of media reports disians complaining that Azerbaijan did not “give us the rectly linked this decision to the kiss in the Finnish perten points we paid for.” Event supervisor Sietse Bakker formance, although TRT stated the reason was low viewsaid the claims were being investigated by the European ing figures for the contest.[93][94] In China, it was comBroadcasting Union as well.[86] pletely removed from the pre-recorded broadcast due to the branch of television censorship in Mainland China. Eric Saade Plagiarism allegations Cascada's entry for Germany, "Glorious", was the subject of investigation by NDR following allegations that it was too similar to the 2012 winner, "Euphoria" by Loreen.[87] NDR spokeswoman Iris Bents played down the allegations, stating that “Every year there are attempts to create scandals around the Eurovision Song Contest and the participants.”[88] Following an independent audit, “Glorious” was found not to have plagiarized “Euphoria”.[89]
Green room host Eric Saade referred to Petra Mede as a "MILF" on air during the break between the first and second halves of the voting, saying “Back to you, Petra. #MILF”. When the broadcaster for the United Kingdom, BBC aired this, the sound was lost. It remains unknown whether this was just an accident, or if the BBC did it purposely.[95] While the statement was supposedly scripted and SVT were aware of Saade’s plan, some on social media were confused and offended by the comment.[96]
Allegations of plagiarism against the winning Danish entry surfaced after Eric van Tijn, a notable Dutch music 7.10.8 Other awards producer, mentioned the opening flute solo’s similarity to “I Surrender”, a 2002 song by the Dutch band K-Otic. Marcel Bezençon Awards However Eric van Tijn also stated that the flute solo was the only similarity between the two songs, thus calling it Further information: Marcel Bezençon Awards “a storm in a teacup”.[90]
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The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia, honouring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and the current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (a member of the Herreys and the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon.[97] The awards are divided into three categories: Press Award, Artistic Award, and Composer Award.[98]
1. 2.
San Marino – John Kennedy O'Connor Sweden – Yohio (Runner-up at Melodifestivalen 2013)
3.
Albania – Andri Xhahu
4.
Netherlands – Cornald Maas
5.
Austria – Kati Bellowitsch
6.
United Kingdom – Scott Mills
7.
Israel – Ofer Nachshon
OGAE
8.
Serbia – Maja Nikolić
Further information: OGAE
9.
Ukraine – Matias
Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision (more commonly known as OGAE) is an international organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna, Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[99] The organisation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is a non-governmental, non-political, and non-profitable company.[100] In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing members from thirty-nine clubs to vote for their favourite songs of the 2013 contest. Below is the top five overall results, after all the votes had been cast.[101] Barbara Dex Award Further information: Barbara Dex Award The Barbara Dex Award has been annually awarded by the fan website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self designed (awful) dress.
10.
Hungary – Éva Novodomszky
11.
Romania – Sonia Argint
12.
Moldova – Olivia Furtună
13.
Azerbaijan – Tamilla Shirinova
14. 15.
Armenia – André (Armenian representative in the 2006 Contest)
16.
Italy – Federica Gentile
17.
Finland – Kristiina Wheeler
18.
Spain – Inés Paz
19.
Belarus – Darya Domracheva
20.
Latvia – Anmary (Latvian representative in the 2012 Contest)
21.
Bulgaria – Joanna Dragneva (Bulgarian representative in the 2008 Contest as part of Deep Zone Project)
22.
7.10.9
Norway – Tooji (Norwegian representative in the 2012 Contest)
Belgium – Barbara Louys
International broadcasts and voting 23.
It was reported by the EBU that the 2013 Contest was viewed by a worldwide television audience of a record breaking 170 million viewers.[103] Voting and spokespersons The order in which each country announced their votes was determined in a draw following the jury results from final dress rehearsal. Similar to the 2012 contest an algorithm was used to generate as much suspense as possible. The spokespersons are shown alongside each country.[104]
Russia – Alsou (Russian representative in the 2000 Contest and co-presenter of the 2009 Contest final)
24.
Malta – Emma Hickey
25.
Estonia – Rolf Roosalu
26.
Germany – Lena (Winner of the 2010 and representative of the 2011 Contest)
27.
Iceland – María Sigrún Hilmarsdóttir
28.
France – Marine Vignes
7.10. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2013
29.
Greece – Adriana Magania
30.
Ireland – Nicky Byrne (Irish representative in the 2016 Contest)
31.
Denmark – Sofie Lassen-Kahlke
32.
Montenegro – Ivana Sebek
33.
Slovenia – Andrea F
34.
Georgia – Liza Tsiklauri
35.
Macedonia – Dimitar Atanasovski
36.
Cyprus – Loukas Hamatsos
37.
Croatia – Uršula Tolj
38.
Switzerland – Mélanie Freymond
39.
Lithuania – Ignas Krupavičius
Commentators Most countries sent commentators to Malmö or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to the participants and, if necessary, the provision of voting information. Participating countries The commentators of the 39 participating countries are as follows: Non-participating countries The commentators of the non-participating countries are:
7.10.10
Official album
249
7.10.12 References [1] Siim, Jarno (8 July 2012). “Malmö to host Eurovision Song Contest 2013”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 8 July 2012. [2] Siim, Jarmo (28 January 2013). “Petra Mede to host Eurovision Song Contest 2013”. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 28 January 2013. [3] Rosén, Maria (3 May 2013). “Loreen inleder Eurovision – med teckenspråkstolkning och stämsång” [Loreen begins Eurovision - with sign language interpretation and vocal harmonies] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Retrieved 3 May 2013. [4] Rosén, Maria (15 April 2013). “Mellanakt i Eurovision Song Contest 2013 blir en hyllning till musiken” [Intermission in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 will be a celebration of music] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. [5] Leon, Jakov (15 May 2013). “Dress Rehearsal of the Second Semi-final!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 May 2013. [6] Bokholm, Mirja (14 April 2013). “Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson och Avicii skriver musik till Eurovisionfinalen” [Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson and Avicii writes music for Eurovision final] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Retrieved 15 April 2013. [7] “Nu avslöjar vi fler detaljer om den första semifinalen” [Now we reveal more details about the first semifinal] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013. [8] Bokholm, Mirja (8 May 2013). “Darin och Agnes medverkar i Eurovision-mellanakt” [Darin and Agnes take part in Eurovision-intermission] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Retrieved 8 May 2013. [9] Dahlander, Gustav (20 May 2013). “Se texten till Swedish Smorgasbord med Petra Mede i Eurovision 2013” [See the text for “Swedish Smorgasbord” with Petra Mede in Eurovision 2013] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
Eurovision Song Contest: Malmö 2013 was a compilation album put together by the European Broadcasting Union, and released by CMC International and Universal Music Group on 29 April 2013.[171] The album features [10] Bokholm, Mirja (17 May 2013). “Sarah Dawn Finer uppall the songs from the 2013 contest, and also featured träder i finalen av Eurovision Song Contest 2013” [Sarah a bonus track, "We Write the Story", performed by exDawn Finer appears in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2013] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. ReABBA members, Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson trieved 19 May 2013. and the Swedish DJ and record producer, Avicii.[172]
7.10.11
See also
• Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013 • Türkvizyon Song Contest 2013 • ABU TV Song Festival 2013 • Eurovision Song Contest • European Broadcasting Union
[11] Dahlander, Gustav (8 July 2012). “Eurovision Song Contest 2013 hålls i Malmö – Melodifestivalen” [Eurovision Song Contest 2013 will be held in Malmö, Sweden]. Sveriges Television (SVT) (in Swedish). Retrieved 9 August 2012. [12] TT Spectra (27 May 2012). “SVT redan förberedda på schlager-EM 2013” [SVT already prepared for Eurovision 2013]. Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 26 May 2012. [13] Hulluna (5 June 2012). “Eurovision 2013: Split Over Three Cities?". eurovisiontimes. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
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[14] Wilson, Ryan (18 June 2012). “General: Björkman ends speculation on three host cities for 2013”. escXtra.com. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
[31] Siim, Jarmo (17 January 2013). “Draw results: Who’s in which Semi-Final?". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
[15] TT Spectra (20 June 2012). “Inget schlager-EM i Göteborg” [No Eurovision Song Contest in Gothenburg]. Sydsvenskan (in Swedish). Retrieved 20 June 2012.
[32] Repo, Juha (8 November 2012). “Mixed feelings about Eurovision rule change”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
[16] Dahlander, Gustav (9 July 2012). “Därför fick Malmö Eurovision – Melodifestivalen” [Therefore Malmö received Eurovision Song Contest]. Sveriges Television (SVT) (in Swedish). Retrieved 8 August 2012.
[33] Jiandani, Sanjay (19 November 2012). “Ireland reacts to running order rule”. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
[17] Gustavsson, Rikard (28 May 2012). “The bidding has started!". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
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[18] “2013 Eurovision Song Contest rules” (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. European Broadcasting Union. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
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[19] Repo, Juha (10 March 2013). “Eurovision rules change: Juries are ranking all the songs”. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
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[28] Siim, Jarmo (3 January 2013). “Semi-final participants drawn on January 17”. eurovision.tv. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
[45] Kafe, Adam (2013). Wolverine (Digital Download). Kafe, Adam. iTunes. 648537674.
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[82] Želnienė, Liepa; Chadasevičius, Saulius (19 May 2013). "Победитель "Евровидения−2013” куплен? Журналисты 15min.lt разоблачили в Литве банду, которая скупала голоса" [The winner of “Eurovision2013” bought? Journalists 15min.lt exposed in Lithuania gang that bought up vote] (in Russian). 15min.lt. Retrieved 19 May 2013. [83] “Eurovision Song Contest to ban cheats from show”. BBC. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
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[112] SL (5 April 2013). “Maureen Louys à l'Eurovision!" [127] Charalampos (3 April 2013). ΕΛΛΑΔΑ: Η Μαρία Κο[Maureen Louys at Eurovision!] (in French). DH.be. Reζάκου και ο Γιώργος Καπουτζίδης στην ελληνική trieved 5 April 2013. αναμετάδοση![GREECE: Mary Cossack and George Kapoutzidis in Greek broadcasting!]. OGAE Greece (in [113] “Drugi program HTV” [Another program HTV] (in CroaGreek). Retrieved 3 April 2013. tian). 14 May 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013. [128] “Eurovíziós Dalfesztivál 2013 – Döntő – PORT.hu” [Eurovision Song Contest 2013 - Final Round - PORT.hu] [114] “HRT: Eurosong 2013.” [HRT: Eurovision Song Contest (in Hungarian). port.hu. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013]. HRT (in Croatian). 8 May 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013. 2013. [115] “Drugi program – Raspored emitiranja” [Another pro- [129] “Felix tekur við af Hrafnhildi í Eurovision” [Felix takes over from Hrafnhildur in Eurovision]. RÚV.is (in Icegram - Broadcast schedule]. HRT (in Croatian). 13 May landic). 20 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013. 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013. [116] “58ος Διαγωνισμός Τραγουδιού της Eurovision – [130] “Marty’s off to Malmo and he fancies our chances”. independents.ie. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013. Πρώτος Ημιτελικός" [58th Eurovision Song Eurovision - First Semifinal]. Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (in [131] “Eurovision on RTÉ Radio 1 tonight”. independents.ie. Greek). 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013. [117] Grønbech, Jens (18 March 2013). “Kommentator [132] “EurovIL :: מורן מזור מציגה את:אירוויל – רק בשבילכם forudser: Emmelie får kamp til stregen” [Commentator [ "הקליפ ל"רק בשבילוEurovision: Irwil - just for you: predicts: Emmelie get a fight]. DR (in Danish). Retrieved Moran Mazor who only presents the clip for it]. Israel 21 March 2013. Broadcasting Authority (in Hebrew). 13 May 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013. [118] Dremljuga, Martin (23 April 2013). “Eurovisiooniks valmis Birgit Õigemeele pildiga piimašokolaad” [Eurovi- [133] “88FM אירווזיון2013[ " ב88FM in Eurovision 2013]. sion ready Birgit sensory image of milk chocolate]. pubIsrael Broadcasting Authority (in Hebrew). 11 May 2013. lik.delfi.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 26 April 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013. [119] Kaldoja, Kerttu (13 May 2013). “Eurovisiooni saab vaa- [134] “ESC 2013: al timone Rai ancora Federica Gentile e Solibello-Ardemagni” [ESC 2013: Rai at the helm again data nii ETV kui ka R2 kommentaaridega” [You can Federica Gentile and Solibello-Ardemagni] (in Italian). watch ETV Eurovision as well as a commentary R2]. Eesti eurofestival.ws. 29 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March Rahvusringhääling (in Estonian). Retrieved 13 May 2013. 2013. [120] YLE Euroviisut (13 April 2013). “ESC 2013 Ylen kanavilla” [ESC 2013 YLE’s channels]. YLE (in Finnish). Re- [135] “Natascha Lusenti affiancherà Ardemagni-Solibello nel commento all'Eurovision 2013” [Natascha Lusenti join trieved 13 April 2013. Ardemagni-Solibello in the comment Eurovision 2013] (in Italian). eurofestival.ws. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 6 [121] Othman, Hanna (14 February 2013). “Eva och Johan refApril 2013. ererar ESC från Malmö" [Eva and Johan commentating ESC from Malmö]. Yle Fem (in Swedish). Retrieved 14 [136] “LTV atklāj, kas komentēs 'Eirovīzijas’ tiešraides” [LTV February 2013. reveals that comment 'Eurovision' live] (in Latvian). Delfi.lv. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013. [122] Barké, Sébastien (9 April 2013). “Eurovision 2013: Tous en piste sur France 3” [Eurovision 2013: All the track on [137] Navickaitė, Viktorija (26 March 2013). ""Eurovizijos” France 3]. Toutelatele (in French). Retrieved 11 April vilkai apie menką Andriaus Pojavio savireklamą 2012. konkurse: rezultatams tai įtakos nedaro, bet rėmėjams – rūpi” [Eurovision wolves about poor Andriaus Pojavio [123] Jiandani, Sanjay (7 December 2012). “Special Commitselfpromo competition: the results is not affected, but tee to select French entry and representative”. ESCTothe sponsors - care] (in Lithuanian). 15 min. Retrieved day.com. Retrieved 1 March 2013. 10 May 2013. [124] “Temo Kvirkvelia to be presenter of 2013 ESC in Geor- [138] Aleksoska-Nedelkovska, Sonja (9 May 2013). "МТВ gia”. Georgian Public Broadcaster. 11 March 2013. Reќе емитува секојдневна доза евровизиски содржини" trieved 13 May 2013. [MRT will broadcast daily dose of Eurovision content] (in Macedonian). Dnevnik. Retrieved 10 May 2013. [125] Sommer, Sascha (30 January 2013). “Peter Urban: Die Stimme” [Peter Urban: The Voice]. NDR (in German). [139] Calleja Bayliss, Marc (10 May 2013). “Exclusive: Retrieved 21 March 2013. Commentators for PBS Coverage Revealed”. escflashmalta.com. Retrieved 11 May 2013. [126] "Καπουτζίδης και Κοζάκου θα σχολιάσουν live τις βραδιές της φετινής Eurovision” [Kapoutzidis and Cos- [140] “O echipă Mesager va relata de la Malmö" [A team sack will comment live the nights of this year’s Eurovimessenger will report from Malmö] (in Romanian). TeleRadio-Moldova. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 13 May sion] (in Greek). eurovison.gr. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013. 2013.
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[141] “Concursul de muzică “Eurovision 2013”. Prima semi- [155] “Eurovision Song Contest 2013 – Internationales Finale finală. Retransmisiune Moldova1” [Music Contest “Euaus Malmö/Schweden” [Eurovision Song Contest 2013 rovision 2013”. The first semifinal. retransmission - International final of Malmö, Sweden] (in German). Moldova1] (in Romanian). Privesc.Eu. 14 May 2013. srf.ch. 13 April 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013. [156] “SRF TV-Programm, Eurosong 2013” [SRF TV program, [142] Vučinić, Nada (14 May 2013). “Večernji program” Eurovision Song Contest 2013] (in German). srf.ch. 8 [Evening program] (in Montenegrin). RTCG. Retrieved May 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013. 15 May 2013. [157] “Svizzera: il commento dell'ESC ad Alessandro Bertoglio [143] “Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists” [Welcome to (RSI). L'intervista.” [Switzerland: Commentator for ESC the website of Eurovision Artists] (in Dutch). Eurovisionis Alessandro Bertoglio (CSR). The interview.]. Eurofesartists.nl. 29 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013. tival News (in Italian). 18 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013. [144] “Eurovision Song Contest 2013 – finale 18.05.2013” [Eurovision Song Contest 2013 - final 18 May 2013]. NRK [158] Krohmal, Aleksandra (25 April 2013). ТИМУР (in Norwegian). 5 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013. МИРОШНИЧЕНКО: У ЗЛАТЫ ЕСТЬ ВСЕ, ЧТОБЫ ВЛЮБИТЬ В СЕБЯ ЗА ТРИ МИНУТЫ[Timur [145] Opdahl, Katrine (13 May 2013). “P3morgens store Miroshnichenko: Do Zlatan has everything to fall in love Eurovision-fest” [P3morgens big Eurovision party]. NRK in three minutes]. Obozrevatel (in Russian). Retrieved 10 (in Norwegian). Retrieved 17 May 2013. May 2013. [146] "Începe concursul Eurovision! Prima semifinală, în [159] Перший півфінал. Усі виступи[The first semifinal. All această seară" [Eurovision Begins! The first semifinal, performances]. National Television Company of Ukraine tonight] (in Romanian). Romanian Television. 14 May (in Ukrainian). 14 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013. 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013. [160] Сітка мовлення – Канали :: Аудіо-архів[Grid broad[147] Яна Чурикова: перед "Евровидением" Дина Гарипова casting - Channels :: Audio Archive]. National Radio похудела ровно вдвое![Ian Churikova: before the “EuCompany of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 13 May 2013. Rerovision” Dean Garipova lost weight just twice!]. bubtrieved 13 May 2013. lik.delfi.ee (in Russian). 30 April 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013. [161] Noone, Alex (7 March 2013). “United Kingdom: Ana Matronic to commentate”. esctoday.com. Retrieved 7 [148] “SM Tv San Marino: confermati i conduttori per March 2013. l'Eurovision 2013” [SMTV San Marino confirmed the commentators for the Eurovision 2013] (in Italian). eu- [162] Webb, Glen (3 January 2013). “What lies in store for rofestival.ws. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013. 2013?". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 7 March 2013. [149] Песма Евровизије 2013 – друго полуфинале, пренос[Eurovision Song Contest 2013 - first semifinal] (in [163] “Malme: Takmičenje za Pjesmu Eurovizije 2013” Serbian). Radio Television of Serbia. 15 May 2013. Re[Malmo: Eurovision Song Contest 2013] (in Bosnian). trieved 15 May 2013. BHRT. 12 May 2013. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013. [150] Финале Песме Евровизије 2013[Final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2013] (in Serbian). Radio Television of Ser- [164] “Twitter / bheurosong: Večeras od 21h. na BHRT - FIbia. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013. NALE 58. EUROSONGA!" [Tonight from 21pm. on BHRT - FINALE 58 Eurovision] (in Bosnian). Twitter. [151] “Evrovizijsko obarvan program Televizije Slovenija” [Eu18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013. rovision Song coloured program TV Slovenia] (in Slovenian). rtvslo.si. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013. [165] Siim, Jamo (2 October 2013). “Eurovision 2013 reaches China”. eurovision.tv. Retrieved 5 October 2013. [152] Manu Mahía (13 April 2013). “TVE vuelve a confiar en José María Iñigo para comentar Eurovisión 2013” [TVE [166] Анонс прямой трансляции конкурса again rely on José María Iñigo to comment Eurovision "Евровидения−2013” на телеканале "Ел ар2013]. eurovision-spain.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 на"[Announcement of the live broadcast of the contest April 2013. “Eurovision-2013” on TV “El Arna"] (in Russian). YouTube. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013. [153] Maria Rosén (22 April 2013). “Josefine Sundström kommenterar Eurovision” [Josefine Sundström commentating [167] Конкурс песни "Евровидение – 2013”[Eurovision Song Contest 2013]. El Arna (in Russian). 13 May 2013. Refor Eurovision] (in Swedish). SVT.se. Retrieved 22 April 2013. trieved 13 May 2013. [154] = (10 May 2013). “Häng med Norén och Ritterland hela [168] Ferreira, David (10 May 2013). “Confirmado: RTP1 vägen fram till finalen i ESC” [Join Carolina Norén and transmite todo o “Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2013"" Ronnie Ritterland all the way to the final of the ESC] (in [Confirmed: RTP1 transmits all the “Eurovision 2013"] Swedish). sverigesradio.se. Retrieved 11 May 2013. (in Portuguese). A Televisão. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
7.11. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2014
255
a Phoenix", written by Charley Mason, Joey Patulka, Ali Zuckowski, and Julian Maas for Austria.[13] This was Austria’s first win in the competition since 1966. Jokes made about Wurst had sparked controversy, whilst Russia [170] House of Sweden. “LIVE HD Broadcast from the 2013 were booed several times during the contest. The NetherEurovision Song Contest”. EurovisionUS. Eventbrite. Re- lands and Sweden finished second and third respectively with the former achieving their best result since their victrieved 8 June 2013. tory in the 1975 Contest. Armenia finished fourth, which [171] Kapps, Sebastien (29 April 2013). “Eurovision album re- equals their best result to date, while Hungary finished leased”. escunited.com. ESCUnited. Retrieved 5 Novemfifth, achieving its best result since its fourth place in ber 2014. 1994. Of the “Big Five”, only Ruth Lorenzo of Spain [172] “Eurovision Song Contest - Malmö 2013”. achieved a place in the top ten. [169] European Union National Institutes for Culture (22 April 2013). “Live HD Broadcast of the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest at the Swedish Embassy in Washington, 18 May”. EUNIC Online. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
itunes.apple.com. 2014.
iTunes.
Retrieved 5 November
A new record of 195 million viewers for the Eurovision Song Contest was reported.[1] The official compilation album of the 2014 Contest was released by Universal Music Group on 14 April 2014, and featured all 37 songs 7.10.13 External links from the contest, including the official #JoinUs theme performed during the interval act of the grand final. The • Official website host broadcaster, DR, and the EBU won the International • Eurovision Song Contest 2013 at the Internet Movie TV Award at the Ondas Awards for their production of Database the contest. • Eurovision Song Contest 2013’s channel on YouTube
7.11.1 Location
7.11 Eurovision Song Contest 2014
For more details on the host city, see Copenhagen. On 2 September 2013, Danish public broadcaster DR
“Eurovision 2014” redirects here. For the Junior Contest, see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014. The Eurovision Song Contest 2014 was the 59th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, following Emmelie de Forest's win at the 2013 contest in Malmö, Sweden with the song "Only Teardrops". This was the third time that Denmark hosted the contest, the most recent previous occasion being in 2001. The two semi-finals took place on 6 May and 8 May 2014, and the final on 10 May 2014.[9] The shows were presented by Lise Rønne, Nikolaj Koppel and Pilou Asbæk.[10] The show organisers from Copenhagen all in all spent 112 million Danish kroner on the contest; three times more than what was expected and were furthermore highly accused of cases of nepotism within the organisation.[11] The host broadcaster, DR, chose the B&W Hallerne as the host venue after considering several bids from cities and venues across Denmark.[12]
B&W Hallerne, Copenhagen - host venue of the 2014 contest.
announced that it had chosen Copenhagen as the host city for the 2014 contest. The contest was held at the former shipyard Refshaleøen, in the B&W Hallerne, with the social networking hashtag "#JoinUs” as the motto. The location had been refurbished to accommodate the event, Thirty-seven countries participated; this includes the re- with the surrounding area transformed into “Eurovision the turn of Poland after a two-year absence and Portugal af- Island”—an Olympic Park-inspired complex housing [12] event venue, press centre, and other amenities. ter a one-year absence. Overall, there were two fewer countries competing compared to the previous year, mak- The mayor of Copenhagen, Frank Jensen, declared in late ing thirty-seven participants, the smallest number since August that the city would contribute to the budget with 2006. Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Serbia announced 40 million (Danish Kroner) (€5.36 million). He also antheir withdrawal from the 2014 Contest. San Marino and nounced that the aim was to make the Eurovision 2014 Montenegro both qualified for the final for the first time. into the greenest contest to date since Copenhagen had The winner was Conchita Wurst with the song "Rise Like been elected European Green Capital for 2014.[14]
256 Bidding phase
which hosted the 2001 contest.
