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ECCE ROMAN!

'.

A LATIN READING PROGRAM

MEETING THE FAMILY SECOND EDITION ii

i

ECCE ROMANI

il gi

A LATIN READING PROGRAM

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MEETING THE FAMILY

ii IB I E I

SECOND EDITION

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Two ROMAN Girls Jbcce! In pictura est puella,

nomine Cornelia. Cornelia

est puella

Romana quae

in

in pictura est villa rustica ubi Cornelia aestate habitat. Cornelia est

Etiam quod iam in villa habitat. Cornelia iam sub arbore sedet et legit. Etiam in pictura est altera puella, nomine Flavia. Elavia est puella R5mana quae in villa vTcina habitat. Dum Cornelia legit, Flavia scribit. Laeta est Flavia quod Cornelia iam in villa habitat.

Italia habitat.

laeta

1

quod, because iam, now sub arbore, under the

Ecce! Look! puella, (a/the) girl

nomine, by name, quae, who 2

habitat, (she/he)

etiam,

called

sedet, (she/he)

lives, is living,

does live

et,

villa rustica, countij house

and farm

reading, does read

vicina, neighboring

dum,

ubi, where

3

is

altera, a second

villa, countJj house

aestate, in

does sit

and

legit, (she/he) reads,

also

tree

sits, is sitting,

summer

while

scribit, (she/he) writes,

is

writing, does

write

laeta, happy

N.B. Latin does not have

articles {a, an, the),

and so puella can mean either a

girl or

the girl.

Latin verbs can be translated several ways, lives, is living,

or does

e.g.,

habitat can be translated (she/he)

live.

Exercise la

Responde Latine: L

Quis

2.

Ubi

3.

Cijr est Cornelia laeta?

Cur...? Why...?

4.

Quid facit Cornelia? Ubi habitat Flavia? Quid facit Flavia? Cur est Flavia laeta?

Quid

5.

6. 7.

est

Corneha? Corneha?

Quis...? Who...?

habitat

facit...?

What does.

.do?

What

is.

.

.doingl

TWO ROMAN

GIRLS

Building the Meaning Parts of Speech: Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs

When learning Latin you will

be learning how language expresses meaning, and you need to know certain grammatical terms so that you can talk about how Latin does this. The most important terms are those for the parts of speech, the basic building blocks of meaning in sentences. The most important parts of speech are:

will

nouns: names of persons, places, things, qualities, or acts; adjectives: words that describe persons, places, things, qualities, or verbs: words that denote actions (e.g., sits) or existence (e.g., is). In the story on page the words

habitat

Romana

(2),

(1),

and sedet

3,

the words pictura

rustica

(2),

(1),

and laeta

Cornelia

(1),

acts;

and Italia (2) are nouns; and the words est (1),

(3) are adjectives;

(3) are verbs.

II II

Books were scrolls of rolled up paper made from papyrus reeds that had been pressed together and dried.

The

scrolls

by handles, and often had attached.

They were

were rotated

a little

index

carried easily in

A quill pen made from a feather was used for writing. The ink, carried in bookbags.

inkwells,

was made out of soot, dye, or

CHAPTER

1

octopus ink. Quill pens continued in use for centuries to come, as the third panel shows.

Writing tablets were also used. They were

made out of thin

slabs of wood coated with

wax. Sharp-pointed pens wrote by scratching into the

wax

surface. Above, a medieval scribe

writes in a codex, another form of book that

had

its

origins in the ancient world.

Portraits of a girl and boy, first century A.D. "Poitrait of a

Young

Girl, " encaustic painting on wood,

The Cleveland Museum ofAn, John

L. Severence

^'Portrait

Fund;

of Young Boy with Curls, " encaustic painting on

wood, Berlin

Museum, Germany

Exercise lb

What part of speech is

each of the following

they occur in the story on page

(listed in

the order in which

3):

1.

puella

3.

aestate

5.

legit

7.

Flavia

2.

villa

4.

arbore

6.

altera

8.

scribit

Exercise 1c Using story 1

as a guide, give the

1.

In the picture

2.

Cornelia

is

happy.

3.

Cornelia

is

sitting

4.

Flavia

5.

Cornelia

is

is

a

Latin

for:

country house and farm.

under the

Roman girl. now lives in the

tree.

a

country house.

TWO ROMAN

GIRLS

I

^^"

.f-6

f

CHAPTER

I

A SUMJSAER Afternoon V^ornelia est puella Romana. Flavia quoque est puella Romana. Cornelia et Flavia sunt puellae

Romanae quae

non sedent sed

puellae

in Italia habitant. Cornelia et Flavia sunt amicae.

in agrls ambulant. Brevi

tempore Cornelia defessa

est.

Hodie iam

Non

ambulat sed sub arbore sedet. Flavia, quae est puella strenua, in agrls currit. BrevL tempore Flavia quoque est defessa. Iam Flavia et Cornelia sub arbore sedent quod defessae sunt.

Dum

puellae sub arbore sedent, Cornelia legit et Flavia scribit.

Tandem

puellae ex agrls ad villam rusticam lente ambulant.

1

quoque,

2

sunt, (they) are

non iam,

also

4

hodie, today sed,

does

hilt

in agris, in the fields

ambulant,

running.

tandem,

7

ex 2i%v\s^ from/out of the fields ad villam rusticam, to/toward coiintij house and farm

(they) walk, are walking,

in

is

run

6

do walk

brevi tempore,

no longer active, energetic

currit, {she/he) runs,

2iim.Q2i^/friends

3

strenua,

a short time, soon

at last

the

lente, slowly

defessa, tired

Exercise 2a

Responde Latine: 1.

2. 3.

4.

Ubi habitant Cornelia et Flavia? Quid faciunt puellae hodie? Quid facit Cornelia quod defessa Quid faciunt puellae sub arbore?

Quid

faciunt.

. .

?

What are.

.

.

doing?

est?

A SUMMER AFTERNOON

Building the Meaning Subjects, Verbs, Linking Verbs, and Complements

and verbs are basic elements of sentences. You may mark subjects (the person or thing that is or does something) with the letter S and verbs with the letter V: Subjects

V

S

The

V

S

Cornelia est puella Romana.

Puellae in Italia habitant.

is used as a linking verb (LV) when it links the subject with a noun or an This noun or adjective completes the pattern of the sentence and is called a

verb est

adjective.

complement (C), S

e.g.:

LV

C

S

Cornelia est puella

These sentences may S

Flavia est defessa

.

also

be written

as follows

LV

C

C

LV

with no change in meaning:

C

S

Cornelia puella est.

.

LV

Flavia defessa est.

II ir II

II

I I II II

FORMS Verbs: The Endings

Look at these

-t

and

-nt

sentences:

Cornelia Qst puella Romana. Cornelia

is

a

Roman girl.

Puella in agris currif

The girl 3.

is

quod

laeta esf.

I'linning in the fields because she

is

happy.

Cornelia et Flavia sunt puellae Romanae. Cornelia

and Flavia are Romait

girls.

Puellae in agris currunt quod laetae sunt.

The girls 8

CHAPTER 2

aj'e

running

in the fields because they are happy.

..

r I

If the subject

verb ends in /If

singular

is

(e.g.,

Cornelia and puella

in the first

two sentences), the

-t.

the subject

is

example sentences

plural (e.g.,

),

Cornelia et Flavia and puellae in the third and fourth

the verb ends in -ni.\

Exercise 2b Select the correct word, read the sentence aloud, and translate:

habitat/habitant

1

Flavia in villa vTcina

2.

Cornelia et Flavia sub arbore

sedet/sedent

3

Cornelia et Flavia defessae

est/sunt

4.

Flavia strenua

5.

Cornelia et Flavia sunt

6.

Puellae in agris

.

est/sunt

.

puella Romana/puellae

non iam

Romanae

currit/currunt

In the sentences above, identify

all

subjects, verbs (including linking verbs),

and complements.

Exercise 2c Read aloud and

translate:

Cornelia est puella altera puella,

nomine

Romana quae

Flavia,

quae

est

in villa rustica aestate habitat. In villa vicina habitat

amlca

eius.

Dum

puellae in villa habitant, in agris

saepe ambulant. Hodie Cornelia ad vTllam vicinam ambulat ubi in agris sub arbore sedet Flavia.

Iam

puellae laetae currunt. Brevi tempore,

quod defessae

sunt,

non iam currunt

sed sub arbore sedent. 2

5

eius, her

3

Exercise 2d Using story 2

as a guide, give the Latin for:

1

Cornelia and Flavia

2.

Cornelia and Flavia are walking in the

live in Italy.

Flavia

In a short time the girls are tired and

5.

At

last

fields.

running.

3

4.

is

saepe, often

sit

under

a tree.

the girls walk slowly to the country house.

A SUMMER AFTERNOON

ROMAN

LIFE

I

A ROMAN FAMILY family, there is a daughter, Corneha, who is fourteen, a son, Marcus, sixteen, Gains Cornehus, and a mother, AureHa. At the villa the education of the children is in the hands of their parents and a Greek slave, Eucleides. The family of Cornelius traces its lineage far back in Roman history. One of the most distinguished members of the family was Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the Roman general who defeated the Carthaginians in North Africa in the Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.). His daughter, Cornelia, was one of the most famous Roman women of all time and was the mother of the Gracchi brothers, who were great social reformers in the second century B.C. As our Cornelia sits under the tree, she is reading about her namesake in a book given to her by Eucleides, and she is wondering whether she too will become as famous as the Cornelia of old.

In our

a father,

Cornelia,

mother of the Gracchi, pointing

to her children as her treasures

''Cornelia Pointing to her Children as her Treasures, " oil on canvas, Angelica Kaujfiiiann, Virginia

Richmond. The Adolph D. and Wilkins C. Willia?m Fund

10

CHAPTER2

Museum

of Fine Arts,

Roman woman

Terracotta statue of a

of

the third century B.C. ''Feminine Statue, "

Museo Campano, Capua,

Cornelius tate.

his

As

own

father,

is

Italy

responsible for the es-

he

is

not only master of

house, but he legally has power

of Hfe and death over his household,

al-

though he never exercises it. Aurelia runs the household and teaches her daughter what she will need to know when she gets married and has to run her own household. Aurelia and Cornelia do some wool-spinning and weaving but there are a

number of

slaves to

help with the chores.

The

family has

live in

with

living

twelve-year-old boy, Sextus,

who

it

a

used to

Pompeii, where his mother died

in the eruption of

now on

Mount

Vesuvius the year before our story begins. Sextus' father

service overseas in Asia

Minor, and he has

left his

is

son in Italy under the

guardianship of his friend Cornelius. Cornelia's friend Flavia lives in a neighboring country house.

