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• Roberto Ferrer

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ENGLISH PACKAGE TENTH QUARTER Academia de 10o. Cuatrimestre Coordinación de Idiomas Extranjeros UTM

(SEPTEMBER – DECEMBER 2020)

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CONTENTS UNIT I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT VS THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 1.1 The Simple Present 1.2 The Present Continuous 1.3 Adverbs of manner (ly) 1.4 The Simple Present versus The Present Progressive 1.5 Comparatives and superlatives 1.6 Phrasal verbs 1.7 Too and enough UNIT II. MODALS, PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSES. 2.1 Modals 2.2 Simple past 2.3 Past continuous 2.4 Present perfect 2.5 Past perfect continuous. 2.6 Connecting words UNIT III. THE FUTURE, CONDITIONALS AND QUESTION TAGS 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Future simple Other forms of future: will, be going to, present continuous. Future continuous Future perfect

3.5 Future perfect continuous 3.6 Conditionals: zero, fist, second and third conditional. 3.7 Questions tags

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UNIT I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT VS THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 1.1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT 1: We use the present simple when something is generally or always true.  People need food.  It snows in winter here.  Two and two make four. 2: Similarly, we need to use this tense for a situation that we think is more or less permanent.  Where do you live?  She works in a bank.  I don't like mushrooms. 3: The next use is for habits or things that we do regularly. We often use adverbs of frequency (such as 'often', 'always' and 'sometimes') in this case, as well as expressions like 'every Sunday' or 'twice a month'. (See the present continuous for new, temporary or annoying habits).  Do you smoke?  I play tennis every Tuesday.  I don't travel very often. 4: We can also use the present simple for short actions that are happening now. The actions are so short that they are finished almost as soon as you've said the sentence. This is often used with sports commentary.  He takes the ball, he runs down the wing, and he scores! Future Use 5: We use the present simple to talk about the future when we are discussing a timetable or a fixed plan. Usually, the timetable is fixed by an organization, not by us.  School begins at nine tomorrow.  What time does the film start?  The plane doesn't arrive at seven. It arrives at seven thirty. 6: We also use the present simple to talk about the future after words like ' 'when', 'until', 'after', 'before' and 'as soon as'. These are sometimes called subordinate clauses of time.  I will call you when I have time. (Not 'will have'.)  I won't go out until it stops raining.  I'm going to make dinner after I watch the news.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISES I. Write the verbs into the correct form. 1. I (to like) ___________ lemonade very much. 2. The girls always (to listen) __________ to pop music. 3. Janet never (to wear) ___________ jeans. 4. Mr. Smith (to teach) ___________ Spanish and French. 5. You (to do) ___________ your homework after school. II. Fill in the correct form of the verbs. 6. We (to have) _________ a nice garden. 7. She (to be) __________ six years old. 8. Simon (to have) __________ two rabbits and five goldfish. 9. I (to be) __________ from Vienna, Austria. 10. They (to be) _________ Sandy's parents. III. Make negative sentences. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

My father makes breakfast. → _______________________________ They are eleven. → _______________________________ She writes a letter. → _______________________________ I speak Italian. → _______________________________ Danny phones his father on Sundays. → _______________________________

IV. Make questions. 16. you / to speak / English → _______________________________ 17. when / he / to go / home → _______________________________ 18. they / to clean / the bathroom → _______________________________ 19. where / she / to ride / her bike → _______________________________ 20. Billy / to work / in the supermarket → _______________________________

LISTENING I. Choose true of false according to the conversation. Track 1. Simple present 1. Vicky lives with her parents.

TRUE

FALSE

2. Vicky has three classes on Monday.

TRUE

FALSE

3. Terry works in a restaurant in Montreal.

TRUE

FALSE

4. Terry’s friends visit him in the restaurant on Fridays. TRUE

FALSE

5. Dave loves surfing.

FALSE

TRUE

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6. Saturday is Dave´s favorite day.

TRUE

FALSE

7. Jenny lives in a farm.

TRUE

FALSE

8. Jenny has to feed the animals in the farm.

TRUE

FALSE

II. Listen to the information and choose the correct answer. Track 2. Simple present. Do this exercise while you listen. Choose the best answer for these questions. 1. When does speaker A work? When he is at university.

Weekends and holidays.

2. What does speaker B say tourists love doing? Visiting universities. Taking a boat trip. 3. Does speaker C like his job? Yes.

Sometimes.

Swimming in the river.

No.

4. What does speaker D say is difficult about being a pilot? Travelling to many countries. Learning many languages. 5. What does speaker E not like about her job? The doctors. The sick people.

Summer holidays.

Flying planes in bad weather.

The uniform.

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READING A TERRIFIC COOK Do you see how slim I am? It’s not on purpose and it’s not my nature either; there’s a good reason for me keeping in shape: Mom. She’s a disaster in the kitchen, and besides being unable to fry an egg properly, she always causes accidents. I can’t keep track of all the times the kitchen was on fire (4? 5?) because of something weird she decided to do, despite of our advice to keep out of the kitchen – especially the stove. She doesn’t pay attention to our advice and we have to eat what she prepares – or at least we eat what we can – so we live constantly on an undesired diet. The last time she tried to prepare roast beef the result was a burning kitchen; Dad could barely save the family and extinguish the fire. When she goes to the kitchen we start fearing for our lives (and stomachs) and thinking of a sickness we’ll fake in order to avoid the “result”. Despite the bad cook we have at home; our house is always full of guests for lunch and dinner. I suspect they come just to have fun watching the disasters. And – of course – they want to be the first to tell our friends what her latest calamity was like. I. Mark true (T) or false (F) according to the text. You have to explain orally when it’s false: The girl’s mother is a terrific cook. ( ) The girl’s mom tends to cause accidents in the kitchen. ( ) The girl’s mother knows how to cook. ( ) The girl’s mom gave up cooking. ( ) The family asks the woman to stop cooking. ( ) The woman keeps on cooking and doesn’t listen to her family. ( ) They have to eat what she cooks. ( ) She usually sets fire in the kitchen. ( ) They have guests because they appreciate her food. ( )

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1.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Grammatical Rules Form (Forma) Para formar el presente continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar “to be” y el verbo+ing. Auxiliar Sujeto Verbo+ing (to be) I

am

talking, eating, learning, doing, going…

he, she, it

is

talking, eating, learning, doing, going…

you, we, they

are

talking , eating, learning, doing, going…

Structure (Estructura) 1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas) Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + verbo+ing. I’m talking. (Estoy hablando.) He’s eating. (Está comiendo.) They’re learning. (Están aprendiendo.)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + auxiliar negativo (not) + verbo+ing. I’m not talking. (No estoy hablando.) He’s not [He isn’t] eating. (No está comiendo.)

3. Interrogative Sentences. (Frases interrogativas) Verbo auxiliar (to be) + sujeto + verbo+ing? Are you talking? (¿Estás hablando?) Is he eating? (¿Está comiendo?) Are they learning? (¿Están aprendiendo?)

Uses 1. El presente continuo se utiliza para hablar sobre algo que está pasando en el momento en el que hablamos. 7

I’m studying now. (Estoy estudiando ahora.) He’s eating at the moment. (Está comiendo en este momento.) Is it raining? (¿Está lloviendo?)

2. También lo usamos para hablar de algo que está sucediendo en la actualidad, pero no necesariamente cuando hablamos. En este caso, se utilizan expresiones de tiempo como “currently”, “lately” o “these days”. They’re learning English. (Están aprendiendo inglés.) She’s currently looking for a job. (Actualmente está buscando un trabajo.) Are you working much lately? (¿Estás trabajando mucho últimamente?)

3. Usamos el presente continuo para hablar de algo que está ya decidido que se hará en el futuro próximo. Su uso indica que es bastante seguro que lo planificado sucederá. I’m going to the party tonight. (Voy a la fiesta esta noche.) He’s not [He isn’t] coming to class tomorrow. (No viene a la clase manaña.) Are you working next week? (¿Trabajas la semana que viene?) Nota: Hay unos verbos que no solemos usar en los tiempos continuos. Puedes consultar la lección sobre los tiempos continuos para una lista de los verbos y una explicación completa. A continuación tienes una lista de verbos que no se usan en tiempos continuos. be (ser/estar), want (querer), need (necesitar), know (saber/conocer), prefer (preferir), remember (recordar), understand (comprender), care (cuidar), see (ver), hear (oír), smell (oler), believe (cr eer), belong (pertenecer), cost (costar), seem (parecer), exist (existir), own (poseer), like (gustar), dislike (desagradar), love (amar), hate (odiar), fear (temer), envy (envidiar), mind (importar)… Ejemplos: David needs a new car.(David necesita un coche nuevo.) David is needing a new car. EXERCISES I. Choose the correct option, SIMPLE PRESENT or PRESENT PROGRESSIVE. 1. Mr. Lopez never __________ “sorry,” he__________ a very rude man. a) says/is b) is saying/is c) is/is d) are saying/is 2. I __________ baseball, I __________ with my team on the weekends. a) likes/play b) like/play c) like/am playing d) am liking/play 8

3. My brother __________ in his office now, he __________ an accountant. a) is/is working b) work/is c) works/is d) is working/is 4. Monica never _________ in the afternoons but she __________ right now. She worked the whole night. a) is sleeping/sleeps b) sleeps/is sleeping c) is sleeping/sleep d) sleep/is sleeping 5. Albert __________ for a new job this week. He __________ a new one. a) is looking/needs b) looks/is needing c) looks/needs d) is looking/is needing 6. Look at that! Edward __________ exercise, He __________ soccer now. a) does/is playing b) is doing/plays c) does/play d) is doing/is playing 7. Henry normally __________ in the afternoons. He __________ from 1 to 6 pm. a) wok/is working b) works/works c) is working/works d) works/is working 8. Alex __________ very well. He __________ lessons this month. a) sings/is taking b) sing/is taking c) is singing/takes d) is singing/take 9. Daniel and Margaret __________ in Chicago this season. They __________ two of my best students. a) are living/are being b) live/are being c) lives/are d) are living/are 10. Armand __________ two sisters. They __________ with him this season. a) have/lives b) is having/live c) has/is living d) has/are living 11. Taylor never __________ lies but she __________ for you now. a) say/cheat b) says/cheating c) says/is cheating d) is/cheats 12. I _________ a very interesting book this month. The name of the book __________ “Outside my world”. a) am reading/is b) read/is c) is reading/be d) reads/is 13. I __________ my wife. She __________ something delicious for me right now. a) love/cooks b) love/is cooking c) loves/is cooking d) am loving/cooks 14. Louis __________ his house at this moment. He __________ doing that but he has to do it. a) paint/is hating b) paints/is hating c) is painting/hates d) is painting/hate 15. My father __________ TV at nights. Right now he __________ to the radio. a) is watching/listen b) watch/is watching c) watches/listens d) watches/is listening II. Complete the sentences with the correct present continuous form of the verbs in parentheses. 1- Right now, Brenda and Jimmy ______________________ economics at college. (study / not) 2- Sandy and I _________________________ at the Hilton Hotel until tomorrow. (stay) 3- It ___________________________ a lot these days, isn’t it? – You are totally right!(rain) 4- Now, Richard _______________________ a lot to keep fit. She likes looking great! (swim) 5- Sharon __________________________ a travel guide to Italy right now. (read) 6- I ____________________________ to work today, but I usually walk. – I can see it!(drive) 7- You _____________________________ a lot these days, aren’t you? – Well I have to say yes!(run) 8- ______________ your sister ________________ with you right now? (live) 9- Where are Ken and Kate? They ___________________________ outside. (wait) 9

10- _________ Sally _____________ a shower? (have) No, she ______________ her hair. (wash) 11- You __________________________ the TV at the moment. (watch / not) Turn it off! 12- What ________Maria _____________ these days? – She is painting her house. (do) LISTENING I. Answer the following questions about the interview. 1) What is someone doing in conversation 1? a) Using a computer b) Writing a letter 2) What is someone doing in conversation 2? a) Eating soup b) Preparing food 3) What is someone doing in conversation 3? a) Tuning up a car b) Working quickly 4) What is someone doing in conversation 4? a) Playing sports b) Watching soccer

II. Listen and circle (T) true or (F) false correctly. Track 4 1. Joe wants to see Richard because he wants to invite him to a concert. 2. Richard is making a call to New York. 3. Richard is going to a sales meeting at 5:30. 4. Lisa is taking her sister shopping. 5. Joe is going to have dinner with Lisa next Friday.

