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Daily Grammar Chants for Beginning and Intermediate Students

of

Attic Greek by Rusticus Caementarius MMVII Teacher of the Latin and Greek Languages

Albioni Schola

To be practiced orally every day until completely memorized.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 ALPHABET ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 BREATHINGS, SYLLABLES, ACCENT, ELISION, PUNCTUATION ..................................................................................... 4 VOWEL CONTRACTIONS ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 CONSONANT CHANGES .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 GRAMMAR BASICS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION TO NOUNS AND DECLENSIONS ................................................................................................................. 6 NOUN ENDINGS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 1st , 2nd , & 3rd DECLENSION ENDINGS ...................................................................................................................................... 7 3rd DECLENSION PARADIGMS ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 PRONOUNS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 ADJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................................................................12 NUMERALS ........................................................................................................................................................................................13 VERB BASICS .....................................................................................................................................................................................13 PARTICIPLES.....................................................................................................................................................................................15 Ω-VERB CONNECTING VOWELS WITH ENDINGS ..............................................................................................................16 VERB ENDING TYPES ....................................................................................................................................................................18 ΜΙ - VERBS .........................................................................................................................................................................................18 ADVERBS ............................................................................................................................................................................................20 SYNTAX - NOUNS .............................................................................................................................................................................21

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INTRODUCTION “Personally I believe the pupil should first address himself to the forms, and devote himself to nothing else until they are completely mastered.” – Charles E. Bennett & George P. Bristol, The Teaching of Latin and Greek in the Secondary School. (New York: Longmans, 1911), 65. This set of chants is not intented to teach, but to help the student gain a firmer grounding in basic grammar. It is to serve as an aid to memory, merely a supplement to a regular Attic Greek course, that the student might instantly recall the forms and basic grammar rules. Knowing that the complexity of Greek grammar has been a great discouragement to many students, I have endeavored to make this collection of chants as concise as possible, eliminating duplications, simplifying some rules and combining others, and listing only those fundamental items which students have difficulty mastering.1 These sheets are intended to be memorized and recited exactly. Students should practice several pages every day until all the paradigms and rules have been completely mastered, then once a week thereafter. The teacher should lead the chanting to ensure proper pronunciation and uniformity. On Pronouncing Characters and Symbols

You may pronounce the Greek characters by saying their names (alpha, beta, gamma, &c.), their English/Latin names, their sounds, or a combination thereof. The  symbol is “becomes” or “makes,” as you like, but be everywhere consistent. Find a pronunciation and set of rules you like and stick to them. I recommend that you read the paradigms for nouns and pronouns from top to bottom (masculine first, then feminine, then the neuter), and adjectives from left to right (nominative masculine, feminine, neuter, genitive masculine, feminine, neuter, et cetera.). The verbs may be read by tense or mood, as is appropriate for your course of study. Reference Grammars and Beginner Texts

Numbers next to the following abbreviations refer to the page. H. C. G.

Hanson and Quinn, Greek, An Intensive Course. New York: Fordham University Press, 1992. Chase and Phillips, Introduction to Greek. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961. Geannikis, Romiti, & Wilford, Greek Paradigm Handbook. Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008.

Numbers next to the following abbreviations refer to the section. S. J. W. P.

Herbert Weir Smyth, Greek Grammar for Colleges. Harvard University Press; Revised, 1956. John Williams White, First Greek Book. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1896. William W. Goodwin, A Greek Grammar, New Edition. London: MacMillan, 1894; Reprinted 1983. Tufts University, Perseus Greek Word Study Tool, online.

Note 1: Though I have simplified and combined some paradigms and rules, many are taken from the sources listed here without alteration.

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ALPHABET Alpha (Αα), beta (Ββ), gamma (Γγ), delta (Δδ), epsilon (Εε), zeta (Ζζ), eta (Ηη), theta (Θθ), iota (Ιι), kappa (Κκ), lambda (Λλ), mu (Μμ), nu (Νμ), ksi (Ξν), omicron (Οξ), pi (Πο), rho (Ρπ), sigma (΢ςρ), tau (Σσ), upsilon (Ττ), phi (Υυ), chi (Φφ), psi (Χχ), omega (Ψψ). vowels

α, ε, η, ι, ξ, τ, ψ

eight regular diphthongs

consonants

short vowels

α, ε, ι, ξ, τ

αι, ατ, ει, ετ, ητ, ξι, ξτ, τι

three double consonants: ζ, ν, χ

long vowels

ᾱ, η, ῑ, ψ, ῡ

three improper diphthongs

ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ

six semivowels: γ-nasal; liquids λ, μ, μ, π; sibilant ς

mutes classes (cognate)

Labial

or ο-mutes

Palatal

or κ-mutes

Dental, Lingual, or σ-mutes

orders (coordinate)

ο β υ κ γ φ σ δ θ

Smooth: Middle: Rough:

ο κ σ β γ δ υ φ θ

BREATHINGS, SYLLABLES, ACCENT, ELISION, PUNCTUATION breathings

All words beginning with a vowel have a smooth (ἀ) or rough (ἁ) breathing mark. Words

beginning with π have a rough breathing (ῥ). Diphthongs and long vowels are pronounced twice as long as short vowels and are counted as long for accenting. However, final αι and ξι are usually short, except in the optative mood. syllables

A Greek word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs. A syllable is long by nature when it contains a long vowel or diphthong. The last three syllables of a word are called the antepenult, penult, and ultima. accents

 

The three accents, acute (ά), circumflex (ᾶ), and grave (ὰ), stand over a vowel in a syllable. The acute can stand on any of the three, the circumflex on a long penult or long ultima, and the grave on the ultima.

general accent rules

      

An accent on a noun is persistent; it tries to stay where it began in the nominative case. An accent on a verb is recessive; it tries to move away from the ultima toward the antepenult. An acute on the antepenult moves to the penult when the ultima becomes long. An acute on the ultima changes to a grave when immediately followed by another word. When the ultima is short, an accented long penult must be a circumflex. When the ultima is long, an accented long penult must be an acute. An accented and contracted syllable receives the circumflex

proclitics and enclitics

A proclitic is an unaccented monosyllabic word that is closely attached to the following word. An enclitic is a word that loses its own accent and is pronounced as if it were a part of the preceeding word. C:\Users\Rusty\Documents\Projects\Other Projects - Greek\Daily Greek Chants (8.5x11) - 2012-06-17.doc Created by Rusty Mason

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punctuation, elision, and nu-movable

  

Greek comma (,) period (.) colon or semicolon (·) question mark (;) Elision is when a short final vowel is dropped before a word beginning with a vowel and is replaced by an apostrophe. μ-movable is appended to third person singular verbs ending in ε and to words ending in ςι. It is added at the end of a sentence or before a word beginning with a vowel.