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND Stadium, a large tent on the grounds of DR Byen and the B&W Hallerne.[24][25] On 25 June 2013, the Municipality of Fredericia announced that the Triangle Region had withdrawn its bid on hosting the contest, due to the lack of a suitable venue. DR required the hosting venue to have no pillars blocking any views and an interior height of at least 16 metres. However, no venues in the region met those requirements and, therefore, Fredericia was no longer in the running for becoming host city of the 2014 Eurovision Song Contest.[26] On 28 June 2013, Anders Hørsholt, CEO of Parken Sport & Entertainment, stated Parken Stadium, that the Parken Stadium was no longer in the running for hosting the contest due to several football matches having already been scheduled to take place at the stadium in the weeks leading up to the contest.[27]
Jyske Bank Boxen, hosted the final of Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2013. Five cities had been considered as host city of the contest, including Herning and Copenhagen, both favourites to be the next host.[15] The Parken Stadium, located in Copenhagen, which hosted the 2001 contest and Jyske Bank Boxen in Herning, which hosted the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2013 final, were the first venues to join the bidding phase.[16] Later, Fredericia and Aalborg entered the phase with the Messe C and Gigantium venues, respectively.[17][18] The fifth city to join the phase was Horsens, with the venue being the courtyard of the former Horsens State Prison. In the event that Horsens had been chosen to host the contest, the courtyard would have been covered by a permanent glass roof.[19][20] The contest was provisionally set to take place on 13, 15 and 17 May 2014, however, the dates were later brought forward a week in order to accommodate the candidate cities.[9]
Aalborg
Copenhagen Fredericia Herning Horsens
Locations of the candidate cities. The chosen location, Copenhagen, is marked in red. Key
Host venue
7.11.2 Format
On 17 June 2013, the municipality executive of Aalborg decided not to bid for hosting the contest due to the city’s lack of sufficient hotel capacity. While DR required the host city to have at least 3,000 hotel rooms, the city of Aalborg had only 1,600 hotel rooms, more than half of which had been booked for other events taking place at the same time as the Eurovision Song Contest.[21][22] On 18 June 2013, DR announced that formal bids on hosting the contest had been received by the municipalities of Copenhagen, Herning and Horsens, and that the Municipality of Fredericia had confirmed its intention to place a formal bid, too.[23] On 19 June 2013, the deadline for placing bids on hosting the contest,[22] it was reported that Wonderful Copenhagen, the official convention, event and visitors bureau of the Greater Copenhagen area, had proposed three different venues in its bid on hosting the contest: The Parken
Nikolaj Koppel, Lise Rønne and Pilou Asbæk, the presenters of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
The competition consisted of two semi-finals and a final, a format which has been in use since 2008. The ten coun-
7.11. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2014
257 perform in the first semi-final, while Norway would perform in the second semi-final.[37] The EBU also allocated Israel to the second semi-final after a request from the delegation in order to avoid complications with a national holiday coinciding with the date of the first semifinal.[38] The remaining participating countries, excluding the automatic finalists (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom), were split into six pots, based on voting patterns from the previous ten years.[39] The pots were calculated by the televoting partner Digame and were as follows:[40]
Stage design of the contest
Running order tries with the highest scores in each semi-final qualified to As in 2013, the host broadcaster DR and their producthe final where they joined the host nation Denmark and ers determined the running order for each show with the five main sponsoring nations (known as the Big Five): only the starting position of the host nation being deterFrance, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. mined by draw.[41] A draw which took place during the Each participating country had their own national jury, heads of delegation meeting on 17 March 2014 in Copenwhich consisted of five professional members of the mu- hagen determined that Denmark would perform 23rd in sic industry. Each member of a respective nation’s jury the final.[42] On 24 March 2014, the running order for was required to rank every song, except that of their own the two semi-finals was released.[43] Prior to the creation country. The voting results from each member of a par- of the running order for the final, an allocation draw was ticular nation’s jury were combined to produce an overall held during the semi-final winners press conferences folranking from first to last place. Likewise, the televot- lowing the conclusion of each semi-final and during the ing results were also interpreted as a full ranking, tak- individual press conferences on 6 May 2014 for the Big ing into account the full televoting result rather than just Five (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingthe top ten. The combination of the jury’s full ranking dom). The draw determined whether the country would and the televote’s full ranking produced an overall rank- perform in the first or second half of the final. The proing of all competing entries. The song which scored the ducers published the final running order shortly before highest overall rank received 12 points, while the tenth- 0200 CEST on 9 May 2014. Ukraine were drawn to perbest ranked song received 1-point.[31] In the event of a form first, whilst the United Kingdom were drawn to pertelevoting(insufficient amount of votes/technical issues) form last.[44] or jury failure(technical issue/breach of rules), only a jury/televoting was used by each country [32][33] Crimea On 20 September 2013, the EBU released the official rules for the 2014 contest, which introduced rule changes The contest was held in the immediate aftermath of the regarding the jury voting.[34] The rules aimed at providing 2014 Ukrainian revolution, Russian military intervention more transparency regarding each five member national in Ukraine, and the crisis in Crimea, in which Crimea jury by releasing the names of all jurors on 1 May 2014 was annexed by Russia. Votes cast through Ukrainian prior to the start of the contest and providing each juror’s telecom providers which service Crimea were counted tofull ranking results after the conclusion of the contest. In wards Ukraine’s votes.[45] addition, jury members on a particular nation’s jury can only serve as a juror if they have not already participated Graphic design as such in one of the preceding two contest editions.[35] The graphic design of the contest was revealed by the EBU on 18 December 2013. The theme art comprises Semi-final allocation draw a blue and purple diamond, within it the generic EuroviThe draw that determined the semi-final allocation was sion Song Contest logo featuring the Danish flag as well and slogan "#JoinUs” at the centre of the held on 20 January 2014 at the Copenhagen City Hall.[36] as the hashtag [46] diamond. Prior to the allocation draw, on 24 November 2013 it was announced that Norway and Sweden would perform in The postcards used to introduce a country and their pardifferent semi-finals in order to maximise the availabil- ticipants were shot in their respective countries and feaity of tickets for visitors from both countries. A draw tured the artists using unique ways to create their counat the EBU headquarters determined that Sweden would try’s flag, e.g. the postcard for the United Kingdom fea-
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
semi jury
tures Molly creating the Union Flag from Routemaster buses, Royal Mail vans, and people wearing blue raincoats along with strips of red and white paper, and the postcard for Denmark featuring Basim and his singers using old furniture and red and white paint to paint the Danish flag.[47] The postcards then ended with the act taking a picture on a camera or phone and a close up of the resulting artwork was shown onscreen. The flag created by the artist(s) is then captured into a diamond and it transitions to the official flag. It then swirls round for the before-hand details of the artist/composer. For example, the entry for San Marino features the painting of the flag that Valentina Monetta (the artist) created, transitioning into the official flag for San Marino.[48]
Countries in the first semi-final Countries also voting in the first semi-final Countries in the second semi-final Countries also voting in the second semi-final
7.11.3 Participating countries Thirty-seven countries participated in the 2014 Contest. Bulgarian broadcaster Bulgarian National Television (BNT),[53] Croatian broadcaster Hrvatska radiotelevizija (HRT),[54] Cypriot broadcaster Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC)[55] and Serbian broadcaster Radio Television of Serbia (RTS)[56] withdrew from the 2014 contest. Other absent countries that previously have participated are Andorra,[57] Bosnia and Herzegovina,[58] Czech Republic,[59] Luxembourg,[60] Monaco,[61] Morocco,[62] Slovakia[63] and Turkey.[64] Portugal have also in the past withdrew from the contest.[65] Poland returned after last participating in 2011.[66]
National host broadcaster Returning artists Pernille Gaardbo was appointed by DR’s Director General, Maria Rørbye Rønn, as the Executive Producer for the contest, three-days after Denmark’s victory at the 2013 contest.[49] Maria Rørbye Rønn stated in an interview that “By choosing Penille Gaardbo, we have a person who has all the necessary leadership skills, which are essential in order to run a project of this magnitude, and the technical insight for such a large TV-production, which the Eurovision Song Contest is”.[49] Gaardbo has worked for the host broadcaster for 17 years, 12 of which was in the role of supervisor of the DR Medieservice.[49] Danish Royal Family members Crown Prince Frederik and his wife, Crown Princess Mary, attended the final as invited guests of the host broadcaster DR.[50][51] In March 2014, the host broadcaster DR invited Jessica Mauboy to perform during the interval act of the second semifinal on 8 May 2014, part of DR’s recognition of Australia’s loyalty to the Eurovision Song Contest.[52] Mauboy performed the song "Sea of Flags" during the interval act.[5]
Valentina Monetta represented San Marino for a third and final consecutive year, having previously represented the microstate at the 2012 and 2013 contests.[67] This makes Monetta the fourth main singer to compete in three consecutive contests (and the only one of amongst them never to win in one of these occasions), following Lys Assia and Corry Brokken, who both competed in the 1956, 1957 and 1958 contests, and Udo Jürgens, who competed in 1964, 1965 and 1966. Paula Seling and Ovi returned as a duo, having previously represented Romania in 2010.[68] The Tolmachevy Sisters, who represented Russia, previously participated in and won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006. Macedonian backing vocalist Tamara Todevska previously represented Macedonia in 2008.[69] Martina Majerle, who represented Slovenia in 2009 and provided backing vocals numerous times for Croatia (2003), Montenegro (2008) and Slovenia (2007, 2011, 2012), returned as a backing vocalist for Montenegro.[70]
7.11. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2014
7.11.4
259
Results
Georgia and Macedonia used juries due to either technical issues with the televoting or an insufficient amount of Full semi-final results including televoting and results votes cast during the televote period.[87][88] from the individual jury members were released shortly after the final.[71] Final 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the Grand FiSpain, France, and Denmark also voted in this semi- nal: final.[72] The ten songs that are marked in orange qualified Below is a summary of the split number one selection, to the final. by respectively each country’s jury and televoters in the Semi-final 1
Grand Final: Semi-final 2
7.11.6 Other countries
Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom also voted in this semi-final.[72] The ten songs that are marked in or- Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision ange qualified to the final. Song Contest For a country to be eligible for potential participation in the Eurovision Song Contest, it needs to be As in the 2013 contest, the winner was announced as soon an active member of the European Broadcasting Union [97] The EBU issued an invitation of participaas it was mathematically impossible to catch up. In this (EBU). [97] case, the winner had been determined by the 34th vote, tion for the 2014 Contest to all 56 active members. Thirty-seven countries confirmed their participation.[40] which came from Ukraine. Lebanon, Tunisia, and five other EBU members, however, did not publish their reasons for declining, whilst 1.^ The song is in French; however, there is the following list of countries declined stating their reaone sentence in English and one sentence in sons as shown below.[40] Spanish. Final
2.^ The song is completely in Italian; however the last line was sung in English at the contest.
7.11.5
Active EBU members •
Andorra – The Andorran broadcaster Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra (RTVA) informed a Eurovision news website that due to financial reasons and budget constraints, Andorra would not return to the contest in 2014.[57]
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Despite the Bosnian broadcaster Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHRT) initially stating their intention to participate in the contest, on 18 December 2013 it was announced that they would not be taking part due to a lack of sponsorship.[58][98]
•
Bulgaria – Despite initial indications that Bulgarian broadcaster Bulgarian National Television (BNT) had planned to participate in the 2014 contest, on 22 November 2013, BNT announced their withdrawal from the competition, citing an expensive participation fee and limited funds due to budget cuts as reasons for this decision.[53][99][100]
•
Croatia – Croatian broadcaster Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT) announced on 19 September 2013 that they are withdrawing from the 2014 contest, citing the European financial crisis, as well as
Scoreboard
Semi-final 1 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the first semifinal: Below is a summary of the split number one selection, by respectively each country’s jury and televoters in the First Semi Final: Albania, Montenegro, San Marino and Moldova used juries due to vote in Televote Semi-final 2 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the second semifinal: Below is a summary of the split number one selection, by respectively each country’s jury and televoters in the Second Semi Final:
260
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND a string of poor results between 2010 and 2013 influencing their decision to take a year break. The last time Croatia qualified for the grand final before 2016 was in 2009.[54]
•
•
•
•
•
status of the "Big Five" were once again cited as reasons for this decision.[103] The non-participation was further confirmed on 7 November 2013.[64]
Cyprus – On 3 October 2013, the Cypriot Require active EBU membership broadcaster Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC) announced their withdrawal from the 2014 • Kosovo – While Kosovan broadcaster Radio contest, citing public opinion regarding the 2012– Television of Kosovo (RTK) did not voice any in13 Cypriot financial crisis and budget restrictions tention regarding the 2014 contest, Kosovo’s Deputy as factors that influenced this decision.[55] Minister of Foreign Affairs Petrit Selimi told the Swedish television programme Korrespondenterna Czech Republic – The Czech broadcaster that he thought Kosovo, whose status is disČeská televize (ČT) confirmed on 30 September puted, would be granted EBU membership and 2013, that they would not return to the contest in acceptance into the Eurovision in time for the 2014, citing low viewing figures and poor results as 2014 edition.[104][105] However, Kosovo has not their reason.[59] been recognized as an independent country by the International Telecommunications Union, which is Luxembourg – The chief executive officer of a requirement for full membership in the EBU.[106] RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg, Alain Berwick, stated that Luxembourg would not return to the contest, citing the potential financial burden of hosting the con• Liechtenstein – Broadcaster 1 Fürstentum test and a lack of public interest as reasons for this Liechtenstein Television (1FLTV) had originally indecision.[101] The broadcaster further confirmed on tended to participate in the 2013 contest, pending 24 July 2013, that Luxembourg would not be particsubsidies being sought from the Liechtenstein govipating in the 2014 contest.[60] ernment in order to join the EBU.[107] However such financial offerings were never granted. The broadMonaco – The Monegasque broadcaster Télé caster at the time had stated that they would try again Monte Carlo (TMC) informed a Eurovision news with the aim to make their debut in 2014.[108] On 10 website that Monaco would not be returning to the September 2013, 1FLTV announced that they will contest in 2014.[61] not be present at any foreseeable Eurovision Song Contest until such financial support has been granted Morocco – On 11 September 2013, Moroccan by the government of Liechtenstein.[109] broadcaster Société Nationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision (SNRT) informed and confirmed to a Eurovision news website that they have not ruled out the possibility of making a comeback in the near fu- 7.11.7 Incidents ture, but currently have no plans to make their return Armenian contestant’s statements at the 2014 contest.[62]
•
Serbia – On 22 November 2013, Serbian broadcaster Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) announced that it would withdraw from the 2014 contest due to financial difficulties and a lack of available sponsorship for a potential Serbian entry.[56]
•
Turkey – On 14 September 2013, the general director of Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu (TRT), İbrahim Şahin, stated that there are no plans to return to the contest under the current conditions. Dissatisfaction with the introduction of a mixed jury/televote voting system and the current
On the week of the contest, Armenian contestant Aram Mp3 commented on Conchita Wurst’s image by saying that her lifestyle was “not natural”[110] and that she needed to decide to be either a woman or a man.[110] The statement sparked controversy, following which Aram Mp3 apologised and added that what he said was meant to be a [111] Wurst accepted the apology, by stating, “I have • Slovakia – Slovakian broadcaster Rozhlas a joke. to say that if it’s a joke it’s not funny... but he apologised televízia Slovenska (RTVS) announced through their and that’s fine for me.”[112][113] the official Twitter feed on 1 September 2013 that Slovakia would not participate in the 2014 contest.[102] The non-participation was further confirmed on 9 September 2013.[63] Georgia jury votes Georgia’s jury votes in the Grand Final were all declared invalid, as all the jury members had voted exactly the same from 3 points up to 12 points.[114] According to EBU, this constitutes a statistical impossibility. Therefore, only Georgia’s televoting result was used for the distribution of the Georgian points in the Grand Final.[114]
7.11. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2014
261
Lithuanian spokesperson’s commentary
by the entries competing at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014, in addition to the main winner’s trophy. In conLithuanian spokesperson Ignas Krupavičius, just before trast, the Ondas Awards have honoured the production of announcing that ten points of his country’s vote had been the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 itself in one of their assigned to Conchita Wurst, said referring to Wurst’s categories. beard, “Now it is time to shave”, then pulled out a razor and pretended to shave his own face, before giggling at the joke. Host Nikolaj Koppel replied to that by saying, Marcel Bezençon Awards “Time to shave? I think not.” BBC commentator Graham Further information: Marcel Bezençon Awards Norton also expressed his frustration at the joke and sup[115] ported Koppel’s reply. The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, EsReaction to Russia’s performance tonia, honouring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's repreRussia’s Tolmachevy Sisters were the subject of booing sentative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and the from the audience, during the semifinal and when they current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard qualified into final.[116] Russia’s act were also booed dur- Herrey (a member of the Herreys and the Eurovision ing the grand final; and when the Russian spokesper- Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards son delivered their top-three votes. The booing was also are named after the creator of the annual competition, heard when countries awarded Russia votes, including Marcel Bezençon.[120] The awards are divided into three neighbouring countries such as Armenia and Belarus.[117] categories: Press Award, Artistic Award, and Composer Award.[121] Internet activist security breach After Conchita Wurst had won and performed the song again, and shortly before the end of the television broadcast, press photographers crowded around Wurst for pictures. During the photo session, Estonian “Free Anakata" activist Meelis Kaldalu managed to breach security and approach Wurst, giving her flowers and a Danish flag. She accepted the flowers, and Kaldalu knelt before her; what he said could not be heard. As security personnel realised Kaldalu was not supposed to be there, they began to drag him away, and Kaldalu produced a piece of paper, which he had hidden under his shirt, reading "#free anakata”.[118][119]
7.11.8
Other awards
OGAE Further information: OGAE Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision (more commonly known as OGAE) is an international organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna, Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[122] The organisation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is a nongovernmental, non-political, and non-profit company.[123] In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing members from forty clubs to vote for their favourite songs of the 2014 contest. Below is the top five overall results, after all the votes had been cast.[124] Barbara Dex Award Further information: Barbara Dex Award The Barbara Dex Award has been annually awarded by the fan website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self designed dress.[125]
Wurst holds the Eurovision trophy after winning.
Ondas Awards
The Marcel Bezençon Awards, the OGAE voting poll and Further information: Premios Ondas the Barbara Dex Awards are awards that were contested
262
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
The Ondas Awards (Spanish: Premios Ondas) is an award ceremony organised by Radio Barcelona, a subsidiary of Cadena SER, since 1954. They are awarded in recognition of professionals in the fields of radio and television broadcasting, the cinema, and the music industry.[127] The 61st Ondas Award recipients were announced on 6 November 2014, where Danish broadcaster, Danmarks Radio and the European Broadcasting Union received the International Television Award, for their production of the 2014 Eurovision Song Contest.[128][129] The award will be handed over during the awards ceremony that will take place on 25 November 2014 at the Liceu in Barcelona.[128]
14.
Latvia – Ralfs Eilands (Latvian representative in the 2013 Contest as part of PeR)
15.
Armenia – Anna Avanesyan
16.
Iceland – Benedict Valsson
17.
Macedonia – Marko Mark
18.
Sweden – Alcazar
19.
Belarus – Alyona Lanskaya (Belarusian representative in the 2013 Contest)
7.11.9
International broadcasts and voting
It was reported by the EBU that the 2014 Contest was viewed by a worldwide television audience of a record breaking 195 million viewers.[1] Voting and spokespersons The order in which each country announced their votes was determined in a draw following the jury results from the final dress rehearsal. An algorithm implemented by NRK, based on jury vote, was used to generate as much suspense as possible. The spokespersons are shown alongside each country.[130] 1.
20.
Germany – Helene Fischer
21.
Israel – Ofer Nachson
22.
Portugal – Joana Teles
23.
Norway – Margrethe Røed
24.
Estonia – Lauri Pihlap (Winner of the 2001 Contest as part of 2XL)
25.
Hungary – Éva Novodomszky
26.
Moldova – Olivia Furtuna
Azerbaijan – Sabina Babayeva (Azerbaijani representative in the 2012 Contest)
27.
Ireland – Nicky Byrne (Irish representative in the 2016 Contest)
2.
Greece – Andrianna Maggania
3.
Poland – Paulina Chylewska
4.
Albania – Andri Xhahu
5.
San Marino – Michele Perniola (Sammarinese representative in the 2013 Junior Contest and the 2015 Contest)
6.
Denmark – Sofie Lassen-Kahlke
7.
Montenegro – Tijana Mišković
8.
Romania – Sonia Argint-Ionescu
9.
Russia – Alsou
28.
Finland – Redrama
29.
Lithuania – Ignas Krupavičius
30.
Austria – Kati Bellowitsch
31.
Spain – Carolina Casado
32.
Belgium – Angelique Vlieghe
33.
Italy – Linus
34.
(Russian representative in the 2000 Contest and co-host of 2009 Contest)
10.
Netherlands – Tim Douwsma
35.
11.
Malta – Valentina Rossi
36.
12.
France – Elodie Suigo
13.
United Kingdom – Scott Mills
Ukraine – Zlata Ognevich (Ukrainian representative in the 2013 Contest; one of the presenters of the 2013 Junior Contest)
Switzerland – Kurt Aeschbacher Georgia – Sophie Gelovani and Nodi Tatishvili (Georgian representatives in the 2013 Contest)
37.