T T T T T

F F F F F

READING Hi, Fred! I’m writing this letter to let you know how things have been going during my semester abroad here in Málaga, Spain. I've already been here for six weeks, and I feel like I am finally adapting to the culture. I'm also speaking the language more fluently. I arrived during the first week of September. The weather has been very nice. Even though it's October, it's still rather sunny and warm. In fact, I went to the beach and swam in the Mediterranean Sea earlier today. I am living with a very welcoming host family. I have my own private bedroom, but we eat breakfast, lunch, and dinner together. 10

On Sundays, we eat a big home-cooked paella for lunch. In Spain, lunch is usually the biggest meal of the day. It's also very common for the people to take a midday nap right after a big meal. I am actually just waking up from my nap right now! On weekdays, I take classes at the local university. There, I met several native Spanish speakers. They have been very kind and patient with me. At first, I struggled to comprehend their Spanish, but now I understand most of our conversations. They have commented that my Spanish is improving a lot. Now, I am more confident to use the language in other places like stores and restaurants. I am so glad that I decided to spend the semester here in Spain. We have an extended weekend coming up, so a group of my friends and I are going to travel to France for four days. It's so easy and inexpensive to travel internationally in Europe. I love it! I look forward to hearing from you soon. Like I said, don't hesitate to stay in touch more often. Perhaps you could even come to visit! What do you think? Best wishes, Patrick I. After reading the text, choose the correct option. 1) Why is Patrick writing to Fred? To give Fred travel advice To wish Fred a happy birthday

To update Fred about life abroad To offer Fred a job in Spain

2) Based on the letter, Málaga is most likely located: On the coast In the mountains In a valley In Madrid, the capital 3) The best definition of "paella” is: A frozen beverage A sweet dessert

A common meal A small snack

4) What does Patrick do from Monday to Friday? Offer English lessons Go out with friends Travel internationally Take college classes 5) Where does Patrick plan on traveling during the extended weekend? Spain France England Germany 6) How long has Patrick been out of the country? One week One month Six weeks Six months

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1.3 ADVERBS OF MANNER My mom speaks English poorly. He plays volleyball well. You eat food so slowly. Why do we use “adverbs”? [FUNCTION] - To describe a verb They are studying quietly. (“quietly” describes the verb study) He speaks loudly all the time. (“loudly" describes the verb speak) How do we use “adverbs of manner”? [FORM] [1] Usually you make an adverb by adding “ly” to an adjective [ adjective + ly ] quiet poor slow

+ ly + ly + ly

= quietly = poorly = slowly

[2] If the adjective ends with “y” then you drop the “y” and add “ily” [ adjective (-y) + ily ] easy (-y) + ily = easily angry (-y) + ily = angrily happy (-y) + ily = happily [3] Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective -late Don’t arrive late. He arrived early. You kick hard. Don’t drive fast.

-early

-hard -fast -late describes the verb arrive. -early describes the verb arrived. -hard describes the verb kick. -fat describes the verb drive.

The adverb of “good = well” You play piano well. I speak well. You play this game well.

(well describes the verb play) (well describes the verb speak) (well describes the verb play) 12

I. Make the adverb. Adjective

Adverb

Adjective

angry fast

angrily fast

happy slow

good sudden noisy

bad nice quiet

hard careful

soft careless

polite quick

rude loud

Adverb

II. Change the adverb to its opposite. [1] Please you shouldn’t eat so fast.

-

Please you shouldn’t eat so slowly.

[2] Oh my god, you sing so badly. [3] Don’t eat so nosily. [4] Don’t hit that so hard. [5] You drive so carefully. [6] They finished so quickly. [7] Your brother acts so politely. [8] And they lived happily ever after. [9] I was walking slowly. [10] My brother dances so well.

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III. Change the adjectives from the box to the adverb form and fill in the sentences. angry careful

fast polite

good quick

sudden hard

noisy happy

[1] The children play so ___happily___ together. [2] The bullet train gets you to Seoul so _______________. [3] You must pick up the snake _______________. [4] Act _______________ when you meet the Queen of England. [5] Stop talking so _______________ in the library. [6] My father yells _______________when he is driving and gets upset. [7] Push the door _____________ to open it because it is a heavy wood door. [8] If you do your homework _______________ your score will be great. [9] He jumped up _______________ because he was very excited. [10] Get dressed _______________ we are late for our airplane! IV. Choose either the adverb or the adjective to complete the following sentences. Then write what is being described on the blank line at the end of the sentence. Remember:

Adverbs describe a verb

Adjectives describe a noun

[1] The bed is very < soft / softly > so I can sleep very well.

bed - noun

[2] He can play sports < good / well > because he is strong.

play - verb

[3] The homework was < easy / easily > and I finished it fast.

_________

[4] Please walk < quiet / quietly > because mom is sleeping.

_________

[5] My friends are < angry / angrily > because I didn't help them.

_________

[6] Danny looks < happy / happily > today.

_________

[7] You always speak so < nice / nicely > to everyone.

_________

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LISTENING I. Listen to the conversation and identify the three adjectives which are used as adverbs. Write the correct adverb for each one. Track 5 1. Adj. _____________ = Adv. _____________ 2. Adj. _____________ = Adv. _____________ 3. Adj. _____________ = Adv. _____________ II. Choose true of false according to the conversation. 1. The students feel bored.

TRUE

FALSE

2. They need to study for their physics test.

TRUE

FALSE

3. They really want to study.

TRUE

FALSE

4. They don’t want to get bad grades.

TRUE

FALSE

5. They will study all night.

TRUE

FALSE

6. They don´t want to play video games.

TRUE

FALSE

READING Last Saturday Ben went shopping with Grandma Sue. They took the car to the shopping center. There was a lot of traffic on the road. That’s why his grandma had to drive slowly. “Have you got the shopping list, Ben?” Grandma Sue wanted to know. “No, I haven’t.” Ben answered quickly. “But I told you to take it.” She said angrily. “Sorry, granny, but I forgot all about.” Ben said. “Well, then you have to write a list now”. “Now?” Ben asked worriedly. “But you know that I can’t read or write in the car. It always makes me feel sick.” “Oh Ben, you’re terrible.” His grandma said. “Then I have to write the list. Where is my handbag?” “I can´t see it anywhere, grandma!” Ben answered helpfully. “Oh no, I left it on the kitchen table. What are going to do about it? Said Grandma Sue nervously. “I know.” Ben suggested happily. “We drive back and get your handbag and the shopping list.” “Good idea!” She said. Carefully, she turned right at the next traffic lights and returned home. I. Choose true or false according to the text. 1. Grandma Sue was driving fast to go to the shopping center.

T

F

2. Grandma Sue didn’t care about the list that Ben forgot.

T

F

3. Ben was happy to write the list again.

T

F

4. Ben knew where the handbag was.

T

F

5. Grandma Sue drove fast to return home for the list and the handbag. T

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1.4 THE SIMPLE PRESENT VS THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE VERB TENSE COMPARISON TENSE AFFIRMATIVE / NEGATIVE WHEN TO USE / QUESTION / SHORT ANSWERS / WH’QUESTION Simple present A: He speaks.  Actions in the present N: He does not speak. taking place once, never or Q: Does he speak? several times (habitual or SA: Yes, he does / No, he regular actions). doesn’t  Facts. WH’ Q: What does he do?  Actions taking place one after another.  Actions set by a timetable or schedule. Present A: He is speaking.  Actions taking place in progressive N: He is not speaking. the moment of speaking. Q: Is he speaking?  Actions taking place SA: Yes, he is / No, he isn’t only for a limited period of WH’ Q: What is he doing? time.  Action arranged for the future.

SIGNAL WORDS

always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now

I. Complete the text with the correct tense using these verbs in order: sit, read, read, pour, drink, go, watch, play, watch, pay, watch, watch, watch.

It’s 7:30 A.M. and the Wilsons are in their kitchen. Mrs. Wilson _______ at the breakfast table. She ________ a newspaper. She _____ the newspaper every morning. Mr. Wilson ________ a cup of 16

coffee. He ______ two cups of coffee every morning before he _____ to work. There is a cartoon on TV, but the children ___________ it. They ________ with their toys instead. They usually _____ cartoons in the morning, but this morning they ____________ any attention to the TV. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson __________ the TV either. They often _______ the news in the evening, but they ________ cartoons. EXERCISES II. Complete the sentences by using the words in parenthesis. Use the simple present or the present progressive. Shhh. The baby (sleep) is sleeping

The baby (sleep) sleeps

for ten hours every night.

Right now, I’m in class. I (sit) _________________ at my desk. I usually (sit) _________________ at the same desk in class every day. Ali (speak) _________________ Arabic. Arabic is his native language, but now he (speak) _________________ English. A: (it, rain) _________________ a lot in southern California? B: No. The weather (be) _________________ usually warm and sunny. A: Look out the window. (it, rain) _________________? Should I take my umbrella? B: It (start) _________________ to sprinkle. A: Look. It’s Youssef. B: Where? A: Over there. He (walk) _________________ out of the bakery. A: Oscar usually (walk) _________________ to work. (walk, you) _________________ to work every day, too? B: Yes. A: (Oscar, walk) _________________ with you? B: Sometimes. A: Flowers! Flowers for sale! Yes sir! Can I help you? B: I’ll take those –the yellow ones. A: Here you are, mister. Are they for a special occasion?

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B: I (buy) _________________ them for my wife. I (buy) _________________ her flowers on the first day of every month. 1.5 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES Adjectives in comparative degree The comparative is used in English to compare differences between the two objects to which it modifies (larger, smaller, faster, higher). It is used in sentences where we compare two names, as follows: Name (subject) + verb + adjective in comparative degree + than + name (object). The second term of the comparison can be omitted if it is understood from the context. (see the last example). EXAMPLES • My house is larger than hers. • This box is smaller than the one I lost. • Your dog is faster than Jim's dog. • This rock is bigger than that one. • Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I Jack’s better. ("than Jim" se sobreentiende) Adjectives in superlative degree The superlative is used to describe an object that is at the upper or lower end of a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). It is used in sentences in which we compare a subject with a group of objects, like here: Name (subject) + verb + the + adjective in superlative degree + name (object). The group with which the comparison is made can be omitted if it is understood from the context (see last example). EXAMPLES • My house is the largest one in our neighborhood. • This is the smallest box I've ever seen. • Your dog is the fastest of any dog in the race. • My house is the most beautiful in my neighborhood. Forming of comparatives and regular superlatives In English, it is simple to form the comparative and the superlative of most adjectives. The form will depend on the number of syllables in the adjective. 18

ADJECTIVES OF ONE SYLLABLE Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative. If the adjective ends in consonant + vowel + consonant, the last consonant must be repeated before adding the ending. Adjetive tall fat big sad

Comparative taller fatter bigger sadder

Superlative the tallest the fattest the biggest the saddest

Two syllable adjectives The adjectives of two syllables can form the comparative by adding -er, like the adjectives of a syllable, or by placing more in front of the adjective, as with those of three syllables. Likewise, these adjectives can form the superlative by adding the ending -est or by putting most in front of the adjective. In many cases both forms are used, although one of the uses will be more common than the other. If we are not sure that an adjective can take the comparative or superlative terminations, it is better to use more and most. When an adjective with two syllables ends in y, it must be changed to i before adding the ending. Adjetive happy simple busy tilted tangled

Comparative happier simpler busier more tilted more tangled

Superlative happiest simplest busiest most tilted most tangled

Three syllable or more adjectives Adjectives of three syllables or more form the comparative by placing more before the adjective and the superlative by placing most. Adjetivo important expensive

Comparativo more important more expensive

Superlativo the most important the most expensive

Irregular comparatives and superlatives Some very common adjectives have irregular shapes in the comparative and superlative grades. EXAMPLES: • Today is the worst day I've had in a long time. 19

• In tennis, you are better than me. • This is the least expensive sweater in the store. • This sweater is less expensive than that one.