VOWEL CHANGES

(left column + top row = contraction, e.g., α + ε = ᾱ)

W#41, J#737, H.616

α after ε, ι,or π usually becomes ᾱ. contractions

α ε η ξ

α

αι

ε

ει

η

ῃ

ξ

ξι

ξτ

ψ

ῳ

ᾱ η,ᾱ

αι ῃ,αι ῃ αι

ᾱ ει η ξτ

ᾳ,ᾱ ει η ξι,ξτ

ᾱ η

ᾳ ῃ ῃ ξι,ῳ

ψ ξτ

ῳ ξι ῳ ξι

ψ ξτ

ψ ψ

ῳ ῳ

ξτ

ψ

ῳ

ψ

ψ

ξτ

CONSONANT CHANGES

Mutes before θ: Mutes before σ: Mutes before κ: Mutes before μ: Mutes before ς:

Labials

Palatals

Dentals

(ο,β,υ) + θ  υθ (ο,β,υ) + σ  οσ

(κ,γ,φ) + θ  φθ (κ,γ,φ) + σ  κσ

(σ,δ,θ) + θ  ςθ (σ,δ,θ) + σ  ςσ

(κ,γ,φ) + μ  γμ (κ,γ,φ) + ς  ν

(σ,δ,θ) + κ  κ (σ,δ,θ) + μ  ςμ (σ,δ,θ) + ς  ς

(ο,β,υ) + μ  μμ (ο,β,υ) + ς  χ

  

A labial or palatal mute before a dental is made co-ordinate with the dental. ς is dropped between two consonants. μ + ς  ς and, except in the dative plural, the preceeding vowel is lengthened (αᾱ, εει, ξξτ).

 

ς+ςς μ before a labial becomes μ, and μ before a palatal becomes γ-nasal. Before another liquid μ is changed to that liquid. Only μ, π, or ρ can end a Greek word, all others are dropped. μμμ  μμ In duplications, an initial rough mute is always made smooth: θύψ  σέθτκα

     

A smooth mute before a rough vowel is made rough, including in elision. Initial π is doubled when a vowel precedes it in forming a compound word, and after the syllabic augment.

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GRAMMAR BASICS 

There are eight parts of speech: 1. noun A person place, or thing. 2. pronoun A word which substitutes for a noun. 3. adjective Modifies a noun. 4. verb Asserts action or a state of being. 5. adverb Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. 6. preposition Shows a relationship between words and phrases. 7. conjunction Joins words, phrases, or clauses. 8. interjection Expresses sudden or strong feeling.

 

A substantive is any word or phrase which functions as a noun. The two main parts of every sentence are the subject and predicate. The subject is what the sentence is about. The predicate is everything else. A word in apposition is explaining the noun using a different word. The nouns agree in case.



INTRODUCTION TO NOUNS AND DECLENSIONS    

     

A declension is a pattern of spelling and ending changes for a noun (or adjective, pronoun, or participle). A noun belongs to one of three declensions: the 1st or A-stem Declension, 2nd or O-stem Declension, or the Consonant-stem Declension. A noun (or adjective, pronoun, or participle) changes its form to show its function in a sentence. The five cases of a declension and their primary functions are: 1. nominative subject 2. genitive possession 3. dative indirect object of a verb 4. accusative direct object of a transitive verb 5. vocative direct address The three genders are masculine, feminine, and neuter. The three numbers are singular, dual, and plural. Nouns are declined by adding the declension endings to the noun stem. The nominative and genitive forms of a noun tell its declension. All neuters have identical forms in the nominative, accusative, and vocative. Plurals end in α. In the dual and plural of all nouns, the vocative is the same as the nominative.

NOUN ENDINGS    

1st and 2nd declension genitive and dative endings are long. 1st and 2nd declension accents on the ultima are circumflexed in the genitive and dative 1st declension genitive plural always has the circumflex. 2nd declension stems in εξ and ξξ contract.

third declension noun stems

 

The stem is usually the genitive singular without ξρ. The vocative singular of stems in -ιδ, and -μσ except oxytones, is the mere stem.

 

Consonant -ιρ nouns, except oxytones, drop the final dental of the stem and add μ in the accusative. The ι, τ, or diphthong stem is the nominative singular without ρ.



In masculine and feminine μ, π, ρ, and ξμσ stems, final sigma is rejected and the stem vowel is lengthened, ε  η or ξ  ψ.

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third declension noun cases and accents

     

 

Nominative singular – in masculine and feminine μ, π, ρ, and ξμσ stems, final sigma is rejected and a short stem vowel is lengthened, ε  η or ξ  ψ. Accusative singular – consonant stems add α, vowel stems add μ. Accusative singular – stems ending in unaccented ι-dental replace the dental with μ in the singular. Accusative plural – α is short. The vocative singular of masculine and feminine nouns is usually the stem. The vocative singular is the same as the nominative when o the nominative ends in ν or χ, or o when the stem ends in μ or π and accents the ultima. Exceptions are ὀδξύρ, ἀμήπ, and οασήπ. In the genitive and dative of monosyllabic stems, the accent stands on the ultima and the duals and the genitive plural receive the circumflex. ς stems – final ρ is dropped before adding all case endings.