Slovenia – Ula Furlan
7.11. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2014 Commentators
263 •
Israel – Hebrew/Arabic subtitles (Channel 1 and Channel 33, all shows);[160] Kobi Menora and Yuval Caspin (88 FM, all shows)[161]
•
Italy – Marco Ardemagni and Filippo Solibello (Rai 4, semi-finals);[162] Linus and Nicola Savino (Rai 2, final)[163][164]
•
Albania – Andri Xhahu (TVSH, RTSH Muzikë and Radio Tirana, all shows)[131]
•
Armenia – Erik Antaranyan and Anna Avanesyan (Armenia 1, semi-finals);[132] Tigran Danielyan and Arevik Udumyan (Armenia 1, final)
•
Austria – Andi Knoll (ORF eins, all shows)[133]
•
Latvia – Valters Frīdenbergs and Kārlis Būmeisters (LTV1, all shows)[165]
•
Azerbaijan – Konul Arifgizi (İTV and İTV Radio, all shows)[134]
•
•
Belarus – Evgeny Perlin (Belarus-1 and Belarus-24, all shows)[135][136]
Lithuania – Darius Užkuraitis (LRT and LRT Radijas, all shows)[166][167]
•
Macedonia – Karolina Petkovska (MRT 1, MRT Sat and Radio Skopje, all shows)[168][169][170]
•
Malta – Carlo Borg Bonaci (TVM, all shows)[171]
•
Moldova – Daniela Babici (Moldova 1 and Radio Moldova, all shows)[172][173]
•
Montenegro – Dražen Bauković & Tamara Ivanković (TVCG 1, all shows); Sonja Savović and Sanja Pejović (Radio Crne Gore and Radio 98, all shows)[174]
•
Netherlands – Cornald Maas and Jan Smit (Nederland 1 and BVN, all shows)[175][176]
•
Norway – Olav Viksmo Slettan (NRK1, all shows);[177] Ronny Brede Aase, Silje Reiten Nordnes and Line Elvsåshagen (NRK3, final)[178]
•
Poland – Artur Orzech (TVP1, TVP1 HD and TVP Polonia (live), TVP Rozrywka (one day delay), all shows)[179]
•
Portugal – Sílvia Alberto (RTP1, first semi-final and final (live), second semi-final (delayed))[180]
•
Romania – Bogdan Stănescu (TVR1, TVRi and TVR HD, all shows)[181]
•
Russia – Olga Shelest and Dmitriy Guberniev (Russia-1, all shows)[182][183]
•
San Marino – Italian: Lia Fiorio and Gigi Restivo (SMtv San Marino and Radio San Marino, all shows);[184] English: John Kennedy O'Connor and Jamarie Milkovic (SMtv Web TV (Online), all shows)[185]
•
Slovenia – Andrej Hofer (RTV SLO2, semifinals; RTV SLO1 and Televizija Maribor, final; Radio Val 202 and Radio Maribor, second semifinal and final)[186]
•
•
•
Belgium – Dutch: Peter Van de Veire and Eva Daeleman (één and Radio 2, all shows);[137] French: Jean-Louis Lahaye and Maureen Louys (La Une, all shows);[138] Olivier Gilain (VivaCité, final)[139] Denmark – Anders Bisgaard (DR1, semifinals; DR P4, final);[140][141] Ole Tøpholm (DR1, final);[142] Peter Falktoft and Esben Bjerre Hansen (DR3, final);[143] Sign language performers (DR Ramasjang, final)[144] Estonia – Marko Reikop (ETV, all shows);[145] Mart Juur and Andrus Kivirähk (Raadio 2, first semi-final and final)[146]
•
Finland – Finnish: Jorma Hietamäki and Sanna Pirkkalainen (Yle TV2 and Yle Radio Suomi, all shows); Swedish: Eva Frantz and Johan Lindroos (Yle TV2 and Yle Radio Vega, all shows)[147]
•
France – Audrey Chauveau and Bruno Berberes (France Ô, first semi-final);[148] Cyril Féraud and Natasha St-Pier (France 3, final)[149]
•
Georgia – Lado Tatishvili and Tamuna Museridze (GBP First Channel, all shows)[150][151]
•
Germany – Peter Urban (EinsPlus (live) and EinsFestival (delayed), all shows; Phoenix, semifinals; Das Erste, final)[152]
•
Greece – Maria Kozakou (NERIT1 and NERIT HD, all shows), Giorgos Kapoutzidis (NERIT1 and NERIT HD, final)[153]
•
Hungary – Gábor Gundel Takács (M1, all shows)[154][155]
•
Iceland – Felix Bergsson (RÚV and Rás 2, all shows)[156][157]
•
Ireland – Marty Whelan (RTÉ Two, semifinals; RTÉ One, final);[158] Shay Byrne and Zbyszek Zalinski (RTÉ Radio 1, second semi-final and final)[159]
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CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 – SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
by Universal Music Group on 14 April 2014. The album featured all 37 songs that entered in the 2014 contest, including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify into the grand final. It also featured as a bonus track, the official #JoinUs theme, "Rainmaker", performed by the 2013 • Sweden – Malin Olsson and Edward af Sillén contest winner, Emmelie de Forest.[214] (SVT1, all shows);[190] Carolina Norén and Ronnie Ritterland (SR P4, all shows)[191] •
Spain – José María Íñigo (La 2 (TVE), first semi-final; La 1 (TVE), final);[187] Paco González (and Tiempo de juego team) (COPE, final);[188] Sergi Mas (Ona FM - SER Catalunya, final)[189]
7.11.11 See also
•
Switzerland – German: Sven Epiney (SRF zwei, semi-finals; SRF 1, final);[192] Italian: Sandy Altermatt and Alessandro Bertoglio (RSI La 2, second semi-final; RSI La 1, final);[193] French: JeanMarc Richard and Valérie Ogier (RTS Deux, second semi-final; RTS Un, final)[194][195]
•
Ukraine – Timur Miroshnychenko and Tetiana Terekhova (First National, all shows);[196][197][198] Olena Zilinchenko (NRCU, all shows)[199]
•
United Kingdom – Scott Mills and Laura Whitmore (BBC Three, semi-finals);[200] Graham Norton (BBC One, final); Ana Matronic (BBC Radio 2 Eurovision, second semi-final);[201] Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2, final)[202]
Non-participating countries •
Australia – Julia Zemiro and Sam Pang (SBS One, all shows)[203]
•
Canada – Adam Rollins and Tommy D. (OUTtv, broadcast the three shows between 20–22 June 2014)[204]
•
Croatia – Aleksandar Kostadinov (HRT 1 and HR2, final)[205][206]
•
Cyprus – Melina Karageorgiou (RIK 1, all shows)[207][208]
•
Faroe Islands – TBC (Kringvarp Føroya, all)[209]
•
Kazakhstan – Diana Snegina and Kaldybek Zhaysanbay (Khabar, all shows)[210]
•
New Zealand – TBC (BBC UKTV, all shows)[211]
•
Serbia – Silvana Grujić (RTS1, RTS SAT and RTS HD, all shows), Dragan Ilić (RTS1, RTS SAT and RTS HD, final) [212][213]
7.11.10
Official album
• ABU Radio Song Festival 2014 • ABU TV Song Festival 2014 • Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 • Türkvizyon Song Contest 2014 • List of jurors of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
7.11.12 References [1] Bakker, Sietse (4 June 2014). “Eurovision Song Contest 2014 reaches 195 million worldwide”. eurovision.tv. Retrieved 4 June 2014. [2] Leon, Jakov Isak (5 May 2014). "[Day 8] First Dress Rehearsal at the B&W Hallerne #JoinUs”. Eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 May 2014. [3] Leon, Jakov Isak (7 May 2014). "[LIVE] One more Dress Rehearsal at the B&W Hallerne! #JoinUs!". Eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 7 May 2014. [4] Bache, Mikkel (20 April 2014). “Mike Sheridan laver musik til Eurovision: Jeg tror, jeg har ramt den” [Mike Sheridan make music to Eurovision: I think I've hit it]. dr.dk (in Danish). DR. Retrieved 5 May 2014. [5] Vincent, Peter (9 May 2014). “Jessica Mauboy performs at Eurovision Song Contest”. smh.com.au. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 May 2014. [6] eurovision.tv (PDF). EBU http://www.eurovision.tv/ upload/2014/Credit_ESC2014_-_web.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help) [7] Storvik-Green, Simon (7 February 2014). “Emmelie to sing #JoinUs song with finalists”. Eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 7 February 2014. [8] Mulhall, Garrett (24 May 2014). “Watch The Missing Eurovision 2014 Final Interval Act Here”. eurovisionireland.net. Eurovision Ireland. Retrieved 24 May 2014. [9] Siim, Jarmo (8 July 2013). “Eurovision 2014 grand final set for 10 May”. eurovision.tv. Retrieved 8 July 2013. [10] Siim, Jarmo (4 February 2014). “Koppel, Asbaek, and Ronne to Host Eurovision 2014”. eurovision.tv. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
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[196] Тимур Мирошниченко о новых порядках в НТКУ, [212] РТС преноси "Евросонг" 2014.[RTS transmissions “Euцензуре на “112” и "Евровидении" без Украины[Timur rovision Song Contest” in 2014.] (in Serbian). RTS. 7 Miroshnichenko at new orders in NTU, censorship of April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014. “112” and “Eurovision” of Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). Me[213] Песма Евровизије 2014. - Полуфинале 1[Eurovision dianyanya. 4 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014. Song Contest in 2014. - Semifinal 1] (in Serbian). RTS. [197] "Евровидение−2014": Мария Яремчук раскрыла сек29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014. реты своего шоу и "личного фронта" [фото, видео]["Eurovision 2014” Maria Yaremchuk revealed the [214] “Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Copenhagen CD”. universal-music. Universal Music Group. Retrieved 6 secrets of her show and “personal front” [photos, video]] November 2014. (in Russian). Komsomolskaya pravda v Ukraine. Retrieved 6 May 2014. [198] Знайомимося з усіма учасниками Євробачення– 2014![Meet the all participants of Eurovision 2014!] (in Ukrainian). NTU. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014. [199] НРКУ готується вп'яте транслювати Міжнародний пісенний конкурс "Євробачення"[NRCU preparing to broadcast the fifty-ninth international Eurovision Song Contest] (in Ukrainian). NRCU. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014. [200] “Laura adds more Irish sparkle to BBC’s eurovision song show”. Herald.ie. 5 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014. [201] “Radio 2 Eurovision Schedule: Thursday 8 May”. Radio 2 Eurovision. Retrieved 26 April 2014. [202] “BBC unveils new talent Molly as UK representative at Eurovision 2014”. BBC Media Centre. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014. [203] SBS (23 March 2014). “About the Hosts”. SBS. Retrieved 23 March 2014. [204] “Eurovision Returns To Canadian Television”. Eurovision Canada. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014. [205] “Prvi program HTV, subota, 10.05.2014” [The first program HTV, Saturday, 05/10/2014] (in Croatian). HRT. 20 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014. [206] “Drugi program HR 2, subota, 10.05.” [The second program of HR 2, Saturday, 10:05.] (in Croatian). HRT. 10 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014. [207] “Eurovision 2014: Το ΡΙΚ θα μεταδώσει τους ημιτελικούς και τον τελικό" [Eurovision 2014: The CyBC will televise the semifinals and the final]. LiveCity (in Greek). 23 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014. [208] “Twitter / Melina_Kara: It’s official, once again I'll ...”. Twitter. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014. [209] “Faroe Islands: Eurovision 2014 Will Be Broadcast”. Eurovoix. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014. [210] Телеканал "Хабар" покажет Международный конкурс песни "Евровидение" в прямом эфире[Channel “Khabar” show International Song Contest “Eurovision” live]. Zakon.kz (in Russian). 4 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014. [211] “EUROVISION 2014”. UKTV. BBC UKTV. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
7.11.13 External links • Official website • Official rules for 2014 • Eurovision Song Contest 2014 at the Internet Movie Database
Chapter 8
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 8.1 Text • Eurovision Song Contest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest?oldid=735311764 Contributors: Kpjas, JHK, Derek Ross, Mav, Robert Merkel, The Anome, Loffe, Tarquin, Ap, Gareth Owen, Css, Andre Engels, Scipius, JeLuF, Walter, Arvindn, Christian List, Deb, Wathiik, Ortolan88, William Avery, Peterlin~enwiki, Merphant, Kurt Jansson, Karl Palmen, Camembert, Fonzy, Mintguy, KF, Kemkim, Patrick, JohnOwens, Michael Hardy, Zocky, Liftarn, SGBailey, Menchi, Ixfd64, Paul A, Alfio, Goatasaur, Mkweise, Ahoerstemeier, Arwel Parry, Davidme~enwiki, Docu, Samuelsen, CatherineMunro, DropDeadGorgias, Julesd, Qed, Error, AugPi, Nikai, Chrysalis, IMSoP, Kwekubo, Cherkash, EdH, Mxn, AshtonBRSC, Hashar, Alex S, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Timwi, Dcoetzee, Janko, Rob.derosa, Andy G, Dino, Wik, Tpbradbury, Furrykef, Dunshi, Itai, Nricardo, Joy, Raul654, AnonMoos, Leonariso, Johnleemk, Francs2000, Slawojarek, Martijnesc, 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Haz, Gugganij, Geni, Mubor, Picapica, Discospinster, DcoetzeeBot~enwiki, Harry Hayfield, CanisRufus, Zscout370, Circeus, Drange net, RussBlau, Hektor, LtNOWIS, Miranche, SlimVirgin, Dhartung, Velella, Tony Sidaway, Fryede, Bastin, Woohookitty, PatGallacher, Easyas12c, Jon Harald Søby, Matilda, Thewanderer, Pruneau, GünniX, King of Hearts, Visor, Korg, Bgwhite, Roboto de Ajvol, The Rambling Man, Wavelength, RussBot, Crazytales, Kurt Leyman, Rsrikanth05, Kimchi.sg, Miceagol, Gianluca91, Gadget850, Ferdiadh, Eurosong, Jogers, Garion96, Lewis R, Selmo, YellowMonkey, Xun, Grandmaster, Davewild, Wittylama, Skizzik, Bluebot, Jeff5102, Jahiegel, Tartan, Sahmeditor, OrphanBot, Onorem, Yamboo, Cybercobra, MartinP1983, Hoof Hearted, Chrisethebest, Dreadstar, W Ed, KrayCeremoush, DDima, Charivari, Chwech, Eric82oslo, Thewriter2120, J 1982, Aspirex, Bucs, AxG, ARIC2006, E-Kartoffel, Andrwsc, Scorpion0422, Neurillon, Zwart, Asdf01~enwiki, JohnCD, Viper h, Green caterpillar, Neelix, Skybon, Lohnn, Ntsimp, Reywas92, Extate, ST47, Ss112, Pardy, Christian75, DumbBOT, Sergei.belikov, Jmg38, SeNeKa, Davidhorman, The Obento Musubi, Vanjagenije, Chronisgr, Cristi bnr, Jjcarr990, Tony0106, MER-C, Kelso21, AlmostReadytoFly, Magioladitis, VoABot II, Nakkisormi, Fire Elf, Antientropic, Bleh999, Blackcat, Rasho, Clyde1998, JaGa, Mannerheimo, Spy1986, Anaxial, CommonsDelinker, Pedrobob, Erikt~enwiki, Sam Golden, Aureez, RoSe-BuSTeR, Scottrb, Aqwis, OddMNilsen, Algotr, Swaddon1903, Jmckinley, Lanternix, Vanished user 39948282, Bonadea, Wikipeterproject, Sam Blacketer, Gottago, Taotriad, TXiKiBoT, Broadbot, Janezdrilc, Sakletare, Porcina, Brolin, Falcon8765, Grk1011, Hotpanda, Lejman, StAnselm, Sharpvisuals, Matthewedwards, BjörnEF, Phoenixmjs, Dabomb87, Struway2, Eurowizion, Kanonkas, ThePhantomLord, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, Tzuppy, ClueBot, Dougie Bear, Mx3, NiculescuGeorgeta174, Malikbek, Niceguyedc, StigBot, Vladar86, SpikeToronto, Lartoven, Xelaxa, Scalhotrod, Jonathan Winsky, Tuzapicabit, Mr. Gerbear, Bilsonius, DoctorHver, Officially Mr X, Kbdankbot, Ryan-McCulloch, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, CycloneGU, SunDragon34, Fanny1991, CONMEBOL, Dunaszerdahely, Glane23, LinkFA-Bot, HonorTheKing, Torsional, Tassedethe, ElvisFan1981, Zorrobot, WABBAW, Luckasbot, Yobot, Lordmwa, Martin scharrer, Rowantheminoan, Götz, YeshuaDavid, Paralympic, JackieBot, Xqbot, Hedda Gabler, Ytfc23, Tomd2712, DustFormsWords, Library8oy, Superuserofriot, Jeffhardyred, GrouchoBot, Y2ratedr, Georgia-best, Shadowjams, Miyagawa, Yelopes, Chemical2009, Editorxd, Celtic1985, Tatasport, Wykx, Orion6767, Kindosama, Atase1, Eurokas, LittleWink, אצטרובל, RedBot, Aca Srbin, ThomasAndrewNimmo, Cnwilliams, AddZack, Back4goode, Josegeographic, Kanhir, Vattuman, Xxkaylee, Tbhotch, Deanmullen09, Docterneb, TjBot, Dƶoxar, In ictu oculi, TGRM, Felix1411, EmausBot, Crazyseiko, DBuddy, Parkywiki, Celticbhoy97, GoingBatty, Rayukk, Daniel Callegaro, SVG, Érico, Olepska, Coop12, Guyb123321, Tunahan Tuna, Inter600, Egtj, Ocean Shores, Brandmeister, Karlwhen, VHSWE, Brad78, Snowball13, Matewis1, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Loginnigol, L1975p, Frietjes, Widr, Fakonstan, Alexandru M., Asilv, Agzas, BG19bot, AlessandroOdo, AlexandruRo, Nicat49, Dan653, Cristdan223, TheGreekNewz, Wesley Mouse, JoshB91, Tamara Ustinova, Openmy, Ezeltje1598, TJBox, Cathairawr, Cyberbot II, 22dragon22burn, HamiUbsant, Matt294069, The User 567, Eurofan2005, Dexbot, TKreuz, Thesebbeboy, Einstein2, Milos2909, Lazoukov, Krupolskiy Anonim, Arturskristkalns, Epicgenius, Orkhan1990, Jjj1238, Pickette, Tentinator, Axuxius, Lasks, Ars291, SeyitA, Anechj, Baldrs, Wickedragon, Mikeagell98, Foxtrot514, Vmt5913, Petryk.lefter, Danielkmilo, Pokeku, TDFan2006, Ajveditor, New815, Antony Kiriakoglou, Laurahipsen, Sammytick, Vinh4986, A guy saved by Jesus, Somchamp, Gtaboy234, Hollth, DroaDonKaivaban, TheKaphox, SGriffin94, Leonizzz, Xil1601, ArtZ72, Yatogamii, Jeroen5678, SefHR, ThePhantomKid012, Plaegely, Desperado15, Vmt7338, Mihitza78 and Anonymous: 640 • Languages in the Eurovision Song Contest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_in_the_Eurovision_Song_ Contest?oldid=727990351 Contributors: Smjg, Bender235, Circeus, Stuartyeates, Woohookitty, Metropolitan90, Wester, Gaius Cornelius, Malcolma, Amakuha, Doktorbuk, Owain.davies, H2ppyme, Aaker, AxG, JamesAM, Vanjagenije, Responsible?, Mannerheimo, Ulkomaalainen, Scottrb, Eivindgh, Junafani, TXiKiBoT, Nukualofa, Munci, CT Cooper, Dylansmrjones, De Boni 2007, Dpmuk, Niceguyedc, Sun Creator, Ajitirj, Xelaxa, Cexycy, Montaced, Mr. Gerbear, D.M. from Ukraine, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Tassedethe, Ehrenkater, Ptbotgourou, Andreyyshore, Dimitrissss, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, YeshuaDavid, Materialscientist, Lizardboyo, Erik9bot, Aca Srbin, Jaimelare, Redpower94, Jackmc1995, Quaveren, Elberth 00001939, Vattuman, RjwilmsiBot, Matheo137, MAXXX-309, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Theurgist, Daniel Callegaro, Betopedia, H3llBot, August-54, Slovenski-P, ESC 2010, Svilka555, ClueBot NG, Loginnigol, Megnorge, Madeinslovakia, Frietjes, Roreo123eurovision, Akinranbu, Wesley Mouse, JoseDLG, Nik994, BregottMellan, GarethTJennings, OGAEMarince, Starships101, Rorygannon, 22dragon22burn, O'zqon, Dexbot, PootisHeavy, Mogism, Tom Hesen, Vaccinationist, Jjj1238, KremlinGirl1964, Strettons, KingDriverFC, Edwardwilliams 87, Jeroen5678, ToastGeek1 and Anonymous: 98 • Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest?oldid= 734658095 Contributors: Zundark, Tpbradbury, D6, Discospinster, Bender235, AugustinMa, Pperos, Fryede, Woohookitty, GregorB, Rjwilmsi, RussBot, Baumi, Sanguinity, Renata3, Mysid, Rwalker, Eurosong, JQF, Luckystars, Philip Stevens, SmackBot, HeartofaDog, Tytrain, Wildsoda, Colonies Chris, Seedybob, Jahiegel, Kanabekobaton, BIL, Smooth O, Valenciano, Chrisethebest, Aaker, FallenAngelII, Dono, Zymurgy, Clausule, AxG, Ntsimp, Travelbird, Dizagaox, GSV Ethics Gradient, Alphachimpbot, R'n'B, Cancerbero 8, HOUZI, Lizzie Harrison, Geekdiva, Mr Wesker, Gottago, TXiKiBoT, Lucd13, Grk1011, Wrightyboy, Barkeep, Eurowizion, EoGuy, Ukryan1992, Niceguyedc, AnthonyUK, BogdyBBA, GM Pink Elephant, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, CONMEBOL, Tassedethe, Koshoes, Yobot, Eurogirl~enwiki, AnomieBOT, YeshuaDavid, 15Mickey20, LilHelpa, J4lambert, MoreofaGlorifiedPond,Really..., Lukex115, Vattuman, Oliverparish, John of Reading, Dolescum, ProjectSavior, Daniel Callegaro, H3llBot, August-54, Shvybzik, Spa-Franks, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse, Novandan, AnselaJonla, Hmainsbot1, Caitlin Clack, Jjj1238, EUROVISION ISAAC, Finnusertop, Barjimoa, Aboudy69, Mikimed, Yolo127, KirstineJ, ThePhantomKid012, ToastGeek1, Cvaccarogallo and Anonymous: 79 • Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_at_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest?oldid= 736228111 Contributors: Docu, Timwi, Tpbradbury, Timrollpickering, Andy, Matthead, Mzajac, Tomwalden, Mibblepedia, Crunk, Discospinster, Bender235, Giraffedata, Hektor, Jess Cully, Fryede, Brookie, Lkinkade, Woohookitty, Oliphaunt, Sjö, Ecelan, Kito, GünniX, Vilcxjo, Maltesedog, Jdhowens90, Jared Preston, Bgwhite, EamonnPKeane, Rapido, Sceptre, TSO1D, RussBot, TF100, Hack, Mike Halterman, Lockesdonkey, Eurosong, Luckystars, Rredwell, Ilmari Karonen, Philip Stevens, Scolaire, SmackBot, Estoy Aquí, Reverend Duck, Nickst, PeterSymonds, Hmains, Thumperward, Jahiegel, Smooth O, FallenAngelII, Lambiam, Saccerzd, LukaP, Scoty6776, AxG, Kaygtr, CmdrObot, Kevin McE, Stevo1000, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Khatru2, Twittenham, Tozznok, Siros, Nfmccourt, Black1Night, Chandler, ThisIsAce, Luna Santin, Vanjagenije, Alphachimpbot, DuncanHill, Tony0106, Rothorpe, Magioladitis, Rasho, Beagel, Welshleprechaun, Faelomx, Ulkomaalainen, CalendarWatcher, Hrbie, Littledaniel 93, Scottrb, Manbemel, Grez868, Sam Blacketer, Sroc, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Wilbur2012, Grk1011, CT Cooper, Rockostar, DVoit, Jbmurray, D420182, Barliner, Bentogoa, Rafa28 alq, BjörnEF, Miniapolis, Aris 8564, Werldwayd, Anchor Link Bot, Eurowizion, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, Fribbler, Mezigue, Ukryan1992, Rockfang, Arjayay, Gytaz, Cexycy, Carriearchdale, Tuzapicabit, Pink Evolution~enwiki, Riohadzic, ErikM, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, CONMEBOL, Reckless182, Robocop83, Pmod, Euroleague, The C of E, Radtschenkoe, SimoneMLK, Luckas-bot, Yobot, MarkRae, AnomieBOT, 15Mickey20, Agnieszka Popielewicz, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Jubileeclipman, The Angry Monster from Durban, J4lambert, SassoBot, Valentino76, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, PigFlu Oink, Prem09, Typingwestern015, Jonesey95, ZodKneelsFirst, Redpower94, On 15, Vattuman, EmausBot, John of Reading, Dolescum, Dcirovic, ProjectSavior, ZéroBot, Daniel Callegaro, August-54, KarasuGamma, Dmitry123456, Karlwhen, BabbaQ, Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, Phanuruch8555, Xarucoponce, SNTMcentral, L1975p, Parcly Taxel, U.Steele, Widr, Kingston28, Ranma25783, EuroAgurbash, Kristo1410, Wesley Mouse, Not A Superhero, Robyn2000, BattyBot, 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Eurofan2005, Dexbot, Fort esc, Kudosn, User332572385, Andyhowlett, Octavix, Robert4565, Kahtar, Mikeagell98, W. P. Uzer, KremlinGirl1964, AnotherNewAccount, Robevans123, Appetizer8088, Itsalexmccann, Bаki, NewKingsRoad, Fredrik2014, 009988aaabbbccc, Wiki13565, Alfred Kiefer, NayruLink, Xxxxx, Kevlardonkey, John99, TheAmessz, 1984&co, Pandorio, Marco Chemello and Anonymous: 254 • History of the Eurovision Song Contest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest?oldid= 727247565 Contributors: Jahsonic, Ehn, Tpbradbury, RobinCarmody, Rich Farmbrough, Bellczar, DcoetzeeBot~enwiki, Zscout370, Väsk, Hektor, Dtcdthingy, Fryede, Andem, Musical Linguist, Bgwhite, Superiority, Eurosong, Sandstein, Doktorbuk, Jogers, Garion96, Attilios, SmackBot, Dweller, Commander Keane bot, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Timbouctou, Asteraki, James McNally, Hoof Hearted, KrayCeremoush, Atlantas, Charivari, Ohconfucius, Chwech, J 1982, AxG, ARIC2006, E-Kartoffel, BranStark, Scarlet Lioness, Kevin Murray, CmdrObot, Marek69, Eurovisie...~enwiki, Dbromage, Stalik, Snowy 1973, Coyets, Vanjagenije, Alphachimpbot, MegX, Dekimasu, Eivindgh, Ipigott, Coin945, Carlosforonda, Jevansen, Celticfan383, Oskitar, Sjc07, Gottago, Monkeyinaspasm, X958, Magiclite, Grk1011, Dufo, Chenzw, Barkeep, StAnselm, Burakolgun, KritonK, Eurowizion, De Boni 2007, ClueBot, Silverblaster, Vauxhall1964, DragonBot, Xelaxa, Robotico2, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, LetThereBeLove, CONMEBOL, Biogerm, Zorrobot, Yobot, Legobot II, AnomieBOT, Judo112, LovesMacs, 205ywmpq, FrescoBot, Ywmpq205, JIK1975, I dream of horses, Atase1, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot, , Radmadlad, On 15, Vattuman, TjBot, GoingBatty, Simon.hess, Daniel Callegaro, August-54, Tunahan Tuna, Karlwhen, VHSWE, GermanJoe, GRAHAM2109, Slowking4, BG19bot, Island Monkey, PhnomPencil, Wesley Mouse, Robyn2000, Fort esc, Lucky102, Axuxius, Mikeagell98, Appetizer8088, Dempseybloom, Palettepony895, Hheronnofficial and Anonymous: 126 • Eurovision Song Contest 1956 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1956?oldid=729490990 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Scipius, Imran, Fonzy, KF, JohnOwens, Dhum Dhum, Sannse, Ams80, IMSoP, Koxinga, Mpt, Wik, Bearcat, Fredrik, Ramorosi, ScudLee, Andy, Unknown user, BigHaz, Mibblepedia, Rich Farmbrough, Bender235, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Mn extra, Dominic, Jess Cully, Fryede, Shawn Pickrell, Doco, Bensin, AlisonW, Fred Bradstadt, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Hede2000, Gianluca91, LeonardoRob0t, Rredwell, Whouk, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Afasmit, Kanabekobaton, KRBN, Evilperson 20, J 1982, Clausule, Owlbuster, AxG, Athalis, WeggeBot, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Future Perfect at Sunrise, MrX237, Pete Davis, Iliank, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Escarbot, Edokter, Responsible?, Goldddfish, The Anomebot2, Lilduff90, Sjc07, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Markeandrews, Carlos MS, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166, Peeperman, Kaiketsu, Grk1011, Birger Fricke, Movedgood, SieBot, Gerakibot, DitzyNizzy, Harry the Dirty Dog, Eurowizion, Jimmy Slade, Mumi.mumi, Piccadilly Sirkus, Cexycy, BOTarate, Mr. Gerbear, XLinkBot, Pink Evolution~enwiki, SilvonenBot, D.M. from Ukraine, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Favonian, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, Xqbot, Vivaelcelta, 205ywmpq, GrouchoBot, TVArchivistUK, Fernbom2, QDK01, RedBot, Cesare '68, Malta1978, אומנות, Donikanuhiu, Vattuman, In ictu oculi, EmausBot, Mrluke485, ZéroBot, Akerans, Karlwhen, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot, Sukbhirsinghsangha, Ebineibgheniobg, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Danyzack, ISkoy, NorveDomerich, Unikalinho, Paul G 63, Crystallizedcarbon and Anonymous: 83 • Eurovision Song Contest 1957 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1957?oldid=725793735 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Zundark, Jeronimo, Malcolm Farmer, Christian List, Fonzy, JohnOwens, Sannse, Egil, Ams80, Jimfbleak, IMSoP, Wik, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Unknown user, Rdsmith4, Bobo192, Robotje, Philip Cross, Jess Cully, Fryede, Doco, Ketiltrout, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Hede2000, Jetro, Mike Halterman, Red Jay, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Thumperward, Kanabekobaton, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, Optimale, AxG, MTSbot~enwiki, WeggeBot, Waterloo1974, MrX237, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Edokter, The Anomebot2, Rettetast, Alro, CommonsDelinker, Khairul hazim, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166, McM.bot, Peeperman, SieBot, BotMultichill, Jimmy Slade, Vauxhall1964, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, BOTarate, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, LaaknorBot, Favonian, Numbo3-bot, Zorrobot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Lateiner, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, Fernbom2, Full-date unlinking bot, אומנות, Donikanuhiu, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, ZéroBot, Björn Westling, StarBoyGarik, Karlwhen, ChuispastonBot, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Äpplarö, Ebineibgheniobg, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Unikalinho, Paul G 63, Drache-vom-Grill and Anonymous: 55 • Eurovision Song Contest 1958 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1958?oldid=730869129 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Christian List, Fonzy, Sfdan, KF, Sannse, Ams80, Martijnesc, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Unknown user, Rpyle731, Bender235, Aecis, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, AlisonW, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Hede2000, Tony1, Doktorbuk, LeonardoRob0t, KnightRider~enwiki, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Kintetsubuffalo, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, Jamc2, AxG, Mijzelf, MTSbot~enwiki, Aherunar, Mb731, Future Perfect at Sunrise, The Ultimate Koopa, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Fire Elf, The Anomebot2, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Hugo999, Gottago, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166, Peeperman, Uannis~enwiki, SieBot, BotMultichill, Pawebster, Trachoni, Eurowizion, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Cexycy, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, CONMEBOL, LaaknorBot, Blue954, Rtz-bot, Zorrobot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, TaBOTzerem, KamikazeBot, JackieBot, Ulric1313, Chewie292, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, RedBot, MastiBot, Full-date unlinking bot, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Pig2008, אומנות, Donikanuhiu, EmausBot, Mrluke485, ZéroBot, Stee888, Snaevar, Björn Westling, Karlwhen, ChuispastonBot, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Frietjes, BG19bot, Ebineibgheniobg, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Justincheng12345-bot, Ukgirl44, Mogism, Paul G 63, Eurovisionexpert2001, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 46 • Eurovision Song Contest 1959 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959?oldid=725793957 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Christian List, Deb, Fonzy, KF, Oliver Pereira, Ams80, Docu, Jensp~enwiki, Martijnesc, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Unknown user, Mibblepedia, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Hede2000, InterwikiLinksRule, LeonardoRob0t, Anclation~enwiki, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Thumperward, Pegua, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, WeggeBot, MrX237, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, JustAGal, Edokter, Magioladitis, The Anomebot2, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Urcolors, Sjc07, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166, Peeperman, Grk1011, Movedgood, SieBot, BotMultichill, Eurowizion, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, BOTarate, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, CONMEBOL, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, ArthurBot, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, TVArchivistUK, RedBot, MastiBot, Full-date unlinking bot, Pig2008, אומנות, Lotje, Zoikkeli, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Björn Westling, ChuispastonBot, Mjbmrbot, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mogism, Paul G 63 and Anonymous: 47 • Eurovision Song Contest 1960 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1960?oldid=725794093 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Fonzy, KF, Ams80, Secretlondon, Dimadick, Fredrik, JackofOz, ScudLee, Unknown user, Muhamedmesic, Picapica, Bobo192, Philip Cross, Calton, Jess Cully, Fryede, Mel Etitis, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, NTBot~enwiki, Hede2000, Doktorbuk, YellowMonkey, McGeddon, Eskimbot, Peter Isotalo, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton,
