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CONCISE

ENGLISH TAGALOG

DICTIONARY Jose Villa Panganiban [A.B., Ph.B., B.S.E., M A , Ph.D.]

TUTTLE PUBLISHING Tokyo • Rutland, Vermont • Singapore

To MY CHILDREN:

Jose Maria, Rosamyrna, Juan Virgilio, and Consuelina Lourdes

Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. www. tuttlepublishing. com © 1969 Jose Villa Panganiban All rights reserved LCC Card No. 69-13501 ISBN 978-0-8048-1962-6 First edition, 1969 First paperback edition, 1994 Printed in Singapore Distributed by: North America, Latin America & Europe Tuttle Publishing 364 Innovation Drive, North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436 USA Tel: (802) 773 8930; Fax: (802) 773 6993 Email: [email protected] www. tuttlepublishing. com Japan Tuttle Publishing Yaekari Building, 3rd Foor, 5-4-12 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032 Tel: (03) 5437 0171; Fax: (03) 5437 0755 * Email: [email protected] Asia Pacific Berkeley Books Pte. Ltd. 61 Tai Seng Avenue #02-12, Singapore 534167 Tel: (65) 6280 1330; Fax: (65) 6280 6290 Email: [email protected] www.periplus.com 14 13 12 11 10

17 16 15 14

TUTTLE PUBLISHING® is a registered trademark of Tuttle Publishing, a division of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd.

Table of Contents Publisher's Foreword Pronunciation and Accentuation Tagalog Word Forms How to Use this Book Abbreviations Used in this Dictionary References Acknowledgments Legally Speaking ENGLISH - TAGALOG Dictionary APPENDIX A. —Useful Terminologies APPENDIX B. —Common Affixes APPENDIX C. —Orthography of Geographical Names

iii

v .vii xi xiii xv xvii xix xxii 1 145 149 163

Publisher's Foreword There is a definite need for this book by schools, teachers, students, translators, and anyone intent upon studying Tagalog. The main objectives of this dictionary are simplicity, facility of reference, and accuracy. The Tagalog equivalents in the dictionary have been selected for their accuracy of meaning, but in some cases, because of translation difficulties, it has been necessary to sacrifice accuracy in favor of closeness or nearness in meaning. However, the orthography of the Tagalog meanings conforms with the rules of the official grammar published by the Institute of National Language.

V

Pronunciation and Accentuation TT O understand quickly the accentuation system used in this book, which is the same as that prescribed by the Balarila of the Institute of National Language, consider two important things: STRESS and GLOTTAL STOP. STRESS means syllabic emphasis. It is marked by the acute accent (fi) on the vowel of the syllable, on whichever syllable the stress falls, except on the penultimate which does not need to be marked because majority of Tagalog words are penultimate. (It is important to note that when a word has no accent mark at all in its last two syllables, it is penultimate in stress). 1. Acute stress (i. e. on the last syllable) :—Buhdy, talagd, hambog, maliit. 2. Penultimate stress (i. e. on the syllable before the last),—no accent mark: — buhay, aval, pato. sabi, laganap, dalaga. 3. Stress on a syllable before the penultimate (i. e. on the third, fourth, etc.. syllable.before the last):—(a) in combination with the penultimate: tdhanan, simulain, ndrarapat, mdkita;—(b) \xx combination with the acute stress: kdwanihdn, kdgawardn, ndririydn, ndririto. NOTE WELL: The acute accent marks ONLY the syllabic stress. GLOTTAL STOP refers to the end-vowel of a word that is pronounced with an arrested sound at the epiglottis. The accent mark used is the grave accent (a). This particular accent is found in words with the glottal end-vowel but penultimate in stress:—Batd, binata, luha, labi, turd, paglalaho. vii

But, (and this is important) if a word of acute stress happens to end also in a glottal vowel, we get, first: the acute accent (a) for the stress, and second: the grave (a) for the glottal end-vowel, which results into a combination which we call the circumflex accent because of its similarity to the accent of the same name in international phonetics: (a).—dagtk, sira, binti, panibugho, buslo. *

*

*

The importance of understanding the system of accentuation as guide to correct pronunciation cannot be minimized. It would solve many problems, among them the following: 1. We would not have to grope for the correct pronunciation of a word. 2. Non-Tagalog Filipinos and foreigners trying to learn the language would have a clear guide to correct pronunciation. 3. Uniformity of pronunciation throughout the nation would result, as there are many localisms and regional idiosyncracies which education should remove in favor of a national standard. We should bear in mind that there are a great number of Tagalog words that change in meaning by a change in accent. Take this sentence which Prof. Lope K. Santos, Director of the Institute of National Language, habitually presents to his students: Lalaki ang aso. The dog is male.—Without accent marks on lalaki and aso they are to be pronounced as penultimate words. Lalaki means "male" or "masculine". Aso means "dog."—If we should use stress accents on talaki to viii

make it lalaki, the word becomes the future tense form of the infinitive lumaki, to grow big. Thus, Ldlaici ana aso would mean "The dog will grow big."—Let us also put an acute stress on aso, to become aso, smoke. Ldlaki ang aso means "The smoke will grow big." Of course, it would be ridiculous to write: Lalaki ang aso because no smoke is ever masculine in the Tagalog language, although we say "el humo" in Spanish. Observe the differences in meaning in the following groups of words: 1. kaibigan, friend kaibigdn, desire, inclination, preference kaibigan, mutual consent kaibigan, sweetheart, boy-friend or girl-friend 2. baga, glowing ember bagd, (an interrogative particle) baga, lungs bagd, tumor in the breast 3. buhay, life buhdy, alive 4. kita, earnings; seen, obvious, conspicuous kitd, (pronoun with a compound meaning, I to you) 5. bata, Spanish word used in Tagalog meaning "robe", especially "bathrobe", or other robes used while at home bata, child bata, root-word for a verb, as magbatd, to suffer. The mastery of Tagalog is mastery of stresses and glottal vowels, aside from understanding of sentence structures. But any one trained in some language, as English or Spanish, at school or elsewhere, and having a sense of ix

expression, would be able to construct sentences. It is not everyone that can pronounce correctly according to standard pronunciation,—even in languages other than Tagalog,— until he has become familiar with what is standard. For the sake of uniformity, the initiative of the Institute of National Language should be considered authoritative, as it certainly is by law. The INL we understand bases the standard pronunciation upon the preferences of literate Manila, which is the metropolitan in which all Tagalogs of differing accents meet and in which certain mannerisms gain a more or less, permanent foothold. We must have a standard,—and Manila being the sea where all rivers meet, let us take the resulting taste and consistency of the sea.

x

Tagalog Word Forms Much of the vocabulary of the student of Tagalog could be built quicker and easier if the student should try to master the different word structures. The following is intended to show briefly how words are formed in Tagalog. First, we consider the particles (kataga) which are mostly monosyllabic words that have no meaning in themselves when alone but become definite parts of speech when combined with other words. Among such words are: din (rin) t man (namdn), pa, na, nga; the postpositive pronouns ka, ko, mo, niyd, etc. Second, the root-words, mostly disyllabic but some have more than three syllables and only a few monosyllabic. All these root-words are used to form reduplicated, affixed, and compound words, but the majority of them can stand as single parts of speech.—bahay, lupd, lasa, sugat, bzdakIdk, lagari, etc. Third, the reduplicated words, in which a syllable, two syllables, or the whole word is repeated—Ldlaki, maganddgandd, mabuting-mabutiFourth, the affixed word formed by either a prefix, infix, or suffix added to a root-word, or by any two or all of the affixes with the root. Prefixed: mabuhay, pagawa, mangrgamdt. Infixed: kinatawan, binalimbing, twmayo. Suffixed: ubuhiri, lutuin, tawanan, tamaan. Prefixed and infixed: kdkasama,ipINagagawa. Prefixed and suffixed : magsalitaan, pagrtawandn, pabilhin, taxtulungiw. All affixes: pagpUMilitan, pINakikingan, kINatatayuan. Fifth, the compound word, in which two different words or roots are combined (a), in literal sense, without losing the original meanings of the combined words: buhayxi

Maynild, dalagang-bukid, bahay-pari; (b) in the figurative sense, i. e., losing the original meaning of the combined words in favor of a third: hampaslupa, Bagumbayan, dalagambukid. As in the changes in accentuation, changes in word structure also produce many shades of meaning. bahay, house bahay-bahay, every house mag bahay, to own or build a house pagbahayan, to build a house (on a certain place) kabahay, fellow living in the same house kabahayan, the central portion of a house mamahay, to reside in pamamahay, household bahay-pari, convent, monastery bahay-bata, uterus bahay-langgdm, ant-hill bahay-hari, royal paiace bahay-bayan, public hotise bahay-sanglaan, pawnshop bahay-kalakal, business house maybahay, housekeeper, wife etc., etc. The foregoing list gives only a few that can be formed out of the root-word bahay. Majority of Tagalog roots can be transformed agglutinatively into scores of other words with different meanings, with the root as the central relation.

xii

How to Use this Book Facility of reference and real utility can be obtained from any vocabulary or dictionary if the user is familiar with its organization and structure. . This vocabulary, being a bilingual presentation, and having been prepared with a certain point of view, has its own characteristic organization of materials somewhat different from other books of the same kind. The user, therefore, is advised to study the following explanations of organization and structure. 1. The English entries are immediately followed by their respective parts of speech. CORNER, n. sulok. DISOBEY, v. sumuwdy,

suwayin.

See the list of abbreviations for these parts of speech. 2. After the part of speech, the Tagalog equivalent or equivalents follow, but if the original entry has no exact correspondence in Tagalog, or can be interpreted in some other meanings, secondary English key-words are provided. In this way, accuracy is achieved. CRUSH, v. to break into pieces or flatten by pressure, pisain; grind to powder, ligisin; squeeze with the fingers or the hand, pifiilin; pulverize, durugin.

3. If the English entry belongs to two or more parts of speech, a dash (—) separates the second or third part of speech from the first. Often, an idiomatic combination or* common expression using the entry is given. In this case, the entry is printed with its initial letter alone, to save space. CROSS, n. kurte, lews, Sp.—Vw To mark with a c , kurusdru— to move to the opposite side, tu'mawid; tawirin.—To make the sign of the c , mag-antanda.— adj. ill-tempered, mainit ana ido.. xiii

4. If a "Tagalog" equivalent is not really Tagalog but derived from a foreign language, the abbreviation of the language of derivation follows the word, DEAN, n. dekano, Sp. GERM, n. seed, binhi; sprout, paltok, (of mongos, toge, tawge, Ch.); microbe, mikrobyo, Sp.; origin, pinagmtri&n.

Some of the words in our national language are derived from the Latin (Lat.), French (Fr.), Chinese (Ch.), Arabic (Ar.), Hebrew (Heb.). Words from the Malay are not marked. The reason is that we have no authoritative reference at present to allow us to make such indications. Old Tagalog words being revived or resuscitated are marked "O.T." Tagalog terms not in common use but deemed needed are indicated by "nc." Coined words which the author considered as possibly useful are followed by "cw." 5. Technical terms belonging to a particular branch of science or art are introduced by the name of the branch of science or art in parentheses, as (Gram.) Grammar, (Bot.) Botany, etc. GENDER (Gram.) kasarwn.-+ Feminine g., kasariang pambabae. — Masculine g., kasariang pantalaki.

