• Author / Uploaded
• Brenda Zaragoza

• Categories
• Cortisol
• Sistema endocrino
• Endocrinología
• Hormona
• Anatomía humana

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Anatomy & Physiology 34B - Endocrine Worksheet Endocrine Gland

Hormone(s)

Hypothalamus

GHIH GHRH TRH CRH GnRH PRH PIH

Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)

ADH (vasopressin) Oxytocin

Steroid, amine, or peptide? Peptide

Peptide

Target organ(s)

Pancreas, Pituitary gland, bones, stomach, liver, muscle, fat

Effects on organs

GHIH: Intervenes indirectly in the regulation of glycemia and inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon. Inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitarythyroid axis. GHRH: Regulate sleep. TRH: Feeding behavior, thermogenesis, locomotor activation and autonomic regulation. CRH: Promotes ACTH secretion. GnRH: Promotes FSH/LH secretion. PRH: Promotes PRL secretion. PIH: Inhibits PRL secretion. Oxytocin: Oxytocin: Stimulates Uterus, contraction of smooth mammary gland. muscle cells of uterus ADH: kidneys, during childbirth and milk sudoriferous ejection in mammary glands, glands. arterioles. ADH: Conserves body water by decreasing urine

Hyposecretion Effects

Hypersecretion Effects

GHIH: disorders in the metabolism of carbohydrates. TRH: CRH: GnRH: PRH: PIH:

GHIH: disorders in the metabolism of carbohydrates. GHRH:Acromegaly TRH: CRH: GnRH: PRH: PIH:

ADH: Diabetes insipidus, increases urine output and excessive thirst

ADH:Retention of fluids, headache, disorientation (brain edema), weight gain, blood concentration

Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)

GH TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL MSH

Peptide

Thyroid gland

triiodothyroxine

amine

volume. Decreases water loss through sweating. Raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles Liver, Thyroid Liver (hGH): Stimulates gland, ovaries, liver, muscle, cartilage, testes, mammary bone, and other tissues to glands, adrenal synthesize and secrete cortex, brain insulinlike growth factors. Thyroid (TSH): Stimulates synthesis and secretion hormones. Ovaries, testes FSH, LH):Stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone in females, ovulation. Stimulates testes to produce testosterone and sperms in males. Development of oocytes and ovarian estrogens in females. Mammary glands (PRL): Promotes milk production. Adrenal corte ACTH): Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids. Brain (MSH): Exact role is unknown in humans. Excess can cause darkening of the skin. most body cells •Increase basal metabolic rate •Stimulate synthesis of

goes down.

HGH: adults.no problem. children.pituitary dwarfism

HGH: children.gigantism, abnormal tall. adults.acromegaly, overgrowth of hands, feet and face.

myxedema, chilled,

symptoms: increased

-Follicular cells -Parafolliculars

(T3) Tyroxin(T4) Calcitonin

peptide

bone (osteoclasts)

proteins •Increase ATP production •Increase lipolysis •Accelerate body growth •Contribute to development of nervous system •Decreases blood calcium levels: •Inhibits osteoclast activity •Accelerates absorption of calcium and phosphates into bone matrix

Parathyroid glands

Parathyroid hormone.

Amine

Adrenal glands - Z. glomerulosa - Z. fasciculata - Z. reticularis - Medulla

Z.glomerulosa:

Steroid

Mineralocorticoid s (aldosterone). Z. fasciculata: Glucocorticoids (cortisol). Z. reticularis: Androgens

Bones, kidneys and intestine

Mineralocorticoi ds (aldosterone): Kidneys. Glucocorticoids (cortisol): Anterior pituitary, hypothalamus Androgens:

Bones: stimulates the release of calcium from large calcium stores in the bones into the bloodstream. This increases bone destruction and decreases the formation of new bone. Kidneys: reduces loss of calcium in urine. It also stimulates the production of active vitamin D in the kidneys. Intestine: indirectly increases calcium absorption from food in the intestine, via its effects on vitamin D metabolism. Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): Increase blood levels of Na+ and water. Decrease blood level of K+. Glucocorticoids (cortisol): Increase protein breakdown., stimulate gluconeogenesis and

constipation, metal sluggishness, thick dry skin and puffy eyes result: not iodine, edemic or colloid goiter severe: cretinism in infants- mentally challenged, thick tongue and neck

metabolic rate, sweating, irregular heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss, exothalamus (eyeballs protrude) treatmentremove thyroid

Hypocalcimealow blood ca increased excitability of neurons tetany, muscle twitches

excessive bone degradation would cause high blood Ca+ levels (hypercalcaemia )

Medulla: Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Endocrine Gland

Hormone(s)

Gonads - Ovaries - Testes

Ovaries: Estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin. Testes: Testosterone, inhibin.

Steroid, amine, or peptide? steroid

Body hair, bone. Epinephrine and norepinephrine: Sympathetic effectors .

lipolysis, provide resistance to stress, dampen inflammation, depress immune responses. Epinephrine and norepinephrine: Enhance effect of sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system during stress.

Target organ(s)

Effects on organs

Ovaries: Estrogens and progesterone.female reproductive organs. Relaxin.- Pubis symphysis, uterine cervix Inhibin.Anterior pituitary Testes: Testosterone.Male reproductive organs Inhibin.anterior pituitary

Ovaries: Estrogens and progesterone.• Regulates reproductive cycle •Maintain pregnancy. •Prepare mammary glands for lactation. •Promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics. Relaxin.•Increases flexibility of pubis symphysis during pregnancy. • Helps dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery. Inhibin.•Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior

Hyposecretion effects

Hypersecretion effects

pituitary Testes: Testosterone.•Stimulates descent of testes before birth •Regulates sperm production •Promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics •Inhibin.Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary Pancreas -Alpha cells - Beta cells

Alpha cells: glucagon Beta cells: insulin

peptide

Alpha cells: liver. Beta cells: various body cells

Alpha cells: Raises blood sugar levels by: •Accelerating breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver. •Converting other nutrients into glucose in liver. •Releasing glucose into blood. Beta cells: Lowers blood glucose levels by: •Accelerating transport of glucose into cells •Converting glucose into glycogen

•Stimulating protein and fatty acid synthesis

Pineal gland

Melatonin Serotonin

Thymus gland

Thymopoietin/ Thymosins Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol

Kidneys

Liver

Hypothalamus, brain

T lymphocytes peptide

Angiotensinogen Erythropoietin

Renin: Liver, angiotensinogen Erythropoietin: Red, Bone marrow. Calcitriol: Intestines

Contributes to the setting of the body’s biological clock Involved in biological rhythms. Regulate timing of puberty; influence mood. Promote T lymphocyte development/ activation Stimulate production of angiotensin I Stimulate RBC production. Increase absorption of Ca

Blood vessels, adrenal cortex, hypothalamus

Stimulates vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion and thirst

GI tract and its accessory glands

Coordinate secretion and motility in digestion

Peptide

Stomach Small intestine

Amine

Gastrin Secretin CCK GIP

Peptide

Heart atria

ANF

peptide

Placenta

Human Steroid chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Human chorionic somatomammotr opin (hCS)

Kidneys

hCG: Ovary hCS: Mammary glands

Increases Na excretion and urine output; lowers blood pressure. hCG: Stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to continue production of estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy hCS: Stimulates development of mammary glands for lactation