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Chwech, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Iridescent, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Brett Dunbar, JustAGal, The Anomebot2, Lfbarfe, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, HOUZI, Urcolors, Sjc07, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Marbe166, Peeperman, Uannis~enwiki, SieBot, BotMultichill, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, BOTarate, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Blethering Scot, Blue954, Euroleague, Rtz-bot, Zorrobot, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, Xqbot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, Full-date unlinking bot, TobeBot, , Pig2008, אומנות, OnWikiNo, TjBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, Loginnigol, Frietjes, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, ChrisGualtieri, Archeops, WilliamsStreet, Paul G 63, GSS-1987 and Anonymous: 52 • Eurovision Song Contest 1961 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1961?oldid=730869169 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Dhum Dhum, Ams80, Martijnesc, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Unknown user, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Bastin, BD2412, Tim!, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Conscious, Hede2000, Eleassar, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Bluebot, Zvonko, Pegua, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Oceanh, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, MrX237, Pete Davis, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Vanjagenije, The Anomebot2, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Manbemel, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Gottago, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Marbe166, Peeperman, Uannis~enwiki, Imbris, Grk1011, SieBot, BotMultichill, Lisatwo, Viplux, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Arjayay, Cexycy, BOTarate, DumZiBoT, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Blue954, Euroleague, Anubis369, Zorrobot, Luckasbot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, KamikazeBot, 205ywmpq, TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana, Atase1, LittleWink, MastiBot, Aca Srbin, Adult delinquent, TobeBot, אומנות, TjBot, Kiko4564, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, ZéroBot, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Peegpeeg, Mike22r, I. T. Ersoy, StevenRulez, Majestic2016, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 48 • Eurovision Song Contest 1962 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1962?oldid=730869179 Contributors: Eloquence, Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Ams80, JonathanDP81, Fredrik, ScudLee, Unknown user, Picapica, Bender235, Zscout370, Bobo192, Eixo, Philip Cross, Fryede, Bastin, Ardfern, Tim!, Nigosh, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Conscious, Eleassar, Jetro, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Bluebot, Zvonko, OrphanBot, KRBN, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, MTSbot~enwiki, Iridescent, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, MrX237, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Vanjagenije, STBot, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Yonidebot, EmleyMoor, Scottrb, Sjc07, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, Tinkstar1985, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Peeperman, Uannis~enwiki, Imbris, Grk1011, SieBot, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Arjayay, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, AlexandrDmitri, Euroleague, Anubis369, Numbo3-bot, Zorrobot, Ben Ben, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, JackieBot, Xqbot, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana, Atase1, LittleWink, MastiBot, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot, Trappist the monk, , אומנות, TjBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, ZéroBot, Зигзаг, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Peegpeeg, Mike22r, Robyn2000, KremlinGirl1964, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 49 • Eurovision Song Contest 1963 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1963?oldid=730869186 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Christian List, Fonzy, KF, Docu, Secretlondon, Dimadick, Pigsonthewing, Fredrik, ScudLee, Unknown user, João Neves, Tom-, Bobo192, Philip Cross, Jess Cully, Fryede, Jeff3000, Thewanderer, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, ,,n, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Conscious, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Hmains, Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, CarlosCoppola, AxG, Andrwsc, Iridescent, Mattbr, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Vanjagenije, JdeJ, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, EmleyMoor, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Broadbot, Marbe166, Peeperman, Uannis~enwiki, Grk1011, Bognops, SieBot, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Muro Bot, BOTarate, DumZiBoT, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Euroleague, Anubis369, AndersBot, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, Pakk77, Xqbot, J JMesserly, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana, Atase1, LittleWink, Sipi1230, Aca Srbin, , אומנות, Lotje, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, ZéroBot, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, MirkoS18, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Kemylpethe Camp, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 40 • Eurovision Song Contest 1964 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1964?oldid=725794352 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Christian List, Fonzy, KF, Cimon Avaro, Wik, Fredrik, Chris Roy, Davidcannon, ScudLee, Everyking, João Neves, Picapica, Corti, Bender235, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Philip Cross, Jess Cully, Fryede, Pekinensis, Jeff3000, TarisWerewolf, KaisaL, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Muchness, Conscious, Open2universe, LeonardoRob0t, Luna Whistler, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Jamie C, Demf, Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Chwech, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, Dl2000, Waterloo1974, MrX237, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Biruitorul, Zé da Silva, Escarbot, Vanjagenije, Rasho, Citywolf, JdeJ, Borg punk, Lilduff90, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Dispenser, Bamsefar75, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Kumorifox, Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, Archzog, Byrialbot, CultureDrone, Eurowizion, Couto 4, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Ajitirj, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Mr. Gerbear, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Blue954, Euroleague, Anubis369, Zorrobot, Ben Ben, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, Xqbot, Almabot, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana, Atase1, MastiBot, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot, , אומנות, Lotje, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Widr, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Alfred Kiefer and Anonymous: 61 • Eurovision Song Contest 1965 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1965?oldid=730869316 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Zundark, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Docu, Cimon Avaro, Wik, Eugene van der Pijll, Fredrik, ScudLee, Picapica, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Philip Cross, Jess Cully, Fryede, Siqbal, Tim!, Koavf, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Conscious, LeonardoRob0t, Kungfuadam, YellowMonkey, Jamie C, Colonies Chris, Zvonko, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, NotMuchToSay, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, Jakiša Tomić, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Ludde23, JRRobinson, Escarbot, Vanjagenije, Kolindigo, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Yonidebot, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, Bognops, SieBot, Mild Bill Hiccup, Viplux, Alexbot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, BOTarate, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, AlexandrDmitri, CONMEBOL, MagnusA.Bot, Anubis369, Tassedethe, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, Xqbot, Almabot, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, Ywmpq205, Tatasport, Atase1, LittleWink, MastiBot, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot, Rosertnom, , אומנות, TjBot, EmausBot, John of Reading, Mrluke485, Luciann Mosescu, Björn Westling, Mjbmrbot, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 47 • Eurovision Song Contest 1966 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1966?oldid=730869328 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Docu, CatherineMunro, Cimon Avaro, Wik, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Curps, João Neves, Picapica, Bender235, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Philip Cross, Fryede, Bastin, Awostrack, Ardfern, TarisWerewolf, Tim!, Elbl02~enwiki, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Conscious, Lendu, LeonardoRob0t, Kungfuadam, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Betacommand, Iago4096, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo,
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Clausule, MonsieurET, AxG, Andrwsc, Mb731, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, YuckieDuck, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Vanjagenije, Blanche Hunt, Alexelliottwelch, Citywolf, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Ssolbergj, Yonidebot, Bonadea, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, Zerpent, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, Bognops, SieBot, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, AlexandrDmitri, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, Almabot, , Eugene-elgato, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, MastiBot, , אומנות, TjBot, EmausBot, MrFawwaz, Mrluke485, Björn Westling, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, Madeinslovakia, Frietjes, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, M'encarta, Baskesc, Sar2de, Fildo~hewiki, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 43 • Eurovision Song Contest 1967 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1967?oldid=730869380 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, BL~enwiki, Fonzy, KF, Paul A, Docu, CatherineMunro, Wik, Dimadick, Pigsonthewing, Fredrik, ScudLee, Picapica, El C, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Nigosh, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, AndrewRaphael, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Conscious, Jogers, Red Jay, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Bluebot, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Clausule, Jamc2, AxG, Andrwsc, Waterloo1974, MrX237, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Rozziew, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, Roger Pilgham, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Movedgood, SieBot, Jonipoon, Eurowizion, EoGuy, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Ajitirj, BOTarate, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Luckas-bot, Ptbotgourou, KamikazeBot, Rubinbot, Ulric1313, Kebab76, LilHelpa, 1111mol, J JMesserly, Almabot, Sionk, GrouchoBot, Fjp32, DannyBoy20802, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana, Atase1, RedBot, MastiBot, Malta1978, , TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Björn Westling, Karlwhen, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Not A Superhero, Hmainsbot1, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 61 • Eurovision Song Contest 1968 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1968?oldid=735688108 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Ams80, Davidme~enwiki, Docu, ILVI, Error, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Misterkillboy, Bender235, The bellman, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Zntrip, Thewanderer, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Spleodrach, Conscious, CambridgeBayWeather, Tony1, Red Jay, LeonardoRob0t, Fram, Curpsbotunicodify, YellowMonkey, McGeddon, Monkeycheetah, Zvonko, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Darz Mol~enwiki, Neddyseagoon, Andrwsc, Ronnie tober, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Puchu, Vanjagenije, JAnDbot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Inwind, Sjc07, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Gottago, Carlos MS, Davehi1, A4bot, Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, Imbris, Mendors, Grk1011, SieBot, OKBot, Denisarona, De Boni 2007, Smurftums, Drmies, Var42605, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, BOTarate, DumZiBoT, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Anubis369, Tassedethe, Legobot, Pointer1, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, 15Mickey20, Ulric1313, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Ooo86, , Deaflympic, Sanremofilo, Thehelpfulbot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, LinkPT, Atase1, LittleWink, Cesare '68, אומנות, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Immunize, Mrluke485, ZéroBot, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Madeinslovakia, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Cyberbot II, KremlinGirl1964, GreenC bot and Anonymous: 87 • Eurovision Song Contest 1969 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1969?oldid=730869408 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Camembert, Fonzy, Patrick, Ams80, Docu, Error, Wik, Martijnesc, Dimadick, Fredrik, Enceladus, ScudLee, João Neves, Picapica, GreenReaper, Grstain, Bobo192, Robotje, John Fader, Jess Cully, Fryede, Fred J, Tim!, Koavf, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Rapido, Conscious, Keith Hazell, Mike Halterman, Open2universe, LeonardoRob0t, Sallymcvegas, RSpeeter, Amalthea, Jon Rob, YellowMonkey, Davewild, Peter Isotalo, Hmains, Thumperward, Zvonko, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Thewriter2120, Clausule, Drork, Lampman, AxG, Manuelcorrea, Andrwsc, Iridescent, Waterloo1974, Mato, Pete Davis, Alaibot, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Brett Dunbar, Nick Number, Vanjagenije, GurchBot, MegX, Citywolf, Lilduff90, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, MKoltnow, STBotD, Curvebill, Inwind, Dorftrottel, Alex:D, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, Sroc, A4bot, Kritikos99, Kumorifox, Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, Grk1011, SieBot, Jonngait, Pribramcz, Eurowizion, De Boni 2007, Jackmc12, Viplux, Quercus basaseachicensis, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Ajitirj, Xelaxa, Arjayay, Euro Mok, BOTarate, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Euroleague, Anubis369, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Bunnyhop11, Dalton2, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Spesh531, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, LittleWink, MastiBot, Cesare '68, Full-date unlinking bot, , Trappist the monk, Pig2008, MegaSloth, Mrluke485, AvicBot, ZéroBot, Ebrambot, August-54, Kikieight, Björn Westling, ChuispastonBot, Kapitan110295, Loginnigol, Frietjes, U.Steele, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Butelermen, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Not A Superhero, KremlinGirl1964, Samrafferty14, Certus+, Sar2de, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 94 • Eurovision Song Contest 1970 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1970?oldid=732545882 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Ams80, Docu, Zoicon5, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Edcolins, Mibblepedia, El C, Bobo192, Robotje, Jess Cully, Fryede, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Frelke, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, Conscious, Mike Halterman, JdwNYC, Jogers, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Chwech, Evilperson 20, NotMuchToSay, Clausule, AxG, E-Kartoffel, Andrwsc, Waterloo1974, Valodzka, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Nick Number, Richardw, Giftednumber10, Blanche Hunt, CommonsDelinker, Inwind, Dorftrottel, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Iwillfollowyou, Grk1011, SieBot, Gj1989, Pribramcz, Eurowizion, Smurftums, Drmies, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Ajitirj, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, Paralympic, Ulric1313, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Yest94, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, MastiBot, Cesare '68, , EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Kapitan110295, Shylocksboy, Frietjes, Wesley Mouse, A2-33, KremlinGirl1964, AndersJNS1 and Anonymous: 53 • Eurovision Song Contest 1971 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1971?oldid=731173740 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Docu, Cimon Avaro, Jerzy, Dimadick, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee, Everyking, João Neves, JillandJack, RobinCarmody, Bender235, Bobo192, Robotje, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Guliolopez, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Spleodrach, Conscious, Ian Cheese, Mike Halterman, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Bluebot, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, Ww2censor, Maksim-bot, Valenciano, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, CmdrObot, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Vanjagenije, IrishFlukey, Bogger, Giftednumber10, CommonsDelinker, DadaNeem, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, A4bot, Marbe166, SieBot, BotMultichill, Trachoni, Eurowizion, Viplux, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Blue954, Anubis369, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, JackieBot, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, TVArchivistUK, Bluebird207, Atase1, LittleWink, MastiBot, Cesare '68, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot, , אומנות, Derim Hunt, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, A2-33, Greentide, KremlinGirl1964, Pastabeans and Anonymous: 59 • Eurovision Song Contest 1972 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1972?oldid=733150218 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Docu, Kwekubo, Cimon Avaro, Dimadick, Donarreiskoffer, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee,
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CHAPTER 8. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
JillandJack, ChicXulub, Picapica, Grstain, Bender235, Bobo192, Robotje, Waseem7, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, LeonardoRob0t, Tim1965, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Peter Isotalo, Kfranco, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Oceanh, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Acidburn24m, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, Iridescent, CmdrObot, Mb731, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, ThisIsAce, Nick Number, Vanjagenije, Bogger, Cj136uk, Giftednumber10, Blanche Hunt, MetsBot, CommonsDelinker, Cancerbero 8, TEMH, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Grk1011, SieBot, Eurowizion, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Arjayay, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Anubis369, WikiEditor50, Chzz, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, Xqbot, , TVArchivistUK, Atase1, LittleWink, RedBot, Cesare '68, Full-date unlinking bot, , אומנות, Mrluke485, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, ToniSant, Loginnigol, L1975p, Frietjes, MirkoS18, ВиталийГурин, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Danyzack, A2-33, Cyberbot II, Hillbillyholiday, Mcoching, KremlinGirl1964, StevenRulez, Eurovisionman2015, GreenC bot and Anonymous: 71 • Eurovision Song Contest 1973 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1973?oldid=732995874 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Deb, Fonzy, Zocky, Docu, Error, Kaal, Dimadick, Donarreiskoffer, Iam, Fredrik, Romanm, Ungvichian, Dmn, ScudLee, ALargeElk, Grstain, Bender235, Bobo192, Fryede, Bastin, Pekinensis, Tim!, Salix alba, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Rsrikanth05, LeonardoRob0t, Scolaire, YellowMonkey, Nouanoua, Eskimbot, Cool3, Bluebot, Colonies Chris, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, Gil Gamesh, CmdrObot, Mb731, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Vanjagenije, Faizhaider, Chorleypie, MetsBot, CommonsDelinker, TEMH, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, SieBot, Eurowizion, Sfan00 IMG, Luvharte, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Den81164, Sun Creator, BOTarate, Bilsonius, WikHead, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Vito.vita, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Blue954, Anubis369, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana, Atase1, MastiBot, Cesare '68, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot, , אומנות, James Lindberg, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot, MirkoS18, BG19bot, EuroAgurbash, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Crh23, Robyn2000, A2-33, Niv062, Haris Mustabašić, KremlinGirl1964, AndersJNS1, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 63 • Eurovision Song Contest 1974 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1974?oldid=730869524 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Fonzy, SGBailey, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Varitek, Wik, Tpbradbury, Dimadick, Donarreiskoffer, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee, Dissident, R. fiend, Mibblepedia, Picapica, TheCustomOfLife, Rich Farmbrough, Zscout370, Dinsdagskind, Art LaPella, Bobo192, Rajah, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tristessa de St Ange, Tim!, Amire80, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Str1977, Bgwhite, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Mike Halterman, RFBailey, LeonardoRob0t, Otto ter Haar, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Andy M. Wang, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, J 1982, Clausule, Drork, AxG, Andrwsc, Jetman, TimothyHorrigan, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, Q43, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Ungu, Rbb l181, Tony0106, Giftednumber10, TheAllSeeingEye, Blanche Hunt, MetsBot, Elsecar, CommonsDelinker, Swaddon1903, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Murderbike, Carlos MS, A4bot, Sintaku, Broadbot, Marbe166, Peeperman, Grk1011, SieBot, Amorfati00, Dreamer.se, Asocall, JL-Bot, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, Ostalocutanje, BOTarate, Ericloewe, McWomble, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Euroleague, Anubis369, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Pointer1, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, GrouchoBot, Deaflympic, Edgars2007, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, BulsaraAndDeacon, Atase1, LittleWink, Cesare '68, אומנות, TjBot, WikitanvirBot, The Emperor of Byzantium, Mrluke485, Зигзаг, Björn Westling, Xristosmx, ChuispastonBot, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Peegpeeg, Mike22r, A2-33, Cyberbot II, Mcoching, KremlinGirl1964, StevenRulez, Samrafferty14, AndersJNS1, Gonkoll, JJMC89, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 93 • Eurovision Song Contest 1975 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1975?oldid=730869553 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Deb, Fonzy, Docu, Cimon Avaro, Dimadick, Donarreiskoffer, Fredrik, Romanm, Dukeofomnium, ScudLee, Everyking, Picapica, Adashiel, Alsotop, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Rxnd, InterwikiLinksRule, Mike Halterman, Closedmouth, A bit iffy, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Slarre, Eskimbot, Kanabekobaton, Maksim-bot, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, David ekstrand, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, OAlexander, AxG, E-Kartoffel, Andrwsc, ShelfSkewed, Mb731, Waterloo1974, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Vanjagenije, A.M.962, Responsible?, GurchBot, MetsBot, Lilduff90, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Urcolors, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, A4bot, Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, Grk1011, Lillingen, SieBot, Dreamer.se, Klayklayh3, Smurftums, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, BOTarate, GLGermann~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Blue954, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Gongshow, KamikazeBot, Cavarrone, Xqbot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, Cesare '68, , אומנות, TjBot, BjörnBergman, Mrluke485, Björn Westling, ChuispastonBot, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, A2-33, Haris Mustabašić, KremlinGirl1964, Parkenings, StevenRulez, Monkbot, Nobilk, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 77 • Eurovision Song Contest 1976 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1976?oldid=730869587 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Donarreiskoffer, Robbot, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee, Picapica, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Rajah, Espoo, Jess Cully, Fryede, DePiep, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, Peter S., Mike Halterman, Welsh, RL0919, Open2universe, Jogers, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Hmains, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, ShelfSkewed, Mb731, Waterloo1974, A876, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Vanjagenije, Blanche Hunt, MetsBot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, FreshBreeze, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Ricardo Cancho Niemietz, Grk1011, Lillingen, Movedgood, Badoerfan, SieBot, PeterCanthropus, Dreamer.se, Jollyathome, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Mr. Gerbear, GLGermann~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Blue954, Anubis369, Zorrobot, Ben Ben, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, Cavarrone, Xqbot, , GrouchoBot, Jvr725, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, MastiBot, Cesare '68, , Onel5969, TjBot, Heymid, Mrluke485, Esc2003, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, U.Steele, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, A2-33, GarethTJennings, KremlinGirl1964, StevenRulez, SMRULEZ, Dempseybloom, Sowaqo, AndersJNS1, TaniaFan1978, Gonkoll, InternetArchiveBot, Gigar44 and Anonymous: 88 • Eurovision Song Contest 1977 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1977?oldid=730869615 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Fonzy, Ellywa, Docu, Uriber, Dcoetzee, Adia~enwiki, Fredrik, ScudLee, Abigail-II, Beardo, João Neves, VampWillow, Picapica, Grstain, Bender235, Bobo192, Geschichte, Liimes, Jess Cully, Fryede, Ttwaring, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, Spleodrach, Mike Halterman, SEMats, Esprit15d, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, AxG, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Q43, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, ThisIsAce, Vanjagenije, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Urcolors, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Peeperman, Grk1011, Lillingen, SieBot, Eurowizion, Viplux, Vauxhall1964, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Mr. Gerbear, GLGermann~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Blue954, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Luckas-bot, Gongshow, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Kam47625, Eric Blatant, GrouchoBot, TVArchivistUK, Bluebird207, RedBot, Cesare '68, Adult delinquent, Mjs1991,