6. Often, to save space and too much repetition, or to indicate slight differences under the same meaning, secondary key-words in English are presented in parentheses : ACQUIRE, v. (by self-exertion) mdtamd, makuha; (by purchase) mdbili; (by inheritance) mdmana. CAPE, n. wrap, abrigo, Sp.; headland (narrow), lungos; (short) imus; (high) tangos; (wide and long) Uvngwdy. xiv

Abbreviations Used in this Dictionary Abbr ., abbreviation adj., adjective adv. adverb Anal:., anatomical term Ar., derived from the Arabian art., article Biol. , biological term Bis., derived from the Bisayan Bot., botanical term Ch., derived from the Chinese Colloq., colloquialism Com., commercial term conj., conjunction Cub., derived from the Cuban cw., a coined word

Ilok., derived from the Ilokano inter., interjection LaU, derived from the Latin masc, masculine gender Math., mathematical term Med., medical term Mex., derived from the Mexican n., noun nc, term not commonly used Ornith., ornithological term 0 . T., old Tagalog term

Eccl. , an ecclesiastical term Elec., an electrical term Eng. . derived from English

Pam., derived from the Pampango pi., plural number prep., preposition pron., pronoun

fern., feminine gender fig., 'if figurative usage Fr., derived from the French

sing., singular number SI., slangy expression Sp., derived from the Spanish

Geom., geometrical term Gram., grammatical term

v., verb vul., vulgar

Haw. , derived from the Hawaiian Hnd. , derived from the Hindu Zool., Zoological term

xv

References 1. New English-Spanish and Spanish-English Dictionary by Antonio Cuyas. Revised and enlarged by Antonio Llano. New York, 1930. D. Appleton and Company. 2. Webster's Elementary Dictionary. New York, 1935. American Book Company. 3. The Winston Dictionary, Encyclopedic edition. Philadelphia, 1945. The John C. Winston Company. 4. The Secretary's Desk Book by William J. Pelo. Philadelphia, 1945. The John C. Winston Company. 5. The Tagalog Language by Constantino Lendoyro, second edition, Manila, 1909. Juan Fajardo. 6. Dicdonario Hispano-Tagalog por Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Primera Parte. Manila, 1889. Estab. tipogrjtfico "La Opinidn,, a cargo de G. Bautista. 7. Dicdonario Tagalog-Hispano por Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Segunda Parte. Manila, 1914. Imp. y Lit. de Santos y Bernal. 8. Ang Wika at Bay baying Tagalog ni G. E. Tolentino. Maynila, 1937. 9. Gram&tica na Isinauicang Tagalog nang sa CastUa ni Don Asisclo F. Vallin at Bustillo at ni Don Z. Villamarin. Maynila, 1886. Establecimiento Tipografico "La Industrial". 10. Estudios Gramaticales sobre la Lengua 'lagalog por Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Obra Postuma). Manila, 1929. Imprenta de Juan Fajardo. 11. 4 Manual of the Philippine National Language by Cecilio Lopez, third edition. Manila, 1941. Bureau off Printing. 12. Arte de la Lengua Tagala y Manual Tagalog por Fray Sebastian de Totanes. Binondo, 1865. Imprenta de Miguel Sanchez y Cia. 13. Gramatikang Inggles-Tagalog ni Ramona Desiderio Marquez at Sofronio G. Calderon. Maynila, 1919. Palimbagan ni P. Sayo Balo ni Soriano. 14. Lecciones de Gram&tica Hispano-Tagala por D. Fr. Jose Hevia Campomanes, duodecima primera edicion. Manila, 1930. Tip. de la Univ. de Sto. Tomas. 15. Elements of Tagalog Grammar by Henry Demond, S. V. D. Manila, 1929. Catholic Trade School. 16. Fundamental Tagalog by J. Villa Panganiban, second edition, second printing. Manila, 1940. Philippine Education Co. 17. Preliminary Studies oH the Lexicography of the Philippine Languages, Publications of the Institute of National Language, Vol. I, Nos. 1-9. Manila, 1937.

xvii

18. A Preliminary Study of the Affixes in Tagalog by Cecilio Lopez. Publications of the Institute of National Language, Vol. II. Manila, 1937. 19. An Outline Syntax of Buddhistic Sanskrit by Sukumar Sen. Journal of the Department of Letters, Vol. X V I I , 1928. Calcutta University Press. 20. A Study of Tagalog Grammar and What Elements of It Should Be Taught by J. Villa Panganiban, doctoral thesis. Manila, 1941. University of Santo Tomas. 21. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala por el P. Juan de Noceda y el P. Pedro de Sanlucar. Reimpreso en Manila, 1860. Imprenta Ramirez y Giraudier. 22. Pangasinan: Grarndtica tan Diccionario by Ernest A. Rayner. Manila, 1923. Methodist Publishing House. 23. Vocabulario Iloco-Espaiiol por M.R.P. Fr. Andres Carro, 2.a edi* cion. Manila, 1^388. Establecimiento Tipo-litografico de M. Perez, hijo. 24. Munting Diccionario na Ingles-Tagalog ni Sofronio G. Calderon. Manila, 1916. Imprenta y Libreria de P. Sayo Vda. de Soriano. 25. Balarild ng Wikang Pambansd. Surian n g Wikang Pambansa, Maynila, 1940. Bureau of Printing. 26. A Tagalog-English Vocabulary, first edition. Institute of National Language, Manila, 1940. Bureau of Printing. 27. Balarilang Pilipino ni I. Evangelista. Tondo, 1923. Bulalakao's Printing Press. 28. Diccionario Manual de Terinitios Comunes Espanol-Tagalo por Don Rosalio Serrano. Manila, 1913. Libreria y Papeleria de J. Martinez. 29. Vocabidario de la Lengua Pampanga por M.P.R. Lector Fr. Diego Bergano. Reimpreso, Manila, 1860. Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier. 30. Ortografia y Reglas de la Lengua Tagalog por Don Pedro Andres de Castro. Madrid, 1930. Libreria General de Victoriano Suarez.

xviii

Acknowledgments HE original and main part of this vocabulary was prepared in several periods. At the start, in 1941, the suggestions and aid of Dr. Eufronio M. Alip proved useful. The interest displayed and the critical suggestions of Rev. Fr. Evergisto Bazaco, O.P., in the preparation of the letter " A " helped the author to a great extent in finding a "foothold" so-to-speak. When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 8, 1941, the manuscript, completed until letter "C", evacuated with the author to the Barrio of Bungkalot, Tanauan, Batangas. The author's advisers became the old people of the barrio and transient evacuees. From March, 1942, Mrs. Fidela C. de Panganiban, the author's mother; Mrs. Consuelo T. Panganiban, the author's better-half; and Mrs. Leonila L. Torres, acted as advisers and consultants, although very little work was done. In 1943, back in the city, the author availed himself of the many suggestions and advices of Maj. Jose M. Hernandez, PA., Mr. Antonio Zacarias, and Dr. Eufronio M. Alip. In 1944, after an interview with Director Lope K. Santos of the Institute of National Language, the manuscript (though at this time had reached until letter "M") was revised with a new organization of material. Director Santos and Mr. Julian Cruz Balmaseda provided the author with valuable suggestions at this time. After the first bombing of the Port of Manila by the Americans in September, 1944, the author and his family evacuated to Tanauan, Batangas. Work on the manuscript became more intensive. The late Dr. Brigido Carandang, believed to have been killed by the Japanese early in 1945, xix

made it a habit to look in at the author at work, to read the manuscript and ridicule some entries. The good doctor's ridicule helped the author a great deal in improving the work. When, after Christmas of 1944, the Japanese airfield at Lipa and the railroad station at Tanauan became the object of daily air-raids by the Americans, the author and his family evacuated with the manuscript to Barrio Wawang Balili, near Lake Taal, within sight of Taal Volcano and Tagaytay City on the famous ridge of Cavite. Once again, the author had a chance to consult natural "Tagalists", among them the barrio headman Mang Atong Salisi; Mr. Dionisio Atienza, an ex-teacher; and various other persons, natives and evacuees. The manuscript was on letter " S " when the 11th Airborne Division of the U.S. Army landed paratroops on Tagaytay and the author was called upon by local guerrillas to act as Liaison Officer in meeting the paratroopers. In February, 1945, the massacre of the towns of Santo Tomas, Tanauan, and Lipa, by the Japanese occurred. With thousands of other evacuees, the author, with his manuscript carefully packed under one arm and food for a few days under another, fled across hills and forests to Cabuyao, Laguna, guarded by a guerrilla band captained by the gallant Remigio Maiquis who had the presence of mind to hide under some bushes the Royal typewriter (specially equipped with Tagalog accents) on which the author wrote the manuscript. When the Japanese burned and razed the barrio of Wawang Balili to the ground, among the few things saved from the barrio was the said typewriter. Back in Manila by March, 1945, work on the manuXX

script was resumed with the constructive suggestions of Mr. Vicente Sabalvaro and Atty. Teodoro L. Valencia, while the author worked for PCAU 20, and later, for the Military Censorship Detachment, USAFFE. The manuscript was completed by June, 1945. At this time, Mr. Arsenio R. A f a n a w the manuscript which had reached over 1,400 pages. Mr. Afan was instrumental in interesting Dr. Jose M. Aruego of the University Publishing Company who asked for an abridgment of the work in order to produce a low-priced vocabulary. The manuscript had to be rewritten, therefore, to meet the requirement of the publishers, and in this preparation the help of Mrs. Antonia H. Villanueva proved very valuable. When, finally, the manuscript went to press, the proofs were gone over by Director Lope K. Santos, Mr. Marcelo P. Garcia, Mr. Leonardo Dianzon, and Mr. Leonardo C. Paner. Mrs. Paulina Flores Hidalgo and Miss Aurea Mercado went over the final printed sheets for errata which are corrected in this second printing. As may be seen, hundreds of people had a hand in the preparation of this small vocabulary. To all these people, the author hereby expresses his thanks and acknowledges sincerely their aid, without which this book could not have found itself published in the way it is.

xxi

Legally Speaking . . . . 1. "The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages."—Constitution of the Philippines, Art. XIV, Sec. 3. 2. The Institute of National Language is created to choose the native tongue which is to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the Philippine National Language.— Commonwealth Act No. 184, Oct. 28, 1946. (The Institute of National Language was organized by Executive Order, Jan. 12, 1937.) 3. Adoption of Tagalog as the basis for the National Language of the Philippines, by recommendation of the Institute of National Language, to take effect Dec. 30, 1939.—Executive Order No. 13U by President Manuel L. Quezon, Dec. 30, 1937. 4. An appropriation of P100,000 was approved for the National Language Institute—Commonwealth Act 333, June 18, 1938. (This appropriation, however, was made available only until 1940. After t h a t . . . the Budget for 1941 was P35,26§.) 5. The Filipino National Language is declared as one of the official languages of the Philippines, effective July 4, 1946. —Commonwealth Act No. 570, June 7, 1940. 6. Statement by President Sergio Osmena, April 2, 1946: "No backward step will be taken by the administration in connection with the National Language." [Note: During the Japanese Occupation, the National Language was given emphasis in the schools, in society, and over the radio. There was a Military Administration Decree on the National Language and there were several Executive Order* and Ministry of Education Circulars.]

xxii

A

1

Across

A A, art. isa (one) usually with -ng: isdng. A man, isdng too. A B A N D O N , v. to leave, iwan; forsake, pabayaan. A B I D E , v. to wait for, maghintdy; dwell, reside, tumird. ABILITY, n. kakayahdn. A B L E , adj. maykaya. ABODE, n. home, tdhanan; residence, tirahan. ABOLISH, v. to take away, alisint kaltasin. ABOUT, adv. nearly, halos; more or less, humigit-kumulang.— prep, concerning, hinggil sa, tungkol sa, ABOVE, adv. sa itads; ojn top, sa ibabaw—prep, on top of, sa ibabaw ng—Above all, higit sa lahdt. ABRIDGE, v. paikliin. ABROAD, adv. in other countries, sa ibdng bansd; out-of-doors, sa labds. A B S E N T , adj. wald. He is absent, Wold siyd. ABSOLUTE, adj. positive, complete, lubos, gandp. A B U N D A N T , adj. sag ana, wifl. sag ana. A B U S E , v. to treat badly or cruelly, magmalupit; pagmamalupit; pagmalupitdn; take undue advantage, magmalabis. ACCENT, n. (Gram.) tuldik. Acute a., tuldik na pahilis; grave a., tuldik na paiwa; circumflex a., tuldik na pakupyd. ACCEPT, v. tumanggdp; tanggapin. ACCIDENT, n. sakund.

ACCOMPANY, v. to go with, sumama; samahan; (in music) sumaliw, salhvan. ACCOMPLISH, v. to fulfill, tuparin; complete, ganapin. ACCORDING TO, prep, ayqn sa. ACCORDINGLY, adv. kayd; kay a nga. A C C O U N T , v. to take into account, ipagpalagdy; answer for, managot; give an explanation for, magpaliwanag; ipaliwanag. n. debt, utang, pagkakautang; record, told; report, ulat; explanatory statement, s a lay say, paliwanag, palinaw. A C C U S E , v. (in a l a w court) magsakddl; isakddl; (to a s u perior) magsumbong; isumbdng, (falsely) magbintdng; pagbtritangdn. ACCUSTOM, v. (oneself) magbihasd, magsanay; t o become accustomed, mabihasa, masanay, mahirati. A C H E , v. sumakit.—n. sakit. A C K N O W L E D G E , v. to recognize (as authority) kilalanin; (as true) pananggctpdn' A C Q U A I N T , v. to inform, ipatalosf ipabatid. A C Q U A I N T A N C E , n. ( a person one knows slightly) kakilala; knowledge, kaalamdn, kabatiran. A C Q U I R E , v. (by self-exertion) mdtamo, makuha; (by purchase) mdbili; (by inheritance) indmana. ACROSS, adv. patawid, pakabUa. —prep, sa kabild ng, sa ibayo vg.