   

ς stems – in neuter ς stems, final ε is changed to ξ in nominative singular. ι and τ stems – ι and τ usually replaced by ε except in nominative, accusative, and vocative singular. ι and τ stems – final ψ in genitive counted as short. Diphthong stems – τ drops off before vowel endings.  Diphthong stems – genitive singular ending may be -ξρ or -ψρ .  Diphthong stems – μα becomes before a μη before a short vowel and με long vowel .

1st , 2nd , & 3rd DECLENSION ENDINGS 1st

2nd

(Stems in α or η) F.

F.

F.

F.

(ε,ι,π + ᾱ,α)

(o-stems) M.

M.

M.&F.

N.

(ε,ι,π + ᾱρ)

Consonant, ι and τ (ψ-stems) M.&F. (Attic-stems)

M.& F.

N.

singular N. G. D. A. V.

ᾱ ᾱρ ᾳ ᾱμ ᾱ

α ᾱρ ᾳ αμ α

α ηρ ῃ αμ α

η ηρ ῃ ημ η

ᾱρ ξτ ᾳ ᾱμ ᾱ

ηρ ξτ ῃ ημ α

ξρ ξτ ῳ ξμ ε

ξμ ξτ ῳ ξμ ξμ

ψρ ψ ῳ ψμ ψρ

ρ ξρ, ψρ ι α, μ ρ

--ξρ, ψρ ι -----

ᾱ αιμ

ᾱ αιμ

ᾱ αιμ

ᾱ αιμ

ᾱ αιμ

ᾱ αιμ

ψ ξιμ

ψ ξιμ

ψ ῳμ

ε ξιμ

ε ξιμ

αι ῶμ αιρ ᾱρ αι

αι ῶμ αιρ ᾱρ αι

αι ῶμ αιρ ᾱρ αι

αι ῶμ αιρ ᾱρ αι

αι ῶμ αιρ ᾱρ αι

αι ῶμ αιρ ᾱρ αι

ξι ψμ ξιρ ξτρ ξι

α ψμ ξιρ α α

ῳ ψμ ῳρ ψρ ῳ

ερ ψμ ςι αρ, μρ ερ

α ψμ ςι α α

dual N. A.V. G. D.

plural N. G. D. A. V.

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3rd DECLENSION PARADIGMS

N. G. D. Α. V.

N. A.V. G. D.

N.V. G. D. Α.

Labial Stem

Palatal Stem

(ο,β,υ)

(κ,γ,φ)

Dental Stems (σ,δ,θ)

ι - Dentals Accented

Unaccented

Ultima

Ultima

D. Α. V.

N. A.V. G. D.

N.V. G. D. Α.

(μησεπ-)

(ἀμεπ-, ἀμ(δ)π-)

guard

shield

bird

old man

month

orator

mother

man

κλώχ κλψοόρ κλψοί κλῶοα κλώχ

υύλαν υύλακξρ υύλακι υύλακα υύλαν

ἀςοίρ ἀςοίδξρ ἀςοίδι ἀςοίδα ἀςοί

ὄπμιρ ὄπμιθξρ ὄπμιθι ὄπμιμ ὄπμι1

γέπψμ γέπξμσξρ γέπξμσι γέπξμσα γέπξμ

μήμ μημόρ μημί μῆμα μήμ

ῥήσψπ ῥήσξπξρ ῥήσξπι ῥήσξπα ῥῆσξπ

μήσηπ2 μησπόρ μησπί μησέπα μῆσεπ

ἀμήπ2 ἀμδπόρ ἀμδπί ἄμδπα ἄμεπ

κλῶοε υύλακε κλψοξῖμ υτλάκξιμ

ἀςοίδε ἀςοίδξιμ

ὄπμιθε γέπξμσε ὀπμίθξιμ γεπόμσξιμ

μῆμε ῥήσξπε μησέπε ἄμδπε μημξῖμ ῥησόπξιμ μησέπξιμ ἀμδπξῖμ

κλῶοερ κλψοῶμ κλψχί κλῶοαρ

ἀςοίδερ ἀςοίδψμ ἀςοίςι ἀςοίδαρ

ὄπμιθερ ὀπμίθψμ ὀπμίςι ὄπμιθαρ

μῆμερ μημῶμ μηςί μῆμαρ

(σπιήπες-)

G.

Syncopated

thief

υύλακερ υτλάκψμ υύλανι υύλακαρ

ς-Stems

N.

Liquid Stems (λ,μ,μ,π)

ξμσ stem

γέπξμσερ γεπόμσψμ γέπξτςι γέπξμσαρ

ῥήσξπερ ῥησόπψμ ῥήσξπςι πήσξπαρ

Stems in ι and τ

(μέπες-) (γέπας-)

(οόλι-)

(ἄςστ-)

μησέπερ μησέπψμ μησπάςι μησέπαρ

ἄμδπερ ἀμδπῶμ ἀμδπάςι ἄμδπαρ

Diphthong Stems

(βαςιλέτ-)

(μαῦ-)

(βξῦ-)

trireme

portion

gift

city

town

king

ship

bull

σπιήπηρ σπιήπξτρ σπιήπει σπιήπη σπιῆπερ

μέπξρ μέπξτρ μέπει μέπξρ μέπξρ

γέπαρ γέπψρ γέπαι γέπαρ γέπαρ

οόλιρ οόλεψρ οόλει οόλιμ οόλι

ἄςστ ἄςσεψρ ἄςσει ἄςστ ἄςστ

βαςιλεύρ βαςιλέψρ βαςιλεῖ βαςιλέᾱ βαςιλεῦ

μαῦρ μεώρ μηί μαῦμ μαῦ

βξῦρ βξόρ βξί βξῦμ βξῦ

σπιήπει σπιήπξιμ

μέπει μεπξῖμ

γέπᾱ γεπῷμ

οόλει ἄςσει οξλέξιμ ἀςσέξιμ

βαςιλέε βαςιλέξιμ

μῆε μεξῖμ

βόε βξξῖμ

σπιήπειρ σπιήπψμ σπιήπεςι σπιήπειρ

μέπη μεπῶμ μέπεςι μέπη

γέπᾱ γεπῶμ γέπαςι γέπᾱ

οόλειρ οόλεψμ οόλεςι οόλειρ

βαςιλεῖρ βαςιλέψμ βαςιλεῦςι βαςιλέᾱρ

μῆερ μεῶμ ματςί μαῦρ

βόερ βξῶμ βξτςί βξῦρ

ἄςση ἄςσεψμ ἄςσεςι ἄςση

Notes: 1. Vocative singular in this word follows S., H., and P, but J.#744 and W. have ὄπμιρ. Iota in this stem is long. 2. These words are syncopated -επ stems. They have irregular accenting. See S. #262.