ADDITIONAL READING: The Romans Speak for Themselves: Book

I:

"The Family

in

Roman

Society,"

pages 1-8.

ASUMMERAFTERNOON

11

y x^^ ;^^o>

,

^ ^

CHAPTER

IN THE In

I I

GARDEN

Romanus, nomine Marcus, qui in villa rustica habitat. Etiam in nomine Sextus, qui in eadem villa rustica habitat. Marcus et Sextus sunt amici. Hodie pueri in horto clamant et rident quod laetl stmt. Vir quoque est in pictura, nomine Davus, qui est servus. In Italia sunt multi servT qui in agris et in vlUis rusticTs laborant. Pueri sunt Roman! sed Davus non est Romanus. Est vir Britannicus qui iam in Italia lab5rat. Sextus et Marcus, quod sunt pueri Romani, non laborant. Davus solus laborat, iratus quod pueri clamant et in hort5 currunt. Subito statua in piscinam cadit. Sextus ridet. Marcus quoque ridet, sed Davus, "Abite, molesti!" clamat et ad piscinam Iratus currit. Pueri ex horto currunt. Davus gemit. pictura est puer

pictura est alter puer,

1

puer, qui,

in

(a/the) boy

who

2

eadem,

3

in horto, in the garden

the

clamant,

same

subito, suddenly in piscinam, into the fishpond

man

cadit, (he/she/it) falls

Abite, molesti! Go away, you pests!

servus, (a/the) slave

multi,

working

iratus, angry

(they) shout, are shouting

vir, (a/the)

(they) work, are

solus, alone

rident, (they) laugh, are laughing, smile

4

villis rusticis, in country houses

Iab5rant,

many

gemit,

(he/she) groans

Exercise 3a

Responde

Latine:

2.

Quis est Sextus? Suntne Marcus et Sextus amici?

3.

Quid

1.

4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

-ne

indicates

a question

faciunt pueri hodie?

Quis est Davus? Estne Marcus servus?

Minime! No! Ita vero! Yes!

Cur est Davus iratus? Quid in piscinam cadit? Quid faciunt pueri?

IN

THE GARDEN

13

mik

FORMS Nouns and Adjectives: Singular and Note how

Plural

these nouns change from singular to plural:

Singular

Plural

servus

servf

puer

pueri

vir

vin

Study the following sentences, and note

how

the nouns and adjectives change from

singular to plural:

Cornelia est puell/z Roman/z.

1.

Cornelia et Flavia sunt puell/ze Roman/ze.

Davus est servw^-. Mult/ strvi in agris laborant.

2.

Marcus Marcus

3.

est

puer RomaiiMj.

et Sextus sunt

pueri Romani.

Cornelius est vir Romanwi-.

4.

Vir/

Roman/

in Italia habitant.

Exercise 3b

Change

singulars to plurals:

2.

amicus Romanus puer solus

3.

arnica laeta

1.

4.

servus defessus

5.

puella Irata

6.

vir solus

7.

villa rustica

8.

puer defessus

9.

pictura

10. vir

R5mana

laetus

Hortus, Villa of Julia Felix, Pompeii

14

CHAPTER

3

*--*» -v_

*

.

.

Exercise 3c

Change

plurals to singulars:

1

amicae defessae

5.

vTllae vicTnae

2.

servTirati

6.

amici

3.

puellae

7.

puellae strenuae

8.

viri

Romanae

4. viri defessi

laeti

Romani

9.

10.

puellae iratae

pueri s5li

11. vTllae

Romanae

12. servT defessi

Exercise 3d Select, read aloud,

and

translate:

2.

Marcus et Sextus in eadem Davus vir Britannicus

3.

In agris laborant

4.

Puerl et puellae saepe

gemit/currit/currunt

5.

In agris sunt multi

puella/servus/servT

6.

In Italia habitat

7.

Marcus

8.

Cornelia et Flavia sunt puellae

Marcus et Sextus/Marcus/puellae Romanus/Romanl/Romanae R6manus/R5mani/Romanae

9.

Aurelia est femina

R6manus/R5mani/Romana

1.

villa

est/sunt servus/servi

et Sextus sunt pueri

femina,

habitat/habitant

woman

(a/the)

Exercise 3e

Using

stories 2

and

3 as

guides,

give the Latin for: 1

Today the boy

2.

The

because he

4.

5.

happy.

a tree.

In Italy in

laughing

tired girls are sitting

under 3

is

is

many slaves work

country houses.

In the picture Cornelia

is

reading and Flavia

is

While Davus runs

to the

writing.

fishpond, the boys suddenly

run out of the garden.

Bust of a slave (portion of a bronze

and lead vase) Bust of a Syrian Slave, Louvre, Paris, France

IN

THE GARDEN

15

'iS

^ lV^T

«#.

« »• .'

r

1

.

CHAPTER

BAD News in

sedet vir

villa

Romanus, nomine Gains Cornelius, qui

est pater

Marci

et

Corneliae. Cornelius est senator Romanus. Solus sedet quod multas epistulas scribere vult. Dum pater occupatus est, Marcus et Sextus et Cornelia in agris vicinis errant. Ibi

multos servos laborantes spectant. Subito nuntium conspiciunt qui ad e5s venit. Niintius, ubi advenit, pueros "Salve!" respondet Marcus. Niintius,

saliitat.

"Quem tu petis?"

"Gaium Cornelium

peto," inquit.

Marcus, "Gains Cornelius est pater mens," inquit. "Est in villa." Nuntium in villam diicit et patrem petit. "Pater," inquit Marcus, "niintius in villa est." 10 Cornelius statim venit et nuntium saliitat. Epistulam niintius tradit. Cornelius, ubi epistulam legit, "Eheu!" inquit. "Princeps senatores Romanes ad urbem revocat. Eos consulere vult. Necesse est ad

urbem

"Eugepae!" clamat Sextus, qui

urbem

venire

non

redire."

Romam

Ire vult.

Gemit Cornelia quod

3

occupatus, busy

1

tradit, (he/she) hands over

4

laborantes, working

12

'EhQulAlas!

spectant, 5

Elavia ad

15

potest.

princeps, the emperor

(they) watch, look at

nuntius, messenger

ad urbem,

venit, (he/she) comes

revocat, (he/she)

saliitat, (he/she) greets

6

Salve! Greetings! Hello!

1

inquit, (he/she) says

8

meus, my

9

ducit, (he/she) leads, takes

to

the city recalls

13

consulere,

14

Eugepae! Hurray!

redire,

to

to consult

return

ire, to go

Exercise 7a

Responde Latine: 1

Ciir Cornelius solus sedet?

2.

Ubi Marcus

3.

Quos

4.

Quis advenit?

5.

Quem niintius petit?

6.

et Sextus et Cornelia errant?

Quos...? Whom...?

spectant in agris?

Ciir princeps senatores

urbem

(i^\\iY2i\)

Romands ad

revocat?

7.

Quis clamat "eugepae"? Ciir?

8.

Ciir geniit Cornelia?

BAD NEWS 39

FORMS Nouns and Adjectives: The Endings

Look at

-as, -os,

and -es

these three sentences:

Multas

epistul«!y scribit.

He writes many letters.

Muhos

servoy spectant.

They watch many

Senatorei-

Romanes

He

revocat.

recalls the

slaves.

Roman

senators.

The words epistulas, servos, and senatores introduce you to new endings. You already know that most singular Latin nouns and adjectives end in -m when they are used as direct objects

(DO)

(see

usually end in -s preceded

page 20). Plural nouns and adjectives used as direct objects by a long vowel, e.g., mult^^- epistul/w, multoy servos, and

senatore!y Romanoi-.

Exercise 7b Read aloud and

translate.

sentence and say whether

Then it is

adjectives (ADJ), identify the

each of these noims

is

(M

in each

nouns that they modify, and say what gender

L

Cornelius multas epistulas Pueri

3.

Nun tins

4.

Magnas voces

5.

Nuntius pueros defessos

6.

Princeps senatores

8.

(DO)

or F).

2.

7.

locate the direct object

singular (S) or plural (PL). Also locate any

magnam arborem in

scribit.

agris vident.

qui ad pueros venit

magnos clamores

audit.

audit. salutat.

Roman5s ad urbem revocat. Sextus ad magnam urbem ire vult. Cornelia ad urbem redire non vult quod vTllam rusticam

et

amicam vicinam amat.

Exercise 7c

Using story Latin 1.

2.

3.

4.

7 as a guide, give the

for:

Cornelius wants to write

many letters.

Marcus and Sextus watch many working in the fields.

The messenger greets the The messenger is looking

slaves

boys. for

Gaius

Cornelius. 5.

The messenger hands

6.

It is

over a

letter.

necessary to return to the city

immediately. 7.

Sextus wishes to go to cannot.

Roman writing artifacts Rome, but

Flavia

Veiidamium Museum,

St.

Albans,

Heitfordshire, Engla7id

40 CHAPTER 7

t

Nouns: Cases and Declensions Nominative and Accusative Cases

The form

of the Latin noun

when used

as the subject

with est or sunt is known as the nominative case. The form of the Latin noun when used as the

of a verb or as a complement

direct object

of a verb

is

known

as the

acaisative case.

For example: Accusative

Nominative Lupw^-

eum

Puellae lupujn vident.

terret.

The wolfjiightens him.

The girls see

Lupi pueros terrent. The wolves Jrighten the

Servi lupay repellunt.

VueWa

The slaves drive ojfthe

boys.

is

The mother sees

happy.

Most of the nouns

wolves.

Mater puelkm lactam

est htxa.

The girl

the wolf.

that

you have met

videt.

the happy girl.

so far belong to one of the following groups or

declensions:

Number Case

1st

2nd

3rd

Declension

Declension

Declension

Singular

Nominative

puella

servos

puer

ager

pater

vox

Accusative

puella/n

servi//n

puerum

agru/n

patre/n

vocem

Nominative

puellae

servi

puer/

agr/

patres

Accusative

puellas

servos

pueros

agrds

patres

voces voces

Plural

Be sure

to learn these forms thoroughly.

NOTES 1.

In the 2nd declension, most nouns end in -us in the nominative singular

(e.g.,

servus), but there are a few like puer, ager, and vir that end in -r. In both types,

however, the accusative singular ends in 2.

Although arbor, pater, and mater end

-um and

the accusative plural in -os.

in -r, their other endings identify

them

as

3rd declension nouns. 3.

In the 3rd declension, you will note that the nouns you have

ways

in the

nominative singular

(e.g.,

met end

in different

arbor, princeps, urbs, pater, vox).

Nevertheless, their accusative singulars

all

end

in -ent,

and both nominative and

accusative plurals end in -is. 4.