Act

2

Agitator

mag-anunsiyo, A C T , n. deed, gawd (in a s t a g e A D V E R T I S E , v. p l a y ) yugto; (of l a w ) batds; Sp. motion, galdw, kilos.—v. to per- A D V E R T I S E M E N T , n. anHnsiyo, form, gumandp; do, make, gu~ Sp. mawd; move, gumaldw, kwmi- ADVICE, n. counsel, payo; notiI08. fication, pahiwatig. A C T I O N , see Act, n. A D V I S E , v. counsel, magpayo, A C T I V E , a d j . quick, maliksi; pagpayuhan. alive, buhdy; lively, masigld. ADVISER, n. tagapayo. — a . voice (Gram.) tinig tdha- A F F A I R , n. a matter, bagcuy; a concern, pdkialamin. — Private san. a., saHling kapakandn; public ACTOR, n. (in general) artista, a., kapakandng-bayan; love a., Sp. paldsintahan. A C T U A L , adj. tunay; present, A F F E C T , v. (well) makabuti; kasalukuyan. (badly) makasamd; to cause A C U T E , adj. malubhd; talamdk. anger, makagalit; cause pleasA D A P T , v. iagpdng, ibagay. ure, makalugod. A D D , v. rwagdagddg, idagddg; A F F E C T I O N , n. a feeling of love, (together) pagsamahin. pag-ibig; a great fondness, pzgA D D I T I O N , n. pagdaragddg; paggiliw. saswmghalaga, walang-kabuluhan, walcing-saysay.-In v., to no purpose, walang-kapar.arakan. VAINGLORIOUS, adj. mapagparangalan; palalo; boastful, hamb6g. VAINGLORY, n. excessive vanity or pride, kapalaluan; boastfulness, kahambugan; vain pomp or show, pagka-mapagparangalan. VALEDICTORIAN, n. (of a graduating class) unang dangal. VALEDICTORY, n. talumpating pamamaalam. VALIANT, adj. brave, matapang: heroic, magiting. VALID, adj. may-bisa; we 11grounded, may-kabuluhan-: V ALIDATE, v. to ratify, pagtibayin; give legal force to, bigyangbisa. VALLEY, n. lablik; lambak; libfs. VALOR, n. fearlessness, pagkawalang-takot; bravery, katapangan.

Valuable

136

V A L U A B L E , adj. mahalaga. V A L U A T I O N , n. paghahalagd. V A L U E , n. halagd; precise import, kabuluhdn; exact meaning, kahulugdn.—v. to put a price on, halagahdn, esteem highly, pahalagahdn, mahalagahin; hold dear, mahalin, itangl. V A L U E D , a d j . dearly prized, mahdl, mindmahdl. V A L V E , n. bdrbuld, Sp. V A N , — i n the v., nasa-unahdn, nangunguna. V A N G U A R D , n. talibd. V A N I S H , v. to disappear, mawaId; pass out of existence, maparam. V A N I T Y , n. conceit, kapalaludn; triviality, pagka-waldng-kapararakan. V A N Q U I S H , v. to conquer, manlupigy lupigin; defeat, talunin: get the better of, daigin. V A P O R , n. singdw; halipawpdw, O.T.; mist, ulap. V A P O R O U S , adj. masingdw. V A R I A B L E , adj. pabagu-bago. V A R I E D , adj. ibd-ibd. V A R I E T Y , n. sarisari. V A R I O U S , a d j . ibd't ibd. V A R N I S H , n. barnis, Sp.—v. magbarnis, barnisdn, Sp. V A R Y , v. to alter, pagbagu-baguhin; make unlike one another, pag-ibd-ibahin; undergo a change, mabago. V A S E , n. haro, saro, Sp. V A S S A L , n. kampon. V A S T , adj. malawak; huge, malaki. V A T , n. kawa. V A T I C A N , n. Batikano, Sp. V A U D E V I L L E , n. bodabil, Fr. V E E R , v. pumihit, pumalig. V E G E T A B L E , n. gulay. V E H E M E N C E , n. karubdubdn; kaalaban.

Verbal

V E H E M E N T , adj. marubddb; maalab, V E H I C L E , n. sasakydn. VEIL, n. beloy Sp.; talukbdng; mantilla, lambong.—v. to cover with a v., talukbungdn, V E I N , n. ugdt. VELOCITY, n. speed, bilis; swiftness., tulin. V E N E R A B L E , adj. worthy of reverence, kapitd-pitagan; worthy to be taken as sacred, kapintupintuho. V E N E R A T E , v. to regard as sacred, pintuhuin, mamintuho; revere, pamitaganan. V E N E R A T I O N , n. worship, pamimintuho; respect and reverence, pamimitagan. V E N G E A N C E , n. higanti; paghihiganti. V E N I A L , adj. pardonable, mapatdtawad. V E N I S O N , n. karning-usd. VENOM, n. kamanddg; poison, Zason. VENOMOUS, adj. makawanddg; poisonous, may-lason. V E N T , n. hole, opening, butas; outlet, pdlabasan.—To give' v. to one's feelings, ihingd ang mga damdamin. V E N T I L A T E , v. pahanginan, gawing maaliwalas. V E N T I L A T E D , adj. maaliwalas. V E N T R A L , adj. pantiydn, V E N T U R E , v. to risk or chance, magbakasakali; dare, mangahds. VENTURESOME, VENTUROUS, adj. daring, pangahds; having the quality of taking risks or chances, mapagbakasakali. VERACITY, n. accordance with truth, pagka-ayon sa katotohanan. V E R B , n. (Gram.) pandiwd. V E R B A L , n. (Gram.)—v. noun,

Verbose pandiwang makangalan; v. adjective, pandiwang makauri, pandiwari. VERBOSE, adj. maligoy. VERBOSITY, n. kaliguyan. V E R D A N T , a d j . lunti, luntidn. V E R D I C T , n. hatol; pasiyd. V E R D U R E , n. kaluntidn; pagkalunti. VERGE, n. brink, gilid, gulod; extreme edge, tangwd. V E R I F Y , v. to prove the correctness of, patunayan, magpatunay; examine so as to prove, siyasatin kung to too. V E R N A C U L A R , n. sariling wikd. V E R S E , n. tuld. V E R S I F Y , v. tumuld; tulain* VERTICAL, adj. upright, patayo, patindig, VERTIGO, n. (Med.) luld, hilo. VERY, ad j .-adv. Use ndpaka(prefix) plus the quality modified, as, ndpakabuti, very good; ndpakagandd, very beautiful. V E S P E R , a d j . panghapon, panggabi. V E S S E L , n. container, sisidldn, lolagydn; ship, sasakydng-dagaU bapor, Sp. V E S T , n. tsaleko, Sp. VESTIGE, n. mark, tandd; trace, bakds. V E S T M E N T , n. kabihisan. VESTRY, n. sdkristiya, Sp. V E T E R A N , n. beterano, Sp.; possessing experience, may-karana* san; long trained, sandy. V E T E R I N A R I A N , n. beterinaryo, Sp. VETO, n. beto, S D . V E X , v. mangyamdt, yamutin. V E X A T I O N , n. kaydmutan. V E X A T I O U S , adj. nakayayamot. V I A N D S , n. pangulam. V I B R A N T , adj. resonant, mataginting.

137

Violate

V I B R A T E , v. to quiver, as v^ice. kumatdl-katdl; resound, tumaginting. V I B R A T I O N , n. pagkatdl-katdl ; resonance, taginting. VICAR, n. bikaryo, Sp. V I C E , n. bisyoy Sp.—adj. next in rank, pangalawd.—V.-president. pangalawdng pangulo. V I C I N I T Y , n. nearness, kalapitan. V I C T O R , n. ang nagwagi, any nag tagumpdy. VICTORIOUS, adj. mapagwagi, mapanagumpdy. V I C T O R Y , n. pagwawagi; tagumpdy. V I C T U A L S , n. pagkain. V I E W , n. the act of seeing, pagtingin; picture of a scene, tanawin; spectacle, pdnoorin; opinion, palagay.—v. to see, tingndn. gaze a t , tanawin. VIGIL, n. paglalamay, pagpupuydt. V I G I L A N C E , n. watchfulness, maingat na pagbabantdy; caution, pangangalagd. V I G I L A N T , adj. alert, gising. w a r y , maingat, maalagd. VIGOR, n. lakds. VIGOROUS, adj. malakds; energetic, masigld. V I L E , adj. hamak; mean, ignoble, imbi. V I L L A G E , n. nay on; baryo, S p . V I L L A I N , n. belyako, S p . ; taong tampalasan; kontrabida, Sp. V I L L A I N O U S , adj. tampalasan. V I L L A I N Y , n. katampatasanan, V I N D I C A T E , v. mananggaldng. VINDICTIVE, adj. mapanghiganti. V I N E , n. baging. V I N E G A R , n. suka. V I O L A T E , v. to transgress, lur

138

Violation

mabdg, labagin; treat roughly o r severely, dahasin, mandahds; u s e ill, r a p e , gahisin, manggahis. VIOLATION, n. transgression. paglabdg; ill-treatment, rape, panggagahis; severe treatment, pandadahds. V I O L E N C E , n. karahasdn. V I O L E N T , adj. marahds. V I O L E T , n. lila, S p . ; biyoleta, Sp.

VIOLIN,

n. biyoiin, sp.

V I R G I N , n.-adj. birhen, S p . ; dalaga. VIRILE, adj. may-pagka-lalaki. V I R T U E , n. effectiveness, bisd: w o r t h , halagd; merit, kagdlingan, kabutihan; r e c t i t u d e , pagka-matuwid; chastity kalinisang-puri. VIRULENT, adj. makamanddg; may-lason, V I S A G E , n. pagmumukha. V I S A Y A N , n.-adj. Bisaya. V I S I B L E , adj. in sight, kita; obvious, litdw; a p p a r e n t , halatd. V I S I O N , n. larawang-diwa; bisyon, S p . ; guniguni. V I S I T , v. dumalaw, dalawin; bumisita, bisitahin, Sp. VISITOR, n. dalaw; bisita, Sp. V I S U A L I Z E , v. ilarawan sa diwa.. V I T A L , a d j . pambuhay; essential, kailangan. V I T A L I T Y , n. lakds. V I T A M I N , n. baytamin, Eng. V I V A C I O U S , a d j . masigld. V I V I D , a d j . masidhi; animated* buhdy. V O C A B U L A R Y , n. taldsalitaan; bukabularyo, Sp. VOCAL, adj. pertaining to the

Vow

voice, pantinig, or speech, pansalitd; h a v i n g voice, may-tiniq; voiced, tininigan. VOCATION, n. hilig, kindhihiligan. VOCATIONAL, adj. panghilig-yaman. VOCATIVE, adj. (Gram.) patawdg. VOCIFEROUS, adj. maingay; malinggdl. VOICE, n. tinig; (Gram.) tingig. VOID, adj. empty, waldng-lamdn; useless, waldng-kagamitdn; waIdng-saysdy. V O L A T I L E , a d j . maigahin; modelling maigd. VOLCANO, n. bulkdn, Sp. V O L I T I O N , n. kaloobdn, bnluntdd, Sp.; determination, decision, pasiyd. VOLTAGE, n. bultahe, Sp. V O L U B L E , adj. masalita. VOLUME, n. a book, akldt, librd, Sp.; tomo, Sp.; size, laki. V O L U N T A R Y , adj. knsa. V O L U N T E E R , n. buluntaryo, Sp. V O M I T , v. sumuka, magsukd. VORACIOUS, adj. masibd. V O T E , n. boto, S p . ; haldl.—v. bumoto, botohan, S p . ; ihaldl. V O T E R , n. botante, S p . ; manghahalal. VOUCH, v. to confirm, patunayan, magpatunay; b e a r witness, saksihdn, sumaksi; g u a r a n t e e , akuin, umakd. VOUCHER, n. one who bears witness, saksi; g u a r a n t o r , ang umdako; paper or receipt for payment, botser, E n g . V O U C H S A F E , v. igawad, ipagkar lodb. V O W , n. pangakb.—v. mangako.

VOWEL, n. (Gram.)

Waste

139

Vowel

VULGAR, adj. pangkaraniwan; low, mababd; mean, hamak. pagUtr- V U L N E R A B L E , adj. matdtalbdn. V U L T U R E , n. buuritre, Sp.

patinig.

VOYAGE, n. paglalaydg; lakbdy-dagat.

W WAG, v. magpauli-ult, WAGE, n. pi. (wages) sahod, &ita.—v. To w. war, mandigma. WAGER, n. pustd, Sp.—v. pumustd. WAGON, n. bagdn, Sp. WAIST, n. (Anat.) baywdng. WAIT, v. maghintdy, hintayin. WAITER, n. tagapaglingkod; weyter, Eng. WAKE, v. gumising, mdgising. W A K E K F U L , adj. gising; unable to sleep, di-mdkatulog. WAKEN, v. gisingin. WALK, v. lumafcad, maglakdd; to take a stroll, magpasiydl, Sp. WALK-OUT, n. welga, Sp.; aklasan. WALL, n. fence of stone, brick, etc., pader, Sp.; room partition, dingding. WALLET, n. folding pocketbook, pitaka, Sp. WALLOW, v. to roll about in mud, lumublob; live in vice or filth, gumumon. WALTZ, n. balse, Sp. W A N , adj. sickly, masasaktin. W A N D , n. batutd, Sp. W A N E , v. (applied to the moon) magtundw. W A N T , n. pangangailangan.— v. mangailangan. WANTING, adj. lacking, kulang: missing, nawdwald. WANTON, adj. malicious, masamang-budhi; loose in morals, mahalay.