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PRONOUNS The Article

Personal and Intensive Pronouns 1st

N. G. D. A. N. A. G. D. N. G. D. A.

2nd

3rd

self; same; he, she, it, they

ὁ σξῦ σῷ σόμ

ἡ σῆρ σῇ σήμ

σό σξῦ σῷ σό

ἐγώ ἐμξῦ, μξῦ ἐμξί, μξί ἐμέ, μέ

ςύ ςξῦ ςξί ςέ

--ξὗ ξἷ ἕ

αὐσόρ αὐσξῦ αὐσῷ αὐσόμ

αὐσή αὐσῆρ αὐσῇ αὐσήμ

αὐσό αὐσξῦ αὐσῷ αὐσό

σώ σξῖμ

σώ σξῖμ

σώ σξῖμ

μώ μῷμ

ςυώ ςυῷμ

-----

αὐσώ αὐσξῖμ

αὐσά αὐσαῖμ

αὐσώ αὐσξῖμ

ξἱ σῶμ σξῖρ σξύρ

αἱ σῶμ σαῖρ σάρ

σά σῶμ σξῖρ σά

ἡμεῖρ ἡμῶμ ἡμῖμ ἡμᾶρ

ὑμεῖρ ὑμῶμ ὑμῖμ ὑμᾶρ

ςυεῖρ ςυῶμ ςυίςι ςυᾶρ

αὐσξί αὐσῶμ αὐσξῖρ αὐσξύρ

αὐσαί αὐσῶμ αὐσαῖρ αὐσάρ

αὐσά αὐσῶμ αὐσξῖρ αὐσά

Possessive Pronouns

ἐμόρ, ἐμή, ἐμόμ ςόρ, ςή, ςόμ

1st Person 2nd Person

ἡμέσεπξρ, ἡμεσέπα, ἡμέσεπξμ ὑμέσεπξρ, ὑμεσέπα, ὑμέσεπξμ

Reflexive Pronouns 1st Person – myself, ourselves M. G. D. A. G. D. A.

2nd Person – yourself, yourselves

F.

M.

F.

M.

ἐματσξῦ ἐματσῷ ἐματσόμ

ἐματσῆρ ἐματσῇ ἐματσήμ

ςεατσξῦ ςεατσῷ ςεατσόμ

ςεατσῆρ ςεατσῇ ςεατσήμ

ςατσξῦ - or - ςατσῷ ςατσόμ

ἡμῶμ αὐσῶμ ἡμῖμ αὐσξῖρ ἡμᾶρ αὐσξύρ

ἡμῶμ αὐσῶμ ἡμῖμ αὐσαῖρ ἡμᾶρ αὐσάρ

ὑμῶμ αὐσῶμ ὑμῖμ αὐσξῖρ ὑμᾶρ αὐσξύρ

ὑμῶμ αὐσῶμ ὑμῖμ αὐσαῖρ ὑμᾶρ αὐσάρ

F.

ςατσῆρ ςατσῇ ςατσήμ

3rd Person – himself, herself, itself; themselves G. D. A. G. D. A.

ἑατσξῦ ἑατσῷ ἑατσόμ

ἑατσῆρ ἑατσῇ ἑατσήμ

ἑατσξῦ ἑατσῷ ἑατσό

ἑατσῶμ ἑατσξῖρ ἑατσξύρ

ἑατσῶμ ἑατσαῖρ ἑατσάρ

ἑατσῶμ ἑατσξῖρ ἑατσά

- or -

αὑσξῦ αὑσῷ αὑσόμ

αὑσῆρ αὑσῇ αὑσήμ

αὑσξῦ αὑσῷ αὑσό

- or -

αὑσῶμ αὑσξῖρ αὑσξύρ

αὑσῶμ αὑσαῖρ αὑσάρ

αὑσῶμ αὑσξῖρ αὑσά

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Demonstrative Pronouns this (already mentioned, hic, haec, hoc)

this (the following)

that (yonder, ille, illa, illud)

ξὗσξρ σξύσξτ σξύσῳ σξῦσξμ

αὕση σαύσηρ σαύσῃ σαύσημ

σξῦσξ σξύσξτ σξύσῳ σξῦσξ

ὅδε σξῦδε σῷδε σόμδε

ἥδε σῆςδε σῇδε σήμδε

σόδε σξῦδε σῷδε σόδε

ἐκεῖμξρ ἐκείμξτ ἐκείμῳ ἐκεῖμξμ

ἐκείμη ἐκείμηρ ἐκείμῃ ἐκείμημ

ἐκεῖμξ ἐκείμξτ ἐκείμῳ ἐκεῖμξ

σξύσψ σξύσξιμ

σξύσψ σξύσξιμ

σξύσψ σξύσξιμ

σώδε σξῖμδε

σώδε σξῖμδε

σώδε σξῖμδε

ἐκείμψ ἐκείμξιμ

ἐκείμψ ἐκείμξιμ

ἐκείμψ ἐκείμξιμ

ξὗσξι σξύσψμ σξύσξιρ σξύσξτρ

αὗσαι σξύσψμ σαύσαιρ σαύσᾱρ

σαῦσα σξύσψμ σξύσξιρ σαῦσα

ξἵδε σῶμδε σξῖςδε σξύςδε

αἵδε σῶμδε σαῖςδε σάςδε

σάδε σῶδε σξῖςδε σάδε

ἐκεῖμξι ἐκείμψμ ἐκείμξιρ ἐκείμξτρ

ἐκεῖμαι ἐκείμψμ ἐκείμαιρ ἐκείμᾱρ

ἐκεῖμα ἐκείμψμ ἐκείμξιρ ἐκεῖμα

Interrogative Pronoun/Adjective who?, which?, what? (quis?, quid?)