Most

nouns are feminine; most 2nd declension nouns are masculine; some 3rd declension nouns are masculine, e.g., pater, and some are feminine, e.g., vox. 1st declension

Exercise 7d In the sentences in Exercise 7b, locate

all

of the nouns and identify their

declension, case, number, and gender.

BAD NEWS 41

.

.

Building the Meaning Recognizing Clues

When

you are reading a Latin sentence, each word as yoii meet it gives you certain its own meaning and about what is Hkely to come next. First you recognize the basic meaning of the word, and then you note the case of the word, since the case will help you decide what the function of the word is in the sentence. clues about

Consider the following sentences:

Servus currit.

1

The first word we meet is servus. We know that it is the subject of the verb because we recognize that it is in the nominative case. The verb (currit) then tells us what the slave

Servus

2

is

"doing."

Davum conspicit.

We go from servus to Davum and recognize that Davum is the direct object of the verb because

3.

we

recognize

The

first

word

is

as accusative case.

The

verb will

tell

us what the slave

The verb vexant tells

us what they are doing.

Ramum arripit. We know immediately that someone is doing something to a branch. no noun

Since there

Exercise 7e

Read aloud and

translate.

What clues

in each

your translation? 1

Lupus

2.

Puellae silvam amant.

puellas terret.

3.

Davum

4.

Lupl pueros

5.

ServT lupos ex agris repellunt.

42 CHAPTER?

r^r

is

in the nominative case, the ending of the verb indicates the subject {he/she)

and the meaning of the verb completes the sense.

:>

is

is Davum. We recognize it as accusative case. The next We recognize that it is nominative, and therefore it is the boys who are

word we meet

pueri.

doing something to Davus. 4.

it

"doing" to Davus. Davum pueri vexant.

et servos pueri vexare et puellas

semper

non

timent.

terrent.

noun and verb help you with

.

The winged

horse

is

an ancient symbol of

communication and writing inspiration that

perseveres to this day. Terracotta winged horses fiv?// the Te?fiple

ofTarqimia,

Museo

EtJ-itsco, Italy

Nominative or Accusative Plural? In 3rd declension nouns the ending of both the nominative and accusative plural -es.

To

decide which case

is

being used, you must look

for further clues.

is

Study these

sentences, and, with the help of the clues, translate them:

1

Pueri clamores audiunt.

2.

Pueros clamores terrent.

3.

Princeps senatores ad urbem revocat.

4. 5.

6. 7.

Principem senatores excipiunt. Clamores matres audiunt. Magnos clamores patres audiunt. Magni clamores patres terrent.

nominative case and is therefore the subject of the verb, clani5res must be in the accusative case and is therefore the direct object. In sentence 2, since pueros is accusative, clamores must be nominative. In sentence 3,-since princeps is nominative, senatores must be accusative. An addiIn sentence

tional clue

is

1,

is

in the

the fact that the verb revocat

In sentence ditional clue

since pueri

is

4, since

principem

is

is

singular.

accusative, senatores

the fact that the verb excipiunt

is

must be nominative. An ad-

plural.

5, where both nouns end in -es and the verb is plural, it is the sense that clamores is accusative and matres nominative. In sentences 6 and 7 the endings on the adjectives tell that clamores is first accusative and then nominative.

In sentence

indicates that

BAD NEWS 43

7

.

Exercise

7f

Explain the clues in the nouns and verbs in these sentences, read aloud, and translate: 1

Servus senatores videt.

2.

Arbores pueri saepe ascendunt.

3.

Clamores puellas

magnos

terrent.

4.

Patres

5.

6.

Patrem voces vexant. Voces in horto audit.

7.

Patres in via conspiciunt.

8.

Patres pueros in via conspiciunt.

9.

10.

fragores audiunt.

Patres soUiciti clamores audiunt.

Magnas voces

patres audiunt.

Aesop, a freed slave of the sixth century B.C.,

wrote wonderful fables that have

endured to the present day. His fable of "A City and a Country Mouse" contrasted rural and urban Ufe in a witty way that Horace repeats in one of his satires. "Aesop, Writer of Fables, " oil on canvas, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez, Prado, Madrid, Spain

ADDITIONAL READING: The Romans Speak for Themselves: Book pages 10-17.

44 CHAPTER

I:

"Roman Roots

in the

Country,"

I

'.^ .-:;. )«; )'» I

!''£

ROMAN

!-

««"

LIFE IV

THE ROMAN VILLA In cities, the majority of Romans lived in apartment buildings called insulae, which were several stories high. Cornelius, however, being a wealthy Roman, owned a selfcontained house called a domus. We shall learn more about these townhouses when Cornelius and his family reach Rome. Like other rich Romans, Cornelius also had a house in the country. Roman country houses often had three distinct areas, each serving a different purpose. One area provided accommodation for the owner and his family when they came to the country from Rome, which they would usually do during the summer months to escape the noisy bustie and heat of the city. This area would include a dining room, bakery, bedrooms, baths, kitchen, and courtyard (see the groundplan on the next page, numbers 1-5 and 7). The second area housed slaves, who lived on the estate all year round and did the agricultural work, and it also housed the livestock they tended (groundplan, numbers 6 and 10). The third area contained storehouses for the grain

making wine and

grown on the

estate, the presses

used in

hay lofts, and an open space (area) for and 11-13). All three areas taken together

olive oil, large storage vats,

threshing grain (groundplan, numbers

8, 9,

could be referred to as a villa rustica.

When

absent, Cornelius placed the day-to-day running of the villa rustica in the ca-

some landowners had tenant farmers. owner should take special care in the selecthe working relationships between himself and his staff:

pable hands of Davus, his overseer (vilicus), but

Roman

writers

on

agriculture stress that the

tion of his farm staff and in

The owner

should conduct himself civilly with his tenants, and speak affably, not

haughtily, to them; he should be

payments of profitable.

more concerned about them less and in

rent, because this offends

For the position of vilicus

a

under heavy work, one who has been

their

work than

their

more man should be chosen who has borne up tried

the long run

by experience.

He

is

should be past

young manhood and yet not be old, because older men think it beneath them to take orders from a young man, and an old man will break down under heavy labor. Let him be middle-aged, strong, skilled in farming or at least able to learn. As for the other slaves, I myself talk rather familiarly with them for it lightens their toil, and I even make jokes with them and allow them to make jokes. I also now make it my practice to consult them on any new work, as if they were experienced, so that I can come to know their abilities. Moreover, they are more willing to undertake a task on which they think their opinions have been asked and on which I have followed their advice. Columella,

On Agriculture

I.

VII-VIII

(extracts)

BAD NEWS 45

.

46

.

Room

1

Dining

2

Bakery

3.

Bedrooms

4. 5.

8.

Room for Pressing Grapes

9.

Farmyard with Wine Vats

10.

Slaves Quarters

Baths

1 1

Olive-Pressing

Kitchen

12.

Bam

6.

Stables

13.

Threshing Floor

7.

Courtyard or Garden (hortus)

CHAPTER?

(cubicula)

Room (area)

''» If

MS

Cornelius had been

ally a "city villa," separate

iRHiiaa8»iiBBnn;',xaaaHaaaaBaHHii:":H«aaHHsaHB

a

'y

.';^< KMsaaaaBHaaaa

very wealthy Roman, he might have had a villa urbana,

from the accommodations

for the farm.

could be very luxurious and could take up almost the whole estate.

Such It

a villa

liter-

urbana

could have winter

and summer apartments oriented to the seasonal sunlight, baths, and promenades, just like a house in the city. The Roman author Pliny describes his villa urbana near Laurentum in a letter to a friend. Below is a groundplan of his country house. Such country houses by the sea (mare) were also called villae maritimae. These luxury houses offered their owners all the comforts of a city house in the beauty and quiet of the country.

Plan of Pliny's Villa Urbana

The Romans

loved natural beauty and

artistic

1.

Entrance Hall (atrium)

2.

Colonnaded Courtyard

3.

Inner Court

4.

Dining

representations of

it.

Room

They

often had

the walls of their houses (in both the city and the country) painted, as Pliny describes

them, with pictures "of country houses and landscaped gardens, copses, woods, hills, fish ponds and canals, rivers, coasts, and any other scenery one could desire, and scenes of people strolling along or sailing in a boat, or traveling to the country in carriages, people fishing, fowling

and hunting, or gathering grapes" (Pliny the Elder, Natural Histoij 35.1

16).

Pliny had another villa urbana in Tuscany with luxurious fountains, pools, and baths,

which he describes

as follows:

Opposite the dining-room

From some

at the

corner of the colonnade

is

a large

bedroom.

windows you look onto the terrace, from others onto the meadow, while the windows in front overlook an ornamental pool which is a pleasure both to see and hear. For the water, falling from a height, foams white of

its

BAD NEWS 47

IHi

'»».>> !&£'

« in the

marble basin.

the sun, and

on

a

of the sun's heat.

room

:£!»!>.»•

I'lai

The bedroom

cloudy day the hot

From

enough of the

nobody

healthy, as I

from the nearby

being so exposed to

frirnace takes the place

here you pass through a spacious and pleasant changing-

keep

it

fountain in which you can cool yourself if you've had

a

letter

can relax there with

for

in winter,

heat.

same

later in the

toga;

air

warm

room in which there is a large bath out of the full sunBut if you want more space to swim in and warmer water, there is a pool in

the courtyard and near

I

very

into the "cold bath"

light.

And

is

calls

do the

he

fuller

tells

why he

liked this house so

and more carefree enjoyment.

from next door. clear sky

us

All

and pure

is

air.

calm and

There

I

quiet,

I

much:

need never wear

enjoy health of body and mind,

my mind in training by study and my body by hunting. Pliny, Letters

Wall painting from

bedroom of villa

at

Boscoreale. Meti'opolitan

Art,

48 CHAPTER?

Museum

NewYork

a

which makes the place

of

V.6

Review I: chapters 1-7 Exercise

la:

The Elements

of

Sentences

In the following sentences from the story in Chapter subject

transitive verb

intransitive verb

direct object

linking verb

complementary

7,

identify each

infinitive

complement 1.

In

villa

R5manus. senator Romanus.

sedet vir

2.

Cornelius est

3.

Multas epistulas scrlbere

4.

Dum pater occupatus est, Marcus et Sextus et Cornelia in agris errant.

5.

Ibi

6.

Flavia ad

vult.

multos servos laborantes spectant.

Exercise

lb:

urbem

venire

non

potest.

Nominative and Accusative

Identify the declension of each noun.

Then change

nominatives to

accusatives and accusatives to nominatives (sometimes there

keeping the same number (singular or

possibilities),

may be two

plural):

1.

cibus

4.

aquae

7.

rivi

10.