Adjetivos good bad little much far

Comparativos better worse less more further / farther

Superlativos the best the worst the least the most the furthest / farthest

In English there are 3 types of comparative: INFERIORITY, EQUALITY AND SUPERIORITY 1) LOWER COMPARATIVE Structure: [less + than] ///// [not as .......as] Example: He is less intelligent than you. (Él es menos inteligente que tu) He is not as intelligent as you. (Él no es tan inteligente como tu) Mary isn’t as tall as her sister. This project is less complicated than yesterday’s project. 2) EQUALITY COMPARATIVE Structure: [as + as] Example: He is as intelligent as you (Él es tan inteligente como tú.) Karen is as beautiful as her mom. (Karen es tan hermosa como su mamá.) These teams are as good as my team. 3) SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVE The superiority comparison has two different structures depending on the length of the adjective. SHORT ADJECTIVES [-er + than] Example: He is taller than me (El es más alto que yo) LONG ADJECTIVES [more + than] Example:He is more intelligent than me (El es más inteligente que yo) 20

GRAPHIC MODIFICATIONS (SPECIAL SPELLING) 1. Adjectives ending in "-e" add only "-r" and "-st" to the comparative and superlative, respectively. For example: nicer, the nicest. 2. Those ending in -and preceded by consonant transform "-y" into "-i". For example: pretty prettier - the prettiest. 3. When the "-y" is preceded by a vowel, it does not change. For example: gray - greyer - the grayest. 4. Adjectives ending in consonant preceded by a short sound vowel, double the consonant. For example: big - bigger - the biggest. 5. The adjectives ending in "-l" fold it. For example: cruel - crueller - the cruellest. EXERCISES I. Complete with the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in parenthesis. 1. This computer is (new)________________ than your computer. 2. Louis is (old) ___________________ than George. 3. George is (young) _____________ than Lisa. 4. Lucy is (young) _____________ in the class. 5. The yellow car is (expensive)______________ than the blue car. 6. That car is (expensive) __________________ in the market. 7. Your car is (fast) ____________________ than this car. 8. Your car is (fast)____________________ in the race. 9. This house is (big) _____________________ than my house! 10. This house is (big)_____________________ in the neighborhood. II. Complete the adjectives using the comparative form 1. It ́s too noisy here. Can we go to a ___________ [quieter/more quiet] (quiet) place? 2. The hotel was __________ [more big/biger/bigger/] (big) than that in which we stayed last year. 3. Your work is __________ [gooder/better/beter/] (good) than mine. 4. The accident could have been ________ [bader/worse/more bad/badder] (bad) than it was. 5. I was ________________ [nervouser/more nervous] (nervous) in my exam yesterday than Mark. 6. I ́d like to have a __________ [faster/more fast] (fast) car. The one I have now is really old. 7. Last week it was really hot. Today is __________ [more cold/colder] (cold) than then. III. Which is correct? 21

1. We have an ________ [older/more old] brother who lives in Miami. 2. Her illness is ________________ [more serious/most serious] than what the doctors expected. 3. I like warm weather. If the weather is __________ [more cold/colder] , I will get sick. 4. This dress is __________________ [most beautiful/more beautiful] than that one. 5. He is __________ [more rich/richer] than Arthur. 6. This road is ___________ [farther/more far/] than the motorway. 7. Was the TV program ________ [worse/more bad/] than the film? IV. Write the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in these sentences 1. She was a very intelligent student. She was ________________________ [more intelligent than / the most intelligent] girl in her class. 2. It ́s a very old castle. Experts argued it is ______________ [the oldest/older than/] in Britain. 3. I ́m going to sleep on the sofa. The floor is ______________________ [more uncomfortable/the most uncomfortable/] (uncomfortable) than it. 4. This new job is __________________ [the most important/more important] (important) for me than the last I had. 5. Living in the countryside is _____________ [healthier/the healthiest/] (healthy) than leaving in town. 6. These instructions were ______________________ [the most difficult/more difficult than] READING Read through the text about a circus, then answer the questions below. The Rodriguez Brothers Circus is in town! Every year, the circus arrives and stays for a week. Then they go to the next town. There are not many animals in the circus. People told the circus that they didn't like seeing animals performing. There is an elephant called Jacob and two old lions, Hattie and Meg. Most of the performers are human! There is Leopold, The Strongest Man In The World. His father also worked in the circus, but Leopold is stronger than him, he has bigger arms and bigger legs too! Leopold performs his act every night for the town's people who come to watch. Another performer is Clara. She says she has the longest hair in the world. It's about 4 meters long! She also has a daughter who works in the circus. Her name is Sue-Ellen. Her hair is a lot shorter, but she wants to grow it as long as her mother's. Sue-Ellen helps look after the animals and she's also learning how to juggle. The highlights of the circus are the three clowns, Pit, Pot and Pat. They all wear long red shoes, but Pat's shoes are the longest and sometimes, he falls over because they're so long! They perform for 22

about twenty minutes and they are always the most popular act with the audience, especially the children. Many people think Pit, Pot and Pat are three brothers, but Pat is older than the other two he's their father! He's the oldest clown in the country, but he has a lot of energy. Tomorrow will be the longest day because the circus is leaving town, and everything must be packed away into big trucks. 1. The circus comes to the town twice a year. 2. There are not many animals in the circus. 3. People don't come to the circus because of the animals. 4. Leopold and his father work in the circus together. 5. Leopold's father is the strongest. 6. Clara's hair is longer than her daughter's hair. 7. Sue-Ellen wants to be a clown in the circus. 8. Pit is the father of the other two clowns. 9. The three clowns wear identical shoes. 10. Everyone is very tired on the day that the circus leaves town.

True True True True True True True True True True

False False False False False False False False False False

LISTENING. Track 6. Business Max Listen to the story. Circle the statement that means the same as what Lin says. 1. a. Business Max is usually more expensive than Office Star. b. Office Star is as expensive as Business Max. 2. a. Printer ink at Business Max is less expensive than at Office Star. b. Printer ink at Office Star isn’t the most expensive. 3. a. The people at Business Max are as helpful as the people at Office Star. b. The people at Office Star are more helpful than the people at Business Max. 4. a. The salespeople at Office Star are as knowledgeable as the people at Business Max. b. The salespeople at Business Max are less knowledgeable than the salespeople at Office Star. 5. a. The order form for Business Max isn’t as easy to use as the form for Office Star. b. Both online order forms are easy to use. 6. a. Orders from Business max arrive later than my orders from Office Star. b. Orders from Office Star arrive later than my orders from Business Max.

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1.6 PHRASAL VERBS Phrasal verbs are very common in English, but they also cause a few problems. First, there are very, very many phrasal verbs and it can be hard to know where to start. Second, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning. ‘Take off’ can mean both ‘leave the ground’ and ‘become successful’. ‘Go on’ has eight meanings in the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. Third, phrasal verbs are often used only in very specific situations. They have narrow meanings and you will often see the same examples again and again. These are the situations that it’s important to learn. Some common phrasal verbs. 1: GO ON = happen • What’s going on? • There’s a class going on now. • What went on last night? 2: PICK UP = get something or someone from a place • I picked up my brother from the airport. • Please pick up some bread. • Would you come and pick me up from work tonight? 3: COME BACK = return to a place (the speaker is in that place) • She came back around 10pm last night. • When will you come back from France? • Please come back! It’s boring here without you. 4: COME UP WITH = produce an idea • Julie came up with a great idea. • He came up with an answer to the question very quickly. • Can you come up with a better solution? 5: GO BACK = return to a place (the speaker isn’t in that place) • He finished his work and went back to his flat. • When is she planning to go back to Japan? • I’ll go back to the library later. 6: FIND OUT = get information • Can you find out what time the restaurant opens? • I found out that we needed to submit our essays next Tuesday. • I don’t know what the weather forecast is for tomorrow, but I’ll find out. 7: COME OUT = appear from a place • She came out of the kitchen. • He went to the cafe and came out with a coffee. • Please come out of the bedroom. 24

8: GO OUT = go to an event / restaurant / pub / party • Let’s go out for dinner. • You’re going out a lot these days. • We should go out more. 9: POINT OUT = show / mention • She pointed out the beautiful paintings on the walls. • Please point out to the students that they must attend all the lectures. • ‘We’ll miss the bus if we don’t hurry’, he pointed out. 10: GROW UP = become an adult • I grew up in Scotland. • My children are growing up too fast! • When will he grow up? 11: SET UP = create / arrange • I need to set up a new bank account. • She’s decided to set up her own company. • I set up some language classes at the school. 12: TURN OUT = in the end we discover • The maid turned out to have stolen the money. • He turned out to be a friend of Alex’s. • The party turned out to be a big success. 13: GET OUT = leave a room / building / car • I need to get out of the house! • She got out of the car and went into the shop. • Get out! There’s a fire in the kitchen! 14: COME IN / INTO = enter (the speaker is in that place) • Please come in! It’s great to see you. • She came into the living room and sat down. • Don’t come in! I’m not ready yet! 15: TAKE ON = to be responsible for • He’s going to take on the new project. • She isn’t taking on any new students at the moment. • Could you take on some extra work? 16. GIVE UP = stop having or doing • She has finally given up smoking. • I had to give up coffee when I was ill. • He gave up chocolate for a month. 17. TAKE OUT = remove from a container (+ of before a noun) 25

• She took the letter out of the envelope. • I’ll take the sweets out of the box and put them under the Christmas tree now. • He took his clothes out of the suitcase and put them away in the wardrobe. 18. TAKE OFF = remove clothes or jewelry • I took off my coat because it was very hot. • She always takes off all her rings before she goes to bed. • Is it okay to take off my shoes? 19. GET BACK = arrive somewhere again, especially your home (+ to + place) • She got back to Paris last night. • What time did you get back yesterday? • We got back very late because the train was delayed. 20. CARRY OUT = do and finish a task or activity • She carried out an experiment on the cells in her laboratory. • Please carry out the survey as soon as you can. • A local builder carried out the work.

EXERCISES Put in the correct phrasal verb (choose from the 40 first Phrasal Verbs) 1) Can you (think of an idea) a better idea? 2) She (showed / mentioned) that the shops would be closed. 3) I wish I hadn’t (become responsible for) so much work! 4) I (went to an event) for dinner with my husband last night. 5) He (entered a place where the speaker is) the kitchen and made some tea. 6) Where did you (become an adult)? 7) I’d love to (arrange / create) my own business. 8) I really want to (leave a building) of this office and go for a walk. 9) As I arrived, he (appeared from a place) of the door. 10) She (got something from a place) some dinner on the way home. 11) Could you 26

(get information) what time we need to arrive? 12) I thought the conference was going to be boring, but it (in the end we discovered) to be quite useful. 13) What time did you (return to a place where the speaker is) last night? 14) She (appeared from a place) of the cafe and put on her gloves. 15) A performance is (is happening) at the moment.