M. F. N. G. D. A. N. A. G. D. N. G. D. A.

Ν.

Indefinite Pronoun/Adjective (enclitic) some, any (aliquis, aliquid) somebody, anything (quīdam, quiddam) M. F.

Ν.

σίρ σίμξρ, σξῦ σίμι, σῷ σίμα

σί σίμξρ, σξῦ σίμι, σῷ σί

σιρ σιμόρ, σξτ σιμί, σῳ σιμά

σι σιμόρ, σξτ σιμί, σῳ σὶ

σίμε σίμξιμ

σίμε σίμξιμ

σιμέ σιμξῖμ

σιμέ σιμξῖμ

σίμερ σίμψμ σίςι σίμαρ

σίμα σίμψμ σίςι σίμα

σιμέρ σιμῶμ σιςί σιμάρ

σιμά σιμῶμ σιςί σιμά

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N. G. D. A. N. A. G. D. N. G. D. A.

Relative Pronoun

Ιndefinite Relative Pronoun

who, which

whoever, whichever

ὅρ ξὗ ὧ ὅμ

ἥ ἧρ ἧ ἥμ

ὅ ξὗ ὧ ὅ

ὅςσιρ ξὗσιμξρ, ὅσξτ ὧσιμι, ὅσῳ ὅμσιμα

ἥσιρ ἧςσιμξρ ἧσιμι ἥμσιμα

ὅ σι ξὗσιμξρ, ὅσξτ ὧσιμι, ὅσῳ ὅ σι

ὥ ξἷμ

ὥ ξἷμ

ὥ ξἷμ

ὥσιμε ξἵμσιμξιμ

ὥσιμε ξἵμσιμξιμ

ὥσιμε ξἵμσιμξιμ

ξἵ ὧμ ξἷρ ξὕρ

αἵ ὧμ αἷρ ἅρ

ἅ ὧμ ξἷρ ἅ

ξἵσιμερ ὧμσιμψμ, ὅσψμ ξἷςσιςι, ὅσξιρ ξὕςσιμαρ

αἵσιμερ ὧμσιμψμ αἷςσιςι ἅςσιμαρ

ἅσιμα, ἅσσα ὧμσιμψμ, ὅσψμ ξἷςσιςι, ὅσξιρ ἅσιμα, ἅσσα

Reciprocal Pronoun M.

F.

Ν.

dual G. D. A.

ἀλλήλξιμ ἀλλήλξιμ ἀλλήλψ

ἀλλήλαιμ ἀλλήλαιμ ἀλλήλα

ἀλλήλξιμ ἀλλήλξιμ ἀλλήλψ

ἀλλήλψμ ἀλλήλξιρ ἀλλήλξτρ

ἀλλήλψμ ἀλλήλαιρ ἀλλήλαρ

ἀλλήλψμ ἀλλήλξιρ ἄλληλα

plural G. D. A.

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ADJECTIVES Declining

Adjectives agree with their nouns in case, gender, and number. An adjective or participle, generally with the article, may be used as a noun. The masculine and neuter forms are declined according to the second declension and the feminine according to the first. In regular adjectives, the accent of the feminine nominative singular and genitive plural follow that of the masculine. 2-1-2 contracts The masculine and neuter forms are declined according to the contracted second declension, and the feminine according to the first; the vocatives are like the nominatives. 3-1-3 adjectives The masculine and neuter forms are declined according to the third declension, the feminine according to the first. 2-2 and 3-3 adjs Declined the same as 2-1-2 and 3-1-3 adjectives except with masculine and neuter forms only. Attic declension Declined like Attic declension nouns except that vocatives are the same as nominatives. 2-1-2 adjectives

Comparatives

   

Most comparitives and superlatives are formed by adding -σεπξρ, -σεπᾱ, -σεπξμ and -σασξρ, -σαση, σασξμ to the noun stem. ξ-stems with a short penult lengthen ξ  ψ. They are declined like 2-1-2 adjectives. Some adjectives, chiefly in -τρ and -πξρ, are compared using -ῑψμ and -ιςσξρ.

Irregular Adjectives

N. G. D. Α. V.

N. A.V. G. D.

N.V. G. D. Α.

μέγαρ, great

οᾶρ, all

οξλύρ, much, many

(μεγα, μεγαλξ)

(οαμσ)

(οξλτ, οξλλξ)

μέγαρ μεγάλξτ μεγάλῳ μέγαμ μεγάλε

μεγάλη μεγάληρ μεγάλῃ μεγάλημ μεγάλη

μέγα μεγάλξτ μεγάλῳ μέγα μέγα

οᾶρ οαμσόρ οαμσί οάμσα

οᾶςα οάςηρ οάςῃ οᾶςαμ

οᾶμ οαμσόρ οαμσί οᾶμ

οoλύρ οξλλξῦ οξλλῷ οξλύμ

οξλλή οξλλῆρ οξλλῇ οξλλήμ

οξλύ οξλλξῦ οξλλῷ οξλλύ

οάμσερ οάμσψμ οᾶςι οάμσαρ

οᾶςαι οαςῶμ οάςαιρ οάςᾱρ

οάμσα οάμσψμ οᾶςι οάμσα

οξλλξί οξλλῶμ οξλλξῖρ οξλλξύρ

οξλλαί οξλλῶμ οξλλαῖρ οξλλάρ

οξλλά οξλλῶμ οξλλξῖρ οξλλά

μεγάλψ μεγάλᾱ μεγάλψ μεγάλξιμ μεγάλαιμ μεγάλξιμ μεγάλξι μεγάλψμ μεγάλξιρ μεγάλξτρ

μεγάλαι μεγάλψμ μεγάλαιρ μεγάλᾱρ

μεγάλα μεγάλψμ μεγάλξιρ μεγάλα

First Four Cardinal Numerals N. G. D. Α.