WAR, n. digmd; (actual and being fought) digmaan. W A R B L E , v. to trill, humuni; carol, umawit. W A R D , n. district, purok; person under guard or protection, ahigd; section of a hospital, sala, Sp.—v. to w. off, mag sanggalang, mag tanggoL W A R D E N , n. alkayde, Sp. W A R D R O B E , n. closet for clothes, aparador, Sp. W A R E H O U S E , n. bodega, Sp.; pintungan. W A R F A R E , n. digmaan, pagdirigmaan. WARM, adj. mainit, mabands. W A R M T H , n. iniU W A R N , v. to put on guard, papag-ingatin; make aware of possible danger, pagsabihan, pangunahan; advise against something, paalalahanan. W A R N I N G , n. padlaala. W A R P , v. to become twisted, mamaluktot. WARRIOR, n. mandirigmd. W A R S H I P , n. bapor na pandig1YL&.

W A R T , n. butig. W A R Y , adj. maingat. W A S H , v. maghugas, hugasan; maglabd, labhdn, W A S H S T A N D , n. hugasan; lababo, Sp. W A S P , n. laywdn. W A S T E , v. to destroy, gibain, sirain; spend or use recklessly or unprofitably, mag-aksayd, aksayahin; say an gin.

Wasteful

140

W A S T E F U L , adj. mapag-aksayd. W A T C H , n. small timepiece, relds, S p . ; guard, bantdy.-r-v. to keep guard, magbantdy, bantaydn. W A T C H F U L , adj. maingat, maalaga. W A T C H M A K E R , n. relohero, Sp. W A T C H M A N , n. bantdy; tanod. W A T C H W O R D , n. hudydt. W A T E R , n. tubig.—v. to sprinKle with w., diligin, magdilig. W A T E R - C L O S E T , n. inodoro-, Sp. W A T E R M E L O N , n. pakwdn. W A T E R F A L L , n. talon. W A T E R P R O O F , adj. di-mabasd, di-matatalbdn ng tubig; may-sagabi. W A V E , n. alon. W A V E R , v. mag-ulik-ulik, W A X , n. pagkit. W A Y , n. passage, dadn; manner, ugall; method, means, paradn. W A Y L A Y , v. abatdn. W A Y S I D E , n. tabing-dadn. W A Y W A R D , adj. suwail. W E , pron. (all) tayo; (excluding the person addressed) kaml. W E A K , adj. mahina. W E A K E N , v. to r e d u c e in strength, pahinain; become less strong, manghina. W E A K N E S S , n. kahinaan. W E A L T H , n. yaman, kayamanan* W E A N , v. iwalay; awatin; ibitiw. W E A P O N , n. sandata; armds, Sp. W E A R , v. magsuot, isudt. W E A R I S O M E , adj. nakapdpagod. W E A R Y , adj. pagod, napdpagod. W E A T H E R , n. panahdn. W E A V E , v. (reeds or the like) fumala, maglala, lalahin; (threads into cloth) humabi, maghabi, ha~ bihin.

Westerner

W E B , n. cobweb, bahay-dlalawa, bahay-gagambdt W E D , v. to marry, mag-asawa, pakasdl, Sp. WEDDING, n. boda, Sp.; kasdl, Sp.; pag-iisdng-dibdib. W E D G E , n. kunyds, Sp.; sinsel, Sp. W E D N E S D A Y , n. Miyerkules, Sp. W E E D , n. damo.—v. to remove undesirable grass or plants, gumamaSy gamasin. W E E D Y , n. madamo. W E E K , n. linggd. W E E K L Y , adv. once a week, lingguhan; every week, linggu-linggd. W E E P , v. to cry, umiydk; shed tears, lumuha. WEIGH, v. magtimbdngt timbangin. WEIGHT, n. heaviness, bigdt; unit of heaviness, timbdng. WEIGHTY, adj. heavy, mabigdt; having much weight, matimbdng* WEIRD, adj. nakapangingilabot. WELCOME, n. masaydng pagtanggdp. — adj. kalugud-lugod, nakalulugdd.—v. to receive with hospitality, tanggaping mahinusay. W E L D , v. maghinang, ihinang, hinangin. WELDING, n. hinang. W E L F A R E , n. kagdlingan. WELL, n. waterhole, baton; spring, balongt batis. WELL, adj.-adv. magaling. WELL-TO-DO, adj. mariwasa. WELT, n. red swollen mark on the skin made by a blow, latay. W E S T , n.-adj. kanluran. W E S T E R L Y , adj.-adv. pakanlurdn. W E S T E R N E R , n. tagakanluran.

Westward

141

Wind

pulan.—n. (act of) sipol; an iiv WESTWARD, adj.-adv. pakanlustrument for whistling, pito, rdn. S p . ; silbato, Sp. WET, adj. basd.—W. nurse sisiW H I T E , adj.-n. puti, maputi.—W wa. ant, anay. WHALE, n. dambuhald; isddngW H I T E N , v. paputiin; become balyena, Sp. white, pumuti, mamuti. WHARF, n. ddungan. W H I T H E R , adv. pasadn. WHAT, pron-adj. and. W H A T E V E R , pron.-adj. anumdn, WHO, pron. sino. W H O E V E R , pron. sinumdn. and man. WHATSOEVER, pron.-adj. anu- W H O L E , n.-adj. bud; lahdt. W H O L E - H E A R T E D , adj. budngmdn, and man. puso. W H E A T , n. trigo, Sp. WTH OLE S A L E , n. pakyawan, pakW H E E L , n. guldng.—v. umikot. ydw. W H E N , adv. kaildn. W H E N C E , adv. sa andng dahildn. WHOM, pron. to w., kanino. W H E N E V E R , adv. kailanmdn at, W H O S E , pron. kanino, nino. kailanmd't. W H Y , adv. bakii. W H E R E , adv. sadn. WICK, n. mitsd, Sp. W H E R E A S , conj. ydyamang. W I C K E D , adj. evil, masamd; imWHEREFORE, adv. (relative moral, mahalay; sinful, makause) sa anong dahildn; (intersalanan. rogative use) bakit. W I D E , adj. maluwdng. WHEREIN, adv. (interrogative W I D E N , v. paluwangin; to broaduse) sadn. en, palaparin. WHEREVER, adv. saanmdn. W I D E S P R E A D , adj. kaldt, lagaWHET, v. to sharpen (as a knife), nap. ihasa, maghasd. WIDOW, WIDOWER, n. balo; bao. WHETHER, conj. kung. W I D T H , "n. luwdng; breadth, laW H E T S T O N E , n. hasadn. pad. WHEY, n. patis ng gatas. W I F E , n. asawa (asawang baWHICH, pron-adj. alin. bae). WHICHEVER, pron. alinmdn. WHILE, conj. habang, samanta- WIG, n. peluka, Sp. W I L D , adj. maildp; uncultivated, la. ligdw; savage, labuyo. — W. WHINE, v. dumaing. boar, baboy-ramd.—w. cat, alaWHIP, n. Idtikd, Sp. mid. WHIR, v. umugong, humiging.— WILL, n. kaloobdn; command, n. ugong, higing. utos. WHIRL, v. umikot, uminog. WHIRLPOOL, n. puyo, ng tubig. WILT, v. malantd. WILY, adj. mahibo; magdarayd. WHIRLWIND, n. ipuipo. W I N , v. manalo. WHISKER, n. bigote, Sp. W I N D , n. current of air, hangin. WHISKY, n. wiski, Eng. WHISPER, n. buldng.—v. bumu- W I N D , v. to twist round and round something, magpulon, pulong; (to) bulungdn. lunin. WHISTLE, v. sumipol; (at) si

Window

142

W I N D O W , n. bintana, S p . ; Mru~ ngawdn. W I N D S H I E L D , n. panal6ng-hangin. W I N D Y , adj. mahangin. W I N E , n. alak. W I N G , n. pakpdk. W I N K , v. kuminddt, kumurdp, kumisdp. WINSOME, adj. kahali-halina. W I N T E R , n.-adj. taglamig; taggindto. W I P E , v. magpunas, punasan. W I R E , n. kawad. WISDOM, n. kaataman; knowledge, karunungan. W I S E , adj. maaiam; knowing, marunong, W I S H , v. naisin, nasain. W I S H F U L , a d j . mapagnais, mapagnasa. W I S T F U L , adj. paldisip. W I T , n. katalasan. W I T C H , WIZARD, n. mangkukulam, manggagaway. W I T H , prep, sa, (However, there are numerous cases in which "with" is not translated, the meaning being included in a word or in the context.) W I T H D R A W A L , v. to retire, umurong; umalis; take back ( a s mon e y deposited in a bank) kumuha. W I T H E R , v. malantd. W I T H E R E D , adj. lanta. W I T H I N , adv. sa loob.—prep, sa loob ng. W I T H O U T , adv. sa lab as.—prep., not prep, but adv. in Tagalog; . lacking, wald.

Wrist

W O E F U L , adj. namimighati. WOMAN, n. babae. WOMANHOOD, n. pagka-babae. WOMANISH, adj. parang babae. WOMANKIND, n. kababaihan. WOMB, n. uterus, bahaybatd; 6ahaytao. W O N D E R , n. pagtatakd.—v. magtakd, pagtakhdn. W O N D E R F U L , adj. katakd-takd; kahanga-hanga. WOO, v. manligaw, mangibig. . WOOD, n. kahoy. WOODLAND, n. kakahuyan. WOOL, n. lana, Sp. WORD, n. salitd. W O R K , n. gdwain; trabaho, Sp.— v. gwmawd; magtrabaho, Sp. W O R K M A N , n. manggagawd; tra~ bahador, Sp. WORKSHOP, n. gdwaan. W O R L D , n. daigdig; mundo, Sp. WORM, n. bulati. WORN-OUT, adj. sird, gibd; tired out, pagod. WORSE, adj. (comparative) lalong masamd. W O R S H I P , v. sumambd, sambahin; mamintuho, pintuhuin. WORST, adj. (superlative) kdsamd-samaan; ndpakasamd. WORTH, n. value, halagd; merit kagdlingan. W O U N D , n. sugat. W O U N D E D , a d j . nasugatan; may sugat. WRANGLE, v. magtaltalan. W R A P , v. balutin.—n. cloak, balabal. W R A P P E R , n. pambalot. WITHSTAND, V. mattis; to re- WRATH, n. galit. W R E N C H , v. pilipitin. sist, mapaglabanan. W R E S T , v. agawin. W I T L E S S , a d j . tangd, hangdl. W I T N E S S , n. saksL—v. sumaksi. W R E S T L E , v. magbuno. W R I N K L E , n. kulubdt. W O E , n. pigkatL puW r OEBEGONE, adj. lungkot na W R I S T , n. galanggalangdn; pulsuhan, Sp. lung hot.

Write

143

WRONG, adj. malt; lisyd; incorrect, di-wasto.

WRITE, v. sumulat, sulatiru WRITER, n. mdnunulat. WRITHE, v. mamilipit.

X-RAY, n. eks-ray, Eng. XYLOGRAPH, n. ukit sa kahoy. XYLOID, adj. parang kahoy.

Zoom

X

XYLOPHONE, n. silopdn, Eng. XYSTER, n. pangayod.

Y YACHT, n: batil, Sp.; yate, Sp. YAM, n. (Bot.) tugi; lamt YAP, n. tahdl, kahdi; yapydp. YORD, n. yarda, Sp. YARN, n. estambre, Sp. YAWN, n. hikdb.—v. humikdb, maghik&b. YEAR, n. tadn. YEARLY, adj. santdunan.—adv. once a year, minsan isdng taon; every year, tatin-tadn. YEARN, n. magnais; maghangdd. YELL, n. hiydw, sigdw.—v. humiydWy sumigdw; (at someone) hiyawdn, sigawdn. YELLOW, n. dildw, marildw, amarilyo, Sp.; (fig.) coward, duwdg. YELLOWISH, adj. madildw-diIdw. YES, adv. oo. YESTERDAY, adv. kahapon.

YET, adv. pa. YIELD, v. to produce, as fruit, bumimga, magbunga; assent, pumayag; surrender, sumuko* YOKE, n. pamatok. YOLK, n. puld ng itldg, burok. YONDER, adj. iydn, yadn.—adv. doon. YOU, pron. (sing., prepositive) ikdw, (postpositive) ka; (pi. and honorific) kayd. YOUNG, adj. batd. YOUNGSTER, n. batd. YOUR, pron. (sing., prepositive) iy°t (postpositive) mo; (pi., prepositive) inyd, (postpositive) ninyo. YOURS, pron. (sing.) iyd; ,(pl.) inyd. YOUTH, n. kabataan. YULE, YULETIDE, n. paskd, kapaskuhdn.