READING Seeing a Dentist Read through the following short story to brush up (review) your phrasal verbs. Little Johnny hated going to see the dentist. It wasn’t that his dentist was nasty; it was that Johnny wasn’t too fond of sweets. His dentist had warned him that his teeth would fall out if he kept up eating candy. Time and time again, the dentist had told him to cut out sweet food or at least cut down on the amount he ate. As he lay down in the dentist’s chair, all the horrible memories from his last visit came back to him. On that occasion, the dentist had to pull out one of his teeth! The pain was terrible – even with the anesthetic the dentist had given him. When the anesthetic wore off it was difficult for him to eat or chew anything at all. This time the checkup was much better. His dentist checked out his teeth, made him wash out his mouth with pink liquid and then told him to spit it out into the sink. That was it. No problems and no pain! Johnny was delighted and so was his dentist. Johnny has finally learned his lesson and was taking better care of his teeth. Well done, Johnny! Here’s a definition of the phrasal verbs listed above: Fall out – to separate. When one thing separates from another thing. Often used with teeth and hair. Keep up – continue. Cut out – stop. Cut down – reduce / consume less. Lie down – to put your body in the position where it is flat and horizontal – like being in bed. Come back – remember Pull out – remove using force. Wear off – the effects of something like a drug/medicine end gradually. Check out – inspect, examine or investigate. Wash out – use water or a liquid to clean the inside of something. Spit out – to force something out of your mouth, especially saliva or liquid. Remember that phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning. The definitions shown 27

here only refer to the context in which they are used above. Now try choosing the correct phrasal verb for each sentence: 1. No chewing gum in class! ___________! Pull it out Fall it out Spit it out Wear it off 2. I don’t remember now. It’ll ___________ to me later. keep up wash out come back cut down 3. ___________ Tom’s new car! It’s cool! Checkup Check out Cut out Spit out 4. I’ve ___________ from 10 cigarettes a day to 5. pull out fall out cut down cut out 5. My father’s hair started ___________ when he was 30. falling out waring off pulling out washing out 6. I’m very happy with your progress. ___________ the good work. Keep up Pull out Cut out Lie down 7. The effects of the drugs started to ___________ after 4 hours. pull out spit out check out wear off

LISTENING. Track 7. Complaining with phrasal verbs. 1. Listen to the conversation and answer: a. What is Debbie complaining about? ______________________________ b. Write the phrasal verbs you listen. call off – move out - get up - pick up - take out - get out - put away - throw away - keep up - clean up hang up ______________ _______________ _______________ ______________ _______________ _______________ ______________ _______________

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1.7 TOO AND ENOUGH

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Enough Enough significa suficiente. Se usa con adjetivos adverbios o nombres: 

Detrás de adjetivos: You are old enough to go to school on your own. – Eres lo suficiente mayor para ir al colegio solo. I think she is strong enough to get over this. – Creo que ella es lo suficiente fuerte como para superar esto.  Detrás de adverbios: I am not well enough today. I’m still feeling bad. – No estoy suficientemente bien hoy. Aún me siento mal.  Delante de nombres: I don’t have enough space in my house. – No tengo espacio suficiente en casa. Is there enough cold water in the fridge? – Hay suficiente agua fría en la nevera?  Solo. Cuando se sobreentiende el objeto a cuantificar: I don’t want to eat more. I’ve had enough. – No quiero comer más. He tenido suficiente.  Enough of. I have heard enough of your poems to know you have a great talent. – He escuchado suficientes de tus poemas, como para saber que tienes un gran talento. Too Cuando hablamos de too hablamos de una palabra de la clase de los adverbios. Significa demasiado. 

Con adjetivos o adverbios: You are too old to know this – Eres demasiado mayor como para saber esto. I don’t like to wake up too early. – No me gusta levantarme demasiado temprano.  Too many/too much: Too many se usa con sustantivos contables y too much con incontables. I don’t want to eat too much meat. – No quiero comer demasiada carne. I like too many Spanish writers – Me gustan demasiados escritores españoles. EXERCISES Look at what people are saying and complete the sentences. Use too, too many, too much or enough with these words: clearly, complicated, difficult, expensive, food, hastily, mistakes, rain, sweet, traffic ? You should have stopped to think first. You acted too hastily. ? This quiz is rather easy. The questions aren't difficult enough. 1 Can I have some more sugar in my coffee, please? It isn't 2 I can't afford a new stereo. It would be. 3 There's a water shortage. There just hasn't been 4 I can't read your writing. You don't write

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ 30

5 Try to be more careful, please. You're making 6 The roads are very crowded. There's simply 7 I can't understand these instructions. They're 8 Thousand of people are starving because they can't get

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

Choose the correct option that completes each sentence. 1.- Maria is clever ____ to take this decision. a) too much b) too many c) too d) enough 2.- I am ____ old to understand this music. a) too much b) too many c) too d) enough 3.- I don’t think it’s ____ early to wake up. a) too much b) too many c) too d) enough 4.- There are ______ cats in these streets. a) too much b) too many c) too d) enough 5.- I don’t like this meal. There is _____ salt in it. a) too much b) too many c) too d) enough 6.- It’s ____ far to go there by foot, let’s take the train. a) too b) enough 7.- This apartment is big ____ for me and my dog. a) too b) enough

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UNIT II 2.1 MODALS 2.2 SIMPLE PAST 2.3 PAST PROGRESSIVE 2.4 PRESENT PERFECT 2.5 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 2.1 MODALS Los verbos modales son verbos auxiliares que no pueden funcionar como un verbo principal, a diferencia de los verbos auxiliares “be”, “do” y “have” que sí pueden funcionar como un verbo principal. Los verbos modales expresan modalidad, habilidad, posibilidad, necesidad u otra condición . Los utilizamos para el futuro y el condicional. Como verbos complementarios que son, los verbos modales no funcionan sin otro verbo. Este otro verbo siempre va después del verbo modal y está en la forma base (el infinitivo sin “to”). No se conjugan los verbos modales y no tienen tiempo. Los verbos modales son: CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, WILL, SHALL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO, MUST / HAVE TO, WOULD “CAN” indica habilidad o posibilidad. En estos casos puede ser traducido como “poder” en español. Ejemplos: I can speak five languages. (Puedo hablar cinco idiomas.) We can work late tonight if you need us. (Podemos trabajar hasta tarde esta noche si nos necesitas.) En frases interrogativas, el uso de “can” puede solicitar permiso o preguntar sobre posibilidades. Ejemplos: Can I have a glass of water?(¿Puedo tomar un vaso de agua?) Can you help me?(¿Puedes ayudarme?) “COULD” indica posibilidad o habilidad en el pasado. Ejemplos: Joe could speak Spanish when he was young. (Joe podía hablar español cuando era joven.) I couldn’t sleep last night. (No pude dormir anoche.) 32

Could you play an instrument when you were a child? (¿Podías tocar un instrumento cuando eras un niño?) También se puede usar “could” para posibilidades en el futuro. Ejemplos: You could pass the test if you studied. (Podrías pasar el examen si estudiaras.) I think it could rain later. (Creo que podría llover más tarde.) Como “can”, en frases interrogativas “could” puede solicitar permiso o preguntar sobre las posibilidades, pero es más formal. Ejemplos: Could you pass the salt please?(¿Podría pasarme la sal por favor?) Could you help me?(¿Podrías ayudarme?) Could I be wrong?(¿Podría estar equivocado?) Nota: Se usa “could” en frases condicionales. Ver la lección sobre frases condicionales para más información sobre el uso de “could”. MAY Como “could”, se usa “may” para indicar posibilidades en el futuro. Ejemplos: I would bring an umbrella, it may rain later. (Llevaría un paraguas, puede llover más tarde.) It may be better to finish this now, rather than wait until tomorrow. (Tal vez sea mejor terminar esto ahora, en lugar de esperar hasta mañana.) También se puede utilizar para dar permisos o instrucciones. Ejemplos: You may leave if you like. (Puede salir si quiere.) You may use your cell phones now. (Pueden usar sus teléfonos ahora.) En frases interrogativas, el uso de “may” es más educado que “can” o “could”. Ejemplos: May I have a glass of water? (¿Podría tomar un vaso de agua?) May I leave now? (¿Podría salir ahora?) MIGHT Se usa “might” para indicar posibilidades en el presente o el futuro. En estos casos, es un sinónimo de “may”. Ejemplos: I would bring an umbrella, it might rain later. (Yo llevaría un paraguas, puede llover más tarde.) It might be better to finish this now, rather than wait until tomorrow. (Tal vez sea mejor terminar esto ahora, en lugar de esperar hasta mañana.) También se puede usar al igual que “may”, para pedir permisos o hacer peticiones corteses, aunque este uso es mucho más común en el Reino Unido que en los Estados Unidos. 33

WILL Como veremos en lecciones posteriores, se utiliza “will” para formar el tiempo futuro. También el uso de “will” significa voluntad o determinación. Ejemplos: I will help you. (Te ayudaré.) We will learn English. (Aprenderemos inglés.) Se utiliza “will” en frases interrogativas para pedir información, un favor o sobre opciones. Ejemplos: Will they find a cure for cancer? (¿Encontrarán una cura para el cáncer?) Will you help me move? (¿Me ayudas a mudarme?) Will he go to Paris by car or train? (¿Irá a París en coche o en tren?) SHALL Se usa “shall” como “will” para formar el tiempo futuro. El uso de “shall” es mucho más común en el Reino Unido y en general es más educado. Ejemplos: Chris shall be happy to see you. (Chris estará feliz de verte.) I’ll take the 3 o’clock train. (Tomaré el tren a las 15h.) Nota: Las formas cortas de “will” y “shall” son lo mismo. Entonces “I’ll”en el ejemplo anterior puede significar “I will” o “I shall”. También se puede utilizar “shall” para ofertas y sugerencias o para preguntar sobre opciones o preferencias. Ejemplos: Shall we meet at 10pm? (¿Quedamos a las 22h?) Shall we go to the movies or a museum? (¿Vamos al cine o a un museo?) SHOULD “Should” indica una obligación o recomendación. Refleja una opinión sobre lo que es correcto. Se traduce como el condicional de “deber” en español. Ejemplos: I should call my parents more often. (Debería llamar a mis padres más a menudo.) You shouldn’t work so hard. (No debería trabajar tan duro.) They should practice more if they want to win the championship. (Deberían practicar más si quieren ganar el campeonato.) Se utiliza “should” en frases interrogativas para preguntar si existe una obligación o para pedir una recomendación. 34

Ejemplos: Should we leave a tip? (¿Deberíamos dejar una propina?) Should I have the steak or the chicken? (¿Debería comer el bistec o el pollo?) Where should they meet you? (¿Dónde deberían encontrarte?) OUGHT TO “Ought to” es un sinónimo de “should” aunque es menos común. Ejemplos: She ought to quit smoking. (Debería dejar de fumar.) I ought to call my parents more often. (Debería llamar a mis padres más a menudo.) They ought to work less. (Deberían trabajar menos.) Note: Nunca se usa “ought to” en frases interrogativas en inglés americano.