εἷρ ἑμόρ ἑμί ἕμα

μία μιᾶρ μιᾷ μίαμ

ἕμ ἑμόρ ἑμί ἕμ

δύξ δτξῖμ δτξῖμ δύξ

σπεῖρ σπιῶμ σπιςί σπεῖρ

σπία σπιῶμ σπιςί σπία

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σέσσαπερ σεσσάπψμ σέσσαπςι σέσσαπαρ

σέσσαπα σεσσάπψμ σέσσαπςι σέσσαπα

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NUMERALS Cardinal

5 6 7 8 9 10

οέμσε ἕν ἑοσά ὀκσώ ἐμμέα δέκα

11 12 13 14 15 16

ἕμδεκα δώδεκα σπειςκαίδεκα σεσσαπεςκαίδεκα οεμσεκαίδεκα ἑκκαίδεκα

17 18 19 20 21 30

ἑοσακαίδεκα ὀκσψκαίδεκα ἐμμεακαίδεκα εἴκξςι εἴκξςι καὶ εἶρ σπιάκξμσα

VERB BASICS Voice active voice middle voice passive voice

Subject is doing the action. Subject is performing the action on or for himself. Subject is being acted upon.

Persons First persons second persons third persons

The one or ones talking. The one or ones you are talking to. The one or ones you are talking about.

Three Numbers singular, dual, plural

Just as in nouns.

Four Primary Tenses present tense future tense perfect tense future perfect tense

For states of being or ongoing actions happening now. For states of being or ongoing actions in the future. For completed actions having effect on present conditions. For completed actions in the future.

Three Secondary or Historic Tenses imperfect tense aorist tense pluperfect tense

For states of being or ongoing action in the past. For simple completed action, usually in the past. For previously completed actions.

Four Moods indicative mood subjunctive mood optative mood imperative mood

Used to express statements or questions of fact. Used to make “what if” statements or questions. Used to make statements or questions that are less certain than the subjunctive. Used to make direct commands.

Verb Stem

The fundamental part of a verb.

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Principal Parts

1st person singular indicative of the following tenses: present active

future active

aorist active

perfect active

perfect middle

aorist passive

λύψ

λύςψ

ἔλτςα

λέλτκα

λέλτμαι

ἐλύθημ

Augment

Verbs in a secondary tense of the indicative mood prefix an augment to the verb stem. syllabic augment

Prefix ε to verb beginning with a consonant.

temporal augment

Lengthen first syllable of verb beginning with a vowel or diphthong:

α, ε  η ι, ξ, τ  ῑ, ψ, ῡ αι, ᾳ  ῃ ξι  ῳ ξτ is never augmented; ει and ετ are often without augment. Verb Stem Duplication

Shows completed action: perfect tense



Single consonant (except π):

first consonant + ε + stem: λύψ  λέλτκα (a rough mute is smoothed):



Two (not liquid + mute) or double consonants or π:



Short vowel or diphthong:

θύψ  σέθτκα

ε + stem: ςσπασεύψ  ἐςσπάσετκα

temporal augment: ἁποάζψ  ἥποακα

pluperfect tense



Single consonant:



Others:

ε + perfect duplication: λέλτκα  ἐλελύκη perfect duplication: ςσπασεύψ  ἐςσπασεύκη

ἁποάζψ  ἡποάκη

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Indicative Verb Personal Endings Active Voice1 Primary2 Tenses

Middle & Passive Voices Secondary2 Tenses

Primary2 Tenses

Secondary2 Tenses

singular 1st 2nd 3rd

μι or – ς (ςι) ςι (σι) or –

μ or – ρ –

μαι ςαι σαι

μημ ςξ σξ

σξμ σξμ

σξμ σημ

ςθξμ ςθξμ

ςθξμ ςθημ

μεμ (μερ) σε μςι (μσι)

μεμ (μερ) σε μ or ςαμ

μεθα ςθε μσαι

μεθα ςθε μσξ

dual 2nd 3rd

plural 1st 2nd 3rd

Notes: 1. Exception: the first aorist passive uses active voice endings. 2. Primary tenses: present, future, perfect, future perfect. Secondary tenses: imperfect, aorist, pluperfect

Indicative Ψ-Verb Connecting Vowels Active, Perf & 1st Aorist Middle, 1st Aorist Active, Present & Future All Other:

α α ψ ξ

α α ει ε

ε α ει ε

– – – –

α α ε ε

α α ε ε

α α ξ ξ

α α ε ε

α α ξ ξ

Vowel Contraction

Verbs with stems ending in α, ε, ξ contract with the connecting vowels and personal endings in all three voices in the imperfect indicative, and in the present of all moods and participles. Words are accented before contraction.

PARTICIPLES    

Participles are verbal adjectives formed from the verb tense stems (without augment), occuring in the present, future, aorist, perfect, and future perfect tenses. Participles have tense and voice like verbs, and have gender, number, and case like nouns. The vocative case is everywhere like the nominative. Participles in -αψμ, -εψμ, and -ξψμ are contracted.

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Ω-VERB CONNECTING VOWELS WITH ENDINGS Active Voice --------------------- primary tenses ------------------

--------------------------------------- secondary tenses1 --------------------------------------------

Present (λτ+)

Perfect

1st Aorist

2nd Aorist

Imperfect

Future (λτ+ς+)

1st (λε+λτ+κ+)

(ε+λτ+ς+)

(ε+λιο+)

(ε+λτ+)

2nd (λε+λξιο+)