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, Pensativa, Sam11333, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Esc2003, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Widr, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, StevenRulez, Bilorv, Certus+, AndersJNS1, TaniaFan1978, Gonkoll, InternetArchiveBot, Stellar65 and Anonymous: 111 • Eurovision Song Contest 1978 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1978?oldid=732559202 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Deb, Fonzy, Docu, AnonMoos, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Zigkill, Edcolins, Bobo192, Hektor, Snowolf, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Austrian, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Epolk, Mike Halterman, E tac, Esprit15d, LeonardoRob0t, Miwunderlich, YellowMonkey, Dweller, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Mukadderat, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, ARIC2006, Jetman, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, Zé da Silva, Nick Number, Zypherix, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Lillingen, SieBot, Fuddle, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Cexycy, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Mr. Gerbear, GLGermann~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Montehermoso-spain, Gahgeer, MagnusA.Bot, Blue954, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, DK4, Yobot, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Turkish Flame, , Davshul, GrouchoBot, TVArchivistUK, Cesare '68, , אומנות, Dinamik-bot, Back4goode, Vattuman, Agmcht, TjBot, Alph Bot, Mrluke485, Esc2003, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes, Bmusician, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Harizotoh9, Cyberbot II, Aejsing, Haris Mustabašić, StevenRulez, AndersJNS1, TaniaFan1978, Gonkoll, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 77 • Eurovision Song Contest 1979 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1979?oldid=730869681 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Kimiko, Fredrik, ScudLee, João Neves, Bobo192, Smalljim, ToastieIL, DooMerPS, Jess Cully, Woohookitty, Tim!, Wikiliki, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Mysekurity, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Mike Halterman, Number 57, Lcmortensen, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Tewfik, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Drork, AxG, Sharcho, CmdrObot, ShelfSkewed, Waterloo1974, Reywas92, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, Zé da Silva, Nick Number, Amoruso, Magioladitis, Deanb, CKnight16, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, X958, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Plutonium27, Grk1011, Lillingen, SieBot, Niceguyedc, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Blethering Scot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, Dalton2, KamikazeBot, Luis-spain-esc-2009, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, Fernbom2, MastiBot, John123521, Colin gibb, , אומנות, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, CocuBot, Snotbot, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot, PhnomPencil, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Niv062, Haris Mustabašić, KremlinGirl1964, StevenRulez, Lach22, EuroFan98, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Gonkoll, Jilfi, Nobilk, Srednuas Lenoroc, Brother Twisted, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 71 • Eurovision Song Contest 1980 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980?oldid=726715623 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Christian List, Fonzy, Docu, Zoicon5, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, João Neves, Wmahan, MisfitToys, Elyaqim, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Rajah, ליאור, Jess Cully, Fryede, Thryduulf, Jorunn, Tim!, Mariocki, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Kuzzer, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Mike Halterman, Wiggin15, Asbl, Carabinieri, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Chris the speller, Colonies Chris, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, KrayCeremoush, Evilperson 20, LukaP, Eric82oslo, NotMuchToSay, Clausule, Drork, AxG, Heitordp, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Esc luver, Legotech, Thijs!bot, Marek69, Dbromage, Zé da Silva, Nick Number, Blanche Hunt, Rasho, Citywolf, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, A4bot, Kumorifox, Broadbot, Marbe166, Plutonium27, Grk1011, SieBot, Eurowizion, De Boni 2007, Viplux, Vauxhall1964, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Cexycy, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, KamikazeBot, Steamdrivenhammer, YeshuaDavid, Ulric1313, Xqbot, , Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, RedBot, MastiBot, , Back4goode, OnWikiNo, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, Björn Westling, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes, Wbm1058, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Danyzack, BattyBot, KremlinGirl1964, RebeccaTheAwesomeXD, Aramızdakalsın, Dosbesteck, AndersJNS1, Gonkoll, Srednuas Lenoroc, Eurovisionman2015 and Anonymous: 79 • Eurovision Song Contest 1981 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1981?oldid=730869816 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, MichaelJanich, Docu, Zoicon5, Dimadick, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee, Wmahan, Bobo192, Atlasvan, Jess Cully, Fryede, Megan1967, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Darranc, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Conscious, Mike Halterman, Dijxtra, NWill, Doktorbuk, LeonardoRob0t, Curpsbot-unicodify, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, Eskimbot, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Chrisd87, AxG, The Giant Puffin, Holkingers, CmdrObot, Devatipan, Mb731, Flying Saucer, Waterloo1974, Mato, YuckieDuck, Coolguy22468, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Oerjan, Zé da Silva, Nick Number, Vanjagenije, Bogger, OllyH, Citywolf, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Someone in the Earth, DH85868993, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, X958, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, SieBot, Hello71, Eurowizion, De Boni 2007, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Tockwith, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Anubis369, AndersBot, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, JackieBot, Luis-spain-esc-2009, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, Aca Srbin, Pdebee, Rosertnom, Dinamik-bot, TjBot, GoingBatty, Mrluke485, Josve05a, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Haris Mustabašić, Johnnyfootball123, Gonkoll, Srednuas Lenoroc, Bravo Baby Burt, Bickel~nlwiki, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 75 • Eurovision Song Contest 1982 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1982?oldid=731488724 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, Docu, Chrysalis, Zoicon5, Fredrik, Romanm, Dmn, ScudLee, David 5000, Michael Zimmermann, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Pperos, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Jaraalbe, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Spleodrach, Conscious, Mike Halterman, NWill, Maniacintosh, Doktorbuk, LeonardoRob0t, Curpsbot-unicodify, Kumarhk, Lewis R, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Barend, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Smerus, Frglee, Evilperson 20, Hestemand, J 1982, Clausule, Wrh1973, Saluton~enwiki, AxG, E-Kartoffel, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, DumbBOT, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Nick Number, Mixed ham, Vanjagenije, Tony0106, Blanche Hunt, CKnight16, Keith D, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Notapotato, Urcolors, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Philbuck222, Grk1011, SieBot, Eurowizion, Neli s00, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Acabashi, Tuzapicabit, Teodor Hansi~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Anubis369, AndersBot, Tassedethe, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Hohenloh, KamikazeBot, Paralympic, ArthurBot, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Sky Attacker, TVArchivistUK, Progsprach~enwiki, Atase1, LittleWink, אומנות, Mrluke485, Зигзаг, Kapitan110295, BarnabyJoe, Snotbot, Frietjes, Widr, MirkoS18, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Robyn2000, BlevintronBot, Fort esc, KremlinGirl1964, AndersJNS1, Srednuas Lenoroc, Bravo Baby Burt, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 72 • Eurovision Song Contest 1983 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1983?oldid=730869887 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, Zoicon5, Curero, ThereIsNoSteve, Dimadick, Fredrik, Romanm, Dmn, ScudLee, Andjb, Picapica, Bobo192, Ynhockey, Dr. Schnellkopf, Jess Cully, Nuno Tavares, Doco, Tim!, Koavf, Ysangkok, Darranc, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Gaius Cornelius, Mike Halterman, NWill, YellowMonkey, AtilimGunesBaydin, Eskimbot, Peter Isotalo, Bluebot, Wikibarista, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, J.smith, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, J 1982, AxG, Nakis g, Bravada, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Flowerpotman, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Alan8653, Zé da Silva, Vanjagenije, Blanche Hunt, MetsBot, Rasho,
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CHAPTER 8. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
Qohen, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, A4bot, Kumorifox, Marbe166, Plutonium27, Ricardo Cancho Niemietz, Grk1011, SieBot, Phoenixmjs, Foxj, Viplux, Vauxhall1964, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, BOTarate, AbJ32, Tuzapicabit, WikHead, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Anubis369, AndersBot, Tassedethe, Yobot, Jwitos, KamikazeBot, Paralympic, Cavarrone, ArthurBot, Xqbot, TVArchivistUK, סקרלט, Atase1, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, אומנות, DJEnok, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, AvicBot, Sven Manguard, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Snaevar-bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Vindelmannen, WeWerCZak, EuroFan98, AndersJNS1, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 88 • Eurovision Song Contest 1984 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1984?oldid=732921150 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, Docu, Zoicon5, Dimadick, Fredrik, Romanm, Delpino, ScudLee, Zscout370, Mulder1982, Thuresson, Bobo192, Khardan, Jess Cully, Fryede, Bastin, BD2412, Tim!, Ysangkok, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Spleodrach, RussBot, Mike Halterman, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, RomanSpa, Drork, Mallaccaos, AxG, Nakis g, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, Tkynerd, After Midnight, PKT, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, ThisIsAce, EpiC, Fire Elf, Blanche Hunt, MetsBot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Zingostar, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, A4bot, Yf metro, Oren neu dag, Broadbot, Marbe166, SieBot, SveinMarvin, A21sauce, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Gwguffey, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, MystBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Anubis369, Zorrobot, Yobot, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Kulystab, Drilnoth, Fol de rol troll, Pabloperi, Sextiotalet, Atase1, Trappist the monk, Rosertnom, , Back4goode, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, Mimimatz, Frietjes, MirkoS18, BG19bot, Bmusician, SMEURO96, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Fort esc, RuthLivingstone, Fitzmauricen, AndersJNS1, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 74 • Eurovision Song Contest 1985 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1985?oldid=736503025 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, KF, Edward, Docu, Samuelsen, Cimon Avaro, Zoicon5, Fredrik, David Gerard, ScudLee, BigHaz, Discospinster, Bobo192, Baratinha~enwiki, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tabletop, JamesBurns, Ketiltrout, Tim!, Ysangkok, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, NTBot~enwiki, Mike Halterman, Gadget850, Nikkimaria, Little Savage, Red Jay, Amberrock, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Kanabekobaton, JonasRH, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, J 1982, Clausule, AxG, Mb731, Waterloo1974, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Ilion2, Mackan79, Vanjagenije, Fire Elf, Blanche Hunt, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Grk1011, SieBot, Jimmy Slade, De Boni 2007, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Vauxhall1964, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Ajitirj, Muro Bot, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Verbal, Iune, Zorrobot, Yobot, Stiangutten, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Cavarrone, Robinr22, ArthurBot, Jane doe10, 205ywmpq, GrouchoBot, FrescoBot, RedBot, אומנות, EmausBot, John of Reading, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, GIWRGOS 1980, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Glacialfox, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Mogism, Cerabot~enwiki, AndersJNS1, Gonkoll, Jilfi, Alfred Kiefer, JJMC89, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot, KCA 2017, Spamaccountforbugmenot and Anonymous: 82 • Eurovision Song Contest 1986 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1986?oldid=732566243 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Zundark, XJaM, Fonzy, Docu, Samuelsen, Nikai, Cimon Avaro, Zoicon5, Robbot, Fredrik, Kristof vt, Romanm, ScudLee, João Neves, Lesgles, Bender235, Aecis, El C, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Allen3, BD2412, Tim!, MarnetteD, Nihiltres, Hlodynn, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Mike Halterman, Gazza1685, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Zvonko, Bib, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evlekis, Evilperson 20, AxG, CmdrObot, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, Tkynerd, Q43, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Vanjagenije, Narssarssuaq, Fire Elf, Blanche Hunt, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, X958, Vasilios2007, A4bot, Marbe166, Dót og drasl, Grk1011, SieBot, Mild Bill Hiccup, Niceguyedc, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Cexycy, Micha, BOTarate, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Anubis369, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Melo man, TVArchivistUK, D'ohBot, Atase1, LittleWink, RedBot, MastiBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, L1975p, Frietjes, MirkoS18, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Danyzack, Cyberbot II, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 77 • Eurovision Song Contest 1987 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1987?oldid=730870025 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Fhimpe, Docu, Angela, Andres, Zoicon5, Eugene van der Pijll, Fredrik, Romanm, Dmn, ScudLee, MisfitToys, Picapica, YUL89YYZ, Bender235, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Cruccone, Tim!, Bensin, Jpfagerback, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Mike Halterman, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, NotMuchToSay, J 1982, AxG, Seedybob2, Dpelsma, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Vanjagenije, Fire Elf, CKnight16, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, Vasilios2007, A4bot, Marbe166, Maxxy35, Grk1011, SieBot, Hooiwind, Mild Bill Hiccup, Viplux, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Anubis369, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot, Fw1506, Paralympic, Xqbot, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, D'ohBot, V-Mark, Atase1, Sunpoint, LittleWink, RedBot, Mjs1991, EmausBot, Mrluke485, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, U.Steele, MirkoS18, GIWRGOS 1980, Misu0618, Julia L., Wesley Mouse, Ezeltje1598, Cyberbot II, Haris Mustabašić, Monkbot, AndersJNS1, Gonkoll, Srednuas Lenoroc, Eurovisionman2015, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 81 • Eurovision Song Contest 1988 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1988?oldid=736451209 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, KF, Docu, Cimon Avaro, Zoicon5, MiLo28, Fredrik, Romanm, Delpino, GreatWhiteNortherner, ScudLee, Andy, Gzornenplatz, R. fiend, Melonhead, Sam Hocevar, Picapica, DcoetzeeBot~enwiki, Bender235, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Woohookitty, Allen3, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Bensin, Ysangkok, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, Mike Halterman, NWill, Eurosong, Iamvered, Little Savage, LeonardoRob0t, Rredwell, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Endroit, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, John Stafford, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Chwech, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Khazar, Clausule, AxG, Jetman, CmdrObot, Pie.er, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, ThisIsAce, JRRobinson, Vanjagenije, RedvBlue, IrishFlukey, Bogger, SiobhanHansa, Rigger30, Blanche Hunt, CKnight16, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Gyurika, RenniePet, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Jeff G., Carlos MS, X958, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Broadbot, Marbe166, Grk1011, SieBot, Liveshop, Brenont, Gerakibot, Phoenixmjs, ClueBot, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, Luvharte, Ukryan1992, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Ajitirj, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Anubis369, AndersBot, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, Cavarrone, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Deaflympic, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, Laxitive, Tatasport, Atase1, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Plasticspork, Redpower94, אומנות, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, BabbaQ, Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Sangchaud, MirkoS18, Wbm1058, Grantandforsyth, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Danyzack, Cyberbot II, Roie3600, Techexpress83, Avis28, AndersJNS1, Roya Shirali, Gonkoll, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot, CircusMind and Anonymous: 79
8.1. TEXT
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• Eurovision Song Contest 1989 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1989?oldid=730870070 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, KF, Hephaestos, Ellywa, Docu, Zoicon5, MiLo28, Joy, Eugene van der Pijll, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee, Angmering, Io usurped, Picapica, Bender235, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Aatox, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Bensin, Ysangkok, Bgwhite, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Mike Halterman, Gianluca91, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Barend, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, SashatoBot, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, AxG, E-Kartoffel, Andrwsc, Seedybob2, ShelfSkewed, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, ColtsScore, Vanjagenije, Blanche Hunt, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Nic Hoza, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Jeff G., Carlos MS, X958, A4bot, Hqb, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166, Porcina, Grk1011, SieBot, Pepsicool93, Aspects, Lightmouse, De Boni 2007, Tzuppy, ChakatSandwalker, Viplux, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, DumZiBoT, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Anubis369, Iune, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, JackieBot, Bubaclex, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Mattg82, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Adult delinquent, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, L1975p, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Cyberbot II, Haris Mustabašić, Αντρέας Δέλτα, Roya Shirali, Кориоланыч, Srednuas Lenoroc, Yoga Widya 1994, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 72 • Eurovision Song Contest 1990 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1990?oldid=730870095 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, GTBacchus, Docu, Zoicon5, Fredrik, Romanm, Dmn, ScudLee, Robert Weemeyer, João Neves, Slowking Man, Picapica, Bender235, Violetriga, Aecis, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, GregorB, Thewanderer, Bensin, Ysangkok, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, TF100, Brooza, Mike Halterman, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Gilliam, Bluebot, Timbouctou, Zvonko, Tryggvia, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, SashatoBot, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, AxG, Andrwsc, Ellie3334, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, Vanjagenije, Blanche Hunt, Movingimage, Klackalica, Lilduff90, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Inwind, Sjc07, Squids and Chips, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Gottago, Carlos MS, X958, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166, Imbris, Lwc, Grk1011, Qworty, SieBot, Pepsicool93, Gerakibot, August Dominus, Lightmouse, ImageRemovalBot, Admiral Norton, ChakatSandwalker, Drmies, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Alexbot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Boleyn, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, Frichmon, Ulric1313, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, LittleWink, אומנות, Back4goode, Vattuman, TjBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, Dan221094, Kapitan110295, L1975p, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Wesley Mouse, Danyzack, Haris Mustabašić, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 96 • Eurovision Song Contest 1991 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1991?oldid=734783993 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Christian List, Fonzy, KF, Docu, Zoicon5, Eugene van der Pijll, Fredrik, Romanm, Naddy, Dmn, ScudLee, João Neves, BigHaz, Bender235, PatrikR, Bobo192, Khardan, Jess Cully, Fryede, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Bensin, Korg, Bgwhite, EamonnPKeane, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Mike Halterman, NWill, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, Eskimbot, Peter Isotalo, Skizzik, Schmiteye, Pinots, Zvonko, MisterHand, Tryggvia, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, CossieMoJo, AxG, Andrwsc, Jetman, Mb731, Ntsimp, Waterloo1974, Thijs!bot, Savager, Brett Dunbar, Responsible?, Magioladitis, Blanche Hunt, Welshleprechaun, Rettetast, Alro, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Ssolbergj, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Zingostar, Hugo999, Carlos