MUST “Must” indica una obligación, prohibición o necesidad. También puede emplearse “have to” (tener que) en frases afirmativas. Ejemplos: You must [have to] read this book, it’s fantastic. (Tienes que leer este libro, es fantástico.) You must [have to] brush your teeth two times a day. (Tienes que cepillarte los dientes dos veces al día.) We must [have to] leave now or we will be late. (Tenemos que irnos ahora o llegaremos tarde.) You must not drink and drive. (No puedes beber y conducir.) When must we meet you? (¿Cuándo debemos quedar? ) También se puede usar “must” para indicar probabilidad o asumir algo. Ejemplos: John’s not here. He must be sick because he never misses class. (John no esta aquí. Debe estar enfermo porque nunca pierde clases.) It must be difficult to learn a new language as an adult. (Debe ser difícil aprender un idioma como adulto.) Es posible también usar “must” para preguntas retóricas. Ejemplos: Must you always be late? (¿Siempre tienes que llegar tarde?) Must she talk so much? (¿Tiene que hablar tanto?)

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WOULD Se usa “would” para declarar una preferencia y para preguntar por algo educadamente. Ejemplos: She would like to go to New York someday. (Le gustaría ir a Nueva York algún día.) I would like a beer and my wife would like a glass of wine please. (Me gustaría una cerveza y a mi mujer le gustaría una copa de vino por favor.) Would you like some coffee? (¿Le gustaría un cafe?) Would you help me please? (¿Me ayudas por favor?) When would you like to go to the movies? (¿Cuándo te gustaría ir al cine?) Nota: Se usa “would” en frases condicionales. Ver la lección sobre frases condicionales para más información sobre el uso de “would”.

MODAL VERBS EXERCISES I.

Write the letter on the spaces to complete the sentences with the right MODAL VERBS.

1. Next summer I ______ go to Cancun or Acapulco. a) might b) can c) must 2. I am a pólice officer so I ______ wear a uniform. a) may b) have to c) has to 3. Adriana ______ speak in English perfectly. a) can b) have to c) will 4. They ______ be honest everyday. a) have to b) must c) has to 5. I think you ______ go to the doctor. You look bad. a) must b) will c) should II. Complete the following sentences with CAN'T, MUST, MIGHT 1) Adam is sick. I called him and his mother told me that. He ____________ be in bed at home. 2) He told me she was working late today in the office, so she____________ be at home at 6 pm. 3) Harry doesn't answer the phone. He ____________ be in the park or the gym. 4) Ring! Ring! That ____________ be mom; she said she wouldn’t call. 5) That DVD ____________ be cheap. Not more than 50 pesos; it's an old movie! 6) That watch __________ be expensive. More than 10,000 pesos; it’s an exclusive design with diamonds! 7) Christina has already been three times to that new pizza restaurant. It________ be really good. 8) Robert always gets straight A's. His parents _____________ be really proud of him. 36

9) Her new boyfriend is absolutely gorgeous. He _____________ be a model. 10) A: What's that deafening noise out there? B: My downstairs neighbors ________ be having another barbecue. It's the fifth one this month! III. Match the sentences to find out logical ideas. SHOULD. COLUMN “A” 1. I want to go to the next concert. 2. Mitchell is really sick these days. 3. Valeria wants to lose weight. 4. Ernest wants to get married with Ann. 5. Leonard´s mother is in Florida.

( ( ( ( (

COLUMN “B” ) – He should go to the doctor! ) – So he should start saving money. ) She shouldn’t stop doing exercise. ) He should travel to the US to be with her. ) You should start saving your money.

IV. Match the sentences to find out logical ideas. MUST & HAVE TO. COLUMN “A” 1. I want to lose some pounds. 2. Albert is a soldier. 3. My sister needs to pass all her exams. 4. Mr and Mrs Thompson didn´t pay their bills. 5. We must respect our parents. They are right.

COLUMN “B” ( ) So she must study hard. She should ask for help. ( ) That’s terrible because they have to pay them every month. ( ) He has to wear a uniform all the time. ( ) I know that! But sometimes it’s difficult to follow their ideas. ( ) You must go to the nutriologist.

V. Complete the sentences using MUST, HATE TO or SHOULD. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Chefs ______________ wear uniforms at the kitchen. Students ______________ pass all their subjects. It’s necessary. People ______________ go to the dentist twice a year. Receptionist in Luxurious hotels ______________ speak English. I ______________ pay my electricity bill. People ______________ respect everyone on the street. LISTENING

I. Listen and circle T (true) or F (false). COMMERCE 1.Track 17. Part 1 1. Joe wants to see Richard because of a Power Point Presentation. 2. Richard is not at the moment. 3. Richard is going to be free at 2 o´clock. 4. Richard is meeting the Marketing director of talent. 5. Richard is going to a sales meeting at 3:30.

T T T T T

F F F F F 37

II. Listen and circle T (true) or F (false) correctly. COMMERCE 1. Track 17. Part 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Joe invited Lisa to go for a drink but she couldn’t. Lisa is taking her sister shopping. Lisa is going out with some friends on Wednesday. Joe gets three ticks for a Coldplay concert. Lisa is going to see Coldplay with Joe.

T T T T T

F F F F F

READING “The Tiger Economies” In Chinese astrology the tiger is the symbol of strength and power. It inspires fear and respect. Tigers are courageous and determined and make good leaders. In economics, however, the term “tiger” refers to nations that have achieved high economic growth for decades. In Asia, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan are called the four Asian tigers. In Europe, Ireland has been called the Celtic tiger, Estonia is recognized as the Baltic tiger and Slovak Republic the Tatra tiger. In South America, Chile has been referred to as the Latin American tiger. But which characteristics do all the tigers have? First, their industrial policy is focused on exports, which attracts high level of foreign investments. Second, they all have a high savings rate. Third, they have invested in education and transport infrastructure, and finally, their economies are based on the principles of economic freedom even though their political systems might not be democratic. Nowadays, other nations aspire to acquire the title of tiger and, just like the tigers in the ancient Chinese zodiac, they want to be strong and powerful and maybe become important world leaders. I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Circle next to the statements from 1 to 5; T (True) or F (False). In Chinese astrology tigers are strong and powerful. To be considered a tiger a nation has to have had high economic growth. All the tiger’s economies are situated in Asia. All tiger nations are democratic. Some other nations in the world want to be considered tigers.

T T T T T

F F F F F

II. Circle the correct answer from the next options. 1. The Baltic tiger is: A) Estonia B) Chile C) Hong Kong 2. How many tigers are considered in Europe? A) two B) four C) three 3. How many characteristics must be considered to be a tiger? A) two B) four C) three 4. Tiger economies attract: A) investments B) fear C) respect 5. The term “tiger” was taken from Chinese: A) astrology B) astronomy C) politics 38

2.2 SIMPLE PAST Hay muchas maneras de hablar del pasado en inglés, pero el pasado simple es la forma más común. El pasado simple en inglés es equivalente al pretérito imperfecto y pretérito indefinido del español. Usamos el pasado simple para acciones completas en el pasado. El período de tiempo de estas acciones no es importante como en el español. En el pasado simple hay verbos regulares y verbos irregulares. Reglas gramaticales Forma Para formar el pasado simple con verbos regulares, usamos el infinitivo y añadimos la terminación “ed”. La forma es la misma para todas las personas (I, you, he, she, it, we, they). learn → learned stay → stayed walk → walked show → showed Excepciones: 1. Para verbos que terminan en una “e”, sólo añadimos “-d”. change → changed believe → believed 2. Si el verbo termina en una vocal corta y una consonante (excepto “y” o “w”), doblamos la consonante final. stop → stopped commit → committed 3. Con verbos que terminan en una consonante y una “y”, se cambia la “y” por una “i”. study → studied try → tried Nota: Hay muchos verbos irregulares en inglés. Desafortunadamente, no hay una norma establecida para formarlos. Ver una lista de los verbos irregulares aquí. A continuación tienes los tres verbos irregulares más comunes y los que actúan como verbos auxiliares. Verb

Past simple

be

was (I, he, she, it) were (you, we, they)

do

did

have

had 39

Pronunciation Pronunciamos la terminación “-ed” de forma diferente dependiendo de la letra que va al final del infinitivo. En general la “e” es muda. 1. Con los infinitivos que terminan en “p”, “f”, “k” o “s” (consonantes sordas, excepto “t”) pronunciamos la terminación “-ed” como una “t” Looked [lukt] Kissed [kisst] 2. Con los infinitivos que terminan en “b”, “g”, “l”, “m”, “n”, “v”, “z” (consonantes sonoras, excepto “d”) o una vocal, pronunciamos sólo la “d”. Yelled [jeld] Cleaned [klind] 3. Con los infinitivos que terminan en “d” o “t”, pronunciamos la “e” como una “i”. Ended [endid] Waited [weitid] Estructura 1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas) Sujeto + verbo principal… She was a doctor.(Era doctora.) The keys were in the drawer.(Las llaves estaban en el cajón.) I wanted to dance.(Quería bailar.) They learned English.(Aprendieron inglés.) We believed him.(Le creímos.) I bought a blue car.(Compré un coche azul.) 2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) To be: Sujeto + “to be” + “not” She wasn’t a doctor.(Ella no era doctora.) The keys weren’t in the drawer.(Las llaves no estaban en el cajón.) Nota: El verbo “to have got”, que en el presente simple sigue las mismas reglas que el verbo “to be”, no puede ser utilizado en el pasado. Para indicar la posesión en el pasado, usamos el verbo “to have”. Todos los verbos demás: Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to do) + “not” + verbo principal (en infinitivo)… I didn’t want to dance.(No quería bailar.) They didn’t learn English.(No aprendieron inglés) We didn’t believe him.(No le creímos.) 40

I didn’t buy a blue car.(No compré un coche azul.) Nota: En frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar va en pasado (“did”) y el verbo principal se queda en el infinitivo.

3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas) To be: “To be” + sujeto…? Ejemplos: Was she a doctor?(¿Era doctora?) Were the keys in the drawer?(¿Estaban las llaves en el cajón?) Todos los demás verbos: Verbo auxiliar (to do) + sujeto + verbo principal (en infinitivo)…? Ejemplos Did you want to dance?(¿Querías bailar?) Did they learn English?(¿Aprendieron inglés?) Did you believe him?(¿Le creíste?) Did you buy a blue car?(¿Compraste un coche azul?) Nota: Al igual que en las frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar va en pasado (“did”) y el verbo principal se queda en el infinitivo. Usos 1. El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de una acción concreta que comenzó y acabó en el pasado. En este caso equivale al pretérito indefinido español. Generalmente, lo usamos con adverbios de tiempo como “last year”, “yesterday”, “last night”… Ejemplos: Tom stayed at home last night.(Tom se quedó en casa anoche.) Kate worked last Saturday.(Kate trabajó el sábado pasado.) I didn’t go to the party yesterday.(No fui a la fiesta ayer.) Did they walk to school this morning?(¿Han andado a la escuela esta mañana?) 2. Se usa el pasado simple para un serie de acciones en el pasado. Ejemplos: I received the good news and immediately called my husband.(Recibí la buena noticia y llamé de inmediato a mi marido.) He studied for an hour in the morning, worked all afternoon and didn’t returnhome until 10 at night.(Estudió durante una hora por la mañana, trabajó toda la tarde y no regresó a casa hasta las 10 de la noche.)

41

3. También lo usamos para acciones repetidas o habituales en el pasado, como se usa el pretérito imperfecto español.

Ejemplos: We always traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young.(Siempre viajábamos a Cancun durante las vacaciones cuando éramos jóvenes.) He walked 5 kilometers every day to work.(Caminaba 5 kilómetros hasta el trabajo cada día.) 4. Lo usamos para narraciones o acciones de períodos de largo tiempo en el pasado, como el pretérito imperfecto español. Ejemplos: I worked for many years in a museum.(Trabajaba en un museo durante muchos años.) She didn’t eat meat for years.(No comía carne durante años.) 5. Se utiliza para hablar de generalidades o hechos del pasado. Ejemplos: The Aztec lived in Mexico.(Los aztecas vivían en México) I played the guitar when I was a child.(Tocaba la guitarra cuando era niño.) SIMPLE PAST EXERCISES I.