Pluperfect 1st (ε+λε+λτ+κ+) 2nd (ε+λε+λξιο+)

indicative1

ψ ειρ ει εσξμ εσξμ ξμεμ εσε ξτςι

α αρ ε ασξμ ασξμ αμεμ ασε ᾱςι

α αρ ε ασξμ άσημ αμεμ ασε αμ

ξμ ερ ε εσξμ έσημ ξμεμ εσε ξμ

ψ ῃρ ῃ ησξμ ησξμ ψμεμ ησε ψςι

ψ ῃρ ῃ ησξμ ησξμ ψμεμ ησε ψςι

ψ ῃρ ῃ ησξμ ησξμ ψμεμ ησε ψςι

ψ ῃρ ῃ ησξμ ησξμ ψμεμ ησε ψςι

ξιμι ξιρ ξι ξισξμ ξίσημ ξιμεμ ξισε ξιεμ

ξιμι ξιρ ξι ξισξμ ξίσημ ξιμεμ ξισε ξιεμ

αιμι αιρ, ειαρ αι, ειε αισξμ αίσημ αιμεμ αισε αιεμ, ειαμ

ξιμι ξιρ ξι ξισξμ ξίσημ ξιμεμ ξισε ξιεμ

ε έσψ εσξμ έσψμ εσε όμσψμ ειμ ψμ, ξτςα, ξμ

έμαι ώρ, τῖα, όρ

ξμ άσψ ασξμ άσψμ ασε άμσψμ αι ᾱρ, ᾱςα, αμ

ε έσψ εσξμ έσψμ εσε όμσψμ εῖμ ώμ, ξῦςα, όμ

ξμσξρ, ξτςηρ, ξμσξρ

όσξρ, τίᾱρ, όσξρ

αμσξρ, άςηρ, αμσξρ

όμσξρ, ξύςηρ, όμσξρ

S. 1st 2nd 3rd D. 2nd 3rd Pl. 1st 2nd 3rd

ξμ ερ ε εσξμ έσημ ξμεμ εσε ξμ

η ηρ ει εσξμ έσημ εμεμ εσε εςαμ

subjunctive (no future) S. 1st 2nd 3rd D. 2nd 3rd Pl. 1st 2nd 3rd

optative S. 1st 2nd 3rd D. 2nd 3rd Pl. 1st 2nd 3rd

imperative (no future) S. 2nd 3rd D. 2nd 3rd Pl. 2nd 3rd

infinitive participle

Notes: 1. Only the secondary tenses of the indicative mood have augment; infinitives and participles do not have augment.

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Middle & Passive Voice ---------------------- primary tenses ---------------------

Present Fut. Mid. 1st Fut. Pass. 2nd Fut. Pass. Fut. Perfect indicative1 S. 1st 2nd 3rd D. 2nd 3rd Pl. 1st 2nd 3rd

(λτ+) Perfect (λτ+ς+) (λε+λτ+) (λτ+θης+) (υαμ+ης+) (λε+λτ+ς+)

ξμαι ει εσαι εςθξμ εςθξμ όμεθα εςθε ξμσαι

------------------------------------------ secondary tenses1 --------------------------------------------

1st Aorist

2nd Aorist

Aorist Passive

Pluperfect

Middle

Middle

1st (ε+λτθ+)

(ε+λε+λτ+)

(ε+λτ+ς+)

(ε+λιο+) Imperfect3

2nd (ε+υαμ+)

(ε+λτ+)

μαι ςαι σαι ςθξμ ςθξμ μεθα ςθε μσαι4

άμημ ψ ασξ αςθξμ άςθημ άμεθα αςθε αμσξ

όμημ ξτ εσξ εςθξμ έςθημ όμεθα εςθε ξμσξ

ημ ηρ η ησξμ ήσημ ημεμ ησε ηςαμ

μημ ςξ σξ ςθξμ ςθημ μεθα ςθε μσξ5

μέμξρ ὦ μέμξρ ᾖρ μέμξρ ᾖ μέμψ ἦσξμ μέμψ ἦσξμ μέμξι ὦμεμ μέμξι ἦσε μέμξι ὦςι

ψμαι ῃ ησαι ηςθξμ ηςθξμ ώμεθα ηςθε ψμσαι

ψμαι ῃ ησαι ηςθξμ ηςθξμ ώμεθα ηςθε ψμσαι

ῶ ῇρ ῇ ῆσξμ ῆσξμ ῶμεμ ῆσε ῶςι

αίμημ αιξ αισξ αιςθξμ αίςθημ αίμεθα αιςθε αιμσξ

ξίμημ ξιξ ξισξ ξιςθξμ ξίςθημ ξίμεθα ξιςθε ξιμσξ

είημ είηρ είη είησξμ or ειήσημ or είημεμ or είησε or είηςαμ or

αι άςθψ αςθξμ άςθψμ αςθε άςθψμ αςθαι άμεμξρ

ξῦ έςθψ εςθξμ έςθψμ εςθε έςθψμ έςθαι όμεμξρ

ησι ήσψ ησξμ ησψμ ησε έμσψμ ῆμαι είρ, εῖςα, έμ

subjunctive (no futures) S. 1st 2nd 3rd D. 2nd 3rd Pl. 1st 2nd 3rd

ψμαι ῃ ησαι ηςθξμ ηςθξμ ώμεθα ηςθε ψμσαι

optative S. 1st 2nd 3rd D. 2nd 3rd Pl. 1st 2nd 3rd

ξίμημ ξιξ ξισξ ξιςθξμ ξίςθημ ξίμεθα ξιςθε ξιμσξ

μέμξρ εἴημ μέμξρ εἴηρ μέμξρ εἴη μέμψ εἴησξμ or μέμψ εἰήσημ or μέμξι εἴημεμ or μέμξι εἴησε or μέμξι εἴηςαμ or

εἶσξμ εἴσημ εἶμεμ εἶσε εἶεμ

εῖσξμ είσημ εῖμεμ εῖσε εῖεμ

imperative (no futures) S. 2nd 3rd D. 2nd 3rd Pl. 2nd 3rd

infinitive participle

ξτ έςθψ εςθξμ έςθψμ εςθε έςθψμ εςθαι όμεμξρ

ςξ ςθψ ςθξμ ςθψμ ςθε ςθψμ ςθαι μέμξρ

έμσξρ, είςηρ, έμσξρ Notes: 1. Only the secondary tenses of the indicative mood have augment (infinitives and participles do not have augment). 3. The imperfect tense exists only in the indicative; it has no infinitive and no participle. 4. μέμξι εἰςί for mute and liquid verbs. 5. μέμξι ἦςαμ for mute and liquid verbs.