2.

lanam fragorem

5.

lupus

8.

vocem

11.

patrem rami

6.

virum

9.

pueros

12.

clamores

3.

Exercise

ic:

Agreement

of Adjectives with

Select the appropriate adjective

Nouns

from the pool below

to complete each of the

You may use adjectives more than once. Be sure on the adjective. Translate each sentence.

following sentences. the right ending

quod pueri clamant.

1.

Davus

2.

Sextus arborem ascendit quod

3.

Flavia in villa

4.

Marcus

est

to use

est.

habitat.

ramum

arripit et

lupum

repellit.

arborem ascendit. quod Sextus in horto ambulat.

5.

Sextus

6.

Davus

7.

Flavia et Cornelia puellae

est

8.

Sextus est puer

9.

Ubi lupus

10.

Cornelius

sunt et saepe in agris currunt.

et puellas terret.

venit, Sextus in arbore sedet,

sedet

quod

quod puer

est.

epistulas scrlbere vult.

soUicitus

vicinus

temeranus

strenuus

solus

iratus

molestus

magnus

REVIEW

ignavus

I:

CHAPTERS

1-7

49

31 7

Exercise Id: Reading Comprehension Read the following passage and answer the questions

that follow with full

sentences in Latin:

AENEAS LEAVES TROY Aeneas est vir Troianus qui urbem Troiam contra Graecos defendit. Decern annos Graeci urbem obsident. Decern annos Troiam Graecos repellunt. Tandem per dolum Graeci urbem nocte intrant. Multos Troianos capiunt, multos necant. Non iam urbem defendere Aeneas potest. Necesse est igitur ex urbe effugere et urbem novam petere. Multl amicl quoque ab urbe Troia effugiunt.

Omnes

ad Italiam navigare parant.

dum

senem portat. Senex est Anchises, pater Aeneae. Portare Anchisen necesse est quod senex ambulare non potest. Aeneas Anchisen portat; portat Anchises Penates, deos familiares. Dei Aenean et Anchisen et omnes amicos servant. 10 Aeneas etiam parvum puerum ducit. Puer est Ascanius, filius Aeneae. Dum ex Aeneas,

ex urbe effagit,

urbe ambulant, Ascanius patrem spectat

et

manum

tenet. Perterritus est Ascanius

quod magnos clamores, magnos fragores audit. Valde Graecos timet. Ubi Aeneas et Anchises et Ascanius ex urbe effugiunt, "Ubi est mater?" subito clamat Ascanius. Multi amici adveniunt, sed non advenit Creusa, mater 15 Ascanil. Aeneas sollicitus patrem et filium et Penates relinquit et in urbem redit. Graeci ubique sunt. Creiisam frustra

petit.

"Eheu!" inquit. "Troiam habent Graeci. Fortasse te quoque habent, Creusa. Valde amo Creusam, valde Troiam. Sed neque urbem neque Creusam servare iam possum. Ad amicos igitur redire necesse est." 20 Tum ad amicos redit. Mox ad Italiam navigare parant Aeneas et amici.

contra Graecos, against the Greeks decern annos, for ten years obsident, (they) besiege

10

servant, (they) protect

1

parvus, small

per dolum, th-ough a

12

manum, hand

1

valde, very much

16

Ascanil, ofAscanius

trick

filius, son

nocte, at night intrant, (they)

capiunt,

necant,

tenet, (he/she) holds enter,

go into

(they) capture

relinquit, (he/she) leaves

(they) kill

effugere,

to flee,

novus, new ab urbe, fivm navigare,

run away,

escape

I:

18

CHAPTERS

1-7

habent,

vain

(they) have, hold

fortasse, perhaps

to sail

dei, the gods

REVIEW

ubique, eveijwhere firiistra, in

the city

senem, old man Aeneae, ofAeneas deos familiares, household gods

50

1

19

serv2iYt., to save

20

possum,

/ am able

.

1.

Who is Aeneas?

2.

What do

3.

4.

the Greeks do for ten years?

How do the Greeks finally enter the city? Why is it necessary for Aeneas to flee?

5.

What

6.

Whom

7.

What is Anchises

8.

9.

10. 1 1

12.

does Aeneas prepare to do? is

Aeneas carrying? carrying?

Whom is Aeneas leading? Why is Ascanius frightened? Who is Creusa? Who goes back into the city? Whom does he seek? Aeneas able to save Creusa? To where do Aeneas and his friends prepare to

13. Is 14.

Aeneas carrying Attic

his father, Anchises,

Red Figured Kalyx Kratei;

Willia?7i

sail?

from the destroyed

Frances

city

of Troy

Warden Fund, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

REVIEW

1:

CHAPTERS

1-7

51

I'ST^HIMS^I

CHAPTER

iaS

Getting Up Early IN ondum Irata est

lucet, sed Aurelia,

quod servos sedentes

Omnia

et Corneliae,

iam

in villa occupata est.

conspicit.

"Agite, molest! servi!" inquit. laboratis?

mater Marci

"Cur

Cur vos ibi sedetis? Cur non strenue quod nos hodie Romam redimus." Iam

nihil facitis?

statim parare necesse est

strenue lab5rant servT.

Turn Aurelia puer5s excitare parat. Intrat igitur cubiculum Marci. Clamat, "Age, Marce! Tempus est surgere. Nos ad urbem redire paramus." Marcus matrem audit sed nihil respondet. Deinde Aurelia cubiculum Sexti intrat. Clamat, "Age, Sexte! Tempus est surgere." Statim surgit Sextus. Celeriter tunicam et 10 togam induit et brevi tempore e cubiculo currit. Aurelia cubiculum Marci intrat. Iterum clamat, "Age, Marce! Iterum Nos iam

Cur tu solus non surgis?" Gemit Marcus. "Ego non surgo," inquit, "quod Romam redire nolo. Cur mihi quoque necesse est ad urbem redire? Patrem meum princeps ad urbem revocat. Patrem consulere vult. Non vult consulere Marcum." Subito intrat Gaius, pater Marci, et clamat, "Sed ego volo consulere Marcum! Cur, Marce, hodie me vexas? Cur non surgis? Cur nondum tunicam et togam induis, moleste strenue laboramus.

15

puer?" Nihil respondet Marcus, sed statim surgit quod patrem timet. 1

iam, now, already

3

Age! /Agite! Come

4 6

7

tempus, time

8

deinde,

vos, you (plural)

9

celeriter, quickly

nos, we, us

10

induit, (he/she) puts on

1 1

iterum, again, a second time

13

im\d, for

5.

Surgitne Sextus?

6.

Quid facit Sextus? Ciir Marcus non surgit?

excitare,

to rouse,

on!

wake (someone) up

intrat, (he/she) enters

then, next

me

cubiculum, room, bedroom

Exercise 8a

Responde Latine: 1.

2. 3.

Cur est Aurelia irata? Cur necesse est omnia statim parare? Quid Aurelia in cubiculo Marci clamat?

4.

Quid

facit

Marcus?

7.

8.

Quis subito

9.

Cur Marcus

intrat?

surgit?

GETTING UP EARLY

5.3

FORMS Verbs: Persons

Look at

these sentences:

Romam

/ do not want

redire nolo.

Cur non

Why do you

surgLy?

Aurelia cubiculum Marci intra^.

Ad urbem

She

Why do you

laboraftV?

Pueri in agris errawf. Servos

1st,

tells

us

who

speakers

we);

they).

The

to the city.

not work hard?

i.e.,

in the fields.

the slaves woj^king.

whether the subject

is

you, he/she/it; we, you, they). In the 3rd per-

noun (e.g., Aurelia and pueri). The 1st person is the speaker or the 2nd person is the person or persons spoken to (you, singular or is

the person or thing or persons or things spoken about (he,

personal pronouns ego, tu, nos, and vos are used only for emphasis.

pPerson ^

(I,

doing something,

return

a

and the 3rd person

plural); it,

(I,

may be

is

Rome.

Marcus' bedroom.

into

They watch

2nd, or 3rd pe7'son, siiigular or plural

son the subject

she,

of the verb

to

again.

The boys wajider

laborantes spectaw^

The ending

calls

We are preparing to

redire pzr2Linus.

Cur non strenue

return

not get up?

Aurelia goes

Iterum clamaf.

to

Singular

Plural

-mus

we

1

-6

2

-s

you

-tis

you

3

-t

he/she/it

-nt

they

1

These personal endings always have the same meaning wherever they " Person

Singular

1

pard

2

paras

3

paraf

Plural

para/nws

we

you prepare

parar/s

you prepare

he/she prepares

paraflf

they prepare

1

occur.

prepare

prepare

Note that the vowel that precedes the personal endings is short before final -t and Note also that we include accent marks in all charts of verb forms as a guide to proper pronunciation. Rules for accenting Latin words are given on page 150 at the end -nt.

of this book.

The

following verb

is

irregular,

but

it

uses the

same endings

as

above (except for -nt in

place of -0 in the 1st person singular). Person

54 CHAPTERS

Singular

1

sum

2

es

you are

3

est

he/she/it

1

Plural

am is

sumus

we

esf/'s

you are

sunt

they are

are

.

Exercise 8b Take parts, read aloud, and 1.

translate:

NARRATOR: Sextus est laetus. MARCUS: Tu es laetus, Sexte. Cur? SEXTUS: Ego sum laetus quod Romam ire volo.

2.

NARRATOR: ServT sunt defessi. MARCUS: Vos estis defessi, servi. Cur? SERVT: Defessi sumus quod strenue laboramus.

3

NARRATOR:

Cornelius epistulas

legit.

CORNELIA: Quid legis, Cornell? CORNELIUS: Epistulas lego. 4.

NARRATOR: Marcus ramum SEXTUS: Quid

arripis,

MARCUS: Ramum 5.

NARRATOR:

6.

NARRATOR:

arripit.

Marce?

arripio.

Cornelia ridet. FLAVTA: CHr rides, Cornelia? CORNELIA: Rideo quod laeta sum.

urbem redeunt. urbem reditis, senatores? SENAtORES: Redimus quod princeps nos

AURELIA:

Senatores ad

Ciir ad

consulere vult. 7.

NARRATOR:

II

Puerl lupum non timent.

PUELLAE: Cur lupum non timetis, PUERl: Lupum non timemus quod

pueri?

temerarii sumus. 8.

NARRATOR:

Puellae clamant, "Ferte auxilium!"

PUERl: Cur vos clamatis, "Ferte auxilium!"? PUELLAE: Nos clamamus, "Ferte auxilium!"

quod lupum conspicimus. II

Some morning conventions remain

die

same dirough die ages: applying make-up (panel 1), having hair done (panel 2), cleaning teeth (panel

3).