MS, X958, Vasilios2007, A4bot, Rei-bot, Marbe166, Imbris, Grk1011, Movedgood, SieBot, Pepsicool93, ImageRemovalBot, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Alexbot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, BOTarate, XLinkBot, Izmir lee, Baldursnaer, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, AlexandrDmitri, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Iune, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Fw1506, Dalton2, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Thobiah, Paralympic, ArthurBot, J4lambert, DannyBoy20802, Erik9bot, NSH002, BulsaraAndDeacon, Atase1, LittleWink, RedBot, Aca Srbin, Malta1978, Redpower94, Chipmunkdavis, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, Esc2003, Gray eyes, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Wesley Mouse, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Seattleseanhowell, PootisHeavy, Jjj1238, Haris Mustabašić, Khorax, AndersJNS1, Srednuas Lenoroc, Eurovisionman2015, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 130 • Eurovision Song Contest 1992 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1992?oldid=730870117 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Christian List, Fonzy, KF, Mic, Ellywa, Docu, CatherineMunro, Uriber, Zoicon5, Joy, Eugene van der Pijll, Dimadick, Fredrik, Dmn, ScudLee, RobinCarmody, Joyous!, Picapica, YUL89YYZ, Bender235, Thuresson, PatrikR, Bobo192, El Raki, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Tone, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Spleodrach, Mike Halterman, Semperf, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, Bertil~enwiki, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, Kokoo, Eskimbot, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Chwech, Evilperson 20, NotMuchToSay, J 1982, Morshem, AxG, Andrwsc, Seedybob2, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Thijs!bot, BokicaK, Coyets, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Magioladitis, Jeffers24, Blanche Hunt, Pan Dan, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Kumorifox, Marbe166, Imbris, Grk1011, SieBot, DitzyNizzy, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Alexbot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Whiley2008x, Sir Sputnik, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, GargoyleBot, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, Dimitrissss, Judo112, ArthurBot, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, GrouchoBot, Tatasport, DrilBot, Atase1, Adult delinquent, Redpower94, Rosertnom, In ictu oculi, EmausBot, Mrluke485, August-54, Dan221094, Kapitan110295, Mimimatz, Snotbot, Frietjes, Aleksa Milićević, Idahopotatis, Wbm1058, Littleowljrn, Wesley Mouse, Danyzack, Cyberbot II, Mogism, Haris Mustabašić, StevenRulez, ALRAS, EuroFan98, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 101 • Eurovision Song Contest 1993 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1993?oldid=736337796 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Zoicon5, Eugene van der Pijll, Dimadick, Fredrik, Dmn, ScudLee, João Neves, KarlHenner, Picapica, YUL89YYZ, Bender235, PatrikR, Bobo192, Dado~enwiki, Jess Cully, Fryede, Aatox, Ysangkok, Darranc, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Mike Halterman, Fenian Swine, NWill, ViperSnake151, Lewis R, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Gilliam, Kanabekobaton, Ww2censor, John Stafford, Derek R Bullamore, Ohconfucius, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, NotMuchToSay, J 1982, AxG, ARIC2006, E-Kartoffel, Andrwsc, CmdrObot, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, Thijs!bot, Zé da Silva, JRRobinson, BokicaK, Bogger, MegX, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Bongwarrior, KConWiki, Spellmaster, Ulkomaalainen, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, Vasilios2007, Thadius856AWB, A4bot, Marbe166, Bejjer, Cnilep, Grk1011, PGWG, SieBot, VVVBot, Jaan, ImageRemovalBot, Plastikspork, Luvharte, Alexbot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Iohannes Animosus, BOTarate, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Mika2008, MagnusA.Bot, Download, Euroleague, Luckas-bot, Yobot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, FrescoBot, I dream of horses, Aca Srbin, AngelicaAgurbash, Redpower94, Trappist the monk, Dinamik-bot, , Vattuman, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Number10a, Зигзаг, Donner60, Dan221094, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, L1975p, Frietjes, Wesley Mouse, Cyberbot II, ΤΔΚΑ251001, Haris Mustabašić, SJ Defender, StevenRulez, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Jilfi, Srednuas Lenoroc, FullTankOfGas, Munja, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 97 • Eurovision Song Contest 1994 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1994?oldid=732237379 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, JeLuF, Fonzy, Docu, Andres, Zoicon5, Fredrik, ScudLee, Cckkab, Piotrus, Karl-Henner, Creidieki, Picapica, PatrikR, Bobo192, Richard Harvey, Jess Cully, Woohookitty, Tim!, Bensin, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, Peter S., Ian Cheese, Mike Halterman, Fenian Swine, NWill, Open2universe, Lewis R, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Ohnder~enwiki, Gilliam, Kanabekobaton, John Stafford, Papapierre, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, NotMuchToSay, J 1982, Morshem,
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CHAPTER 8. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
AxG, Andrwsc, CmdrObot, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, PKT, Thijs!bot, SeNeKa, Sfinn85, JustAGal, Camptown, Bogger, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Nefrit13, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Trusilver, Swaddon1903, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Grk1011, SieBot, Gerakibot, ImageRemovalBot, Luvharte, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Mr. Gerbear, Dthomsen8, Teodor Hansi~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Giggle2005, Ulric1313, Geregen2, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, DustFormsWords, Erik9bot, RedBot, Aca Srbin, Adult delinquent, Plasticspork, Redpower94, Dinamik-bot, Vattuman, MicCFC96, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Зигзаг, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Chester Markel, Snotbot, Frietjes, Christian Ambion, Wesley Mouse, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, Ivan trus, SiBr4, Flat Out, Haris Mustabašić, StevenRulez, John cooney, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, KingDriverFC, Srednuas Lenoroc, Moran25004, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 105 • Eurovision Song Contest 1995 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1995?oldid=730870194 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Docu, Ronaldo Guevara, Zoicon5, Dimadick, Fredrik, Dmn, ScudLee, Chowbok, KarlHenner, Bender235, PatrikR, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Tim!, Bensin, Ysangkok, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, Grafen, NWill, Doktorbuk, YellowMonkey, Lcarsdata, Unyoyega, Eskimbot, Ohnder~enwiki, Hmains, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, John Stafford, Derek R Bullamore, Charivari, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, AxG, E-Kartoffel, Prunk, Andrwsc, Taran Wanderer, CmdrObot, ShelfSkewed, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, Pardy, Thijs!bot, Majorly, BokicaK, Bogger, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Ulkomaalainen, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Xerxesy, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, X958, A4bot, JhsBot, Marbe166, Imbris, Grk1011, SieBot, StAnselm, Wenzug, Robinson123, ImageRemovalBot, Luvharte, Niceguyedc, Piccadilly Sirkus, Xelaxa, Tuzapicabit, Boleyn, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Jojhutton, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, Lieveco, Potočnik, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Lizardboyo, Yest94, FrescoBot, Tiggs22, Bluebird207, LittleWink, Androsoma, Aca Srbin, Plasticspork, Redpower94, אומנות, Dinamik-bot, Vattuman, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Зигзаг, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes, Littleowljrn, SMEURO96, AvocatoBot, Wesley Mouse, Cyberbot II, SiBr4, Haris Mustabašić, Samrafferty14, 009988aaabbbccc, Srednuas Lenoroc, SSTflyer, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 95 • Eurovision Song Contest 1996 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1996?oldid=727803752 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, JeLuF, Fonzy, Fhimpe, Docu, Samuelsen, Andres, BRG, Zoicon5, Djungelurban, Slawojarek, Dimadick, Fredrik, RedWolf, Naddy, ScudLee, João Neves, Cjewell, Bender235, Shanes, PatrikR, Bobo192, Baratinha~enwiki, El Raki, Jess Cully, Fryede, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Ysangkok, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Manxruler, Mike Halterman, RFBailey, NWill, SjorsJonsson, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, Eskimbot, Colonies Chris, Kanabekobaton, Ohconfucius, Evilperson 20, Thewriter2120, Rigadoun, J 1982, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, Iridescent, Canadaolympic989, Jetman, Dub8lad1, Mb731, Waterloo1974, YuckieDuck, Coolguy22468, Esc luver, JamesAM, Thijs!bot, Landolitan, WinBot, BokicaK, Hut 8.5, Pommes104, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Alro, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Kibele, Swaddon1903, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Davin, Grk1011, SieBot, Gerakibot, Lloydpick, Ukryan1992, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, Mcdonnap, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Επιστήμων, Xtinadbest, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Bunnyhop11, Andreyyshore, Dimitrissss, AnomieBOT, Judo112, Mega60, ArthurBot, 205ywmpq, J4lambert, GrouchoBot, FrescoBot, Humdidum, AngelicaAgurbash, Redpower94, RyanHassall, Dinamik-bot, Vattuman, TjBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Ben76210, Mrluke485, Зигзаг, Manwoody, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, Mimimatz, Snotbot, L1975p, Frietjes, BG19bot, EuroAgurbash, Cristdan223, Wesley Mouse, Revenge 1, Kasmar00, Babitaarora, Red Plastic 12000, Haris Mustabašić, StevenRulez, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, KingDriverFC, Srednuas Lenoroc, ToastGeek1 and Anonymous: 100 • Eurovision Song Contest 1997 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1997?oldid=730870302 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Kadooshka, Docu, Zoicon5, Fredrik, Dmn, ScudLee, H1523702, Am088, Picapica, Bender235, Kinitawowi, PatrikR, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Dtobias, Firsfron, Tim!, Koavf, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Spleodrach, Eleassar, Manxruler, BOT-Superzerocool, NWill, Esprit15d, Jogers, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, C.Fred, Barend, Kanabekobaton, John Stafford, Dreadstar, Derek R Bullamore, Ohconfucius, Chwech, Evilperson 20, Peterwill, J 1982, Speedboy Salesman, AxG, E-Kartoffel, Prunk, Andrwsc, Simon12, Majorbonkers, Canadaolympic989, ChRis, CmdrObot, Alan Flynn, Rhiw2006, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, Esc luver, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, TheYmode, Zé da Silva, BokicaK, Fabbyboy, Bogger, JAnDbot, AlmostReadytoFly, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Maahn, Nips, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, BigHairRef, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Howth575, Gottago, Carlos MS, Vasilios2007, A4bot, Marbe166, Grk1011, Badoerfan, SieBot, D420182, Eurowizion, De Boni 2007, ClueBot, Fadesga, EoGuy, Jan1nad, Shahinyan, Luvharte, Scathain, Draggleduck, Eurov1997, Mugecik, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, MagnusA.Bot, Dunaszerdahely, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Ettrig, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, JackieBot, ArthurBot, Kulystab, FaceOffic, Foreverprovence, RibotBOT, D'ohBot, Dafni e87, LittleWink, RedBot, Aca Srbin, Adult delinquent, Plasticspork, Redpower94, TobeBot, Pig2008, Dinamik-bot, Vattuman, EmausBot, Mrluke485, August-54, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, BarnabyJoe, L1975p, Frietjes, Widr, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse, Danyzack, Justincheng12345-bot, DemirBajraktarevic, Cyberbot II, Haris Mustabašić, StevenRulez, AndersJNS1, Rodger42, 009988aaabbbccc, Jilfi, SSTflyer, InternetArchiveBot, OscarTipper and Anonymous: 107 • Eurovision Song Contest 1998 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998?oldid=735474147 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Docu, Andres, Smith03, Tris2000, Zoicon5, Bearcat, ChrisO~enwiki, Fredrik, Wereon, ScudLee, Bender235, CanisRufus, PatrikR, Bobo192, Jonathunder, Dave.Dunford, Dr. Schnellkopf, Jess Cully, Fryede, Firsfron, WadeSimMiser, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Amire80, FlaBot, Nihiltres, UkPaolo, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, LordofHavoc, Eleassar, Rsrikanth05, Manxruler, Aldux, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, robot, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, Bluebot, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, Derek R Bullamore, J.smith, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, J 1982, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, Andymmu, Canadaolympic989, ChRis, WeggeBot, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Future Perfect at Sunrise, YuckieDuck, Coolguy22468, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, Brett Dunbar, Sfinn85, BokicaK, Chronisgr, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Magioladitis, Movingimage, Hekerui, Rasho, Beagel, DerHexer, Ulkomaalainen, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Acalamari, Oskitar, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Gottago, Carlos MS, Vasilios2007, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Kumorifox, Broadbot, Marbe166, Chewy5000, Grk1011, SieBot, BotMultichill, Gerakibot, D420182, Creaven07, Mimihitam, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, ClueBot, El Burro~enwiki, Dimitar2007, Draggleduck, Cexycy, Pink Evolution~enwiki, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, 157.228.x.x, Blethering Scot, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Anubis369, Tassedethe, Ssschhh, HerculeBot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Paralympic, JackieBot, Wurstwicht, ArthurBot, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Davshul, Ayrtoncools, FrescoBot, Tomica, TVArchivistUK, Vinokurov Demis, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Redpower94, RyanHassall, Melthamman, Pig2008, Back4goode, Vattuman, EmausBot, Dolescum, Portunes, MrFawwaz, Dawnrad19, GoingBatty, Mrluke485, August-54, Luciann Mosescu, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, Mimimatz, ClueBot NG, BarnabyJoe, Movses-bot, Katching, Snotbot, L1975p, Frietjes, Ranma25783, BG19bot, EuroAgurbash, Snaevar-bot, Wesley Mouse, GRgeoGR, JoelJoen, Sqrubba55, Justincheng12345-bot, Cyberbot II, Fort esc, Mogism, Yozi22, Haris Mustabašić, SJ Defender, EuroFan98, 009988aaabbbccc, KingDriverFC, Alfred Kiefer, KasparBot, Fildo~hewiki, Eurovisionman2015, Zsxcfvgbjl, Ragnarok4143, Danbus43Maalit72, InternetArchiveBot, Gigar44, LazarShy and Anonymous: 187
8.1. TEXT
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• Eurovision Song Contest 1999 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1999?oldid=730870474 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, JeLuF, Fonzy, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Uriber, Wik, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, AnonMoos, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee, Muhamedmesic, Burgundavia, Picapica, YUL89YYZ, Bender235, J-Star, PatrikR, Bobo192, Pokrajac, Guaca, SteinbDJ, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tabletop, Plrk, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Ysangkok, Roboto de Ajvol, Mortenoesterlundjoergensen, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, TF100, Manxruler, Buster79, Dominykas Blyze, NWill, Doktorbuk, LeonardoRob0t, Rredwell, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, KittenKlub, Peter Isotalo, Tewfik, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, KrayCeremoush, Evilperson 20, J 1982, Drork, AxG, Andrwsc, Canadaolympic989, Waterloo1974, ST47, Coolguy22468, Pardy, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, SeNeKa, Daniel il, BokicaK, Tony0106, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Deanb, Yandrak~enwiki, Spy1986, Ulkomaalainen, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Zingostar, Black Kite, VolkovBot, Sporti, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, Vasilios2007, A4bot, Grk1011, CT Cooper, SieBot, BotMultichill, Gerakibot, DitzyNizzy, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, Vauxhall1964, Xelaxa, Pularoid, BalkanFever, Pink Evolution~enwiki, Hasan en, SilvonenBot, Teodor Hansi~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Koshoes, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Judo112, JackieBot, Migas94, Ulric1313, LilHelpa, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, RibotBOT, TVArchivistUK, Fernbom2, Bluebird207, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Adult delinquent, Deutsch-Türkçe-English, Redpower94, RyanHassall, Pig2008, אומנות, Dinamik-bot, Back4goode, Vattuman, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, Зигзаг, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Cineguido, Kapitan110295, L1975p, Frietjes, Widr, BG19bot, Shaun234, Wesley Mouse, Justincheng12345-bot, DemirBajraktarevic, Cyberbot II, SiBr4, Pumpotaukšlis, RytisMitkus, GinaKisyaukova, 009988aaabbbccc, KingDriverFC, KasparBot, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 87 • Eurovision Song Contest 2000 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2000?oldid=730870492 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, JeLuF, Fonzy, Docu, Bogdangiusca, Andres, Smith03, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, ChrisO~enwiki, Fredrik, Bbx, ScudLee, Andris, David 5000, Picapica, Bender235, PatrikR, Bobo192, Väsk, Jonathunder, Jess Cully, Fryede, Jeff3000, Aatox, Tim!, FlaBot, SchuminWeb, Ysangkok, Strangnet, Krun, YurikBot, RobotE, TF100, LordofHavoc, Jetro, Aldux, Number 57, NWill, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Fisss, Bluebot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Sjubidu, KrayCeremoush, Evilperson 20, J 1982, Clausule, Davidvankemenade, AxG, Novangelis, Andrwsc, Canadaolympic989, ChRis, Viennese Waltz, DariusRex, CmdrObot, Zarex, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, Esc luver, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, Zé da Silva, Chandler, Chronisgr, Tony0106, Xozny~enwiki, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Rasho, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Nono64, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Nicktsi, Zingostar, Hugo999, Gottago, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Grk1011, H92, SieBot, DitzyNizzy, D420182, Finna, Werldwayd, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, SlackerMom, Keeper76, Aturquie, MalcolmGould, Dimitar2007, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, Muro Bot, DumZiBoT, Pink Evolution~enwiki, GLGermann~enwiki, Hasan en, Robotico2, SilvonenBot, Teodor Hansi~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, CONMEBOL, OuijaBoardOuijaBoard, Zorrobot, HerculeBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, J4lambert, GrouchoBot, Alvin Seville, FrescoBot, Thayts, Tomica, TVArchivistUK, Mezod, LittleWink, BRUTE, STM-homie, RedBot, Redpower94, Arbero, TobeBot, Pig2008, Back4goode, Vattuman, In ictu oculi, EmausBot, Mrluke485, ZéroBot, Bollyjeff, August-54, LaRojaVamos, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, PaultjeKwik, L1975p, Frietjes, UltraRainbows, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Fort esc, SiBr4, Haris Mustabašić, Appetizer8088, 009988aaabbbccc, Edvis3692, SGriffin94, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot, Gigar44, Vlaedd and Anonymous: 110 • Eurovision Song Contest 2001 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2001?oldid=731379977 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, Chuq, Docu, Martijnesc, Phil Boswell, Fredrik, Kristof vt, Pibwl, ScudLee, Sebbe, Picapica, Bender235, Harry Hayfield, PatrikR, Bobo192, Pokrajac, Pperos, Hektor, Jess Cully, Fryede, Mag2k, Woohookitty, Plrk, Cuchullain, Waninoco, Tim!, Ttwaring, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Strangnet, UkPaolo, YurikBot, RobotE, Spleodrach, TF100, Eleassar, NickBush24, Mike Halterman, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, Lewis R, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Skizzik, Thumbling, Bluebot, Mona, Kanabekobaton, Gragox, Hoof Hearted, Derek R Bullamore, Gredondo, KrayCeremoush, Chwech, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, AxG, Andrwsc, Canadaolympic989, Jetman, ChRis, DariusRex, CmdrObot, ShelfSkewed, Rain74, Mb731, Flying Saucer, Waterloo1974, Peteb16, Coolguy22468, Pardy, Esc luver, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, Adjespers, SeNeKa, CrazyPhunk, Tony0106, Geniac, Kilrothi, AndriusG, Olbap, Maahn, Welshleprechaun, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Skier Dude, SirJibby, Skarloey15, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Nicktsi, Zingostar, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Gottago, Tesscass, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Piontek~enwiki, Hqb, Broadbot, Grk1011, CT Cooper, SieBot, BotMultichill, Elsteffo, Bentogoa, ZoRCoCuK~enwiki, Jaan, Robinson123, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, ClueBot, Aturquie, Eddie’s Teddy, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Cexycy, SoxBot, BalkanFever, Mr. Gerbear, GLGermann~enwiki, Hasan en, Robotico2, SilvonenBot, Bakulas, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, AlexandrDmitri, Matthewharding3, Mika2008, CONMEBOL, MagnusA.Bot, Henkt, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, HerculeBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, אל בארטו, Depressing November, ArthurBot, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT, Vihelik, DannyBoy20802, Surv1v4l1st, BulsaraAndDeacon, Kwiki, LittleWink, RedBot, Aca Srbin, Redpower94, Arbero, Rosertnom, Vattuman, EmausBot, Portunes, Mrluke485, ZéroBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Gajmar, Kapitan110295, Mimimatz, Kuuskinen, L1975p, Akinranbu, BG19bot, Snaevar-bot, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Dylanvt, PootisHeavy, SiBr4, Appetizer8088, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Pearlcopse, KasparBot, InternetArchiveBot, Vlaedd and Anonymous: 126 • Eurovision Song Contest 2002 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2002?oldid=730870527 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, JeLuF, Fonzy, Kemkim, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Andres, Jiang, Smith03, Tpbradbury, Vergina~enwiki, Martijnesc, ChrisO~enwiki, Fredrik, Kristof vt, ScudLee, BigHaz, Bender235, Djordjes, PatrikR, Bobo192, Pokrajac, Jumbuck, Jess Cully, DeeJay, Tabletop, Waninoco, Tim!, Koavf, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Jared Preston, Agamemnon2, UkPaolo, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, TF100, Aldux, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, Anclation~enwiki, Lewis R, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Paxse, Gilliam, Hmains, Mona, Kanabekobaton, Gragox, Smooth O, Valenciano, Chrisethebest, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, John, J 1982, Aspirex, AxG, Andrwsc, Pudeo, CmdrObot, Dycedarg, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Edmund1989, Pete Davis, Thijs!bot, Adjespers, SeNeKa, Brett Dunbar, BokicaK, Darklilac, Chronisgr, CrazyPhunk, Tony0106, Responsible?, .anacondabot, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Magioladitis, Rich257, Treehyrax, MartinBot, STBot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Black Kite, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Tesscass, Axiemeister, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Hqb, Porcina, Maxim, Grk1011, CT Cooper, SieBot, D420182, Flyer22 Reborn, Jaan, Robinson123, Jimmy Slade, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, Ukryan1992, Vauxhall1964, Aturquie, PixelBot, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, Wprlh, Cexycy, Epiovesan, Tuzapicabit, BalkanFever, Editorofthewiki, Pink Evolution~enwiki, GLGermann~enwiki, Hasan en, Robotico2, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, Theleftorium, Mika2008, CONMEBOL, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, OlEnglish, SimoneMLK, HerculeBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, ArthurBot, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, 1111mol, Marthenpoiss, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT, DannyBoy20802, Jvr725, On 52, Tomica, TVArchivistUK, LittleWink, Pelmeen10, Whoaman35, RedBot, MastiBot, Thinking of England, Aca Srbin, Redpower94, Christinathebest, Gwendu09, Vattuman, In ictu oculi, Dolescum, WikitanvirBot, Merynancy, Mrluke485, ZéroBot, Zbase4, Зигзаг, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Hazbulator, L1975p, Sukbhirsinghsangha, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Şalvarspor, SiBr4, Nimetapoeg, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Vladbad Vakula, KasparBot, Yoga Widya 1994, InternetArchiveBot, GreenC bot and Anonymous: 150 • Eurovision Song Contest 2003 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2003?oldid=732881436 Contributors:
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CHAPTER 8. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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Sfdan, Paul A, Tregoweth, Arwel Parry, Bogdangiusca, Chrysalis, TheSeez, Charles Matthews, Timwi, Zoicon5, Silvonen, Tpbradbury, דוד, Joy, Stormie, Francs2000, Pigsonthewing, Iam, Fredrik, Altenmann, Romanm, Sinistro, Dmn, ManuelGR, SimonMayer, ScudLee, Niteowlneils, Ivan Svircevic, Andris, Alensha, BigHaz, BillyH, Zoney, Avala, Bobblewik, 159753, Kiteinthewind, Mzajac, CGorman~enwiki, Pidgeot, Irpen, David 5000, Trilobite, Stupid girl, Rich Farmbrough, NeilTarrant, AndrewM1, Tompw, CanisRufus, The Noodle Incident, Thuresson, PatrikR, Bobo192, Defrosted, Gumol, Elipongo, Dungodung, Kappa, Cavrdg, Bawolff, Landroni, Albanau~enwiki, Hektor, Doteurovision, Jeltz, Ashley Pomeroy, MadiZone, Ilse@, Dave.Dunford, Alai, Jess Cully, Djsasso, Fryede, Mag2k, VicFromTheBlock, Percy Snoodle, Thorpe, Manwe, Ruud Koot, Fred J, Zosha~enwiki, Rnt20, KaisaL, Monk, Eamoniski, Waninoco, Miss Pippa, Tim!, Koavf, Саша Стефановић, Chid12, Badman85~enwiki, Franklinvv~enwiki, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Lipis, Nihiltres, Elmer Clark, Krun, Costas Skarlatos, Jared Preston, Johannes Brodwall, UkPaolo, YurikBot, RobotE, Shimi~enwiki, RussBot, PetrosGreek, TF100, Peter S., Hede2000, Akhristov, Jetro, Marcus Cyron, Kokota, Introgressive, Aldux, Number 57, Nick C, PanchoS, NWill, Cypriot stud, VodkaJazz, Getoar, Curpsbot-unicodify, Lewis R, That Guy, From That Show!, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, KittenKlub, Commander Keane bot, DStoykov, Norum, Xx236, Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, Chrisethebest, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Alexandr Busa, Sjubidu, KrayCeremoush, Jóna Þórunn, FallenAngelII, Evilperson 20, Gr8person, Eric82oslo, FlyerBoy, Irlandija~enwiki, AxG, Mijzelf, E-Kartoffel, Prunk, Andrwsc, GerardT, Ogidog, Siuntio, INkubusse, CmdrObot, Viper h, ShelfSkewed, WeggeBot, Mb731, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Tkynerd, -Bohdan-, Szoltys, JamesAM, Thijs!bot, N5iln, Zé da Silva, Brett Dunbar, JustAGal, Andrei G Kustov, PromoEuro, Chronisgr, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Avjoska, Deanb, Rasho, JaGa, JdeJ, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Elkost, Schlager, KylieTastic, Tamir310, Tbone762, Strajkoski, Oskitar, Skopjanec, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Zingostar, Black Kite, VolkovBot, Gottago, Jumbocid, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, A4bot, Hqb, Broadbot, Porcina, Uannis~enwiki, Imbris, Hammerby, Grk1011, CT Cooper, Biscuittin, SieBot, Gerakibot, Rave92, Egyetleneim, Antzervos, Aspects, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, ClueBot, Niceguyedc, Vladar86, Dreamspeaker, PixelBot, AnthonyUK, NuclearWarfare, Cexycy, Tuzapicabit, A.h. king, Robotico2, Avoided, SilvonenBot, Teodor Hansi~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, CONMEBOL, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Jaimaster, Iune, StickySugar, CountryBot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Lieveco, Ulric1313, Xqbot, Drilnoth, 205ywmpq, GreekStar12, GrouchoBot, Deaflympic, RibotBOT, Georgia-best, DannyBoy20802, Yest94, Edgars2007, Tomica, TVArchivistUK, BenzolBot, Vuk skywalker, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Maritimon, John123521, Redpower94, EuroQele, Gwendu09, TjBot, DJEnok, In ictu oculi, Mollyfa, Dolescum, WikitanvirBot, Agnarb, Mrluke485, ZéroBot, Daniel Callegaro, August-54, Зигзаг, Brandmeister, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, ESC 2010, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Prioryman,
8.1. TEXT
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L1975p, Frietjes, Roreo123eurovision, U.Steele, Helpful Pixie Bot, The-promise92, Littleowljrn, BG19bot, Armadillopteryx, PetarG, Wesley Mouse, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, EagerToddler39, Eurofan2005, Şalvarspor, Pickette, MrLinkinPark333, ZeMusicFan, StevenRulez, EuroFan98, GinaKisyaukova, Monkbot, Αντρέας Δέλτα, Filedelinkerbot, Kevindawson18, MarpleBI, 009988aaabbbccc, Vlad Cosmin, Jilfi, Vladbad Vakula, MutatedMan, SSTflyer, InternetArchiveBot, ToastGeek1 and Anonymous: 294 • Eurovision Song Contest 2006 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006?oldid=735605560 Contributors: Palnatoke, Matthewmayer, Slovakia, Bogdangiusca, Kwekubo, Andres, Jonik, Charles Matthews, John Cross, EmphasisMine, Djungelurban, Bjarki S, Leonariso, Slawojarek, Pigsonthewing, ChrisO~enwiki, Altenmann, Gidonb, David Edgar, Asn, Dmn, Andy, Andromeda~enwiki, Obli, Avala, Golbez, 159753, Kiteinthewind, David 5000, Paradoxian, Pinnerup, Xioyux, D6, C12H22O11, Hrafnkell, Michael Zimmermann, Allard, Bender235, NeilTarrant, Kms, Tompw, Gertjan R., Kiand, Shanes, Thuresson, PatrikR, Bobo192, Robotje, Pokrajac, Pperos, MPerel, Nsaa, Freako, Edward Grefenstette, Hektor, Gargaj, Jeltz, Ronline, Kel-nage, Wtmitchell, Ayrshire-−77, Evil Monkey, Max Naylor, Ilse@, Jess Cully, Fryede, Mag2k, SietskeEN, Stemonitis, Mel Etitis, Woohookitty, Olivert1977, Easyas12c, Dzordzm, AndriyK, Pictureuploader, BrydoF1989, Nick1nildram, KaisaL, JIP, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Rogerd, NatusRoma, Kh80, Oblivious, Bensin, Nandesuka, Yamamoto Ichiro, Rebelstrike, Maitch, HJV, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Elmer Clark, MjD, IngaAusa, Le Anh-Huy, Foxtrot Romeo India Zulu Echo, MoRsE, Sherool, Jared Preston, Garas, Damac, Korg, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, Brandmeister (old), RussBot, TF100, Red Slash, Hede2000, Eleassar, Jetro, Brooza, PrinceCharming, Marcus Cyron, Fabhcún, Snek01, Kokota, Deskana, ChicosBailBonds, Toya, Renata3, Jpbowen, Aldux, Melly42, Nick C, Empty2005, PanchoS, Tachyon01, CLW, NWill, Omega100, Eurosong, MLA, 21655, Deville, Doktorbuk, Uncke Herb, Strazdas~enwiki, Ilmari Karonen, ViperSnake151, Lewis R, Ant ie, A bit iffy, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Bswee, Estoy Aquí, David.Mestel, Kimon, Bomac, Kokoo, Chairman S., ZlatkoT, Ohnder~enwiki, HeartofaDog, Peter Isotalo, Advds, Skizzik, Anastasios~enwiki, Iancaddy, Fisss, Bluebot, Cretanforever, Giorgos P, Frap, Cplakidas, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Ichigostar2007, Asteraki, Funky Monkey, Chrisethebest, Treki, KRBN, Derek R Bullamore, Alexandr Busa, Weregerbil, Er0229, MetroStar, Jbergquist, Greekboy, KrayCeremoush, Irish Lad, Snuckonline, SashatoBot, Lambiam, Evilperson 20, Cyrruss, Eric82oslo, ManiacK, Equator, Peterwill, John, Zaqqq, Thewriter2120, J 1982, CrashMex, Vinaixa67, FlyerBoy, F. Antares~enwiki, Exo, Adrianb ro, Matwin, Irlandija~enwiki, Androl, AxG, Waggers, Clq, Mijzelf, AlexButler, ARIC2006, PhilG~enwiki, Liam Plested, Andrwsc, Tatotal, Hectorian, WikiHaquinator, Boni2006, ChRis, Revler, Fael, LegendarySlammer5893, Givern, Ogidog, Neurillon, Tawkerbot2, PuMme~enwiki, ChrisCork, Feta, KillaShark, Avg, Zarex, Cachada, Ąžuolas, Mika1h, Viper h, Toskur, Shandris, Bravada, Satyricon uk, WeggeBot, Mb731, Senorelroboto, Alexignatiou~enwiki, Waterloo1974, 13756, Travelbird, Extate, Icemanofbarcelona101, Pete Davis, Kozo, Prevezanos, AndreasBlixt, Robertsteadman, Esc luver, Thijs!bot, Sergeyy, Sergei.belikov, Tree shrew, SAAER45, Hugo.arg, Prince 06, Geisskane, AJH, Tapir Terrific, Rod Watson, Zé da Silva, Brett Dunbar, NAG3, Escarbot, Regularcelery, Madder, Puchu, Darklilac, Chronisgr, JAnDbot, Tony0106, Boguslavmandzyuk, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Brody ro, The Anomebot2, Elanorea, DJ Dritt, Vevo~enwiki, Rasho, JdeJ, Welshleprechaun, MartinBot, STBot, Henry Berthelsen, Ulkomaalainen, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Magnakai6, Numbo3, McSly, Schlager, DanielWhit, Garret Beaumain, DH85868993, Strajkoski, Celticfan383, Oskitar, Inwind, Skopjanec, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Sthenel, Zingostar, Black Kite, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Gottago, Gegham, Jumbocid, Carlos MS, Chillin411, Hqb, Any IP., Porcina, Maxim, Uannis~enwiki, Grk1011, CT Cooper, Ponyo, SieBot, StAnselm, Moonriddengirl, VVVBot, Gerakibot, DitzyNizzy, D420182, Aris 8564, Fratrep, Werldwayd, Jahner89, Eurowizion, WikiBotas, ClueBot, Ukryan1992, Chandlerjoeyross, Jabc123, Ktr101, Aturquie, PixelBot, Mc95, Ex penumbrae, DumZiBoT, A.h. king, Pink Evolution~enwiki, Robotico2, SilvonenBot, MystBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Darena mipt, Xtinadbest, Apoyon, CONMEBOL, MagnusA.Bot, Leszek Jańczuk, AndersBot, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Mathimatikos, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, Kam47625, Lapost, Obersachsebot, MauritsBot, 205ywmpq, J4lambert, GreekStar12, Library8oy, Marthenpoiss, Deaflympic, Anccheguttie, Greeneyed soul, FrescoBot, Tomica, Ywmpq205, Rändajad, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Redpower94, Cnwilliams, Tim1357, Vattuman, OnWikiNo, MicCFC96, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, AvicBot, ZéroBot, Daniel Callegaro, August-54, Зигзаг, StarBoyGarik, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, ESC 2010, BabbaQ, Svilka555, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, L1975p, Frietjes, Carrac111, REJS H, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse, Peegpeeg, Danyzack, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, Politikeren, Monsterknight, PanosBonJovi, Pickette, Qcumber95, Florion1010, Dimsar01, KremlinGirl1964, StevenRulez, Осиновител СВС, Αντρέας Δέλτα, Antony Kiriakoglou, BlueTangerine123, TheMagikCow, 009988aaabbbccc, KasparBot, TheHeroWolf, Srednuas Lenoroc, BreadSlice, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 618 • Eurovision Song Contest 2007 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007?oldid=736055096 Contributors: XJaM, SGBailey, Schneelocke, Tpbradbury, Ed g2s, Joy, Mtcv, Dimadick, Bearcat, Pigsonthewing, ChrisO~enwiki, Kizor, Twid, TimR, Timrollpickering, Dmn, Phildav76, Jyril, Obli, Avala, Edcolins, 159753, Kiteinthewind, OwenBlacker, Kaldur, Mibblepedia, David 5000, Jxan3000, Canterbury Tail, CALR, RedWordSmith, Parishan, FeMeMe, Aecis, Gertjan R., Dinsdagskind, RoyBoy, Thuresson, PatrikR, Bobo192, Circeus, Alarm, Smalljim, Xevious, Pokrajac, Pperos, WMMartin, Nsaa, Kraupu, Jumbuck, Batjohan, Anthony Appleyard, Hektor, C960657, Jeltz, Riana, Hadžija, Marianocecowski, Ashlux, Ilse@, Jess Cully, Djsasso, Nightstallion, Fryede, Tariqabjotu, Stemonitis, Alexmandru, Woohookitty, Olivert1977, Fred J, TarisWerewolf, Dzordzm, GregorB, KaisaL, JIP, Miq, Tim!, Bensin, Bhadani, Ecelan, Pruneau, Ground Zero, NRS11, HJV, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Parutakupiu, Stevenfruitsmaak, MTC, Foxtrot Romeo India Zulu Echo, Osli73, LiangHH, Garas, Korg, Digitalme, YurikBot, Sceptre, RussBot, TF100, Lincolnite, Jengelh, Hondurazian, Valmoer, Eleassar, Brooza, Marcus Cyron, DJ Bungi, Janke, Gillis, Ђорђе Д. Божовић, BOT-Superzerocool, Mysid, PanchoS, NWill, Alexxcod, Eurosong, Loool, Doktorbuk, Steveweiser, Luckystars, Mkg87, Smurrayinchester, Xil, Rredwell, PaxEquilibrium, Che829, Bob Hu, ViperSnake151, Kungfuadam, Lewis R, NeilN, Kalaha, Maxamegalon2000, Paul Erik, Ajdebre, Dupz, Dani90, SmackBot, Mannixstreetpreacher, Thierry Caro, Martin Leng, Estoy Aquí, Zarevak, Anthonylombardi, Od Mishehu, Bomac, Nouanoua, Eskimbot, Wakuran, Aivazovsky, Colonel Tom, Robster2001, Skizzik, Andy M. Wang, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Colonies Chris, Frap, Bib, Djido, Kanabekobaton, Leftism, CrnaGora, Gragox, Krich, Smooth O, Jwy, Valenciano, Will2710, Dream out loud, Chrisethebest, Derek R Bullamore, Jbergquist, Powelldinho, Greekboy, KrayCeremoush, Acdx, Evlekis, DDima, Shameless, Chwech, SashatoBot, Nathanael Bar-Aur L., Evilperson 20, LukaP, Eric82oslo, NotMuchToSay, Peterwill, Kuru, John, Zaqqq, Demicx, J 1982, SilkTork, Knjizevnost, Vinaixa67, FlyerBoy, Absar, Martinurquhart, Matti g, Beetstra, Androl, Martinp23, Corkeychan, Fossa, AxG, AlexButler, ARIC2006, Andrwsc, Dark ixion, Hectorian, Emx~enwiki, Iridescent, The Giant Puffin, ChRis, V111P, Skafa~enwiki, RekishiEJ, Ogidog, Aleksengland, Budgie babies, Seedybob2, Alan Flynn, Zarex, Ldingley, ThreeBlindMice, Green caterpillar, Splenius, ShelfSkewed, Shandris, WeggeBot, Rain74, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Reywas92, Azores, 13756, Anton05, Coffeemonkeyuk, Jammy simpson, Travelbird, Khatru2, Peteb16, ST47, Swakeman, Pete Davis, Pardy, Tawkerbot4, Esc luver, Krylonblue83, Thijs!bot, Dragoljub Kojadinovic, Mpob, Wikinger86, Crzycheetah, Silenzio, Chandler, Plockplock, Emil91, Folic Acid, Marko garfield, AntiVandalBot, Bonde, Luna Santin, Just Chilling, Z1720, Rainonwood, Darklilac, Chronisgr, Isber, CrazyPhunk, RedvBlue, Benzy19, Cola4, Joel i, Bigjimr, Husond, DuncanHill, Tony0106, MER-C, V. Szabolcs, Dave8000, Cshield214, Vl'hurg, DAllardyce, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Toriamos100, VoABot II, Diamond2, Maaian, Whats new?, SEREGA784, MatthewJS, The Anomebot2, UP3~enwiki, Movingimage, Elanorea, DJ Dritt, MetsBot, Rasho, JdeJ, Pax:Vobiscum, Jonomacdrones, Wre2wre, Chrisportelli, Spy1986, KeltRanger~enwiki, MartinBot, STBot, ZeFredz, CKnight16, Grampiantelevision, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Wikiwow12, Planecrazy22, Gammondog, MislavK, Westleyd, PrestonH, DJYianni05, Wiki Raja, Aureez, Svetko, Littledaniel 93, Craigmaclean888, Numbo3, Jonpro, Bj.r123, Demyx9, Unixlinux, Liolick79, Baudolinos, Keyelpk, Ancient Land of Bosoni,
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Riohadzic, Marius1000, Sahrazad~enwiki, Dvp7, Kodster, Љубе, A1personage, Saulius0206, Jaanusele, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, Allan2008, Gofzamen~enwiki, ApprenticeUK, Coolirishdude, Metagraph, ESCHP, Mika2008, Fieldday-sunday, Stelios7, Kopljanik, Marija Lazarevich, Dundedia, Triancula, NjardarBot, Poxes, Dunaszerdahely, Euroleague, BepBot, Sidinayarak, LinkFA-Bot, AngeL.oF.dOubT., Meaty Weenies, Numbo3-bot, KriFFek, SeanHanna1991, Nathevo6, Zorrobot, Koshoes, Luckas-bot, Timurite, Yobot, Amirobot, Ahmedo Semsurî, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, YeshuaDavid, Paralympic, Ulric1313, Canyoucomehere, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Gaja, Diggiloo, 205ywmpq, Marthenpoiss, Jezhotwells, RibotBOT, FrescoBot, Rastko Pocesta, Reddy503, Vuk skywalker, Humdidum, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot, Redpower94, Panagiotispet, Tim1357, Dinamik-bot, Gwendu09, Big Axe, Vattuman, EmausBot, Portunes, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, RenamedUser01302013, Twisted-thoughts16, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, Faishal mahdi, Madlen t, H3llBot, Trajce-Arsov, Зигзаг, KarasuGamma, Δ, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, Phanuruch8555, Jamchip, L1975p, Frietjes, Roreo123eurovision, Rezabot, Morroccossa, REJS H, BG19bot, SMRULES96, PetarG, Wesley Mouse, F.D, Not A Superhero, Aisteco, BattyBot, Dfizzles, Cyberbot II, EuphoriaBurakcan, Eurofan2005, Dexbot, Şalvarspor, Hmainsbot1, Mogism, Justjosh111, Pickette, ZyMarionete, Qcumber95, Jabc124, MrSilesian, Linusw1, PjeterPeter, Αντρέας Δέλτα, Thewritershuman, Roya Shirali, 009988aaabbbccc, Realityshowslover99, KasparBot, JJMC89, MutatedMan, Mogo980808, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 846 • Eurovision Song Contest 2009 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009?oldid=735725188 Contributors: SGBailey, Arpingstone, EmphasisMine, Janko, Markhurd, Tpbradbury, Frihet, Chrism, Nerval, Dmn, Avala, Jla, SoWhy, SarekOfVulcan, OverlordQ, Ukexpat, David 5000, Sesse, Parishan, Andrew Maiman, Bender235, Aecis, Art LaPella, PatrikR, Bobo192, Pokrajac, Geschichte, Hektor, Jezmck, Jess Cully, Fryede, Vartan84, Richwales, B1mbo, Woohookitty, Asav, Tabletop, Havarhen, Tslocum, Li-sung, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Feydey, SMC, Kh80, Lairor, AlisonW, Esanchezyn, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Snailwalker,
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Brandmeister (old), RussBot, TF100, Hede2000, Jetro, Marcus Cyron, Mike Halterman, Hogne, Magol, PanchoS, NWill, AjaxSmack, FF2010, Doktorbuk, BorgQueen, ViperSnake151, Stephennarmstrong, Amberrock, Snottily, A bit iffy, SmackBot, Elonka, Martin Leng, TrondM, Grandmaster, Bomac, DWaterson, Nickst, Nouanoua, HalfShadow, Robster2001, MaskedSheik, Chris the speller, PrimeHunter, MalafayaBot, Hibernian, Bazonka, Shuki, Edgjerp, Digital1, Frap, Bib, Kanabekobaton, Azumanga1, Britmax, Dmitry Chulkov, Smooth O, Chrisethebest, Derek R Bullamore, Lessthanthree, Greekboy, Atlantas, Chwech, Evilperson 20, LukaP, John, Zaqqq, Demicx, Thewriter2120, Alasdairaph, Ex nihil, Androl, AxG, AdultSwim, ARIC2006, Hectorian, THELEICESTERFOX, Hu12, ChRis, CapitalR, Stadtpark, SkyWalker, Image of me, Tanthalas39, Ale jrb, Orderinchaos, Runningonbrains, Mb731, Ymihere~enwiki, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Reywas92, Peteb16, Meowy, Chasingsol, Adolphus79, Pardy, Quibik, Deltaquadboi, Jame89, Click23, Thijs!bot, Tommy23, TundraRocks, A3RO, Poppler, JustAGal, Chandler, The Hybrid, Iulius, Ferpunk, SaraFeodorovna, DJ Mike TJG, Regularcelery, BokicaK, AnemoneProjectors, Leinad, Alexanderb101, Vanjagenije, Babakexorramdin, Hassocks5489, JAnDbot, Wiki0709, DuncanHill, Tony0106, Felipe Menegaz, Ygoloxelfer, MotorSportMCMXC, Doublex120, Polarina, Dapsv~enwiki, Magioladitis, Mapmark, VoABot II, Maaian, Fire Elf, JNW, The Anomebot2, Wierzba, Elanorea, Danoples, Allstarecho, Lethaniol, Edward321, Garik 11, Avendano, Lilduff90, Mofs, Welshleprechaun, Williams1986vn, BetBot~enwiki, R'n'B, Flrn, CommonsDelinker, Ssolbergj, Mikani, Aureez, J.delanoy, McDoobAU93, Herbythyme, Aleksandr Grigoryev, Scottrb, TheChrisD, Eivindgh, TheTrojanHought, Garret Beaumain, HOUZI, Bruno Rosta, Bonadea, Celticfan383, JavierMC, Sjc07, Dkreisst, Idioma-bot, Signalhead, Black Kite, VolkovBot, Gottago, Twintrees, Kyle the bot, Carlos MS, JuneGloom07, TXiKiBoT, Cyberscholar, Snubbiesluver15, Hqb, The Mighty Kinkle, Jonnyt 123, Adamml13, Axur, Arthur7171, Drigioni, Budgie31, MadMagFreak, Porcina, SergioGeorgini, Peeperman, Chrismid259, Uannis~enwiki, Imbris, Blurpeace, Jarads, Hanskarlperez, Paul S UK, Grk1011, Lewisrees, Dollvalley, CT Cooper, Deconstructhis, Lejman, Vitor pk, Dogah, SieBot, Royiyu, Moonriddengirl, WereSpielChequers, Poecilia Reticulata, Gerakibot, DitzyNizzy, Andry2109, MaesterTonberry, Srushe, ZoRCoCuK~enwiki, Oda Mari, Mewasul, Hj123, Antonio Lopez, Lake bolt, Kildor, Bgdboy011, Nancy, AspidistraBaby, KritonK, Werldwayd, Zibjah, Soulweaver, Gorrrillla5, CultureDrone, Jaan, Phoenixmjs, Zwiadowca21, Retromies, Medusacaribe, Jimmy Slade, Kanonkas, Myrvin, Mumi.mumi, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, Peltimikko, ClueBot, Fribbler, Foxj, Arakunem, A.Savin, E.mammadli~enwiki, Potes, Ukryan1992, Kuzey03, Blanchardb, Mus001, Tomeryogi, Vauxhall1964, Faezdel, Alexbot, AnthonyUK, Piccadilly Sirkus, Abrech, Katastofe3, Lartoven, CT Cooper (alternate account), Sun Creator, Dimitar2007, Escaddict, MacedonianBoy, Xelaxa, Veggiehead, Cexycy, Eugeny1988, Go create, 4njones, Another Believer, Thingg, Mc95, Nymphaluna, AmericanIDs, Zombie433, Versus22, Ivank1993, IJA, Qwfp, Greenock125, SoxBot III, Gikü, BalkanFever, Ethelh, Muddles, Maccamax17, Exciton, LHMike, XLinkBot, Pink Evolution~enwiki, Lucy777, Kurdo777, Spitfire, Robotico2, Todorovj, Fobier, TFOWR, SilvonenBot, Ardijusufi, Gabriel2008, Officially Mr X, Riohadzic, Sahrazad~enwiki, Dvp7, HexaChord, Siekierki~enwiki, RisteMakedonski, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Montehermoso-spain, Digikid1, Xtinadbest, Roentgenium111, AlexandrDmitri, AVand, ApprenticeUK, Landon1980, Silikonvadisi~enwiki, Jan Hofmann, Mika2008, Erpelu~enwiki, Fieldday-sunday, Sesshomaru1986, Kman543210, CanadianLinuxUser, SpillingBot, Cst17, Dunaszerdahely, LaaknorBot, H92Bot, Euroleague, DFS454, Andrew091690, AndersBot, HeathenMaiden~enwiki, Torre878, REOFTHUN, Reogo, Nanoe, AngeL.oF.dOubT., Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Tabswork, Maand~enwiki, BERGMAN79, KestasUPSY~enwiki, Stewart0406, Jhgvdbsg, SeanHanna1991, Jb102, WIELKI ZNAWCA, Jipi5474, Milos12, Urpunkt, Dc3stefan, Koshoes, Snookerman, Mathimatikos, Shikuesi3, João P. 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bot, OscarTipper and Anonymous: 895 • Eurovision Song Contest 2011 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011?oldid=734731828 Contributors: Ixfd64, Andres, Kaihsu, Timwi, Tpbradbury, AnonMoos, Dcutter, BigHaz, Avala, Jla, Picapica, DanielCD, Rich Farmbrough, Parishan, Rob linham, Bender235, Dinsdagskind, PatrikR, Pperos, Red Winged Duck, Diego Moya, SlimVirgin, Nightstallion, Brookie, Thryduulf, Woohookitty, Tabletop, TaivoLinguist, KaisaL, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Bensin, Pruneau, Nihiltres, Rbonvall, Jrtayloriv, Str1977, Jared Preston, Noclador, Spleodrach, Citius Altius Fortius, Jetro, Marcus Cyron, Grafen, Djm1279, Dgeleyn, Melly42, Nick C, Lockesdonkey, PanchoS, Alexxcod, Doktorbuk, Rredwell, Whouk, ViperSnake151, Ahonc, Philip Stevens, Amberrock, Tom Morris, Amalthea, SmackBot, TrondM, Estoy Aquí, Nickst, Jab843, Ohnder~enwiki, Gilliam, Skizzik, BBMSteve, Chris the speller, Timbouctou, Marcworca, Digital1, Quizman1967, Valenciano, Derek R Bullamore, Greekboy, 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M. Lima, Yobot, Bratant, Amirobot, Andreyyshore, Yngvadottir, KenelmJames, Ahmedo Semsurî, Cdmafra, Maxí, Dimitrissss, Emilios1310, Bearas, MacTire02, AnomieBOT, JDamanWP, Thobiah, Osandbu, 1exec1, Ville Siliämaa, Danindub, 90, Wurstwicht, Migas94, Ulric1313, Lord Raptorius, Hixteilchen, ArthurBot, სანდრო, Mydreamistofly, Xqbot, Jane doe10, Zmdi, DSisyphBot, AnelZukic, J4lambert, Marthenpoiss, Rangond, Destok, Goncalo1998, SassoBot, , Cdl1976, Poggletrack, AMPERIO, Anccheguttie, Foveaux, DannyBoy20802, თეკა, STEF1995S, Cekli829, Edgars2007, TeddyDTE, 19 minutes, FrescoBot, Reihnold, Rastko Pocesta, Editorxd, Tomica, Facy5, TVArchivistUK, D'ohBot, ProcEnforce, PokerFace3, Dannyboy819, DeKo994, HJ Mitchell, Kersenplukker, Jamesooders, Vlatko.mk, Tatasport, L95slovenia, Den nis1607, Coronationstreetmad, DarthKrait, QDK01, Pepito hr, Rändajad, LittleWink, RedBot, Ante 1706, Serols, Malax5, Aca Srbin, ScottMHoward, Jdthelegend123, Malta1978, EuroLuis, Jackloko1092, Diogomauricio3, Portugaljunior, LoveSK, Redpower94, Amonet, Sakiss89, RyanHassall, Lukex115, Jackmc1995, Quaveren, Resad-9, Aksizi, LeinsterLion, Tvabdou, Olli, Kante4, אומנות, Hollac16, Harkinson, Chrixl, WhatGuy, Lapaykura, Donikanuhiu, DominVlad, בן גרשון, Eugen Abramov, Big Axe, On 15, Vattuman, Diannaa, Emil Christiansen, Tbhotch, Zouki08, Patkenel, Countrymaster, MarlinMr, Whisky drinker, TjBot, Bento00, Le Liegeois, DJEnok, EGroup, Rctycoplay, Monoculo, EmausBot, John of Reading, SteliosGR, Erikizmas, WikitanvirBot, Stryn, Mare91, Ben76210, Ismukhammed, Skyy Train, Andrzej19, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, Zourich, Ifore2010, Twisted-thoughts16, Mo ainm, Jim Michael, Tommy2010, ArdealBoy, Mrluke485, Teddy45, , Amityville On The Hill, KzKrann, MrHedless85, ZéroBot, Daniel Callegaro, Zbase4, Cpl123, Olepska, ÅlandÖland, Betopedia, Madlen t, H3llBot, LiamKildare, August-54, Luciann Mosescu, Unreal7, Kefalonitis94, MrEurovisionTV, Macguyverthebest, Murza-Zade, Lazaros1997,
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Steveyeu, Molguy, Ikkemye, DrExcalibur, McSery, Norbertagius, ShaneMc2010, Alla=tjubija, Maltaguy, Satllite, Brandmeister, TheMyAdri, Anthony van der Wal, NickSahlene, CoolAbc, LaRojaVamos, Carolopieteng, Trinemartine, Euglena-Amöbe~enwiki, Lilleys, Martianmen, Garbulka3, ToJa55, Ozerovocka, ChuispastonBot, Begoodtored69, Liepsna, Ratzfromdaflatz, Dan221094, The bro code, Merocks69, ESC 2010, Silverhelsinki, Dark Echo19, BabbaQ, NLinpublic, Spa-Franks, Theb37i, MilojeVacic, Bellwood911, DanielLuis, Dchipz, Kapitan110295, Petrb, Skimpyroo, ClueBot NG, Bernabé, Antonyo17, SuperVasilis, Halma10, SaturdayMight1000, Cyperuspapyrus, Khimik94, Jack Cuffe, Phanuruch8555, Ecad93, Athirostomos, DanielaGreter, Berthebest, Алехандро97, Alexis951, Eurovisionist, ToneDamli, Tiitarins, Millermk, Manialf, Nathanvolkov, Innano1, Joetri10, JustEase, Эстоночка, Madeinslovakia, Airlinesguy, Eng-men, Zacky-V, Roreo123eurovision, Crazzu, Eurodance1, Voj 2005, Rezabot, SongFestivals, Ingadres, Fakonstan, EuroMay, Alts, T-resh, Akai Goth, Carrac111, Mateusz xd 96, Thos M, Ranma25783, Raladic, Morroccossa, REJS H, André Schneider, BG19bot, Popsiclesare, Sacatuzdank, Bixer, Emanuele75, Frze, Cristdan223, Wesley Mouse, Not A Superhero, Danyzack, Robyn2000, GRgeoGR, DylanWhittaker, BattyBot, Dfizzles, Aleks.pucer, Cyberbot II, Politikeren, Khazar2, GretneRebirth, Eurofan2005, Jani Ortiz, Joker-Syoma, Vivere100, Dim.vas.niko, Billysteele2009, Fort esc, Demrep, Pickette, Jabc124, Lucas Zauner, Wp23, Petryk.lefter, Appetizer8088, Monkbot, Αντρέας Δέλτα, Giorgito Babatselo, Benvallely1, Rado 99, Foto-dus, ConnorGeorge, Roya Shirali, BadeaAL, 009988aaabbbccc, AquaWarrior13, KasparBot, The Orange Knight, Mortadella42, Pat Byron, InternetArchiveBot, Vlaedd, GreenC bot, Bimpson, OscarTipper, Abhroneel and Anonymous: 881 • Eurovision Song Contest 2012 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2012?oldid=736055085 Contributors: Tpbradbury, Chrism, BigHaz, OwenBlacker, Addicted, G913, O'Dea, Parishan, Kostja, Bender235, Dinsdagskind, Art LaPella, PatrikR, Dr. Schnellkopf, Woohookitty, Tim!, Bensin, Jw~enwiki, Pruneau, Sky Harbor, Nihiltres, Otets, EamonnPKeane, Wavelength, TF100, Marcus Cyron, Pyrotec, Melly42, Gianluca91, PanchoS, Zzuuzz, Doktorbuk, Multisandia, Mursel, Diogo sfreitas, Silvergunner, Whouk, ViperSnake151, Mardus, Aschmidt, Amalthea, Grandmaster, Nickst, Skizzik, Aleksmot, Chris the speller, TimBentley, Cattus, PrimeHunter, MarshallBagramyan, Smooth O, Valenciano, Greekboy, Evlekis, Ohconfucius, Zymurgy, Peterwill, Khazar, J 1982, Alasdairaph, Aspirex, Slasher-fun, Matti g, Anto475, Msalmon, AxG, ARIC2006, Skinsmoke, V111P, Courcelles, Jeoun, Mb731, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Reywas92, Peteb16, Meowy, DumbBOT, Thijs!bot, BokicaK, Just Chilling, Chronisgr, Rellon, Neozoby21, Tony0106, Responsible?, Rothorpe, Magioladitis, Whats new?, Blanche Hunt, Pigslikemebest, Daemonic Kangaroo, Welshleprechaun, FAB!AN, Badblokebob, Mrtcfc, R'n'B, 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Zouki08, Aw16, Countrymaster, MarlinMr, Thome66, OnWikiNo, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, Ripchip Bot, Dƶoxar, Riki94mk, Matheo137, DJEnok, EGroup, Monoculo, Wintonian, Salvio giuliano, EmausBot, IvanOS, SteliosGR, Erikizmas, WikitanvirBot, Portunes, Mare91, Tranquilian, Celticbhoy97, Goranosis, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, Ifore2010, Sundummy, Dinojsilva, Moswento, אלעד808, Mrluke485, Jolicnikola, KzKrann, AvicBot, HiW-Bot, ZéroBot, Daniel Callegaro, John Cline, Érico, Cpl123, Paul Geißler, Esc2003, Betopedia, Madlen t, Luciann Mosescu, Unreal7, Trajce-Arsov, Stee888, Dokuzovski1, Patwiecz22, Slovenski-P, Egtj, Lexusuns, StarBoyGarik, Brandmeister, CoolAbc, LaRojaVamos, Emperyan, ToJa55, ChuispastonBot, HandsomeFella, Rickbrownholland, ESC 2010, Silverhelsinki, Lexjam, RowanQuigley, BabbaQ, SpaFranks, Svilka555, Kapitan110295, Mimimatz, ClueBot NG, Elgrandprixverano, Halma10, Khimik94, MelbourneStar, Alexis951, Xarucoponce, Vuvuzela2010, SNTMcentral, Innano1, NickRig, Madeinslovakia, Airlinesguy, Frietjes, Roreo123eurovision, Crazzu, ASaltzman, Dingowasher, Eurodance1, Zenon2011, Kevin Gorman, Zeev Kadosh, U.Steele, Kasirbot, Rezabot, SongFestivals, Fakonstan, EuroMay, PaoloNapolitano, Limolover, T-resh, Danielmeilak, Mishukdero, 2 B Promoted, Akinranbu, GeoPerric, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Alexandru M., LadyLanquist, 7arazred, Thos M, Mopje18, Ranma25783, Gost45, Klodde, The-promise92, K6307MB, Jeraphine Gryphon, Lowyby, BG19bot, Popsiclesare, EL9838, Cksanford, Snaevar-bot, EL900, Ladygagajudasbornthisway, Pablo 1994, Kaineville, Ebineibgheniobg, AlexandruRo, Dimketr, Losotaint, AvocatoBot, Bernhardinamusic, Barbl14, Crazyboy279, Nicat49, Ladytimide, Heydavid17, Alka21, Cristdan223, TheGreekNewz, Wesley Mouse, Jameswimbury, Vektor4, FBEno, Peegpeeg, Alikaki465, Revenge 1, Mike22r, Not A Superhero, Danyzack, BellaFan262, DPL bot, Korolom, JoseDLG, Azerbek, GRgeoGR, JoelJoen, Claus M., Findblogging, Crazy 4 Fun, BattyBot, Prackman, Ace1press, Z2a, BregottMellan, Dfizzles, Vanobamo, GarethTJennings, AhAhAhEhEhEh, Cathairawr, Anilyaris, DoctorKubla, Павлица, Ioan beschea, BSRF, Khazar2, Foulistaleit, RICARDIPLANI1, Radiowetter, Ifore2012, EuphoriaBurakcan, KiLLeR SiX, Dim.vas.nikol, E4024, Eurofan2005, Dexbot, Coolboyadam21, Ahmedamineanzali, Şalvarspor, Mogism, Dexact, Rralzsong, ΤΔΚΑ251001, ChemTerm, Efr12radio, Jjj1238, Pickette, DannyLow1996, Jabc124, Eurofan88, Lordtobi, Appetizer8088, Monkbot, Αντρέας Δέλτα, Amortias, Yacatisma, Harrison jones14, Roya Shirali, 009988aaabbbccc, AquaWarrior13, KingDriverFC, MutatedMan, ThePhantomKid012, InternetArchiveBot, Vlaedd, OscarTipper, AlexandraMaria2500 and Anonymous: 181 • Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2013?oldid=736137554 Contributors: Schneelocke, Tpbradbury, Pigsonthewing, Arved, Muns, Bob.v.R, Discospinster, Sladen, Bishonen, Bender235, PatrikR, Väsk, Lectonar, DavidCWG, Fryede, Tabletop, Chid12, AlisonW, Sky Harbor, Nihiltres, Garas, Bgwhite, EamonnPKeane, TF100, Jengelh, Citius Altius Fortius, AB-me, Marcus Cyron, PanchoS, Alexxcod, Billiefan2000, Rredwell, ViperSnake151, Katieh5584, Mardus, Amberrock, A bit iffy, Nickst, Yamaguchi , Peter Isotalo, Skizzik, Cattus, Aridd, BIL, Caudex Rax, Derek R Bullamore, Ohconfucius, Zymurgy, John, RomanSpa, Slasher-fun, Anto475, AxG, ARIC2006, Heitordp, Skinsmoke, Yoda1893, Ja 1207, Pelotas, Jeoun, Gran2, Zyxi, Reywas92, Coolguy22468, Carstensen, DumbBOT, Cmch83, Qwyrxian, Sfinn85, JRRobinson, AnemoneProjectors, Vanjagenije, Chronisgr, Yellowdesk, Tony0106, Roleplayer, Goldddfish, Dapsv~enwiki, Magioladitis, Maaian, Clyde1998, Rif Winfield, Welshleprechaun, Keith D, DeFender1031, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Gce, Gammondog, Acalamari, Ipigott, NovaSkola, Doomsday28, Celticfan383, Zighlveit, Squids and Chips, Black Kite, VolkovBot, Thomas.W, Philaweb, Lucd13, Jonnyt 123, Allanth, Stefan040780, Wrightyboy, CT Cooper, WereSpielChequers, Sakkura, Gerakibot, DitzyNizzy, Yintan, Happysailor, ZoRCoCuK~enwiki, Werldwayd, Hughpugh, Jaan, Jonipoon, Denisarona, Escape Orbit, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, StewieGriffin123, Hansbaer, Heracletus, Drmies, P. S. Burton, Vaux-