Complete the next ideas with WAS or WERE correctly. 1. I ___________ so happy yesterday night with my friends. 2. You ___________ angry with your History team. 3. She ___________ in London last week. She practiced her English. 4. He ___________ at his house last Friday night. 5. It ___________ cold in Mexico City last November.

II.

Complete the following sentences in SIMPLE PAST. Use the verbs in parentheses. 1. Last year I __________________ (go) to England on holiday. 2. It __________________ (be) fantastic. The story was really great. 3. I ________________ (visit) lots of interesting places. I ______________ (be) with two friends of mine. 4. In the mornings we __________________ (walk) in the streets of London. 5. In the evenings we __________________ (go) to pubs. A pub is a traditional English bar. “Taberna.” 42

III. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences with USED TO 1. ______________ vegetables when I was a child, now I love it! a. using to eat b. used to eat c. didn’t use to d. didn’t used to eat eat 2. My father _______________ a lot when he was recently married, now he is more relaxed. a. used to work b. use to worked c. using to work d. use to working 3. Kate _______________ a lot of sweets, now, she avoids sugar. a. use to ate b. used to eat c. using to eat d. didn’t use to eat 4. There _______________ so many cars, and traveling in one was something special. a. didn’t use to be b. don’t used to c. used to being d. don’t use to be be 5. 29. _______________ to bed around 9 o'clock too when you were at elementary school? a. Do you used to b. Did you use to c. Do you use to d. Did you used went go went to go IV.

Circle the correct option to complete the next sentences in SIMPLE PAST.

1. Mi brother ____________ his homework one hour before going to school. a) did b) made c) went d) lived 2. Henry ____________ at the University yesterday afternoon. a) understood b) was c) sent d) arrived 3. Daniela ____________ to Italy with her parents two weeks ago. a) did b) spoken c) went d) took 4. I ____________ baseball when I ____________ in high school. a) used to play / was b) cooked / were c) lost / did d) sold / changed 5. The party was incredibly amazing. I really ____________ it. a) wrote b) did c) went d) liked 6. She ____________ soccer with her cousin in Phoenix Arizona. a) played b) needed c) talked d) thought 7. We ____________ what we needed to do. We were absolutely wrong. a) didn’t do b) didn’t meet c) didn’t live d) didn’t go 8. They ____________ part in an interesting activity some days ago. a) were b) took c) used d) won 9. Christian ____________ chocolate too. I ____________ him. a) ate / saw b) ate / found c) sent / saw d) lived / liked 10. Gabriela ____________ the race. She ____________ so sad about that. a) made / knew b) was / left c) passed / danced d) lost / felt

43

Irregular Verbs Infinitive 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Be Become Begin Break Bring Build Buy Choose Come Drink Drive Do Eat Fall Feel Find Fly Forget Get Give Go Have Keep Know Learn Leave Lose Make Meet Read Ride Run Say See Send Sell Sing Speak Spend Swim Take Tell Think Understand Wear Win Write

Past Was / were Became Began Broke Brought Built Bought Chose Came Drank Drove Did Ate Fell Felt Found Flew Forgot Got Gave Went Had Kept Knew Learnt / Learned Left Lost Made Met Read Rode Ran Said Saw Sent Sold Sang Spoke Spent Swam Took Told Thought Understood Wore Won Wrote

Past Participle Been Become Begun Broken Brought Built Bought Chosen Come Drunk Driven Done Eaten Fallen Felt Found Flown Forgotten Gotten Given Gone Had Kept Known Learnt / Learned Left Lost Made Met Read Ridden Run Said Seen Sent Sold Sung Spoken Spent Swum Taken Told Thought Understood Worn Won written

Translation Ser / Estar Llegar a ser / Convertirse Comenzar Romper Traer Construir Comprar Escoger Venir Beber Conducir Hacer Comer Caer Sentir Encontrar Volar Olvidar Conseguir Dar Ir Tener Conservar Conocer / Saber Aprender Abandonar / Dejar Perder Hacer Conocer Leer Montar / Dar un paseo Correr Decir Ver Enviar Vender Cantar Hablar Gastar Nadar Tomar Decir Pensar Entender Usar / Llevar puesto Ganar Escribir

44

Regular Verbs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Infinitive Arrive Believe Belong Call Change Clean Close Cook Cry Dance Design Die Drop Earn Enjoy Fail Finish Fix Follow Happen Help Increase Kiss Laugh Learn Like Listen Live Look Love Need Open Paint Pass Play Start Stop Study Talk Travel Try Use Visit Want Wash Watch Work

Past Arrived Believed Belonged Called Changed Cleaned Closed Cooked Cried Danced Designed Died Dropped Earned Enjoyed Failed Finished Fixed Followed Happened Helped Increased Kissed Laughed Learned Liked Listened Lived Looked Loved Needed Opened Painted Passed Played Started Stopped Studied Talked Traveled Tried Used Visited Wanted Washed Watched Worked

Past Participle Arrived Believed Belonged Called Changed Cleaned Closed Cooked Cried Danced Designed Died Dropped Earned Enjoyed Failed Finished Fixed Followed Happened Helped Increased Kissed Laughed Learned Liked Listened Lived Looked Loved Needed Opened Painted Passed Played Started Stopped Studied Talked Traveled Tried Used Visited Wanted Washed Watched Worked

Translation Llegar Creer Pertenecer Llamar Cambiar Limpiar Cerrar / Acercarse Cocinar LLorar Bailar Diseñar Morir Dejar caer Ganar Disfrutar Reprobar / Fallar Terminar Reparar / Preparar Seguir Suceder / Acontecer Ayudar Aumentar / Incrementar Besar Reir Aprender Gustar Escuchar Vivir Observar Amar Necesitar Abrir Pintar Pasar Jugar Comenzar Detener Estudiar Hablar Viajar Intentar Usar Visitar Querer Lavar Ver Trabajar 45

LISTENING I. Circle (T) or (F). TOURISM 1 Tracks 34, 35 & 36. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Speaker 1 needs a room for just one night. Speaker 1 is travelling by herself. Speaker 1 wants to be in the Non-smoking area. Speaker 2 wants a room for three people. Speaker 2 last name is Danielson.

T T T T T

F F F F F

Circle the right one. TOURISM 1 Tracks 34, 35 & 36. Speaker 3 wants a tent for: Speaker 3 wants a tent for: Speaker 3 wants: Speaker 3 wants the tent for: Speaker 3 wants the tent from:

A) 5 B) 4 A) workers B) his family A) the budget tent B) a standard tent A) Two days B) two months A) July 2nd B) June 22nd

C) 6 C) 5 men C) a huge tent C) two weeks C) July 22nd

READING Myths about Drones Unmanned aerial vehicles (“UAVs”), often called “drones,” are coming to American skies. In February, President Obama signed a law that requires the Federal Aviation Administration to pave the way for public agencies and, eventually, private companies, to fly drones within the United States. The proliferation of domestic drones has been preceded by a proliferation of news stories about the technology — and of some misconceptions regarding what drones are, and how they might be used. A law professor and a professor of electrical engineering, we’ve identified ten commonly held myths related to the technology and legal framework involved in drones and their use. Myth #1: A model airplane is a drone. A drone is an unmanned aircraft that can fly autonomously— that is, without a human in control. By contrast, model airplanes are largely flown within visual line of sight and in the presence of an operator who watches and maintains control of the airplane during flight. That alone is enough to place model airplanes cleanly outside the boundaries of the definition of a “drone.” Myth #2: Drones are no different than street surveillance cameras. The ACLU, the Center for Democracy and Technology, the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and other organizations have raised concerns over the privacy issues associated with the use of drones. One of the first questions privacy advocates get about UAVs is how they differ from the street cameras many cities already employ. But drones are very different from fixed cameras because, most fundamentally, they fly. Not only can drones monitor public spaces, they can see any area visible from the air. Drones can also be used to follow a suspect from place to place without having to merge multiple video feeds from different fixed cameras. Finally, attitudes toward drones appear to differ than attitudes toward more familiar cameras, creating an opportunity to reexamine privacy law. I. Read the text and circle T (True) or F (False). 46

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A drone is a UAV Drones are allowed to fly on American space. According to the text, drones have become common today. A drone is considered an airplane. Drones are very similar to fixed cameras

T T T T T

F F F F F

II. Circle the correct answer from the next options. 1. Drones have become so common because of: A) the first myth B) the ten myths C) new stories about technology 2. One of the misconception about drones is: A) Obama’s permission B) their size

C) how they could be used

3. How many myths have been identified? A) 10 B) 4

C) 6

4. The number of myths explained in this text. A) 2 B) 10

C) 6

5. Drones can fly: A) with solar energy

C) with water energy

B) autonomously

2.3 PAST CONTINUOUS OR PROGRESSIVE El pasado continuo se utiliza para acciones que estaban pasando en un momento específico en el pasado. Como el presente continuo, se forma con el verbo auxiliar “to be” y el verbo+ing. Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales) Form (Forma) Para formar el pasado continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar “to be” y el verbo+ing.El verbo auxiliar “to be” está en el pasado simple, pero ten en cuenta que “to be” es un verbo irregular. Auxiliar (to Sujeto Verb+ing be) I, he, she, it

was

talking, eating, learning, doing, going…

you, we, they

were

talking, eating, learning, doing, going…

Structure (Estructura) 1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas) Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + verbo+ing. I was talking.(Estaba hablando.) 47

He was eating.(Estaba comiendo.) They were learning.(Estaban aprendiendo.) 2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + “not” + verbo+ing. I was not [wasn’t] talking.(No estaba hablando.) He was not [wasn’t] eating.(No estaba comiendo.) They were not [weren’t] learning.(No estaban aprendiendo.) 3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas) Verbo auxiliar (to be) + sujeto + verbo+ing? Were you talking?(¿Estabas hablando?) Was he eating?(¿Estaba comiendo?) Were they learning?(¿Estaban aprendiendo?)

Usos 1. El pasado continuo se usa para una acción en desarrollo en el pasado cuando otra acción la interrumpe. La acción que interrumpe está en el pasado simple. “When” y “while” señalan el uso del pasado simple y continuo. En general, usamos el pasado simple directamente después de “when” y el pasado continuo después de “while”. 2. Jose called while I was watching the news. (Jose llamó mientras estaba mirando las noticias.) He was walking to work when he fell. (Estaba caminando hacia su trabajo cuando se cayó.) Was it raining when you left? (¿Estaba lloviendo cuando te fuiste?) 3. Se usa el pasado continuo para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo específico en el pasado. Paula wasn’t living in Spain in 2005. (Paula no estaba viviendo en España en el 2005.) We were still working at 10 o’clock last night. (Todavía estábamos trabajando a las 10 anoche. ) 4. Se usa el pasado continuo para dos acciones que estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo en el pasado. My son was reading while I was cooking. (Mi hijo estaba leyendo mientras que yo estaba cocinando.) They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the movie.(Estaban hablando muy alto mientras nosotros estábamos intentando mirar la película.)

48

2.3 PAST CONTINUOS OR PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES I.

Write the correct letter on the space to complete the sentences in PAST PROGRESSIVE.

1. I _____ the guitar when he came home. practicing 2. Yesterday at six I _____ dinner. working

a) were practicing b) was preparing a) were preparing

3. When I phoned them, they _____ monopoly. were drinking

a) were playing

4. I tried to tell them the truth but they _____. a) was talking sleeping II.

b) was preparing

c) was

c) was

b) was playing b) were talking

c) c) was

Complete the sentences by using the PAST PROGRESSIVE correctly.