GETTING UP EARLY 55

Nouns and Adjectives: Vocative You have seen

that the forms Sexte and

Marce

are used

addressed by name. These forms are in the vocative

case.

when

The

Sextus and Marcus are

vocative case

is

used

when

addressing persons or things directly.

The

spelHng of a noun or adjective in the vocative case

spelling of the

word

is

usually the

same

as the

Thus, Cornelia, puer, and pater could be either

in the nominative.

vocative or nominative.

One

exception to this rule

is

that

2nd declension masculine nouns such

as

Sextus,

adjectives such as magnus or strenuus change ending to -e when they are used in the vocative singular, e.g., servus (nom.) and serve (voc). Thus, among the following vocative forms only serve is different from the

Marcus, or servus and corresponding their

nominative:

~~^==:r

Vocative 2nd Declension

Declension

1st

3rd Declension

Sing.

Cornelia

serve

puer

ager

pater

PL

puellae

servT

pueri

agri

patres

There adjective

are

two other exceptions. Second declension nouns ending

meus

have vocatives in

Nominative: Cornelius Nominative: meus

The vocative than one person

Cur Identify

all

mi

being addressed the plural vocative must be used,

clamas, Sexte?

words in the vocative

and the

Vocative: Cornel/

Vocative:

often used with a 2nd person singular or plural verb, and

is is

in -ius

-7, e.g.:

Cur

when more

e.g.:

clamatis, pueri?

in Exercise 8b.

Exercise 8c

Read aloud and 1.

2. 3.

4. 5.

6.

translate:

Cur e villa in silvam saepe ambulatis, puellae? eadem silva pueri quoque ambulant. Irata sum quod servos sedentes conspicio. In

Arbores ascendimus quod lupi nos terrent. "Sexte! Marce!" clamat Corneha. "Cur non surgitis?"

"Eheu!" inquit Davus. "Semper ego laboro; semper

me vexant pueri;

ad Britanniam redire volo." 7.

Omnia paramus quod Romam hodie

8.

Sena

in villa sedent;

nam, /or 56

[i*:^^.

CHAPTERS

redimus.

neque Aureliam audiunt neque respondent, nam

defessi sunt.

•n

Exercise 8d

Using story 8 and the charts of forms on pages 54 and 56 Latin

as guides, give the

for:

"We

are

no longer sitting but are working hard." you are still sleeping. Why are you not getting up?

1.

Slaves:

2.

Aurelia: "Marcus,

3.

not preparing to return to the city?" Marcus: "Why, Mother, are you waking

me

up?

It is

not yet

light. I

Why are you

do not want to

get up." 4.

Aurelia:

"We

are preparing to return to the city today.

Come

on, Marcus! It

is

time

to get up." 5.

Cornelius: "Troublesome boys,

up?

why are you

still

sleeping?

Why aren't you getting

Why aren't you putting on your tunics and togas?"

WORD Study ll Latin

Bases

into English

Verbs

Often the bases of Latin verbs come into English with only minor changes. You can by dropping the letters -drCy -ere, -ere., or -Ire from the infinitive. Replacing these letters with a silent -e will sometimes give you an English verb. For example, find the base

excitare, base excit-, + silent -e

becomes

excite in

English.

English with no change. For example, descendere

{to

Some

Latin bases

come

into

go down), base descend-, produces

the English descend.

Sometimes additional minor spelling changes occur. For example, exclamare {to shout out), becomes exclaim in English, adding an / in the process.

Exercise

1

from the bases of these Latin verbs. Be you know the meaning of the English verb; in many cases it has the same meaning as the Latin verb.

Identify the English verbs derived

sure that

extendere

salutare

repellere

vexare

Latin

Bases

A Latin

into English

base

may be

revocare tradere

errare

surgere ascendere

Nouns and Adjectives noun or adjective. For example, the noun error and the Latin adjective erraticus, from

the source of an English

base of errare produced the Latin

which came the English

respondere

error

and

erratic.

GETTING UP EARLY 57

.

I

Exercise 2

S;

The

English words in itaHcs below are derived from the bases of the Latin

verbs in parentheses. Determine the meaning of the English

meaning of the Latin 1.

verb. Is the English

Cornelius was not

moved by

2.

Sextus' rude behavior

3.

With

was

word

noun or an

a

word from the adjective?

the runaway slave's petitmi. (petere)

repellent to

Cornelia and Flavia. (repellere)

the advent of summer, Cornelius

moves

his family to their

country house

at

Baiae. (advenire) 4.

Cornelius was dictating a letter to his

5.

"Sextus," scolded Eucleides, "your writing

6. 7.

scribe,

(scribere)

is

not legible^ (legere)

The insurgent senators were severely punished by the emperor, (surgere) The Roman army found the descent from the mountain more difficult than ascent,

One

Latin

The

Base

into

Many

English

Words

bases of some Latin words are the source of several English words,

representing different parts of speech. For example, urbs, is

the

(descendere, ascendere)

the source

L

urban

adjective,

2.

urbane

adjective,

meaning "pertaining to a city" meaning "elegant and polished

(How does 3.

urbanity

4.

urbanize

5.

suburb

city,

base urb-,

of:

this idea relate to

in

manner"

urbs?)

noun, meaning "politeness, courtesy, the quality of being urbane' meaning "to change from country to city" noun, meaning "a residential area at the edge of a city"

verb,

Exercise 3

The words

group below are derived from one Latin base. Think of a With its meaning in mind, determine the meaning of each English word. Finally, give the part of speech of each English word. in each

Latin word that shows this base.

58

1.

magnate, magnificent, magnify

4.

inscribe, scribble, subscribe

2.

contemporary, tempo, temporal

5.

paternal, paternity, patron

3

prince, principal, principally

CHAPTERS

I

ROMAN

LIFEV

PATRIA POTESTAS A/Varcus' behavior shows that he respects his father's wishes and fears his displeasure

The relationship between Roman parents and children was quite from that in some modern societies. American children gradually become quite independent of parents by their late teens, even to the extent of choosing their marriage partner themselves. Such independence is really a very new development in the history of just as strongly.

different

•

the family.

The Roman

was the supreme head (paterfamilias) of his family (familia), which included his wife, his married and unmarried children, and his slaves. As master (dominus) he had the power to sell or kill his slaves. If he married his wife with fall legal power (manus), he became owner of her property, and she ceased to belong to her own family, becoming legally a member of his. Over his children he exercised a fatherly power (patria potestas) that allowed him to determine their lives as he wished. According to Roman tradition, the concept of patria potestas was established by the

first

father

king of Rome:

Romulus gave the Roman

father absolute

power over

his son.

This power the

fa-

him Romulus even

ther had until he died whether he imprisoned his son, whipped him, threw into chains and let

the

Roman

made him

labor on the farm, or even killed him.

father sell his son into slavery.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.26-21 (extracts)

The Roman

father continued to have complete control even over his adult children,

arranging their marriages

He

—and divorces—and managing any property they might own.

exercised his patria potestas over their children as well.

In most instances, a father's patria potestas ended only with his death.

might, however, "emancipate" his adult son,

A daughter who transfer this

with

who

A

father

then had patria potestas over his sons.

married might remain under her father's potestas, but her father could into the hands of his son-in-law; such a marriage was called "marriage

power

manus"

(literally,

"hand").

How strictly and severely a father exercised his potestas varied according to personal one young man as son-in-law due to the urging of his wife and of his daughter, TuUia, and he later ruefully arranged for Tullia's divorce upon her request. Another father slew his adult son in 62 B.C. because he had participated in the Catilinarian conspiracy against the Roman state. There were controls over the exercise of patria potestas. The slaying of a child had first to be discussed in a council of adult male relatives. Public opinion also might influence a father. Gradually, too, Roman law imposed some limits, requiring, for instance, that a daughter coninclination and situation. Cicero reluctantly accepted

sent to her marriage.

GETTING UP EARLY 59

:£»

«)& «$«!•»*« Has True love and affection between parent and child were not eliminated by patria and mother were expected primarily to provide a moral education for their children, to prepare sons for service to the state and family through careers as magistrates, and to prepare daughters to educate and rear worthy future members of the family and state. The poet Statius, writing in the last decade of the first century A.D., congratulates his friend, Julius Menecrates, on the upbringing of his sons and

—

potestas. However, a father

—

daughter:

From their father may your children learn peaceful ways and from their ther may they learn generosity, and from them both eagerness for virtue.

Because of their position and birth the daughter

upon marriage, and

the sons as soon as they

will enter a

become men

grandfaglorious

noble house

will enter the thresh-

old of Romulus' Senate house. Statius, to Julius

One

of the tragic legends of a

execution of his

own

Menecrates

{Silvae 4.8.57-62, extracts)

Roman father who had

sons for disloyalty to the state

is

to order the

memorialized in the

David painting "Lictors Bearing the Bodies of His Sons to Brutus." Oil on canvas, Jacques Louis David, Louvre, Paris, France

60 CHAPTERS

The consequences of disregarding a father's instructions were inunortaUzed among the ancients in the legend of Icarus, son of Daedalus the inventor. He perished because he disobediently flew too near the sun on wings of wax his father created.

Though openly and

the

Here

is

Diirer's engraving of that legend.

Romans may not have displayed the bond between parent and child as we do, they considered it sacred: Cicero called parental love

as physically as

amor ille penitus insitus, "that love implanted deeply within." A new-bom child would be placed at its father's feet, and the father would the family by lifting

He

it

in his arms. Statius expressed his love for his

was mine, mine.

I

saw him lying upon the ground,

a

accept

adopted son

it

into

as follows:

new-born baby, and

I

welcomed him with a natal poem as he was washed and anointed. When he demanded air for his new life with trembling cries, I set him in Life's roll.

bovmd you to me and made you mine. I taught you sounds and words, I comforted you and soothed your hidden hurts. When you crawled on the ground, I lifted you up and kissed you, and rocked you to sleep myself and summoned sweet dreams for you.

From your very moment

of birth

I

Statius, Silvae 5.5.69-85 (extracts)

GETTING UP EARLY 61

^ V ;^V-

.

.

I

GOODBYE ambulat et per agros ad villam amicae currit. Corneliam terret. Nemo earn conspicit. Null! servi in agris ad ianuam villae dormit. Cornelia, quod tacite intrat, ianitorem

v_>ornelia, ubi surgit, e villa sua furtim

Nondum

lucet, sed nihil

laborant.

Etiam

non

ianitor

excitat.

Adhuc dormit

Cornelia cubiculum Flaviae tacite intrat et earn excitare temptat.