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S. 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8.2 Images • File:2006ch_Press_Conference.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/2006ch_Press_Conference.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Eurosong at English Wikipedia • File:522701-Studiogebouw_’{}s-Gravelandseweg_52.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/ 522701-Studiogebouw_%27s-Gravelandseweg_52.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 nl Contributors: Own work Original artist: Johan Bakker • File:Abdi_İpekçi_Arena.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Arena. jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: OlympiADdict • File:Acap.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Acap.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Alexander_Rybak_at_the_Eurovision_press_conference.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/ Alexander_Rybak_at_the_Eurovision_press_conference.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Alexander Rybak Original artist: Daniel Kruczynski • File:Ambox_current_red.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg License: CC0 Contributors: self-made, inspired by Gnome globe current event.svg, using Information icon3.svg and Earth clip art.svg Original artist: Vipersnake151, penubag, Tkgd2007 (clock) • File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based off of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk · contribs) • File:Ambox_rewrite.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg License: Public domain Contributors: self-made in Inkscape Original artist: penubag • File:Amsterdam_RAI_EC.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Amsterdam_RAI_EC.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: author: Adam Kliczek, http://zatrzymujeczas.pl (CC-BY-SA-3.0) • File:Anke_Engelke_(2010),_Judith_Rakers_(2009)_and_Stefan_Raab_(2010).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/e/e6/Anke_Engelke_%282010%29%2C_Judith_Rakers_%282009%29_and_Stefan_Raab_%282010%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: • Anke_Engelke_(Berlin_Film_Festival_2010).jpg Original artist: Anke_Engelke_(Berlin_Film_Festival_2010).jpg: Siebbi • File:Anneke_Grönloh_1964_Eurovision_dress.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Anneke_Gr% C3%B6nloh_1964_Eurovision_dress.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 nl Contributors: Own work Original artist: M.N.A. van den Bogaart • File:Athens_Olympic_Indoor_Hall_-_exterior.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Athens_Olympic_ Indoor_Hall_-_exterior.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: ΟΑΚΑ Olympic Indoor Hall, Athens, Greece Original artist: Tilemahos Efthimiadis from Athens, Greece • File:Austria_adm_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Austria_adm_location_map.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: file:Austria location map.svg by Lencer Original artist: NordNordWest • File:Azerbaijan_adm_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Azerbaijan_adm_location_ map.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: Own work using: • United States National Imagery and Mapping Agency data • World Data Base II data Original artist: NordNordWest • File:B&W_Hallerne_2014-04-27_4.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/B%26W_Hallerne_ 2014-04-27_4.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Albin Olsson • File:BBC_TV_Centre.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/BBC_TV_Centre.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Panhard • File:Baku_Crystal_Hall.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bb/Baku_Crystal_Hall.jpg License: PD Contributors: Own photo of uploader Original artist: Original architectural work: GMP International GmbH Depiction: Interfase • File:Belgrade_Arena_north.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Belgrade_Arena_north.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Assembly of the City of Belgrade Original artist: Assembly of the City of Belgrade • File:Belgrade_Arena_south-east.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Belgrade_Arena_south-east.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nikola Smolenski • File:Binyanei-HaUmah.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Binyanei-HaUmah.JPG License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Originally from he.wikipedia; description page is/was here. 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• File:Bucks_Fizz_making.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d7/Bucks_Fizz_making.PNG License: Fair use Contributors: RTÉ Television Original artist: ? • File:Cannes_Palais_des_Festivals_et_des_Congrès.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Cannes_ Palais_des_Festivals_et_des_Congr%C3%A8s.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Timantha102938 • File:Circle_frame.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Circle_frame.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: PleaseStand • File:Cities_and_Countries_which_Eurovision_held.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Cities_and_ Countries_which_Eurovision_held.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Berkaysnklf • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Countdown_-_Eurovision_2013_-_Malmö_-_Stortorget.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/ Countdown_-_Eurovision_2013_-_Malm%C3%B6_-_Stortorget.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: LeJC • File:CreativeDesignLetteringESC2010.JPG Source: CreativeDesignLetteringESC2010.JPG License: Fair use Contributors: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FD_TPGsw2J0 Original artist: ?
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• File:ESCBosniaJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/ESCBosniaHerzegovina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCBulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/ESCBulgaria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Andreyyshore using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCConJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/ESCContestants.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCCroatiaJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/ESCCroatia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. 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Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCEstoniaJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/ESCEstonia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Andreyyshore using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCFinlandJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/ESCFinland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCFranceJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/ESCFrance.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCGeorgia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/ESCGeorgia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Andreyyshore using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCGermanyJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/ESCGermany.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCGreeceJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/ESCGreece.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCHungaryJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/ESCHungary.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCIcelandJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/ESCIceland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. 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• File:ESCPolandJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/ESCPoland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCPortugalJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/ESCPortugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCRomaniaJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/ESCRomania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCRussiaJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/ESCRussia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCSanMarino.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/ESCSanMarino.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Andreyyshore using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Shibo77 at English Wikipedia • File:ESCSerbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/ESCSerbia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Andreyyshore using CommonsHelper. Original artist: The original uploader was Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCSerbiaJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/ESCSerbiaMontenegro.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCSlovakiaJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/ESCSlovakia.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Czarniok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCSlovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/ESCSlovenia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Andreyyshore using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCSpainJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/ESCSpain.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCSwedenJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/ESCSweden.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCSwitzerland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/ESCSwitzerland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Used Image:ESCSwitzerlandJ.png as template. Original artist: Ysangkok • File:ESCTotaltscoreJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/ESCTotalScore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCTurkeyJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/ESCTurkey.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCUkraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/ESCUkraine.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ysangkok; based on en:Image:ESCUkraineJ.png • File:ESCUnitedKingdomJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/ESCUnitedKingdom.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESCYugoslaviaJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/ESCYugoslavia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia • File:ESC_1956_logo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ec/ESC_1956_logo.png License: PD Contributors: The Diggiloo Thrush Original artist: European Broadcasting Union • File:ESC_1957_logo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/ESC_1957_logo.png License: PD Contributors: The Diggiloo Thrush Original artist: European Broadcasting Union • File:ESC_1958_logo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8e/ESC_1958_logo.png License: Fair use Contributors: http://www.diggiloo.net/?1958 Original artist: ? • File:ESC_1959_logo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/ESC_1959_logo.png License: Fair use Contributors: http://www.diggiloo.net/?1959 Original artist: ? • File:ESC_1960_Logo.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/ESC_1960_Logo.PNG License: Public domain Contributors: Wikipedia Deutsch: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1960 Original artist: Unknown • File:ESC_1961_logo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d9/ESC_1961_logo.png License: PD Contributors: The Diggiloo Thrush Original artist: European Broadcasting Union • File:ESC_1962_logo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/ESC_1962_logo.png License: PD Contributors: The Diggiloo Thrush Original artist: European Broadcasting Union • File:ESC_1963_logo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/ca/ESC_1963_logo.png License: PD Contributors: The Diggiloo Thrush Original artist: European Broadcasting Union
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• File:Eurovision_nul_points_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Eurovision_nul_points_map.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wesley Mouse • File:Eurovision_participation_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Eurovision_participation_ map.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Common Good using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Sims2aholic8 (Michael) (talk) • File:Eurovision_semifinal_qualification_rate_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Eurovision_ semifinal_qualification_rate_map.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Made in Inkscape by myself, using data calculated by myself in Excel. Original artist: Map from ESC_2015_Map.svg from D97v; colours copied from Excel’s “conditional formatting” • File:Eurovision_winners_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Eurovision_winners_map.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AxG • File:Flag_of_Albania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Andorra.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Llibre de normes gràfiques per a la reproducció i aplicació dels signes d'Estat per als quals el Govern és autoritat competent (Aprovat pel Govern en la sessió del dia 5 de maig de 1999) Original artist: HansenBCN • File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original artist: SKopp and others • File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.tnpa.by/ViewFileText.php?UrlRid=52178&UrlOnd=%D1%D2%C1%20911-2008 Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Belarus_(1995-2012).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Belarus_ Public domain Contributors: This file was derived from Flag of Belarus.svg:
Original artist: Flag_of_Belarus.svg: Author: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_ Herzegovina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kseferovic • File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1992-1998).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Flag_of_ Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992-1998%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, from other free images. Original artist: Vernes Seferovic • File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Brazil_(1968-1992).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Brazil_ %281968-1992%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: [[User:]] • File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The flag of Bulgaria. The colors are specified at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034& n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Bulgaria_(1967-1971).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Bulgaria_ %281967-1971%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Scroch • File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman, R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370, MaGa (based on Decision of the Parliament)
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• File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Vzb83 • File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden • File:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work • Gesetz zur Änderung des Gesetzes über das Staatswappen und die Staatsflagge der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Vom 1. Oktober 1959 • Verordnung über Flaggen, Fahnen und Dienstwimpel der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. — Flaggenverordnung — Vom 3. Januar 1973 • Verordnung über Flaggen, Fahnen und Dienstwimpel der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. — Flaggenverordnung — Vom 12. Juli 1979 Original artist: • diese Datei: Jwnabd • File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP to match the image at [1]. • File:Flag_of_FR_Yugoslavia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_FR_Yugoslavia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Milan B. at English Wikipedia • File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg License: Public domain Contributors: based on the original coat of arms of Gibraltar, granted in 1502 Original artist: Created on behalf of Isabella I of Castile in 1502; this version uploaded by Denelson83 (talk · contribs) • File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk) • File:Flag_of_Greece_(1822-1978).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_ %281822-1978%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) User:Makaristos • File:Flag_of_Greece_(1970-1975).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_ %281970-1975%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Derived from Image:Flag of Greece (1970-1975).PNG Original artist: SeNeKa, redone by Johannes Rössel (talk) • File:Flag_of_Greenland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jeffrey Connell (IceKarma) • File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho • File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong_1959.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_ %281959-1997%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://flagspot.net/flags/hk-colon.html Original artist: College of Arms • File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • Flags of the World – Hungary Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others • File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist: “The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel” of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. • File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
8.2. IMAGES
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• File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -xfi• File:Flag_of_Kosovo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from Image:Flag of Kosovo.png. Original artist: Cradel (current version), earlier version by Ningyou • File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, construction sheet. Redo by: cs:User:-xfi- Original artist: Made by Andrew Duhan for the Sodipodi SVG flag collection, and is public domain. • File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modification done to the colours based on information at Vexilla mundi. • File:Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuffKopp • File:Flag_of_Lithuania_(1988-2004).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Flag_of_Lithuania_ %281988-2004%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www. legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Macedonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Macedonia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe • File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 • File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg License: Public domain Contributors: vector coat of arms image traced by User:Nameneko from Image:Moldova gerb large.png. Construction sheet can be found at http://flagspot.net/flags/md.html#const Original artist: Nameneko and others • File:Flag_of_Monaco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: B1mbo, Froztbyte • File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg License: domain Contributors: Flag of the Kingdom of Morocco
Public
Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915), BO-135-ar page 6 Original artist: Denelson83, Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass and many others • File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn • File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vítor Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources) • File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan • File:Flag_of_Romania_(1952-1965).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Flag_of_Romania_ %281952-1965%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Alex:D • File:Flag_of_Romania_(1965-1989).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Flag_of_Romania_ %281965-1989%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: commons, Image:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).png Original artist: Alex:D (talk) • File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Flag designed by Đorđe Andrejević-Kun[3]
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• File:Flag_of_San_Marino.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work: [/Users/bicio/Desktop/Cailungo logo 40°.jpg] Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com • File:Flag_of_Serbia_(2004-2010).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Flag_of_Serbia_ %282004-2010%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Wikimedia Commons Original artist: see history • File:Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Flag_of_Serbia_and_ Montenegro.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Milan B. at English Wikipedia • File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999 • File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Spain_(1945_-_1977).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Flag_of_Spain_%281945_-_ 1977%29.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: SanchoPanzaXXI • File:Flag_of_Spain_(1977_-_1981).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Flag_of_Spain_%281977_-_ 1981%29.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Miguillen • File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet Credits: • File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.w3.org/ Original artist: entraîneur: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM • File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Türk Bayrağı Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author) • File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ДСТУ 4512:2006 — Державний прапор України. Загальні технічні умови Original artist: Government of Ukraine • File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic. svg License: Public domain Contributors: • -xfi-'s file • -xfi-'s code • Zirland’s codes of colors Original artist: (of code): SVG version by cs:-xfi-. • File:Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_the_People’{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_ People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/ design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_the_Philippines_(navy_blue).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_the_ Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_ China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://pravo.levonevsky.org/ Original artist: СССР • File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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• File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/ France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: This file was derived from: France location map-Regions and departements-2015.svg Original artist: Superbenjamin • File:Free-to-read_lock_75.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Adapted from
Original artist: This version:Trappist_the_monk (talk) (Uploads) • File:Gaiety_Theatre,_Dublin.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Gaiety_Theatre%2C_Dublin.JPG License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: DubhEire • File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map. svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: Own work using: • United States National Imagery and Mapping Agency data • World Data Base II data Original artist: NordNordWest • File:Globen_Stockholm_February_2007.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Globen_Stockholm_ February_2007.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Photo: Fredrik Posse/Stryngford Photo Original artist: Fredrik Posse • File:Greece_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Greece_location_map.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: own work, using United States National Imagery and Mapping Agency data Original artist: Lencer • File:Grieghallen.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Grieghallen.JPG License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:HRsendesaal1.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/HRsendesaal1.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Peng • File:Harrogate_International_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_654562.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 7/73/Harrogate_International_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_654562.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: From geograph.org.uk Original artist: Gordon Hatton • File:Hartwall_Areena_ESC_2007.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Hartwall_Areena_ESC_2007. jpg License: Nagi BY SA Contributors: http://nagi.ee/photos/sAgApO/811661/in-set/16767/ Original artist: Indrek Galetin • File:Ireland_adm_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Ireland_adm_location_map.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: Own work using: • United States National Imagery and Mapping Agency data • World Data Base II data Original artist: NordNordWest • File:Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Israel_location_map_ with_stripes.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This file was derived from: Israel location map.svg Original artist: Israel location map.svg: NordNordWest (talk)
• File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2015.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Italy_provincial_ location_map_2015.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator. Original artist: TUBS