ZEAL, n. sigld, sigyd; sikap. ZEALOUS, adj. masigld, masigyd; masikap. SENITH, n. the greatest height, kditaasan; summit, taluktdk. ZERO, n. sero, Sp.; nothing, waId. ZEST, n. spicy flavor, linamndm; keen enjoyment, las dp.

ZIGZAG, n. sigsag, Eng. — adj. pakilu-kilo. ZINC, n. siin, sim, Sp. ZITHER, n. sitard, Sp.; kudyapi. ZONE, n. sona, Sp. ZOO, n. paldhayupan. ZOOLOGY, n. soolohiya, Sp. ZOOM, v. sumibad.

z

APPENDIX

A

U S E F U L TERMINOLOGIES 1. W E I G H T S , M E A S U R E S , A N D S T A N D A R D S A . Length-

Haba.

Kilometer, kilometro, Sp. Meter, metro, Sp. Decimeter, dcsimetro, Sp. Centimeter, sentimetro, Sp. Millimeter, milimetro, Sp. Mile, milya, Sp. Y a r d , yarda, Sp. Foot, talampakan Inch, dali B . Surface.

Pangibabaw.

(Lawak,

laki,

lapad\

Square kilometer, kilometrong parisukdt. H e c t a r e , ektarya, Sp. A r e , arya, Sp. Centare, sentarya, Sp. Square centimeter, sentimetrong parisukqt. Liter, litro, Sp. Cubic meter, metro kubiko, S p . Cubic centimeter, sentimetro kubiko, S p . C. Weight.

Bigdi.

Ton, tunelada, Sp. Quintal, kintal, Sp. Kilogram, kilo, Sp. Gram, gramq, Sp. Centigram, sentigramo, Sp. Milligram, miligramo, Sp. Pound, libra, Sp. Ounce, onsa, Sp. D r a m , drakma, Sp. Grain, grano, S p . ; &wft7. D . Time Measure.

Tagdl ng

Panahon.

Second, segundo, Sp.; saglit, Minute, minuto, Sp. H o u r , oras, Sp. Day, araw. Week, ling go. Month, buwdn. Year, taoyi. Century, dantaon. 145

sandali.

146 2.

MONETARY UNITS

P 0.01, one centavo, isdng pera; isdng sSntimds. 0.05, five centavos, a nickel, wal&ng-kuwarta (in Batangas, isdng bagdl); singko. 0.10, ten centavos, labing-anim na kuarta; diyis. 0.15 fifteen centavos, saikapat-apat; kinse. 0.20, twenty centavos, isdng piseta; beinte (in Batangas, isang bilydn). 0.25, twenty-five centavos, kahatl. 0.30, thirty centavos, kahati't-walS. 0.35, thirty-five centavos, kahati't-labing-anim. 0.50, fifty centavos, isdng salapi. 0.60, sixty centavos, tatl&ng piseta. 0.75, seventy-five centavos, anim na saikapat, 0.80, eighty centavos, apat na piseta. 1.00, one peso, piso. 1.10, one peso and ten centavos, piso't labing-anim na kuwarta. 1.20, one peso and twenty centavos, anim na piseta. 1.25, one peso and twenty-five centavos, sampling saikapaU 1.50, one peso and fifty centavos, tatldng salapi. 2.00 two pesos, dalawdng piso. 2.50, two pesos and fifty centavos, limdng salapi. 3.00, three pesos, tatl&ng piso. 3.50, three pesos and fifty centavos, pitdng salapi. 10.00, ten pesos, sampung piso. 100.00, one hundred pesos, sandadng piso. 3.

NUMERATION

1—isd. 2—dalawd, dalwdZ—tatl6. 4—apat. 5—limd. &—anim. 7—pitd. 8—wal6. 9—siydm. 10—sampd. 11—labing-isd. 12—labindalawd, labindalwd. 13—labintatld. 14—labing-apat. 15—labinlimd. 16—labing-anim. 17—labimpitd. 18—labingwald 19—labinsiydm.

147 20—dalawampiL 21—dalawamp&'t isd. 30—tatlumpH. 40—dpatnapfi. 50—limampu. 100—sandadn, 101—sandad't isd. 110—sandad't sampil. 200—daldwandadn. 1,000—sanlibo. 10,000—sanlaksd; sampling libo. 100,000—sangyuta; sandadng libo. 1,000,000—sang angaw. 1,000,000,000—sanlibong angaw. 1,000,000,000,000—sang-angaw na angaw. 4

NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION

One for each, tigisa. Two for each, ttgalawd. Three for each, tigatld. Four for each, tigapat. Five for each, tiglilimd. Six for each, tiganim. Seven for each, tigpipito. Eight for each, tigwawalo. Nine for each, tigsisiydm. Ten for each, tigsasampfi. Eleven for each, tiglalabing-isd. Twenty for each, tigdadalawampil. A hundred for each, tigisang dddn. Two hundred for each, tigalawang dadn. A thousand for each, tigisang libo; manlibo. 5.

MONETARY DISTRIBUTION

One centavo each, mamera. Two centavos each, tigalawang pera. Five centavos each, tigwawaldng-kuwarta (in Batangas, mainbfvgdl); tigsisingko. Ten centavos each, tiglalabing-anim na kuwarta; tigdidiySs. Twenty centavos each, mamiseta; (in Batangas, mambilydn); tigbebeinte. Twenty-five centavos each, mangahatl. Fifty centavos each, manalapi; tig-sisingkuwenta, One peso each, mamiso. 6. First, una. Second, ikalawd;

N U M E R I C A L ORDER

pangalawd.

(Ika-2).

148 (Ika-8). Third, ikatlo; pangatlo. Fourth, ikapat; pang-apat. (Ika-4). Fifth, ikalimd; panlimd. (Ika-5). Sixth, ikanim, ikaanim. (Ika-6). Seventh, ikapito. (Ika-7). Eighth, ikawalo. (Ika-8). N i n t h , ikasiydm. (Ika-9)i Tenth, ikasampu. (Ika-10). 7.

DIRECTIONS

North, hilaga. Northeast, hilagang-silangan. Northwest, hilagang-kanluran. South, timog. Southeast, tirrCog-silangan. Southwest, timog-kanluran. East, silangan. West, kanluran. Northward, pahilaga. Southward, patimog. Eastward, pasilangdn. Westward, pakanlurdn. 8. A.

Days of the week.

D A Y S A N D MONTHS Mga araw ng

linggd.

Monday, Lunes, Sp. Tuesday, Martes, Sp. Wednesday, Miytrkules, Sp. Thursday, Huwebes, Sp. Friday, Biyernes, Sp. Saturday, Sdbado, Sp. Sunday, Linggd. B.

Months of the year.

Mga buwdn ng

January, Enero, Sp. February, Pebrero, Sp. March, Marso, Sp. April, Abrily Sp. May, Mayo, Sp. June, Hunyo, Sp. July, Hulyo, Sp. August, Agosto, Sp. September, Setyembre, Sp. October, Oktubre, Sp. November, Nobyembre, Sp. December, Disyembre, Sp.

taon.

APPENDIX B COMMON AFFIXES Simple Rules for

Affixiation

The student should bear in mind that a great wealth of vocabulary can be within easy reach if he or she understands the meaning of the affixes and masters the rules for affixiation. 1. Prefixing,—The general rule for prefixing is simply place a prefix before a root-word.—tagrabundok, motao, mafokanin, paidbiro. a. If a prefix ends in a consonant and the root-word to be attached begins with a vowel, requiring a slight pause in pronunciation between, a hyphen should be used.—pagr-asa, ma^-aral, manflr-abala, ta^-ulan. Exceptions are in prefixes ending in -ng in which the pronunciation of -ng is combined with the initial vowel of the root: pangaral, mangibig, pangulo, etc. b. Root-words that begin with a capital letter require a hyphen when a prefix is.attached to them.—mafca-Pilipino, tagd-Batangan, pangr-Pask6. c. Prefixes ending in -ng are governed by the following rules: (1) The -ng ending is retained before root-words whose initial letters are the vowels a, e, i, o, uf and the consonants, k, g, h, m, n, ng, w, and y.—pang-aso, mangipit, pan^gamot, wian^harang, pangrmarami, pan^naninam, pangrngalan, pan^rwakas, wan^yari. NOTE: The consonant k of the root-word disappears: pang+kuhit, panguhit; mang -f-kalat, mangaXat. (2) The -ng ending becomes -w before root-words that begin with d, I, r, s, and t.—Mandurukot, magr&anluluhod, panrigalo, sansinukob, santinakpan. — Sometimes the initial s or t disappears: pansulat- (panulat); wiantahi (man&hi). 2. Infixing.—There are really only two infixes,—urn-, and -in-. Both are usually inserted after the first consonant of the root-word. —tumawa, sinaing. NOTE: In certain verbs the infix ni is used after the prefix t-, irahabol. 149 .

150 3. Suffixing. — There are two sets of suffixes.—an, -in and -han, •hin. a. -AN and -IN are suffixed to root-words that end in consonants and the glottal vowel.—Balutaw, hulaan, bilangwi, batim. ©. -HAN and -HIN are suffixed to root-words that end in the liquid vowel.—Samaftan, ubuhin. c. The following are irregular forms of suffixiation: (1) The use of -nan or -nin instead of -han or -hin after certain words that end in a liquid vowel: tawanan (instead of tawafcan); kuwin, from kuharmt (instead of kuh&hin). (2) The omission of a vowel or a syllable of the root-word upon taking a suffix. — alsdn (from alisdn), dakpin (from dakiptn), dalhdn (from dala/idn) hipan (from hihipan), alalahanin (from alaala/mt), halinhdn (from halilihan), kilanlin (from kilala/mt or kilalamn). COMMON AFFIXIAL MEANING I.

FOR NOUNS

1. —AN, —HAN. a. Place where many or much of what is mentioned by the root-word is found. Aklatan, library; palayan, rice-field. 6. Place where the action mentioned in the root-word is done. GApitan, barber-shop; tdhian, tailoring shop. c. Season for certain acts. Pasukdn, school season; anihdn, harvest season. d. Utility, apparatus, or instrument. Sulatdn, desk; orasdn, clock. e. Source of aid in time of need. Dulugan, person to whom one goes when in need; hiraman, person or place where one borrows. /. Exchange, reciprocity, or simultaneousness of actions. Abuluydn, mutual aid; tangkilikdn, mutual support; digTnaan, warfare.

151 2. —IN, —HIN„ a. As prefix and infix: an action accomplished or something that passed through the process mentioned in the root. Inakdy, birdlings; inihaw, roasted piece; binata, bachelor, unmarried man; tinapay, bread; tinapd, smoked fish or meat. 6. As suffix: more as an adjective than as a noun, but there are some used as nouns meaning: common occurrence. common usage for a thing or action mentioned by the root. Inahin, hen; inumin, drinking water; panauhin. guest; simulain, principle; s&liranin, problem; tuntunin, rule, regulation. 3. KA..AN, KA..HAN. a. Gives the abstractness of the idea of the root. Kamdtayan, death; kabutihan, goodness; kasamadn, evilness. b. Collectiveness. Katagalugan, Tagalog region; kabisayaan, Visayan region; kailukuhan, Ilocos region; kapuludn, archipelago. c. Currency, frequency or intensity of an act or occurrence. Kasagsatin, peak of abundance; kasasaldn, high intensity; katanghalian, high noon; kabilugan, full roundness. d. Centricity of a place or extremity of a distance. Kabayanan, downtown; kalunuran, far west; kalautan, far at sea; kaduluhan, extremity. e. Maturity, fulness, limitation, surplus. Kabuwandn, month of maturity; kaarawdn, day of fulfillment, anniversary; kapupundn, completion; kasapatdn, sufficiency. /. Obligation, authority, or place where such obligation or authority is done or applied. Katungkulan, duty; karapatdriy right; kapangyarihan, authority; kdgawardn, department; kdwanihdn, bureau. g. Exchange, reciprocity, and also alternation or contest in sound or noise. Kdsunduan, accord; kdibigdn, mutual consent; kdingaydn, collective tumult; k&galitdn, mutual quarrel. 4. MAG—. a. When added to a simple noun: relation, companionship, and referring to only two. Mag-ind, mother and child; mag-

152 asawa, husband servant.

and w i f e ;

magpanginoon,

master and

6. When prefixed to a root whose first syllable is reduplicated: occupation. Magbibigds, rice dealer; magsasaka, farmer; magnanakaw, thief; magsasabong, cockpit habitue. c. Many Filipino surnames use this prefix. Magbitang, payo, Magpantdy, Magsaliny Magsaysdy.