Iterum temptat Cornelia. Flavia semisomna, "Quis es? Cur me vexas?" Cornelia respondet, "Sum Cornelia! Surge!" Flavia surgit. Laeta Corneliam excipit et clamat, "Quid tu hic?" Cornelia, "Tace, Flavia! Noli servos excitare! Veni tacite mecum in agros.

5

Flavia.

nos audire potest." Cornelia Flaviam fQrtim e

Ibi

nemo

^

villa in

agros

Cornelia, "Misera sum," inquit, "quod ego et

hodie redire paramus. Princeps patrem

dijcit.

Marcus

meum

Ubi

10

puellae ad arbores adveniunt,

et Sextus et pater et

mater

Romam

consulere vult. Nobis igitur necesse est

statim discedere."

"Cur

Flavia clamat,

vos

omnes simul

statim, Cornelia?

Cur non

pater tuus discedit s5lus?

Cur

15

disceditis?"

Respondet Cornelia, "Nescio, Flavia. Sed nobis secunda hora discedere necesse est." Flavia lacrimat, "O me miseram! Vos omnes Romam reditis. Mihi necesse est hic manere. Vale, Cornelia! Multas epistulas ad me mitte! Promittisne?" Cornelia, "Ego promitto. Et iam vale!" Cornelia Flaviam complexu tenet et 20 lacrimans

abit.

1

sua, her own

2

nemo, nulli,

3

5

mecum,

no one

12

with

O me miseram! Poor

me

me!

misera, unhappy. 19

jniserable

720

ianitor, doorkeeper

13

nohis, for us

ad ianuam, at

go away

14

discedere,

15

tuus, your

temptat,

16

vos omnes,

17

nescio, / do not know

(he/she) tries

6

semisomna,

8

hic, here

9

Tace! Be

mitte, send

all

ofyou

20

complexu,

in

an

embrace tenet, (he/she) holds

at the

2

second hour 18

remain, stay

pr5mittis, you promise

secunda hora,

quiet!

Noli... excitare! Don't wake... up!

to

simul, together

half-asleep

to

Vale! Goodbye!

tacite, silently

the door

manere,

1

lacrimans, weeping abit, (he/she) goes

away

lacrimat, (he/she) weeps

Exercise 9a Responde Latine: 1

Quo

2.

Cur nemo Corneliam

Cornelia currit? conspicit?

3

Quid

4.

Quo

facit ianitor?

Cornelia Flaviam

diicit?

GOODBYE 63

9

Building the Meaning Prepositional Phrases: Accusative and Ablative Cases

The meaning

of sentences can be expanded by the addition of prepositional phrases that modify verbs. Look at the examples in the columns below:

Ad villam

Ad ianuam Per agros

He

redit.

The words

country house

to the

.

currit.

He runs through

the fields

The girls sit near

the stream

.

.

underlined above form prepositional phrases in which the prepositions are used with words in the accusative case.

prope

You have seen other prepositions used with words

in the ablative case:

Sub arbore dormit.

He sleeps under the

Ex arbore

He falls out of the

Note

.

He sleeps at the door

dormit.

Puellae prope rivum sedent.

ad, per, and

returns

that ex

cadit.

may

be written simply

as

e

when

the next

tree

tree

.

.

word begins with

a

conso-

nant: e ramis, out of the branches.

Now look at the following examples: In

YiWam

In viWd sedet.

currit.

He runs into

the house

He sits in

.

In

He

He sits on

statue falls into the fishpond

.

urhem

the branch

Princeps in urbg

venit.

comes into the

.

In ramo sedet.

Statua in piscin^m cadit.

The

the house

The emperor is

city.

.

est.

in the city

.

In the left-hand column, the preposition in is used with a word in the accusative and the meaning of the preposition is into. In the right-hand column, the preposition in is used with a word in the ablative and the meaning of the preposition is in or on.

The

case,

case,

preposition in can be used with either the accusative or the ablative case, as

above, but most other propositions are used with either one case or the other. In future vocabulary

followed by

ace.

or

the ablative case,

abl.

e.g.,

lists,

prepositions will be identified with the abbreviation prep.

to indicate

whether the preposition

ad, prep. + ace,

64 CHAPTER

i«W^

to,

toward,

at,

is

used with the accusative or

near; sub, prep. + abl., under, beneath.

.

FORMS Nouns: Cases and Declensions Ablative Case

Here

is

a table

Number Case

showing the groups of nouns and cases you have met so 1st

2nd

3rd

Declension

Declension

Declension

far:

Singular

Nominative

puella

servos

puer

ager

pater

vox

Accusative

puellam

servwm

pueriiffi

agr

2

es

eras

potes

poteras

3

esf

eraf

potesf

poteraf

1

sumus

eramf/s

possumus

poterami/s

2

QSt'lS

era f/s

potesf/s

poteraf/s

3

sunt

eranf

possunt

potera/if

•o

B

J

CD ha

» E a

« ^

Z Be

Present

Imperfect

infinitive

•^

posse

sure to learn these forms thoroughly.

Exercise 14e

From to

the chart above, select the verb form that will complete the Latin sentence

match the English

cue.

1

Davus

2.

Tu

3.

Flavia misera erat

4.

Vos incolumes

5.

Getam, Dave,

6.

Canes, qui

Then

read aloud and translate the entire sentence:

nam Getam invemre non

sollicitus est,

in

Getam

olfacere

,

able/can)

latrant. {are able/can)

8.

9.

Equi cisium sed non fossam

10.

(is

quod Cornelia in villa manere non {was able/could) quod Syrus equos magna arte agebat. {are) agris invemre nos non {were able/could)

Quamquam Cornelius servi strenue O me miserum! Quo instriimento ego raedam

7.

.

raedarius scelestus, Syre! {are)

,

Davus vos verberare

vult,

vitare

.

.

laborabant. {was away) e fossa extrahere

?

{am

able/can)

{were able/could)

nam Getam invemre vos non

.

.

{we7^e able/coidd)

Exercise 14f

Using story 14 and the material on verbs Latin 1

2. 3.

4.

5.

Although all were unhurt, Cornelius was scolding the coachman. Cornehus: "Why were you not able to drag the coach out of the ditch, Syrus?" Syrus and Sextus: "We were not sleeping when the light carriage was approaching." Cornelius: "Were you watching the light carriage that was approaching very fast, Syrus and Sextus?" Syrus and Sextus: "We were able to avoid the light carriage, and although we are in the ditch

108

in this chapter as guides, give the

for:

CHAPTER 14

we

are

all

unhurt."

MYTH

753-509

IV

B.C.

THE KINGS OF ROME yVccording to legend, seven kings ruled Rome over a span of 243 years. Myth, legend, and history are intertwined in the accounts of their rule. Romulus, as the founding king, devised a set of laws for his Romans, a group of fellow shepherds and a modey crew of rough men who had come together to start new lives in a new place for a variety of reasons. They could not very well found a society, however, without women and the prospect of children. When ambassadors who had been sent to arrange marriage treaties with neighboring states returned empty-handed, rebuffed, and ridiculed, Romulus adopted a bold plan. He invited these neighbors to a grand festival in honor of Neptune. Largely out of curiosity and a desire to see the new city, many came to Rome, including Sabines who brought along their whole families. Impressed by the grand tour, the guests sat attentively, watching the spectacle. At a signal from Romulus, suddenly the young Roman men rushed in and carried off the young unmarried Sabine girls. Most grabbed the first potential bride they encountered. A few senators had their followers grab some of the especially pretty ones they had picked out ahead of time. Romulus and the other Romans persuaded the Sabine women, with assurances of deep love and lasting marriages, to accept their new roles as Roman wives (matronae). Their families, who had fled from the fracas, attacked Rome to reclaim their daughters. As the Sabine and Roman armies opened battle on the future site of the Roman Forum, however, the Sabine women intervened and begged them to stop fighting, saying they did not wish to become both widows and orphans on the same day. In response, the Sabines and Romans united to form one state with Rome as the capital city. After the second king of Rome, Numa Pompilius, had devoted much attention to legal and religious institutions, the third king, Tullus Hostilius, renewed the state's emphasis on its military posture. Tullus declared war on the Albans because of cattle-raiding. Both sides agreed to settle the conflict by having the Horatii, a set of Roman triplets, battle a set of Alban triplets, the Curiatii. As their armies watched, the two sets of triplets clashed. Two of the Romans died; all three Albans were wounded. Outnumbered three to one, but unscathed, the surviving Roman, Horatius, took flight, counting on the strategic assumption that the three Curiatii would pursue him and thus be separated. One by one he was able to turn back each of his foes until he had dispatched all three Albans and

Rome

claimed victory.

When citizens to

Romans in a battle Lo^ga and moved her

the Albans later proved disloyal and tried to desert the

against the cities of Fidenae and Veii, Tullus destroyed Alba

Rome. But

as Tullus

prepared further campaigns, he

gion for deliverance from a plague. Legend has

it

fell

ill

and turned to

reli-

that he performed a sacrifice to Jupiter

incorrectly and consequently was struck by a bolt of lightning, perishing in flames with his palace.

WHO

IS

TO BLAME? 109

larBBBpiH :...! KSHia

'•»»MB8iJiJ

Biii£iiaissiiHaaam«

Ancus Marcius, grandson of Numa, who was elected die fourdi king of Rome, turned his attention to major construction projects: new city walls, a prison, a bridge across the Tiber (the Pons Sublicius or bridge built on piles), and the seaport of Rome at Ostia, located at the mouth of the Tiber River. The fifth king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, from Etruria to the north of Rome, gained the throne by fraud and was subsequently murdered at the instigation of the sons of Ancus Marcius. Priscus' wife, Tanaquil, then engineered the ascent to the throne of her daughter's husband, Servius Tullius. Servius was a against Veii, he

much

went

respected king. After he solidified his status with a victory in war

to

work on the organization of Roman

census and established the practice of assigning wealth.

He

all

society.

He

held the

first

Roman citizens to classes based on Rome to accommodate the in-

further enlarged the physical boundaries of

creased population, bringing the city to

its

total

of seven

hills.

Palace intrigues, however, continued. Tullia, Servius' daughter, engineered the mur-

der of her sister and her

own husband and then goaded

her

new husband, Lucius

Tar-

King Tarquinius and confronting her father before the Roman senate. Tarquinius threw Servius out of the Senate House bodily, and his agents murdered the king in the street. Tullia arrived to be the first to hail her husband the seventh king of Rome. Heading home, she ordered her horrified carriage driver to run over an act immortalized by the street's name, Vicus the body of her father lying in the road quinius, into proclaiming himself

—

Sceleratus (Street of Crime).