1. Sarah ___________________ as a secretary when she met her current boyfriend. ( work ) 2. My little sister ___________________ basketball when she broke her leg. ( play ) 3. Armand called you while he ___________________. It was so dangerous. ( drive ) 4. Laura took you a picture while you ___________________ that night. ( sleep ) 5. While Ernest ___________________ in Florida, his father sold all his possessions. ( live ) III. PAST SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS? Circle the correct alternative in each case. 1. Where _______ she ___________ when she fell down? a) did /went b) was / going c) did/ go 2. It ____________ to rain while we ____________ to the park. a)started/ walked b) started/was walking c) started /were walking 3. I ____________ my homework when the phone ________. a) did / was ringing b)was doing / rang c) did / ran 4. _____ Paul and Tom _______ their homework? a) Did/ do b) Did/did c) Do/did 5. Mr. Brown ____________ orange juice at the swimming pool. a) were drinking b) was drinking c) drunk 6. Xavier ____________ as a manager in CCP corporation when she _________ his current girlfriend. a) was working / met b) met / was working c) were working / met V. Complete the sentences. Use the PAST CONTINUOUS and the SIMPLE PAST. 1. Natalia was playing basketball ( ) when they had a car accident. 2. They were watching a movie ( ) when the light went out. 3. Those people were driving so fast ( ) when she broke her arm 4. John was walking and chatting at the same time ( ) while I was living in California. 49

5. I met my current girlfriend

(

) when he fell down.

LISTENING I. Listen to the conversation and answer TRUE or FALSE for each statement. Commerce 1. Tracks 11. 1. The meeting started 1 hour ago.

T

F

2. It is her second meeting.

T

F

3. The meeting is about to start.

T

F

4. It isn’t her new her Job.

T

F

5. She really wanted to be prepared for the meeting.

T

F

6. She went to bed at 2 o´clock am.

T

F

7. She woke up on time.

T

F

8. She missed the bus.

T

F

9. There weren´t any taxis available

T

F

10. The bus got stuck in a traffic jam.

T

F

READING TEXT 1. Read and choose (T) TRUE or (F) FALSE correctly. Ford Motor Company is an American automaker and the world's fifth largest automaker based on worldwide vehicle sales. Based in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, the automaker was founded by Henry Ford, on June 16, 1903. Ford Motor Company would go on to become one of the largest and most profitable companies in the world, as well as being one of the few to survive the Great Depression. The largest family-controlled company in the world, the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous family control for over 110 years. Ford now encompasses two brands: Ford and Lincoln. Ford once owned 5 other luxury brands: Volvo, Land Rover, Jaguar, Aston Martin and Mercury. Over time, those brands were sold to other companies and Mercury was discontinued. Henry Ford built his first automobile, which he called a quadricycle, at his home in Detroit in 1896. The location has been redeveloped, where the Michigan Building now stands, and the tracks for the Detroit People Mover and the Times Square People Mover station are nearby. At the entrance to the Michigan Building, there is a commemorative plaque identifying the original location of the Ford home. The coal shead has been recreated using the original bricks at Greenfield Village in nearby Dearborn. His initial foray into automobile manufacturing was the Detroit Automobile Company, founded in 1899. The company foundered, and in 1901 was reorganized as the Henry Ford Company. In March 1902, after falling out with his financial backers, Ford left the company with the rights to his name and 900 dollars. 1. The Ford company is one of the largest automaker around the world. 2. Henry Ford founded the company on June fifteen, 1903. 3. The company survived the Great Depression.

T T T

F F F 50

4. The company has been in family control for less than 100 years. 5. Henry Ford named his first car as the “quadricycle.”

T T

F F

TEXT 2. Workflow Beginnings in manufacturing A workflow consists of an orchestrated and repeatable pattern of business activity enabled by the systematic organization of resources into processes that transform materials, provide services, or process information. It can be depicted as a sequence of operations, declared as work of a person or group, an organization of staff, or one or more simple or complex mechanisms. From a more abstract or higher-level perspective, workflow may be considered a view or representation of real work. The flow being described may refer to a document, service or product that is being transferred from one step to another. Workflows may be viewed as one fundamental building block to be combined with other parts of an organization’s structure such as information technology, teams, projects and hierarchies. The modern history of workflows can be traced to Frederick Taylor and Henry Gantt, although the term ‘workflow’ was not in usage as such during their lifetimes. One of the earliest usages of the term ‘work flow’ was in a railway engineering journal from 1921. Taylor and Gantt launched the study of the deliberate, rational organization of work, primarily in the context of manufacturing. This gave rise to time and motion studies. Related concepts include job shops and queuing systems (Markov chains). The 1948 book Cheaper by the Dozen introduced the emerging concepts to the context of family life.

Read and choose (T) TRUE or (F) FALSE correctly. 1. Workflow is an organization in work terms. T F 2. Workflow could be followed by people and groups. T F 3. Workflow must be combined with other parts in the structure of a company. T F 4. Frederick Taylor was the only one who traced the modern history of “workflow.” T F 5. Workflow was, firstable, used in the manufacturing context. T F 2.4 PRESENT PERFECT

Conjugación de verbos Al igual que en otros tiempos verbales, en el presente simple también existen verbos regulares y verbos irregulares. Los primeros se conjugan en agregando “-ed”, “-d” o “-ied” según su terminación; los últimos se conjugan en pasado participio (la tercera columna de la lista de conjugación de verbos. 51

Ejemplos con verbos regulares:   

She has cleaned her kitchen. → “Ella ha limpiado su cocina. They haven't studied for the exam”. → Ellos no han estudiado para el examen. I haven't attached the document yet”. → No he adjuntado el documento todavía. Ejemplos con verbos irregulares:

   

I have forgotten your number. → He olvidado tu número. My husband has gone to Germany on a business trip. → Mi pareja se ha ido a Alemania en un viaje de negocios. I have chosen the best writers. → He elegido a los mejores escritores. She has broken her arm. → Ella se ha roto su brazo. Estructura En presente perfecto los verbos auxiliares son “has” y “have”. El primero se utiliza para she, he o it, y el segundo para I, we, they y you. 1- Afirmación → sujeto + has/have + verbo en participio pasado. Ejemplos:

 

I have cooked something special for you. → He cocinado algo especial para vos. He has finished his work. → Él ha terminado su tarea. 2- Negación → sujeto + hasn't/haven't + verbo en participio pasado. Ejemplos:

 

She hasn't bought a new car yet. → Ella no ha comprado un auto nuevo todavía. We haven't played football since we were children. → Nosotros no hemos jugado al fútbol desde que eramos pequeños. 3- Interrogación → who/what/where/how/which/why/when + has/have + sujeto + verbo en participio pasado + ? Ejemplos:

 

Where have you been?. → ¿Donde has estado?. How many times has he driven on Manhattan? → ¿Cuántas veces ha manejado por Manhattan?. Usos El presente perfecto puede utilizarse para hacer referencia a distintas situaciones. Estas son algunas: Se utiliza para acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y que todavía no terminaron en el presente. 52

Ej: “How long has Susan been in Munich?”. → “¿Cuánto tiempo ha estado Susana en Múnich?”. Se utiliza para hablar de acciones que ocurrieron en diferentes momentos del pasado. Ej: “We have spoken several times, but we still can't reach an agreement”. → “Hemos estado conversando varias veces, pero todavía no llegamos a ningún acuerdo”. Se utiliza para acciones que todavía no ocurrieron, pero que esperamos que sucedan. En este caso, es donde más se utilizan los adverbios “yet” y “still”. Ej: “The train hasn't arrived yet”. → “El tren no ha llegado todavía”. Se utiliza para describir una experiencia, que se llevó a cabo en un momento no específico. Ej: “I have been to Denmark”. → “He ido a Dinamarca”. Adverbios Un buen conocimiento de los adverbios en inglés para cada tiempo verbal puede ayudar a entender mucho mejor el idioma. El presente perfecto no hace referencia a momentos específicos. Por por este motivo expresiones como “yesterday”, “this morning”, “last week”, entre otras, no se utilizan. Para este tiempo verbal, se utilizan adverbios que describen acciones que se realizaron en momentos no concretos. 

Never (nunca), se utiliza para oraciones afirmativas. Ej: I have never been in Ireland . → Nunca he estado en Irlanda.



Always (siempre). Ej: She has always lived in this house. → Ella siempre ha vivido en esta casa.



Since (desde). Ej: He hasn't visited his family in California since he was young. → El no ha visitado a su familia en California desde que era adolescente. Ever (alguna vez). Ej: Have you ever drank a margarita?. → Has bebido alguna vez una margarita?





Just (recién). Ej: She has just finished the exam . → “Ella recién ha terminado el examen”.



Yet (todavía), se utiliza sólo para oraciones negativas y de interrogación y siempre va al final de la oración. Ej: “They haven't gone to the theatre yet”. → “Ellos no han ido al teatro todavía”.



For (por/durante) + periodo de tiempo. Ej: “I have studied for three days”. → “He estudiado durante tres días”.



Already (ya), se utiliza sólo para afirmaciones e interrogantes. Ej: “I have already cooked our dinner”. → “Ya he cocinado nuestra cena”. “Has she already finished the lesson?”. → “¿Ella ya terminó la lección?”. 53



Still (todavía) Ej: “She still hasn’t finished her homework”. → “Ella todavía no ha terminado su tarea”. PRESENT PERFECT EXERCISES

Which answer is correct? 1)

In which sentence is the Present Perfect used correctly? a) I has bought a new computer. b) I have bought a new computer. c) I have buyed a new computer.

2)

In which sentence is the Present Perfect used correctly? a) We has left for Edinburgh. b) We have leaved for Edinburgh. c) We have left for Edinburgh.

3)

In which sentence is the Present Perfect used correctly? a) Emily has losed her handbag. b) Emily has lost her handbag. c) Emily have lost her handbag.

4)

In which sentence is the Present Perfect used correctly? a) He has forgotten his homework. b) He has forgetted his homework. c) He have forgotten his homework.

5)

In which sentence is the Present Perfect used correctly? a) The lesson has just began. b) The lesson has just begun. c) The lesson have just begun.

6)

In which sentence is the Present Perfect used correctly? a) Liam has drawed a picture. b) Liam has drawn a picture. c) Liam have drawn a picture.

7)

In which sentence is the Present Perfect used correctly? a) They has met at the airport. b) They have meeted at the airport. c) They have met at the airport.

8)

In which question is the Present Perfect used correctly? a) Have you had spaghetti for lunch? b) Has you had spaghetti for lunch? c) Had you had spaghetti for lunch?

9)

In which question is the Present Perfect used correctly? a) Where has you gone? b) Where have you goed? 54

c) 10) a) b) c)

Where have you gone? In which question is the Present Perfect used correctly? Has you ever seen an eagle? Have you ever saw an eagle? Have you ever seen an eagle?

PAST SIMPLE VS. PRESENT PERFECT I.

Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets in past simple or present perfect. 1. She loves Paris. She ..................... (be) there many times. 2. Bill ....................... (work) in that company for 3 years. (He still works there). 3. They ....................... (go) to London on holiday last summer. 4. 4. I ....................... (read) that book twice. It´s good.

5. His parents ....................... (be) here yesterday. 6. They ....................... (go) to Germany when he ....................... (be) only 4. 7. ........... you ......... (watch) any film last night? 8. I ....................... (have) a couple of toasts for breakfast that morning. 9. He ....................... (live) in Rome since he was a teenager. 10.

The house looks different. .......... you .............. (paint) it?