Mag-

5. M A N G — , MAM—, M A N — . (Similar in usage to 4. b.) 6. P A — .

(This prefix is also for verbs and adverbs.)

a. Utility. Pangalan, name; pamagdt, title; palayaw, nickname; patibong, snare; pataba, fertilizer; paliwanag, explanation; paunawa, notice; patunog, whistle, noisemaker. b. Something ordered, asked to be done, or paid for. Pabili. w h a t is asked to be bought; padald, something sent to someone else; pahatid, message; pamana, inheritance give n ; patahiy something ordered to be sewn; pautang, credit or loan granted. c. Advertisement or application of a thought, rule, decision, or policy. Pahayag, proclamation; palakad, policy; palagdy, thought, opinion; panahon, time, season; panata, v o w ; paradn, method, device; parusa, punishment, sentence. d. When prefixed to compound words: figurative meaning. Pakitang-gilas, act of showing-off; pakitang-loobt generosity shown, palipdd-hangin, bluff. 7. P A . . A N , P A . . H A N .

•

a. Place or building where something is done. Pdaraldn, school; pdgawaan, factory; pdlamigan, refrigerator, refreshment parlor; pdlaruan, gymnasium, athletic field; pdrusahdn, penal district, pdminggalan, cupboard. 6. Full exchange or simultaneous action. Pdalaman, farewells; pdtawardn, mutual forgiving; pdsunuran, mutual obedience; pdmilihan, market (place where people buy at the same t i m e ) , pdnakbuhan, act of running away simultaneously. c. Place where some specialized knowledge is applied. Pdgcbmutan, infirmary, hospital; pdlimbagan, printing shop; pdgandahan, beauty shop; pdkulutan, hair-dressing shop.

153 newspaper; pdd. Name of the result of an act. Pdkayagdn, mahaladn, government; pdngasiwadn, administration; panagimpdn, dream; panalunan, winnings. g# PAG—. (This is the most common prefix for nouns. verbal noun, i. e. it is derived from verbs.)

It forms a

a. If from an UM or MA verb, it is attached to the root and means: "act of." Pag-alis, departure; pagkuha, act of getting; pagdating, arrival; pagtulong, act of aiding; pagbasa, act of reading. 6. If from a MAG verb, the first syllable of the root is reduplicated. Pagtuturo, act of teaching; pag-iisip, act of thinking. 9. P A G . . A N , P A G . . H A N . reduplicated.)

(With the first syllable of the root

a. Exchange, reciprocity, mutuality. Pag-iibigan, mutual loving; pag-uutangan, mutual borrowing (of money or favor) ; pagdirigmaan, battling. 6. Vying, surpassing, or contest. (Pa or ma, reduplicated, is added to the prefix.) Pagpapdgandahan, vying in beauty; pagmamdliksihan, vying in quickness. c. Simultaneousness or abundance. Pag-adnihan, harvesting all together; pagbubulaklakan, profuse blooming. d. Imitation, simulation. (With reduplication, not only of the first syllable of the root, but also of the whole root.) Pag-iind-inahan, acting like a mother, playing mother; pagbabahdy-bahayan, playing house. 10. PAGKA—. a. Abstractness, naturalness, beingness. ( U s e s a hyphen after it.) Pagka-bathala, godhood; pagka-taoy humanness; pagka-hari; kingship; pagka-babae, womanhood. b. Action happening to self involuntarily. Pagkaabala, pagkaawd, pity; pagkalantd, withering.

delay;

c. Manner, cause or condition of an occurrence. (Reduplicates the KA.) Pagkakaawit, manner of having s u n g ; pagkakdpatdy, manner of having killed (been killed). d. Condition of having.

(Originates from the verb M A G K A —

154 and reduplicate KA.) Pagkakabulakldk, condition of having flowers; pagkakadamit, condition of having clothes; pagkakaroon, condition of having. e. If used with pag (PAGKAPAG): reason for.—If with further reduplication of ka (PAGKAKAPAG): manner of. Pagkdpag-asawa, reason for having married. Pagkakdpagasawa, manner of having married. 11. PANG—, PAM—, PAN—. (This is properly a prefix for adjectives, although the same form is used as nouns.) a. Instrument, apparatus, utility. Panggabi, adj. for evening; pambansd, adj. national; n. something that concerns the nation; pangulay, adj. coloring; n. dye. 6. Referring to the application of a thing. Pandinig, organ of hearing; pantukoy, article; pang-uri, adjective; pandiwd, verb; panghalip, pronoun. c. Act of. (From the verbs MANG—, MAM— or MAN—, with the first syllable of the root reduplicated.) Panggagamot, act of curing; panghihingi, act of asking; pamimitagan, act of respect, reverence. 12. P A L A . . A N , P A L A . . H A N . a. Place or instrument commonly used as basis, or used in putting, caring, or applying something. Paldbabahdn, window-sill; paldrindingan, wall-support; paldisdaan, fish-pond. 6. Method, custom, or problem. Paldtandaan, distinguishing mark; paldsumpaan, form for oath; pdlabunutdny method of electing by pulling sticks of different lengths; paidbugtungan, riddles. e. Art or collection of rules for analysis or study. Paldtitikan, orthography; paldbaybayan, rules in spelling; paldgitlingan, hyphenation; paldbantasan, punctuation. 13. SANG—, SAM—, SAN—. a. Oneness. Sandali, a second; sanlinggo, a week. b. With -an. Oneness, wholeness, completeness. Sambayandn, whole town; sambahaydn, whole household; sanlibntdn, whole universe; sandaigdigan, whole world. c. With ka— and —an. Whole expanse, allness. Sangkalangi-

165 tarty all heaven; sangkalupadn, all earth; all humanity.

sangkatauhan,

14. TAG—. a. Season, period, epidemic. Tag-uldn, rainy season; taggindw, cold season; taggutom, famine; tagkolera, cholera epidemic. b. With -an or -han. Season, period of action or occurrence. Tagtdniman, planting, season; taghdlalan, election time. 15. TAGA—. a. Native of, resident of. Taga-Batangan, native of Batangas; taga-Sebu, native of Cebu. b. Person having the duty of. Like tagapag.—Tagaluto, cook; tagalinis, cleaner; tagaalagd, carer; tagalimbdg, printer. 16. TALA..AN, TALA..HAN. List of. Taldaklatan, catalog of books; taldarawan, calendar; taldtinigan, dictionary; taldawitan, songbook; taldbansahan, list of nations. II. FOR ADJECTIVES 1. MA—. Having, possessing. (Often: having much). Magandd, beautiful; matao, crowded; mabundok, mountainous; mabulakIdk, flowery; matabd, fat. 2. MAKA—. a. Inclined, supporting. Makatao, humanitarian; makabayan, patriot; makabago, modern. Maka-Rizal, pro-Rizal; maka~Quezon, pro-Quezon. 6. Able to cause or do, possible to happen. (Prefixed to compound words). Makabasag-bungo, skull-breaking; makadurog-puso, heart-rending. 3. MALA—. Seeming, apparently, almost like. Malalangit, heavenlike; malasarili, almost autonomous; malakanin, ricelike; wala&utld, silklike. 4. MAPAG—. Always, customarily, having the habit of. Mapaglibot, wandering; mapagsalitd, talkative; mapagbiro, always joking; mapagtamdd, customarily lazy; mapagbandl, always saintly.

156 5. MAPANG—, M A P A M - , MAPAN—. (Like MAPAG—, except that MAPANG—is more objective.) Mapang-abala, bothersome; mapamihag, captivating; mapanird, destructive. 6. PALA—. (Like MAPAG—.)

Paldf>ir6, mapagbird, always jok-

ing; paldsabi, mapagsabi, always telling. 7. PANG—, PAM—, PAN—, Instrument, use, or intention. a. Instrument: Pang-halo, for mixing; pambilang, for counting; pansulat, for writing. 6. Use: panggatong, for fuel; pamunddk, for mountain use; pang-alls, for taking out something. c. Intention: pang-akin, for myself; panlahdt, for all; pambayan, municipal. 8. —AN, —HAN. a. Oversize or excess in number. Bibigdn, big-mouthed; butuhdn, bony; sungaydn, horny. b. Full of, having. Pulahdn, very reddish; putikdn, very muddy; dugudn, very bloody. 9. —IN, —HIN. (Sometimes infix, often suffix.) (Compare with —IN, —HIN for nouns.) a. Cut, style, class, or kind. (Infix.) Binalimbing, made into the shape of a balimbing fruit; sinampalok, tamarindlike; sinampaga, kind of rice. 6. Proneness to a disease or characteristic. LantahMi, easily withered; sipuytin, easily affected by colds; gdlingin, having a lucky streak; s&gatin, always having wounds, easily wounded. c. Quality or characteristic. Bdligtarin, can be turned insideout; pitasin, can be easily picked. d. Quantity or amount. (With reduplication of first of root.) Pipisuhin, of one-peso denomination; sasampuin, of tenpeso denomination. e. Source, origin (directional). (Similar to taga— in nouns.) Silangttnin, from (of) the east; kanluranin, from (of) the west. 10. MA.. IN, MA.. HIN. (Like MAPAG—, and PAL A.) Masintahin, loving, tender; maramdamin, sensitive; masxinurin, habitually obedient; mahiyain, habitually shy.

157 11. PA..IN, PA..HIN. What is to be done or given, or needed to be done or given. Pdlamuning baboy; pig that must be fed; pdtabaing manok, chicken to be fattened; pdgdlinging sakit, sickness to be cured. III.

FOR VERBS

1. UM. As prefix before roots that begin with a vowel, and infix inserted after the first consonant of roots that begin with a consonant. UM verbs commonly express inner motion. a. Impersonal acts; acts of nature; self-change through time or care of man. Lumindol, the earth to quake; bumagyo, to storm; umuldn, to rain; kumidldt, the lightning to flash; humangin, the wind to blow. Tumubd, to grow; sumilang, to shine; sumibol, to spring up. Pumuti, to become white; dumami, to multiply; tumabd, to become fat; pumaydt, to become thin. Tumapang, to become brave; bumuti, to improve. b. Acts of parts of the body, will, the intellect, the soul, or the emotion. Tumango, to nod; umiling, to shake the head; tumingin, to look; tumawa, to laugh; lumuhod, to kneel; kumain, to eat; uminom, to drink. Umisip, to think; dumamddm, to feel; umabuloy, to succor; umibig, to love; umasa, to hope. c. Acts of taking a part from the whole. Humiwa, to cut a slice; pumitds, to pick; humirdm, to borrow; tumawad, to ask for a discount; humati, to take half. d. Acts of going towards or away from a place. Pumakanan, to turn to the right; pumakaliwd, to turn to the left; pumagitna, to go to the center; sumalangit, to go to heaven; tumabi, to come near; umalis, to go away. 2. MAG—. In general: to do, perform, or accomplish acts of thinking, feeling, and willing, and involving external motion. Magsay awy to dance; magluto, to cook; mag-aral, to study; magbigdy, to give; magsanay, to practice; magmahdl, to hold dear, esteem highly; magsundalo, to perform the function of a soldier; maghangdd, to aspire. a. MAG..AN, MAG..HAN. Indicates reciprocity, mutuality, and simultaneousness of action. Magpdlitan, to exchange;

158 magdamaydn, to succor each other; magsdyawan, simultaneously.

to dance

6. MAGKA—. To have, to come to possess. Magkabahay, to have a house; magkaasawa, to have a husband ( w i f e ) ; magkatinapay, to have bread'; magkapanahoyi, to have time. c. MAGMA—. (The additional MA— is the start of an adjective.) To act/ as if possessing the quality expressed. Magmabuti, to appear as good; magmagandd, to make oneself look beautiful. d. MAGPA—. (This is MAG— plus a P A noun.) To order something done. Magpabili, to order (something) bought; magpasabi, to send a message; magpatindd, to have (something) offered for sale. e. M A G P A K A — . To exert effort to become. Magpakabuti, to try hard to be good; magpakalagot, to insist on doing something or continuing in some act or condition. / . MAGPATI—-. To do something voluntarily, due to despondency or force of circumstances. Magpatiwakdl, to commit suicide; magpatihulog, to let oneself fall; magpatibuhat, to start from a certain place. g. M A G S A — . To imitate, simulate the characteristic or qualities of another person, a situation, or an animal. Magsapariy to act like or imitate a priest; magsamayroon, to act like one who h a s ; magsapagong, to pretend to like the contrary of what one wants to happen. h. MAGSI—. (Plural or collective form of MAG verbs.) Magsialis, to depart in company or at the same time; magsisama, to join the company, go with, in a group. 3. MA—. In general: to be able to do or perform an act, or something to happen without the volition of the doer or the person affected. Makuha, to be able to get; mdkuha, to happen to get. a. The other affixial derivatives of MA— which carry more or less the same significance to their roots are:— M a . . an Mai—. Maipa—.

Mdalaman, to be able to learn of. Mdilabds, to be able to take out. Mdipabasa, to be able to have someone read.