The

oath of the

Horatii triplets Oil on canvas, Jacques Louis

David,

Christie's,

England

110

CHAPTER

14

London,

BB^

H«

»! aao'^

«

HHHUBsaaaaaiaaaaaKaBHBis.- •£.-&

The

«!

tragedy of Lucretia by Botticelli

Oil on canvas, Sandro

Botticelli, Isabella

Stewait Gardner Museum, Boston

That seventh and final king of Rome soon earned his name Tarquinius Superbus, Tarquin the Proud, by executing many senators and refusing to seek the counsel of that body.

He

did achieve military successes and oversaw construction of the great temple of

and the cloaca maxima, the main sewer of Rome. But the penchant for crime continued to run in the veins of the Tarquin family. The youngest son, Sextus Tarquinius, developed a passion for Lucretia, the wife of his cousin, Tarquinius Collatinus, and raped her. Lucretia, after telling her husband, father, and Lucius Junius Brutus what had happened, stabbed herself and died. That was cause enough to inspire Brutus, Collatinus, and other worthy Romans to persuade the citizens to oust Tarquinius Superbus and everyone in his family and to replace the kingship with a new form of government, the Republic. This was accomplished in 509 B.C. Fact and fiction are intertwined in these legends from the age of the kings. Historical record indicates that after Romulus a king chosen by the assembly of the people and the Senate (made up of the heads of the most important families), was granted a form of power (imperium) that amounted to despotism. The arrival of the Tarquin family may reflect an Etruscan takeover, which was interrupted by the reign of Servius and then thrown off when the last of the kings, Tarquinius Superbus, was banished. That the area of the Forum was drained and paved over and that the first buildings appeared on the Capitoline Hill in the period that corresponds roughly with the arrival of the Tarquins Jupiter on the Capitoline

hill

are facts that the archaeologists confirm.

WHO

IS

TO BLAME?

Ill

?s4^

.

Vehicle Spotting Uum raeda in fossa manebat, Marcus et Sextus vehicula exspectabant. Longum erat silentium.

Diu nullum vehiculum

nubem

apparet.

Tandem Marcus murmur rotarum

audit et procul

pulveris conspicit.

Sextus, "Quid est, Marce? Estne plaustrum?" 5 Marcus, "Minime, fatue! Plaustra onera magna ferunt. Tarda igitur sunt. Sed illud vehiculum celeriter appropinquat." Sextus, "Ita vero! Praeterea equi illud vehiculum trahunt. Boves plaustra trahunt.

Fortasse est raeda."

"Non

est raeda," inquit

Marcus, "nam quattuor rotas habet raeda. Illud vehiculum 10

duas tantum rotas habet." "Est cisium!" clamat Sextus. "Ecce, Marce! est vir praeclarus qui

ab urbe Neapolim

"Minime, Sexte!" respondet Marcus. "Non togam,

gerit.

1

Tum nubem

pulveris

exspecto, exspectare,

to look

out for

procul,

f.,

to

et

murmur rotarum

audiunt.

praeterea,

wheel

adv., in the distance,

nubes, nubis, gen.

pi.,

adv., besides

bos, bovis, m./£, ox

appear

far off

nubium,

9

fortasse, adv.,

10

quattuor, /oz/r

1 1

duae, two

f.,

cloud

1

pulvis, pulveris, m., dust 5

tunicam, non

illud, that

diu, adv., /or a long time

rota, -ae,

6

nam

15

tantum vident

8

appareo, apparere,

4

est vir praeclarus,

silentium.

longus, long 3

celeriter appropinquat! Fortasse

Fortasse est alius tabellarius."

Praeterit cisium.

Tandem

Quam

iter facit."

3

16

plaustrum, -i, n., wagon, cart onus, oneris, n., load, burden

j!7fr^^pj-

tantum, adv., only Neapolim, to Naples praetereo, praeterire,

irreg., to

past

tardus, slow

Exercise 15a

Responde Latine: 1

Quid pueri

2.

fossa manebat? Erantne multa vehicula in via?

3.

4.

faciebant ubi raeda in

6.

Cur vehiculum raeda Quid est?

7.

Estne

5.

esse

non

potest?

vir praeclarus in cisio?

Quid Marcus audit et conspicit? Cur vehiculum plaustrum esse non potest?

VEHICLE SPOTTING

113

FORMS Nouns: Neuter

Some nouns in Latin have the same ending in the accusative as in the nominative. They have -a as the ending in the nominative and accusative plural. These are neuter nouns. Neuter is the Latin word for "neither"; neuter nouns are neither masculine nor feminine (for the concept of gender, see page 34).

You have met sentences

like:

Davus baculum habet. (11 :8) Vestigia Getae inveniunt. (12:11)

The words baculum and

Davus has a

stick.

They find Geta's tracks.

vestigia are neuter nouns of the 2nd declension. Both the

2nd and the 3rd declensions have neuter nouns:

Number

'H

2nd

3rd

Declension

Declension

Nominative

baculi/zn

nomen

Genitive

bacul/

Dative

baculd

nomin/s nomin/

I

Accusative

baculu/n

nomen

i

Ablative

baculd

nomine

Vocative

baculw/n

nomen

Case Singular

1

-...,.,,

-^^ .-^^B

W^

Plural

J

1

Nominative

bacula

nomina

Genitive

baculdru/n

nomini/m

Dative

bacul/s

nomin/6i/s

Accusative

bacula

nomina

Ablative

bacul/s

nommibus

Vocative

bacula

nomina

Most neuter nouns of the 2nd declension end

I

^^ "^m

in -utn in the nominative

and the ac-

cusative singular.

The

nominative and accusative singular forms of neuter nouns of the 3rd declension,

nomen

and murmur, are not predictable, but the other cases are formed by adding the usual 3rd declension endings to the base, which is found by dropping the ending fi-om the genitive singular form. such

as

Remember

that the accusative singular

is

always the same as the nominative singular

of neuter nouns and that the nominative and accusative plurals always end in

114

CHAPTER

15

-a.

Most

1st

declension nouns are feminine.

The

culine or neuter.

Most 2nd declension nouns are either masmany nouns that are masculine, many that

3rd declension contains

number of neuter nouns. See

are feminine, and a

the chart

for examples of nouns of the different genders Examples of neuter nouns are:

book

on page 136

at the

in each declension.

3rd Declension

2nd Declension auxilium,

-i, n.,

help

iter, itineris, n., journey

baculum,

-i, n.

stick

murmur, murmuris,

cisium,

-i, n.

,

,

olive turn,

nomen, nominis, -i, n.,

grove

periculum,

-i, n.,

danger

plaustrutn,

-i, n.,

wagon, cart

silentiuin,

murmur,

n.,

name

onus, oneris, n., load tempus, temporis, n., time

room, bedroom

-i, n., olive

n.,

rumble

light two-wheeled

carriage

cubiculum,

end of this

-i, n., silence

vehiculum, vestigiuin,

-i, n.,

vehicle

-i, n., track,

footprint, trace

Exercise 15b

Read aloud and 1.

translate. Identify

each neuter noun and

Nullum vehiculum conspicere poterant

its

declension:

pueri.

2.

Nox erat;

3.

Marcus

et Sextus spectabant

10.

vehiculum quod celerrime appropinquabat. Canis latrabat quod murmur rotarum audiebat. Marcus baculum iaciebat; canis baculum petebat. Magna onera ferebant plaustra. Erant multa vehicula in via; cisium tarda vehicula praeteribat. Servl onera in plaustra ponebant. Brevi tempore plaustra plena erant. Vestigia vehiculorum in via videre poteramus.

11.

Pueri e

lectls

12.

Necesse erat

4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

9.

13. Filia

raeda in fossa immobilis manebat;

nemo

auxilium ferebat.

surgunt et e cubiculis exeunt. iter

Cornelii,

Romam

facere.

nomine Cornelia,

in raeda erat.

14.

Dum Cornelii iter faciebant, agros, vineas et oliveta spectabant.

15.

Magnum

16.

Ubi cisium

erat periculum praeterit, est

quod

tabellarius in cisio celerrime appropinquabat.

magnum

silentium.

VEHICLE SPOTTING

115

Numerals and Numbers unus, -a, -um, one duo, -ae, -o, two

VIII octo, eight

II

rX

novem, nine

III

tres, tres, tria, three

X

decern, ten

I

IV

quattuor, four

L

quinquaginta,

V

quinque,

C

centum,

VI

sex, six

D

quingenti, -ae,

vn

septem, seven

five

M

a

fifty

hundred -a, five

hundred

mille, a thousand

The words above are adjectives. The mascuHne, feminine, and neuter endings or forms are given for the numbers one, two, three, and five hundred. The others never change their form. Here are forms for unus, duo, and tres: Case

Masc.

Fein.

Neut.

Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

duae du arum du aAus duas du aAus

duo du drum du dAus duo duobus

tres

tres

tr/a

tr/um

tr/um

tr/um

Iribus

tribus

tribus

tres

tres

tria

tr/fius

tr/dus

tribus

Nominative

Gnus

duo

On /us

Gna mlus

Gnum

Genitive

On /us

du drum

Dative

un7

Gn7

un7

du dAus

Accusative

Gnum

Gnam

Gnum

duds

Ablative

und

una

und

dudibus

All roads to

Rome

radiated from the center of the city, a point

Augustus with the "miliarium aureum," peoples of the world

116

CHAPTER 15

who came

to

a gilded, inscribed

Rome,

circling the

marked by the Emperor

bronze milestone. SHowti here are

miUarium aureum.

Seventeenth centwy European engraving, artist

unknown

.

.

Exercise 15c

Complete these sentences with the Latin words

for the appropriate

numbers,

read aloud, and translate: 1.

2. 3.

4. 5.

6. 7.

rotas raeda habet. Quot rotas raeda habet? rotas plaustrum habet. Quot rotas plaustrum habet? rotas cisium habet. Quot rotas cisium habet? Quot equi raedam trahunt? _ equi raedam trahunt. boves plaustrum trahunt. Quot boves plaustrum trahunt? puellam et pueros video. Quot liberos in raeda vides? In raeda parentes in raeda vide5. Quot parentes in raeda vides? puella et pueri cum Quot liberl Romam raeda iter faciebant?

parentibus

Quot.

.

?

Romam iter faciebant.

How many.

.

.

?

Exercise ISd

Responde Latine: 1

Si

duo pueri

2.

Si

duae puellae et tres pueri iter faciunt, quot liberl iter faciunt?

et octo puellae iter faciunt,

quot

liberi iter faciunt?

3

Si sex parentes et tres puellae iter faciunt,

4.

Si

5.

Si

6.