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VERB ENDING TYPES (from Mastronarde)

I.

Vowel verbs:

II.

Verbs in -έψ

III.

Verbs in

-άψ

after -ε,

IV. V.

VI. VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

-ι, -π stem Verbs in -όψ Verbs in -άζψ Verbs in -έζψ Verbs in -ίζψ Labial Plosives (ο-mutes)

Velar Plosives (κ-mutes)

Dental Plosives (σ-mutes) Liquids (λ,μ,μ,π)

Pres Act

Fut Act

Aor Act

Perf Act

-ψ, -έψ, -άψ, -άψ, -όψ, -άζψ, -έζψ, -ίζψ, -οσψ, -οψ, -υψ,

-ςψ, -ήςψ, -ήςψ, -ςψ, -ώςψ, -άςψ, -έςψ, -ιέψ, -χψ,

-ςα, -ηςα, -ηςα, -ᾱςα, -ψςα, -αςα, -εςα, -ιςα, -χα,

-κα, -ηκα, -ηκα, ᾱκα, -ψκα, -ακα, -εκα, -ικα, -υα,

-γψ, -φψ, -κψ, -σσψ, -θψ, -δψ, -λλψ, -ίμψ, -ίπψ,

Perf Mid

Aor Pass

-μαι, -ημαι, -ημαι, -ᾱμαι, -ψμαι, -αςμαι, -εςμαι, -ιςμαι, -μμαι,

-θημ -ήθημ -ήθημ -θημ -ώθημ -άςθημ -έςθημ -ίςθημ -υθημ -οημ -βημ -υημ -γθημ -φημ

-νψ,

-να,

-γα, -φα,

-γμαι,

-ςψ,

-ςα,

-κα,

-ςμαι,

-ςθημ

-λέψ, -μέψ,

-ιλα, -ιμα,

-λκα, -κα,

-πέψ,

-ιπα,

-πκα,

-λμαι, -ιμαι, -ςμαι, -πμαι,

-λθημ -μθημ -μημ -πθημ -πημ

(2nd aorist) (2nd aorist) (2nd aorist)

ΜΙ - VERBS  

Present: Present and 2nd aorist:

stem is often reduplicated with ι connecting vowel. add the personal endings without the ξ/ε connecting vowels, except in the subjunctive.



Present active indicative, singular:

lengthen the stem vowel. endings: μι, ρ, ςι, σξμ, σξμ, μεμ, σε, ᾱςι (for μςι; stem ε does not contract with ᾱςι).



Present, optative connecting vowels:

active, middle, passive: ι. active: ι or ιη.

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COMMON PREPOSITIONS With the Genitive

ἄμετ -- without ἀμσί -- instead of, for ἀοό -- from, off, away from διά -- through ἐοί -- on, upon, toward, in the time of ἐν, ἐκ -- out of, from, succession ἔμεκα -- for the sake of κασά -- down from, down upon, against μεσά -- with, in company with οαπά -- from beside, from οεπί -- about, concerning οπό -- before, in front of, on behalf of οπόρ -- over, against, by ὑοέπ -- over, for, in behalf of, concerning ὑοό -- under, from under; by (of agency), through

With the dative

ἀμά -- up on ἐμ – in, at, among, on, within, during ἐοί -- on, by, over, for οαπά -- beside, with, in the presence of, at οεπί -- about, around

οπόρ – at, in addition to ςύμ – by, with (instrumentality), in company with ὑοό -- under, by

With the accusative

αμυί -- about, around, near, approximately, concerning ἀμά -- up along, through, over, w/numerals: at the rate of διά -- because of, on account of

εἰρ, ἐρ -- into, up to, until, at, to a purpose ἐοί -- to, up to, toward, against κασά -- down along, during, by, according to, approximately μεσά -- after, follow after, into the midst of οαπά -- to the side of, alongside, beyond, on account of οεπί -- about, around, near, approximately, concerning οπόρ -- to, (motion) toward, according to, regarding

ὑοέπ -- over, beyond, exceeding ὑοό -- under, at the foot of, during, toward

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ADVERBS C., Appendix 3

interrogative

indefinite

demonstrative

relative

indefinite relative or indirect interrogative

ξὗ, ἔμθα – where

ὅοξτ – wherever

ἐμθέμδε, ἐμσεῦθεμ, ἐκεῖθεμ – thence

ὅθεμ – whence

ὁοόθεμ – whence-

ἐμθάδε, ἐκεῖςε -- thither

ξἷ, ὅοξι, ἔμθα -- whither

ὅοξι – whither-

ὅσε, ἡμίκα – when

ὁοόσε – whenever

σῇδε, σαύσῃ – this

ᾗ – in which way,

ὅοη – in which

way, thus

as

way, as

ὡρ – as, how

ὅοψρ – how

Of Place

οξῦ -- where?

οξτ – somewhere

ἔμθα, ἐμθάδε, ἐμσαῦθα – there

ἐκεῖ -- yonder οόθεμ -- whence?

οξθέμ – from some place

οξῖ -- whither?

οξι – to some place

soever

soever

Of Time

οόσε – when?

οξσέ – sometime

σόσε – then

Of Method

οῇ – which way,

οῃ – somehow

how?

Of Manner

οῶρ – how?

οψρ – somehow

ὥρ, ὧδε, ξὕσψρ – thus ἐκείμψρ – in that way

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SYNTAX - NOUNS Common uses of the noun cases (from C.) 1. nominative

subject of a finite verb predicate nominative

2. genitive

possession absolute partitive personal agent, with ὑοό source place from which (usually with prepositions) time within which comparison separation

3. dative

indirect object of a verb place where (usually with prepositions) time when possession interest degree of difference agent (with perfect passive system and a with verbals) means or instrument specification

4. accusative

direct object of a transitive verb subject of infinitive or participle in indirect discourse subject of the infinitive in other constructions duration of time or extent of space specification place to which

5. vocative

direct address

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