159, Mdipagbili, to be able to sell. Makaalis, to be able to go away. Makapagbihis, to be able to change the dress. Makapang—. Makapandaya, to be able to cheat. Mapa—. Mapadulds, to be able to make (a thing) slippery. Maipag—. Maka.— Makapag—.

6. But MAKI— and, MAKIPAG— verbs generally mean to join, ask a favor, or perform an act together with others. Makiusap, to ask a favor; makisama, to join others; makiawit, to join in the singing; makiraan, to ask permission to pass; makipag-awit, to sing with the others; makipag-away, to quarrel with others. 4. MANG—, and its pHral and collective form MANGAG— (and derivatives) generally mean, like MAG— verbs, —to perform acts of external motion. In MANG— the receivers of "the action are more indefinite or greater in number. Mangharang, to hold up; mambatak, to pull (or influence) other people; manulat, to write (producing literature for public consumption). Mangag-aral, to study (collectively); mangagsipanalo, to win together or collectively; mangagsipuntd, to go together or in groups or simultaneously; mangagsipagpakuha, to ask or order something to be taken (collective asking or ordering). 5. —AN, —HAN. To perform the act, build or make the thing, effect the quality, expressed by the root, on a person, animal, or thing. Tawagan, to call; bambangdn, to put a ditch; lambutdnt to soften; pintasdn, to find faults. 6. I-—. (Prefix for passive verbs, as —an and —in are suffixes for passive verbs.) a. In general: to use a thing according to the act called for. (In this sense, a function of IPAG— and I PANG— is similar.) Isulat (ang pluma), to use (the pen) for writing; itangldw {ang plaslait), to use the flashlight to illuminate with; ipunas (ang basahan), to use the r u g to wipe with. Ipagtangldw, ipantangldw; ipagsulat, ipanulat, ipagpunas, ipamunas. b. The same form of /— and Ipag— (not Ipang—) may be used to mean to do for someone else. Isulat uio ako.

160 You write for me. Ipagsuldt mo akd. Itangldw mo si Juan. You light (a candle) for Juan. Ipagtangldw mo siyd so, prusisyon. Light a candle for him in the procession, lpunasy ipagpunas, to do the wiping for (someone). c. To perform the act expressed by the root on or for the subject of the verb. Isabit and sumbrero, to hang the hat. Ilaga ang mandk, to boil the chicken. Ipukdl ang baio, to throw the stone. Itulak ang bangkd, to push the boat. Iligtds ang maysakit, to save the patient. Ilihim ang katotdhanan, to hide the truth. Ihaydg ang lihimt to expose the secret. Isangld ang sing sing, to pawn the ring. Ibili ng 8apatos ang batd, to buy shoes for the child. 7. IKA—. To be the reason for a condition or an act. Ikabuti, to be the reason for the well-being; ikasamd, to be the cause for (a thing) being or become-bad or worse; ikaalis> to be the reason for departure; ik&tiwal&g, to be the reason for having been dismissed (from a job). 8. —IN, —HIN. a. To perform the act expressed by the root on the subject of the verb. Aklatln ang mga papel, to bind the papers into book form. Lagariin ang kahoy, to saw the wood. Suklayin ang buhdk, to comb the hair. Ibigin ang kapwd mo tao, love your fellow men. Ayusin ang silid, to put the room in order. 6. To happen to the subject. Either there is no doer of action or the agent is an act of nature or something beyond the control of the subject. To suffer from a disease, to be lucky, or unlucky, etc., are the denotations included in this meaning of—IN verbs. Lagnatin, to suffer from fever; galingin, to become lucky; samain, to become unlucky; palarin, to become fortunate. 9. IPA—. To order, request, that something be done by someone else. Ipagawd, to have (something) made or repaired; ipabili, to have (something) bought; ipakuha, to order someone else to get (something). a. The action that is done for someone else is expressed by IPAG—. (See 66).

161 6. The definite impression of request is given by IPAKI— and IPAKIPA—. Ipakiabdt mo ngd ang akldt sa akin. Please hand me the book. Ipakisama ngd niny* ang aking sulat. Please include my letter. Ipakipabilin mo ngd ang kapatid ko. Please have someone send for my brother (sister)., 10. ISA—. To accomplish, put into effect; or translate into another language. Isagawa, to accomplish; isauli, to return; isaayos, to put in order; isa-Tagalog, to translate into Tagalog; isa-Inglis, to translate into English. 11. KA..AN, KA..HAN. This is of the —AN family and gives the same general meaning. More particularly, however, KA..AN expresses an act of the feelings, the will, or the mind, on the subject of the verb. Kalimutan ang nakaraan, to forget the past. Kagalitan ang alila, to scold the servant. 12. PA..AN, PA..HAN. To have (something) done on or for the subject of the verb. PaUtgydn ng uhalis ang barb, to have buttonholes put in the dress. (Pauhalisan ang bard.) Paalisdn ang dumi ang kdhdn, to have the dirt taken out of the box. Palagydn ng asin ang karnS, to have salt put on the meat. (Paasindn ang karne, to have the meat salted.) 13. PA..IN, PA..HIN. a. To cause something to happen or to be done to the subject of the verb. Palinisin ang sahig, to make the floor clean. Patulinin ang takbo, to accelerate the speed. Pakintabin ang sapatos, to make the shoes shinv. 6. To cause or permit the subject of the verb to perform the act expressed by the root. Paiyakin ang sangg61, to cause the baby to cry. Pasayamin ang panauhin, to make the guests dance. Paraanin ang kalabdw, to let the ca* rabao pass. Patakbuhin ang kabayo, to get the horse to run. 14. PAG. .AN, PAG. .HAN. a. To express an act affecting the emotion or the will of the subject-receiver. Pagdamutan ang kaibigan, to refuse to give (something) to a friend. Pagtananan. ang amdf to escape from the father. Paglingkurdn ang vdmahaladn,

162 to serve the government. Pagdasaldn ang Mahal na Birhen, to pray to the Holy Virgin. o. To indicate the place where or person to whom the action expressed by verb is done or performed. Ang bahay na pagddrausan ng pagtitipon, the roQm where the gettogether will be held. Ang taong pagbibigydn ng sulat, the man to whom the letter wilkbe given. 15. PAPAG.. AN, PA PAG.. HAN. To allow someone to perform an act in or on a place or on a person. (Similar to PA. .AN.) Papagsayawdn ang salas, to allow (some people) to use the living-room for dancing. Papaglarudn ang harapdn ng bahay, to allow (some people) to use the front of the house for playing. Pakainan ang mesang bago, to allow the new table to be used for eating. 16 PAPAG.. AN, PAPAG..HAN. To allow or order the subject to perform the act expressed by the root. Papagsayawin, to allow or get (someone) to dance. Papag-aralin, to allow or order (someone) to study. 17. PAKA..AN, PAKA..HAN. Indicates extraordinary performance of an act. (Also PAKAPAG. .AN.) Pakdbutihan, to exert much effort to produce good results. Pakdtaasdnf to make too high. Pakdiklidn, to make too short. Pakdhabadn, to make too long. 18. PAKI..AN, PAKI..HAN; PAKI..IN, PAKI..HIN. Both paki- an and paki- in express a request about something to be done, but the essential difference between the suffixes —an and —in is maintained. The suffix —an indicates an action to be done on something, while the suffix —in expresses the thing to be done about something. Pakigawdn mo ngd ng paradng makuha natin ang akldt. Please find a- way by which we may get the book. Pakigawin mo ngd ang silyang ito. Please make this chair.

APPENDIX

C

Orthography of Geographical Names

Aroroy, Aruroy Asia, Asya Athens, Atenas Atimonan, Atimunan A t l a s Mts., Kabundukang Atlas Australia, Australya Azerbaijan, Aserbaydn Babuyan Is., Pulong Babuyan Babylon, Babilonya Bacolod, Bakulod Bagobo, Bagubo Bagonbayan, Bagumbayan Baguio, Bagyo Bais, Bats Balabac, Balabak Balanga, Balanga Balayan, Balayang Baler, Baler Balete, Balitx Bali, Bali Baliangao, Balyangdw Baliuag, Baliwag Balkan, Balkan Baltic Sea, Dagat Bdltiko. Baltimore, Baltimore Baluchistan, Balusistdn Banahao Mt., Bundok Banahaw Banaue, Banawe Banda Is:, Pulong Bandd Bangkok, Bangkok Bangued, Bangged Bangui, Banggi Bantay, Bant ay Bantayan, Bantayan Barcelona, Barselona Barili, Barili Basco, Basko Basey, Basey Basilan, Basilan Bataan, Batadn Batac, Batdk Batan I., Pulo ng Batdn Batanes, Batanes Batangas, Batangan 163

Abra, Abra AbulUg River, Hog Abidog Abyssinia, Abisinya . Acapulco, Akapulko Afghanistan, Apganistan Africa, Aprikd Agno River, Hog Agno Agus River, Hog Agos Agusan, Agusan Aklan, Akldn Akron, Akron Alabama, Alabama Alaska, Alaska Albania, Albany a Albany, Albani Albay, Albdy Aleutian Islands, Kapuluang Alyutyan Algeria, Alherya Alhambra, Alhambra Alps Mts., kabundukan Alpes Amazon, Amason. Amboina, Amboyna Amburayan River, Hog Amburayan Amoy,' Amay Anatolia, Anatolya Andes Mts., Kabundukang Andes Angat, Aug at Angeles, Angheles Ankara, Angkara Annam, Andm Antipolo, Antipulo Antique, Antike (Hantik) Aparri, Apari Apayao, Apaydw Apo, Mt., Bundok Apo, Arabia, Arabya Aravat, Arayat Argao, Argdw Argentina, Arhentina Aringayi Aringay Arizona, Arisona Armenia, Armenya

164 Batavia, Batabya Batayan, Batayan Battas, Batas Bauan (La Union), Bawan Bauan (Batangas), Bawdng Baybay, Bay bay Bayombong, Bayumbong Belfast, Belpds Belgium, Belhikd Belgrade, Belgrado Belize, Belts Bengal, Benggdl. Benguet, Bengget Bergen, Bergen Berlin, Berlin Bethlehm, Belen Bicol, Bikol Bilbao, Bilbdw Biliran, Biliran Binondo, Binundok Birmingham, Birmingham Biscay, Bay of, Lodk ng Biskdy Black Sea, Dagat Him Boac, Buwdk Bogo, Bugd Bohemia, Buhemya Bohol, Buhdl Bokhara, Bukkara Bolbok, Bulbdk Bolivia, Bulibya Bombay, Bumbdy Bondoc, Bundok Bontoc, Buntdk Bordeaux, Burdu Borneo, Borneo Boro-Budur, Burubudur Borongan, Burungan Bosporus, Bdsporus Boston, B08ton Botocan, Butukdn Brazil, Brazil Bremen, Bremen Breslau, Breslo Brisbane, Brisbein British Empire, Jmperyo Britani-ko

British Isles, Mga Pulong Britdniko Brittany, Britanya Brunei, Brundy Brussels, Bruselas Bucharest, Bukares Budapest, Budapes Bued River; llog Buwed Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Buffalo, Bufald Bukidnon, Bukidnon Bulacan, Bulakdn Bulalacao, Bulalakaw Bulgaria, Bulgarya Bulusan, Bulusan Burias, Buryas Burma, Burma Butuan, Butuan Cabagan, Kabagan Cabanatuan, Kabanatuan Cadiz, Kadis Cagayan, Kagaydn Cairo, Kayro Calais, Kalais Calamba, Kalambd Calamian Is., Mga Pulo ng Kalamydn. Calapan, Kalapdn Calasiao, Kalasydw Calbayog, Kalbayog Calcutta, Kalkuta California, Kaliporniya Calivo, Kalibo Callao, Kalydw Calumpit, Kalumpit Camarines Norte, Hilagang Kamarines Camarines Sur, Timog Kamarines Cambodia, Kambodya Camiguin I., Puldng Kamiging Camiling, Kamiling Canada, Kanadd Candaba, Kandaba Candon, Kanddn Canlaon, Kanladn Canton, Kantdn

