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CONNECTORS /LINKERS CAUSE / REASON Because/Since/As (como, porque) Due to/Because of /Owing to.. (a causa de, debido a) As a result of… a consecuencia de

+ clause (S+ V+ Cs) + Noun

As/Since it was raining, we didn’t go to the beach We didn’t go to the beach because/since /as it was r All the flights were cancelled because of / due to/ as of the thick fog.

RESULT/ CONSEQUENCE Therefore (por lo tanto) As a result /consequence Consequently (como resultado/consecuencia) So (así que)

At the beginning of the sentence, before a comma After a comma

So (tan) Such (a/an) (tan) That’s (the reason) why… (por eso/esa es la razón por la que…)

+ adjective…… that + adj + noun ….that At the beginning of the sentence.

You are not following the doctor’s advice. Therefore/As consequence/As a result/Consequently, you won’t better It was raining, so we didn’t go to the beach The film was so boring that we all fell asleep. It was such a boring film that we all fell asleep. It was raining. That’s the reason why we didn’t go to

OPPOSITION / CONTRAST Although/Though/Even though (aunque, ) In spite of/ Despite… (a pesar de) However / Nevertheless / Yet (Sin embargo /No obstante) In contrast (por el contrario) On the contrary In contrast to / Contrary to (al contrario que) Unlike ( a diferencia de …)

+ clause ( S+ V + Cs) + Noun +-ing ( the same subject ) At the beginning of the sentence, before a comma At the beginning of the sentence, before a comma + Noun

Whereas (mientras que…)

+ clause (S+ V+ Cs)

On the one hand ../on the other hand … (por un lado…../ por otro……)

At the beginning of the sentence, before a comma

Although/Though/Even though it was raining, we w the beach. We went to the beach although/though/even thoug raining In spite of/Despite the rain, we went to the beach

In spite of /Despite being tired, we went to the beach

It was raining. However/Nevertheless/Yet/, we wen beach

Mary doesn’t study very hard. In contrast, / On the c Susan is an excellent student In contrast to/Contrary to /Unlike Mary, Susan is excellent student.

Whereas Mary doesn’t study very hard, Susan is an ex student On the one hand, Susan is very messy. On the othe she is an excellent student

TIME AND SEQUENCE When / As soon as /Once (cuando/tan pronto como/una vez que…)

+ clause (S+ V + Cs)

I’ll phone you when/as soon as/ once I get home

Before / after / until / by the time (antes de que, después de que, hasta para cuando…)

+ clause ( S+ V+ Cs)

I cooked lunch before my children came home from sc By the time he arrived, we had already had dinner.

+Noun + -ing (same subject)

I watch TV after/before dinner After/Before studying, I always watch a bit of televis Peter gets up early because he’s got plenty of things to Firstly, he has a shower. Secondly, he has breakfast. walks his dog. Then, he takes his children to school an he goes to work

First of all / First(ly) / Second(ly).. /Next / Then / Finally (Primero/segundo/A continuación/Entonces/Finalmente

At the beginning of the sentence, before a comma

Later / Then / After that / Afterwards (Más tarde/Entonces /Después de eso/Después)

At the beginning of the sentence, before a comma

I went to the library. Later/Then/After that/Afterw went back home

While (mientras)

+ clause ( S+ V + Cs) (past continuous)

While I was having a bath, somebody knocked on the

ADDITION Also (además, también) Too / As well (además, también) Besides / In addition / furthermore / moreover (además...) As well as ( además de) In addition to (además de ) Besides Not only….. but also (No solo..... sino también) Apart from ( aparte de) Except (for) (excepto)

Before the main verb (after the verb To be) At the end of the sentence At the beginning of a sentence before a comma + Noun +-ing (same subjects) Inversion (1st part) + noun or a gerund

He studies at university and he also works as a waiter at nigh He studies at university and he is also a waiter at night

He studies at university and he works as a waiter too/as we The house is very big. Besides, it’s very comfortable.

As well as studying at university, he works as a waiter at nig

Not only did he buy me a present but also he invited me to dinner. While she was on a diet, she ate nothing except for vegetab fruit. What other sports do you practice apart from skiing?

PURPOSE To / In order (not) to / So as (not) to (para / para que) so that (para que) Con diferentes sujetos generalmente for In case ( por si acaso )

When the subject of both sentences is the same + Clause with modal verb (can / could) with different subjects + Noun / -Ing For things purpo + Clause ( S+ V )

We will work all night to /in order to/ so as to finis time We will work all night so that we can/may/will finish We worked all night so that we could /might/would fi time I stayed at home so that my parents could go out We use a spade for digging Take your credit card in case you run out of cash

COMPARISON As though/As if (Como si….) Like (como) The same as (lo mismo que) As….as (Tan…como)

+ clause (subjunctive verb) + Noun +Clause /Noun +adjective/adverb

He treats me as though/as if I were as stranger He treats me like a stranger I told him the same as I had told you before This book is as interesting as that one.

EXAMPLE For example /For instance (Por ejemplo) Such as ( tales como, como por ejemplo)

+ clause At the beginning of the sentence, before a comma + Noun

I like all kinds of fruit. For example /instance, I love melon oranges, apples and pineapples

At the beginning of the sentence, before a comma

In conclusion/To sum up/Summing up/In short, it’s important to tell young people about the risks of alcohol

I like all kinds of fruit such as melons, oranges, apples and pineapples.

GIVING OPINION In my opinion As far as I am concerned ( en lo que a mi respecta..) Personally I think … From my point of view…. I (don’t ) agree with … ( (no)estoy de acuerdo.. )

CONCLUSION / SUMMING UP In conclusion (En conclusión) To sum up/ Summing up Resumiendo

OTHER EXPRESSIONS Otherwise ..... ( de lo contrario , si no.....) Provided / providing / as long as Con la condición de , con tal de In case Por si acaso instead of en vez de According to …. ( Según…) Regarding … (Con respecto a..) To begin with…. ( Para empezar..) I’d like to point out that ... : Me gustaría señalar que.. I’d like to add that... : Me gustaría añadir que.. It is said that... / It is believed that... : Se dice /se cree que..

- At the beginning of a new sentence: Hurry up. Otherwise, we´ll have to walk. - + Clause( S+ V+ Cs) I’ll lend you my car provided / as long as you take c