Si

quot homines iter faciunt? quot homines iter faciunt? quattuor pueri et sex puellae iter faciunt, quot llberi iter faciunt? quattuor puellae et quinque pueri iter faciunt, quot liberi iter faciunt?

7.

Si

quattuor puellae et tres pueri iter faciunt, quot liberi

quinque parentes

et tres pueri iter faciunt,

homines, hominum, m.

p\.,

iter faciunt?

people

VEHICLE SPOTTING

117

y

K.

V^itffiiB

m' WHY Is SEXTUS a pest? lam nona Sextum

hora

taedebat,

erat.

nam

Adhuc immobilis

puer strenuus

erat.

in fossa haerebat raeda.

Sed

nihil facere

Subito igitur ad raedam currit et cistam aperit.

Tum e

cista pilam extrahit. "Visne pila ludere, Marce?" clamat. Pilam ad Marcum statim iacit. Marcus earn excipit et ad Sextum mittit. Identidem pueri pilam iaciebant, alter ad alterum. Tum Sextus, qui semper Corneliam vexare vult, per iocum pilam iacit et Corneliam ferit. Statim irata Cornelia ad matrem se vertit et, "Cur me semper vexat Sextus, mater?"

Quam molestus puer est Sextus!" respondet mater et filiam complexu tenet. "Sextus te ferire "Veni ad me, carissima," in animo non habebat. Est puer strenuus, est puer temerarius, non tamen est puer 10 clamat.

"Cur pilam

in

me

iacit?

scelestus."

"Sed cur Sextus apud nos habitat?" rogat CorneUa, quae adhuc Sexti eum ad nos mittit?"

irata est.

"Cur pater (continued)

nonus,

alter... alterum, the one... the other

Jiinth

Sextum taedebat,

it

aperio, aperire,

open

pila, -ae,

Visne...?

f.,

bored Sextus

6

Do you to

pila ludere,

want...?

play to

play ball

m.Joke, prank as a prank

ferio, ferire, to

hit.,

to

7

verto, vertere,

carissima, dearest

10

animus, in

to

-i,

9

her, it

excipi5, excipere,

iocus,

per iocum,

ball

ludo, ludere,

eam,

to

welcome, receive,

12

-i,

m.,

strike

tum

mind

animo habere,

to

intend

apud, prep. + ace, with

catch

Exercise 16a

Responde Latine:

3.

Cur nihil facere Sextum Quid facit Sextus? Cur est Corneha irata?

4.

Habebatne Sextus

1.

2.

in

taedebat?

animo CorneHam

ferire?

WHY IS

SEXTUS A PEST? 119

5 .

"Pater Sexti ad Asiam iter

quod pater

relinquere. Itaque,

"Quid tamen de matre

facit.

Quod

pater abest, necesse erat

Sexti?" rogat

"Eheu!" respondet Aurelia. "Mater

filia.

"Cur

in Italia

15

non curat?" iam mortua est. Matrem non habet

ilia

Sexti, ut scis,

Sextum

apud nos manet."

Sexti hospes patris tui est, Sextus

filium

non iam Ira commota. tempore tamen Sextus, "Visne nobiscum

Sextus." Tacebat Cornelia,

Eo ips5 "Quamquam effugiebat.

1

Dum

tu es puella, pilam iacere fortasse potes."

Iterum

irata Cornelia, "Abl,

relinquo, relinquere,

to

hospes, hospitis,

leave behind

ilia,

17

de, prep. +

city

by

abl.,

ties

19

of hospitality

down from,

she

ut, adv.,

^j-

scio, scire,

m./f., guest, host,

friend, a pei'son related to one of

another

clamabat, iam ridebat et

moleste puer!" clamat. "Pila ludere nolo."

itaque, adv., and so, therefore

16

ludere, Cornelia?" exclamat.

to

mortuus,

-a,

nobiscum

=

know -um, dead

cum nobis,

with us

concerning,

about

Responde Latine:

cum

1

Cur

2.

Qualis puer est Sextus?

Sextus

Corneliis habitat?

Building the Meaning Nouns and Adjectives: Agreement In Chapter the

noun

it

6,

I

you learned the general

principle that an adjective always agrees with

describes or modifies. Adjective agreement

must be considered

points of view: 1.

2.

The

adjective

must be the same gender as the noun

magnwj canis magn« vox

(masculine)

magn«7//

(neuter)

The

adjective

iter

120

CHAPTER 16

modifies:

(feminine)

must be the same

magnwy canis magn/ canis magnww canem magno cane

it

case as

(nominative) (genitive)

(accusative) (ablative)

the

noun

it

modifies:

fi"om three

20

3.

The

adjective

must be the same number (singular or

magnwj canis magn« vox magnw/w iter

plural) as the

noun

(singular)

magnf canes

(plural)

(singular)

magru/e voces

(plural)

(singular)

magruaf itinera

(plural)

it

modifies:

The fact that adjectives must agree with their nouns does not mean that the adjective and noun will always have identical endings, as the examples above show. Most of the adjectives you have met use the same endings as the 2nd declension masculine noun servus when they modify masculine nouns; they use the same endings as the 1st declension noun puella when they modify feminine nouns; and they use the same endings as the 2nd declension neuter noun baculum when they modify neuter nouns. For this reason they are referred to as 1st and 2nd declension adjectives. Here is a complete chart of the 1st and 2nd declension adjective magnus, magna, magnum: Number

1st

and 2nd Declension

Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

Nominative

magniis

magni

Dative

magnd

magna magnae magnae

magnum

Genitive

Accusative

magnfim

magnam

magnu/n

Ablative

magnd magne

magna magna

magnd

magn/ magndriim

magnae

magna

Genitive

Dative

magn/'s

magnari/m magn/s

magndra/n magn/s

Accusative

magnds

magnas

magna

Ablative

magn/s

magnis

magn/s

Vocative

magn/'

magnae

magna

Case Singular

Vocative

magn/

magnd

9

magni//n

Plural

Nominative

In future vocabulary

magnus,

-a,

-um,

fists,

1st

and 2nd declension adjectives

big, great, large,

loud

(voice,

j^S

»

'9

will

be given

as

foUows:

laugh), sfiowing the masculine nominative

singular form and the endings of the feminine and neuter nominative singular forms.

Look

at the

following example:

Cum senators Romano iter facit. Romano is masculine singular ablative in agreement with senatore. endings are different since the noun belongs to the 3rd declension, while the adjective uses 1st and 2nd declension endings (2nd declension for masculine, as here). SomeIn this sentence

The

times, of course, the endings

the

may be

the same,

when

the adjective and

noun belong

to

same declension:

Cum viro Romano iter facit.

Cum femin^ Roman/? iter facit.

SUMMARY: Adjectives agree with the nouns they describe in gender, case, and number. The adjective and the noun it modifies may belong to different declensions and end with different letters.

WHY

IS

SEXTUS A PEST? 121

.

Exercise 16b For each noun below, first identify the declension of the noun, then tell what gender, case, and number it is, and finally give the proper form of the adjective bonus, -a, -um to modify the noim: 1.

cubiculi

7.

auxilium

2.

filiarum

8.

(2 possibilities)

3.

clamorem

4.

vocum

10.

puellam n5minis artem

5.

itinere

11.

patres (2 possibilities)

6.

servTs

12.

civis (4 possibilities)

9.

Exercise 16c

Read aloud and

translate. Identify all noun-adjective pairs

and explain how

the adjectives agree with their nouns: 1

2. 3.

4.

equos dominl in viam ducebant, alii e villa currebant et magnas cistas in raedam ponebant. Ubi Cornelius multas epistulas scribit, nemo eum impedit. Si liberorum magnae voces patrem vexant, Aurelia pueros strenuos in hortum mittit. Puellarum nomina vocat ancilla nova; sed strenuae puellae magnam vocem ancillae

Alii servT

non

audiunt.

5.

Plaustrum duas habet

6.

Magnum numerum

tardi per vias in

7.

rotas; in plaustra

magnam urbem

onera magna

rustic!

ponunt; plaustra boves

nocte trahunt.

servorum Cornelius in vinea vicina spectabat. ServT spectabant Getam, qui in ramis arboris dormiebat.

novus,

-a,

-um, new

Exercise 16d

Make

the adjective in parentheses agree with the

Latin to Engish vocabulary

list

at the

noun

end of the book

(if

necessary, use the

to find the

the nouns):

122

1.

aestatem (calidus)

6.

nominum

2.

nocte (frigidus)

7.

onera (magnus)

3.

sororibus (bonus)

8.

viatores (tardus) (2 possibilities)

4.

urbis (magnus)

9.

5.

ars (novus)

boves (tardus) (4 possibihties) fragoris (magnus)

CHAPTER 16

10.

(alius)

gender of

WORD Study iv Numbers

The

Latin words for numbers provide English with a great

and

The

triple {three fold) traces its

Exercise

Match

ancestry to the Latin tres.

1

these English words with their meanings:

c.

born together an eight-sided figure one-of-a-kind, without equal

d.

people in their seventies

e.

to destroy

f

a set of three

octagon

g-

one fourth of a

triad

h.

a

quintuplets

i.

a

century

i-

L

sextet

a.

2.

unique decimate quadrant duplex

b.

6.

septuagenarians

7. 8. 9.

3.

4. 5.

10.

words. For exam-

English word unite (to bring together as one) comes from the Latin number English word duet (music for two performers) is derived from duo in Latin,

ple, the

Onus.

many

five babies

one tenth of circle

period of 100 years

group of six a two-family house or an apartment on two levels

The Roman Number System

The origin of Roman numerals from one to ten is in the human hand. The Roman numeral I is one finger held up; the numeral II is two fingers, and so on. The numeral comes from the v-shape between the thumb and the other four fingers pressed together, and it therefore represents five. When two V's are placed with their points touching, the numeral X is formed, representing ten. There were a limited number of letters used by = the Romans to express numerals: I =1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, and

V

M

Roman numerals are based on these. The number system of the Romans may seem awkward compared to the Arabic system we use today. As Roman numerals grew larger, they became increasingly hard to read. Although no longer used in mathematics, Roman numerals are still part of our 1000. All

everyday experience: on the face of a clock, in the chapter headings of our books, and in writing the year of an important date.

Here \.

2. 3.

are

some

rules to

remember about Roman numerals:

A numeral followed by a smaller numeral represents addition: VI = 5 + = 6. A numeral followed by a larger numeral represents subtraction: IV = 5 - = 4. A smaller numeral between two larger numerals is subtracted from the second 1

1

of the larger numerals:

MCM = 1000 + (1000-100) = 1900. WHY

IS

SEXTUS A PEST? 123

.

MB -'OSPROCOS. iss.c/t5u: .'

INCIVVENTV

Ff,c/!DENtSS