165 Bohiyador Colorado, Kulorado Cape Bojeador, Tangos Cape Bolinao, Tangos Bulindw Columbia, Kulumbiya Cape Engaiio, Lungos Ingganyo Columbus, Kulumbus Capiz, Kapis Congo, Konggo Caraballo Mts., Kabundukang Ka- Constantinople, Kustantinopla rabalyo Cordillera, Kurdilyera Caracas, Karakas Corregidor, Kurehidor Caramoan Peninsula, Tangwdy ng Cotabato, Kutabatd Karamuan Cuba, Kuba Carcar, Karkar Culion, Kulyon Carigara, Karigara Currimao, Kurimdw Carolina, North, Hilagang Karoli- Cuyo, Kuyo na Czechoslovakia, Sekoslobakya Carolina, South, Timog Karolina Dagupan, Dagupan Catanduanes, Katanduwanes Dairen, Dayren Catarman, Katarmdn D a k o t a , North, Hilagang Dakota Catbalogan, Katbalugan Dakota, South, Timog Dakota Catubig River, Hog Katubig Damaskus, Damasko Caucasus, Kdwkaso Damortis, Damortis Cauit, Kawit Dansalan. Dansalan Cavite, Kabite Danube River, Hog Danubyo Cebu, Sebu Danzig, Dansig Celebes, Salibis Dapitan, Dapitan Central America, Gitndng Ameri- Dardanelles, Dardanelas kd D a t a , Mt., Bundok Data Central Europe, Gitndng Europa Davao, Dabaw Central Luzon, Gitndng Lusdn Dead Sea, Dagat na Patdy Central Mindanao, Gitndng Minda- Delhi, Delhi ndw. Denmark, Dinamarka Central Panay, Gitndng Pandy Denver, Denber Cervantes, Serbantes Detroit, Detroit Ceylon, Seyldn Dinagat, Dinagat Chattanooga, Satanuga Dipolog, Dipuldg Chicago, Tsikago D i u a t a Mts., Kabundukan ng DiChico River, Hog Tsiko watd Chile, Tsile Dnieper River, Hog Niyeper China, Tsina Dominican Republic, Republikdng China Sea, Dagat Tsina Dominikano Chosen, Tsosen Donnai River, Hog Dundy Claveria, Klaberya Dublin, Dublin Duluth, Dulut Cleveland, Kliblan Cochin-China, Kutsin-Tsina Dumaguete, Dumagete Cologne, Koldn Dumaran, Dumardn Columbia, Kolombiya Dutch E a s t Indies, Silangang lnColombo. Kulumbo diyong Ulandes

166 Echague, Etsagwe Ecuador, Ekwador Edinburgh, Edinbur E g y p t , Ehipto England, Inglatera Eritrea, Eritrea Ermita, Ermita Estancia, Istdnsiya Estonia, Estonya Ethiopia, Etyopya E t n a , Mt., Bundok Etna Euphrates River, Hog Yuprates Europe, Europa Everest, Mt., Bundok Eberes Fabrica, Pdbrikd F i j i Is., Kapuluang Pidyi Finland, Pinlandiya Florence, Florensiya Florida, Plorida Formosa, Pormosa France, Prdnsiya Fujiyama, Pudyiyama F u s a n , Pusdn Galveston, Gdlbreston Gandara, Gandard Gapan, Gapdng Germany, Alemanya Gibraltar, Hibraltdr Great Britain, Dakilang Britanya Greece, Gresya Greenland, Lupanluti, Grinland Guagua, Guwaguwa, Wawd. Guam, Guwdm Guatemala, Guwatemala Guayaquil, Guwayakil Gubat, Gubat Guimaras, Gimarda Habana, Habana Hagonoy, Hagunoy Hainan, Hayndn Haiphong, Haypong Haiti, Hayti Halcon, Mt., Bundok Halkon Hankow, Hangkdw

Hanoi, Handy Hawaiian Is.; Kapuludn ng Haw ay Heidelberg, Hidelberg Helsingfors, Helsingpors Helsinki, Helsingki Himalaya, Himalaya Hokkaido, Hokaydo Holland, Olanda Hondagua, Ondagwa Hong Kong, Hongkong Honolulu, Honolulu Honshu, Honsiyu Hood, Mt., Bundok Hud Hudson Bay, Look Hudson Hungary, Unggarya Hwang Ho, Huwangho Iba, Ibd Ibanag, Ibandg Iberia, Iberya Iceland, Lupangyelo, Aisldnd Idaho, Idaho Ifugao, Ipugdw Igorot, Igurot Ilagan, Ilagan Iligan, Iligan Illinois, Ilinoy Ilocos Norte, Hilagang Iluko Ilocos Sur, Timog Iluko Iloilo, Iluilo Ilongot, Ilunggot Imus, Imus Inca, Ingka Indang, Inddng India, Indiya Indian Empire, Imperyong Indiyo Indian Ocean, Karagatang Indiyo Indiana, Indiyana Indo-China, Indutsina Infanta, Impanta Iowa, Ayowd Iran, Iran Iraq, Irak Ireland, Irlanda Iriga, Mt., Bundok Iriga Irosin, Irosin

167 Irrawaddy River, Hog Irawadi Isabela, Isabela Isarog, Mt., Bundok Isarvg Isinay, Isinay Istanbul, Istambul Italy, Italya Iwahig, Iwahig Jamaica, Hamayka Janiuay, Haniway Japan, Hapon Japanese, Hapones Jaro, Haro Java, Diyaba, Haba Jerusalem, Herusalem Jolo, Hold Jordan River, J log ng Hordan Kabugao, Kabugaw Kalinga, Kalingga Kamchatka, Kamsatka Kansas City, Lunsod ng Kansas Karachi, Karatsi Kashmir, Kasmir Kentucky, Kentaki Kiangan, Kiyangan Kiel Canal, Kandl ng Kiyel Kiev, Kiyeb Kimberley, Kimberli Klondike, Klondaik Kobe, Kobe Korea, Korea Krakatao, Krakatdw Kuala Lumpur, Kuwala Lumpur Kuenlun Mts., Kabundukan ng Kuwenlun Kyoto, Kiyoto Kyushu, Kiyusyu Labrador, Labrador La Carlota, Lakarlota Laguna de Bay, Dagatang Laguna Lake Baikal, Dagatang Baykdl Lake Bato, Dagatang Bato Lake Buhi, Dagatang Buhi Lake Danao, Dagatang Dandw Lake Erie, Dagatang Iri Lake Lanao, Dagatang Landw • Lake Mainit, Dagatang Mainit

Lake Michigan, Dagatang Misigdn Lake N a u j a n , Dagatang Nawhdn Lake Ontario, Dagatang Untaryo Lake Superior, Dagatang Supiryor Eake Taal, Dagatang Tadl Lake Titicaca, Dagatang Titikaka Lamon Bay, Look ng Lamon Lanao, Landw Laoag, Lawdg Laoang, Lawdng La Paz, Lapds Larena, Larena Latvia, Latbiya Legaspi, Legaspi Lemery, Lemeri Leningrad, Leningrad Leyte, Leyte Liaotung, Liyawtung Lima, Lima Limay, Limdy Lingayen, Linggayen Lipa, Lipd Lisbon, Lisbon Lithuania, Litwanya London, Londres Los Banos, Losbanyos Louisiana, Luwisyana Lubang Island, Pulong Lubdng Lubuagan, Lubwagan Lucban, Lukbdn Lucena, Lusena Luzon, Lusong Lyon, Liyon Maasin, Maasim Macabebe, Makabebe Macao, Makdw Macassar, Makasar McKinley, Mt., Bundok Makinley Mactan, Maktdn Madagascar, Madagaskdr Madeira, Madeyra Madras, Madras Madrid, Madrid Magalan, Magalang Magat River, Hog Magdt Mahagnao, Mahagndw

168 Mahatao, Mahatdw Malabang, Malabdng Malabon, Malabdn Malacanan, Malakanydng Malacca, Malaka Malate, Maalat Malaybalay, Malaybalay Malinta, Malintd Malitbog, Malitbdg Malolos, Malulos Mamanuas, Mamanwds Mambajao, Mambahaw Manchester, MansestSr Manchuria, Mansurya Mandalay, MandaUy Mangaldan,, Mangalddn Mangyan, Mangy an Manila, Maynild Mankayan, Mangkaydn Maqueda Bay, Lodk ng Makeda Maquiling, Mt., Bundok Makiling Maribojoc, Maribuhok Marinduque, Marinduke Mariquina, Marikina Mariveles Mt., Bunddk Maribeles Marseille, Marseyla Martinique, Martinika Masbate, Masbate Massachusetts, Masatsueets Mauban, Mauban Mayon, Mt., Bunddk Maydn Mediterranean Sea, Dagat Mediterdned Melbourne, Melborn Mesopotamia, Mesopotamya Messina, Mesina Mexico, Meksikd, Mehikd Meycauayan, Meykawayan Miagao, Miyagdw Michigan, Misigdn Milan, Milan Milwaukee, Milwoki Mindanao, Mindandw Mindoro, Mindoro Minneapolis, Minydpolis

Minnesota, Minesota Misamis, Misamis Mississippi, Misisipi Missouri, Misuri Moluccas, Mulukas Mongolia, Munggolya Montevideo, Montebided Montreal, Montreal. Moravia, Morabya Morocco, Moroko Moroland, Kamorohan Morong, Morong Moscow, Mosku Mountain Province, Lalawigang Bulubundukin Mukden, Mukden Muiioz, Munyds Naga, Naga Nagasaki, Nagasaki Naguilian Road, Dadng Nagilyan Naic, Naik Nanking, Nangking Naples, Ndpoles Navotas, Nabotas Negros Occidental, Kanlurang Negros Negros Oriental, Silangang Negros Netherlands, Olanda Nevada, Nebada New York, Niyuyork Niagara, Niydgara Nikko, Niko Nile, Nilo Normandy, Normandiya North America, Hilagang Amirikd North Sea, Dagat Hilaga Norway, Norwega Novaliches, Nubalitses Nueva Ecija, Bagong Esiha Nueva Vizcaya, Bagong Biskaya Obando, Ubando Odessa, Odesa Ohio, Ohayo Oklahoma, Oklahoma Olongapo, Ulunggapo

169 Omaha, Omaha Quebec, Kitebdk Orani, Oraut Quito, Kito Oregon, Oregon Rangoon, Rangyun Ormoc, Urmdk Richmond, Ritsmond Oroquieta, Orokyeta Riga, Riga Osaka, Osaka Rio do Janeiro, Riyo-de-Haneyro Rizal, Risdl Ottawa, Utawa Pacific Islands, Kapuluang Pasi- Romblon, Romblon Rome, Roma piko Rotterdam, Rotervldtn Paco, Poled Rumania, Rumanya Pacte, Paite Russia, Rusya Pago Pago, Panggo-panggo Saar, Soar Pagsanjan, Pagsanghdn Sahara, Sahara Palawan, Palawan Saigon, Sayg on Palembang, PaUmbang Salinas, Salinas Palestine, Palestina Samar, Samar Pampanga, Kapampangan Samarkand, Samarkand Panama, Panamd Samoa, Samoa Panaon, Panaon Sampaloc, Sampalok Panay, Pandy Savannah, Sahana Pandacan, Pandakan Seattle, Seatel Pandan, Panddn Seoul, Seydl Pangasinan, Panggasmdn Shanghai, Shanghdy Pangail Bay, Lo6k ng PangU Siam, Siydm Pansipit River, Iiog Pansipit Siargao, Siyargdw Para&urae, Patanyag, Paranyake Siberia, Siberya Paris, Paris Sibul, Sibul Pasig, Pasig Sibuyan, Sibuyan Patagonia, Patagonya Sicily, Sisilya Pateros, Patero Sierra Madre, SiySramadre Peiping, Peyping Silang, Sildng Penaranda, Penyaranda Silay, Sildy Pennsylvania, Pcnsilbanya Sinait, Stnait Persia, Persya Singalong, Singgalong Peru, Per* Singapore, Singgapvr Philippines, Pilipinas Siquijor, Sikihdr Pittsburgh, Pitsburg Sollano, Sulano Polillo, Pulilyo Soraogon, Sorsogon Pototan, Putotan South America, Timog AmMkd Prague, Praga Spain. Espanya Puerto Princesa, Portoprinsesa Sua!. Snwdl Puerto Rico, Portoriko Subie Bay, Lo6k vg Svbik Pulangrf River, Hog Pulanggi Sudan. S»ddn Pulog, Mt., Bundok Pulog Sues Canal. Kantil vg Suwfs Fulupandan, Pulupanddn Sulu, Stfhi Pyrenees, Pirineo Sumatra, Sumatra

170 Surabaya, Surabaya Surigao, Surigdw Sydney, Sidney Syria, Sirya Taal, Tadl Tablas, Tablas Tacloban, Takloban Tacoma, Takoma Tanauan, Tanawan Tagudin, Tagudin Taiwan, Taywdn Talavera, Talabera Tarlac, Tarlak Tasmania, Tasmanya Tawitawi, Tawitawi Tayabas, Tayabas Tennessee, Tdnesi Ternate, Ternate Texas, Teksas

Tibet, Tibet Ticao, Tikdw Tokyo, Tokyo Toledo, Toledo Tondo, Tundo Tuguegarao, Tugegardw Urdaneta, Urdaneta Uruguay, Urugivdy Valencia, Balensiya Valparaiso, Balparaiso Vancouver, Bangkuber Venezuela, Beneswela Venice, Benesya Vesuvius, Besubyo Vienna, Biyena Vigan, Bigan Visayan Islands, Kapuluang yd. Zambales, Sambales Zamboanga, Sambuwanyga

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