READING HOBBIES Have you got a hobby? I have – pottery. I’ve done it since I was quite little because my uncle and aunt are potters, and whenever we went to visit them on holiday I always played on the pottery wheel. I’ve only really become more serious about pottery since about 2008, when I decided to join an evening class. Then, last year, I bought my own potter’s wheel, so I can make pots at home now. I’ve made lots of different things over the years. When I started, I made some very strange, heavy little bowls. But little by little, I’ve managed to make thinner bowls, and I’ve just made a set of bowls that we use for breakfast every day. I’ve also made lots of mugs. These are getting better too – the first ones were really heavy even before you put coffee in them! My neighbor’s just asked me to make a set of mugs for her, and I’ve sold quite a few to friends. When I first started, I used to put a ball of clay on the wheel, and then I had absolutely no control over it. Sometimes it became a bowl, sometimes a plate, maybe a mug, and often I had to throw it away – it was always quite a surprise! 55

Thankfully I have improved since then, as I can now decide what I want to make before I start making it. I have learnt to control the clay to make the shape I want. I have also started making bigger things like jugs and serving bowls, and more difficult things like teapots. I haven’t sold any teapots yet, but my kitchen is getting very full so I think I’ll need to start selling them soon! True of False 1. Penny started doing pottery at her uncle and aunt's house. T

F

2. Penny’s uncle is a farmer. T

F

3. I’ve only really become more serious about pottery since 2009. T

F

4. She only makes pots in class. T

F

5. When she stared, her bowls were perfect. T

F

6. She only makes bowls. T

F

7. She has made bowls for her friends. T

F

8. At the beginning, she never knew what she was going to make. T

F

9. She has kept everything that she has made. T

F

10. She makes bigger things now. T

F

LISTENING

LISTENING I. Listen and write (T) true or (F) false. Tourism 1 Track 56 1. – Ali is part of the ‘turn-around-team.’ T

F

2. – The ‘turn-around-team’ is responsible of getting the plane ready for the outgoing flight. 56

T

F

3. – There are about 20 people working in the ‘turn-around-team.’ T

F

4. – Ali is a technician in the ‘turn-around-team.’ T

F

5. – Ali’s particular responsibility is the cabin T

F

II. - (Track 56) Listen and circle the correct option. (1 pt. e/o) 6. Ali studied: A) An engineering B) languages C) flight entertainment 7. The main tress in his job is: A) the time B) oil C) the rest of the team 8. What he likes the most is: A) the sense of completion B) the food C) the money 9. What he doesn´t like is: A) the time B) people C) it’s a dirty job 10. Is Ali happy in his job? A) it’s not mentioned B) No, he isn’t C) Yes, he is

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2.5 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ¿Qué es el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’? Dejemos clara una cosa de primeras; por mucho que se llame ‘Present Perfect Continuous’, no es un tiempo de presente, sino de pasado (lo cierto es que eso de ‘Present’ se presta a la confusión). ¿Por qué se llama así entonces? Bueno, porque el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ se utili za, principalmente, para hablar de acciones que han comenzado en el pasado, pero continúan en el presente. Usos del ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ Ya sabemos cómo se forma y cuál es su equivalente en castellano. Ahora toca saber para qué se utiliza exactamente el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’: 

Como comentábamos antes, el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ se usa sobre todo para hablar de acciones que se iniciaron en el pasado pero que aún continúan en el presente. Es decir, importa el proceso en sí. Ejemplo de ‘Present Perfect Continuous’: ‘McGonagall has been waiting for you all day’.



Pero también se emplea para acciones que acaban de concluir y de las que nos interesan muy mucho sus resultados. Es decir, aún a riesgo de repetirnos más que el gazpacho, importa la consecuencia en sí; y por eso éste suele ser visible o quedar patente en el presente. Ejemplo de ‘Present Perfect Continuous’: ‘It’s been raining’ (no, ya no llueve, pero las calles estarán mojadas y seguramente esa información sí te interese).

Sin embargo, antes de concluir con los usos del ‘Present Perfect Continuous’, hemos de señalar una excepción de gran calado. Lo comentábamos el artículo del ‘Present Perfect Simple’: los ‘Stative Verbs’ (verbos en inglés que implican estatismo y no expresan acción alguna, como ‘Believe’ – ‘Creer’ o ‘Love’ – ‘Querer’) no aceptan la forma progresiva. Es por ello que dichos verbos se han de formar con el ‘Present Perfect Simple’ y no con el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’. ¡Mucho ojo con ellos! Structure (Estructura) 1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas) Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to have) + “been” + verbo+ing. Ejemplos: They have [They’ve] been talking for three hours.(Han estado hablando durante tres horas.) She has [She’s] been studying English since she was 16.(Ha estado estudiando inglés desde que tenía 16 años.)

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I have [I’ve] been waiting for you for over an hour!(¡Te llevo esperando durante más de una hora!)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to have) + “not” + “been” + verbo+ing. Ejemplos: They haven’t been talking for more than a few minutes.(No han estado hablando más de unos minutos.) She hasn’t been studying English for very long.(No ha estado estudiando inglés durante mucho tiempo.) Don’t worry, I haven’t been waiting long.(No te preocupes, no llevo esperando mucho tiempo.)

3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas) Verbo auxiliar (to have) + sujeto + “been” + verbo+ing? Ejemplos: Have they been talking for a long time?(¿Han estado hablando durante mucho tiempo?) Have you been waiting long?(¿Llevas esperando mucho tiempo?) Use (Uso) Usamos este tiempo cuando queremos expresar el sentido de la continuidad de una acción que ha comenzado en el pasado y que dura todavía en el presente o que acaba de terminar. Nos referimos a algo que hemos estado haciendo en un período de tiempo, por lo tanto, usamos las preposiciones de tiempo “for” y “since”. Si usamos el presente perfecto continuo sin un período de tiempo, significa “lately” o “recently”. Ejemplos: I can’t believe it is still raining. It’s been raining for a week now!(No puedo creer que todavía esté lloviendo. Lleva lloviendo desde hace una semana!) John has been working at the bank since 2003.(John lleva trabajando en el banco desde 2003.)

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We’ve been planning our vacation for over a month.(Llevamos planeando nuestras vacaciones desde hace más de un mes.) Amanda and Tom have been dating since last June.(Amanda y Tom han estado saliendo desde el junio pasado.) He hasn’t been studying enough.(No ha estado estudiando bastante.) Have you been feeling ok lately?(¿Te has sentido bien últimamente?) I’ve been working too much.(He estado trabajando demasiado.) Ejemplo: "present perfect continuous", to live Afirmativa

Negativa

Interrogativa

I have been living

I haven't been living

Have I been living?

You have been living

You haven't been living

Have you been living?

He, she, it has been living

He hasn't been living

Has she been living?

We have been living

We haven't been living

Have we been living?

You have been living

You haven't been living

Have you been living?

They have been living

They haven't been living

Have they been living?

Diferencias entre ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ y ‘Present Perfect Simple’ No sólo el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ y el ‘Present Perfect Simple’ son de por sí tiempos bastante desconocidos (más bien olvidados…) por los estudiantes de la lengua inglesa; sino que además se suelen confundir muuuuy fácilmente sus usos (no así su estructura, que a la vista salta es bastante diferente). ¿Cómo distinguir entonces el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ del ‘Simple’? Depende de dónde pongamos el énfasis: 

Si lo que te importa es recalcar que la acción en cuestión tuvo lugar en un pasado reciente o que tiene consecuencias en el presente, entonces has de usar el ‘Present Perfect Simple’. Es decir, lo relevante es el resultado de la acción en sí. Ejemplo de ‘Present Perfect Simple’: Dumbledore has written a letter (lo importante es el resultado de la acción de escribir. Esto es, la carta).



Si, por el contrario, lo que te importa es recalcar que la acción ha continuado en el tiempo hasta el presente (inclusive), entonces has de optar por el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’. Es decir, lo relevante es la duración o continuidad de dicha acción. Ejemplo de ‘Present Perfect Continuous’: ‘Snape has been working all day’ (en este caso, se quiere resaltar el hecho de 60

que Snape lleva trabajando las 24 horas del día (y ya sabemos que Hogwarts puede ser un lugar de trabajo muy cansado y hasta mortal)). Sin embargo, como hemos visto en el punto anterior, has de tener muy en cuenta que los ‘Stative Verbs’ no aceptan la forma continua del ‘Present Perfect Continuous’. Este tipo de verbos, cuando se usan con dicho tiempo, han de presentarse con la estructura del ‘Present Perfect Simple’: Sujeto + ‘to have’ + participio pasado del verbo. ¡Mucho ojo pues con ellos. Ahora que ya sabes cómo se forma el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ y cuáles son sus excepciones vamos a proponerte una serie de ejercicios. En ellos tendrás que completar los espacios en blanco con la forma correcta en ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ del verbo en cuestión; dado que es la estructura el aspecto más complicado del ‘Present Perfect Continuous’. ¿Y cómo sabrás si has acertado o no? Fácil: déjanos tus respuestas en el tablón de comentarios y más que encantados las corregiremos PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS EXERCISES I.

Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences in PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE.

6. I _____ for you since two o'clock. Where have you been? a) has been waiting

b) have been waiting

c) has been being

7. He _____ in this company since 1985. He is considered one of the best here. a) have been working

b) has been living

c) has been working

8. He _____ tennis for five hours. It has been a very long match. a) have been playing

b) has been playing

c) has been played

9. Mary _____ in Germany since 1992. She got married with a German guy. a) have been living b) has been lived c) has been living 10. He _____ since he arrived to the party. It was at about 10 pm and now it is 2 am. a) have been dancing

b) has been dancing

c) has been danced

II. Circle SINCE or FOR to complete the sentences correctly. 1. Sue has only been waiting for her boyfriend at school (since / for) 20 minutes. 2. Fred and Frida have been learning French, Spanish and Latin (since / for) 1988. 3. Mary has been saving her money for her vacations in Canada (since / for) many years. 4. I have been reading the last Harry Potter book (since / for) five weeks. I can believe it. 5. They have been talking with my sister about the accident (since / for) two hours. 6. She has been working at that company (since / for) three years. She is loyal and smart. 7. Aaron has been teaching math here (since / for) June. He is an excellent teacher. 61

8. He is out of breath now… he has been running in the park with his dog (since / for) two hours. 9.

He hasn't been smoking (since / for) two weeks. He is trying to give up before it is too late…

10. I have been waiting for you and your family in this restaurant (since / for) 4 hours. III. Complete in PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 1. I'm bored. It ____________________________ (rain) for hours so I can't go out. 2. ________ you _______________________ (use) my computer again? 3. My neighbour's children _______________________________ (argue) all morning. 4. You _____________________________________ (not study) for the maths exam. 5. Monica looks really tired. _________ she __________________________ (work) all night?

READING London Heathrow Airport London Heathrow Airport or Heathrow is one of the busiest airports in the world. The airport is the United Kingdom's busiest airport, as well as being Europe's busiest airport for passenger traffic and the airport with the highest international passenger traffic in the world. The airport is owned and operated by BAA which is owned by the Spanish Ferrovial Group. The airport is also a primary hub of British Airways and a major hub for rivals BMI and Virgin Atlantic. The airport is located towards the southern end of the London Borough of Hillingdon, 24 km (15 miles) west of Central London, England. It is one of two international London airports to be located within the boundary of the Greater London Area, the other being London City Airport. To the north, Heathrow is surrounded by the built-up areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and Cranford, to the east are Hounslow and Hatton, and to the south are East Bedfont and Stanwell. To the west, the M25 motorway separates the airport from Colebrook in Berkshire. Heathrow has two parallel main runways running east-west and four terminals. A new terminal, Terminal 5, was under construction and opened in March 2008. There were plans to redevelop or rebuild other terminals and add two extra runways. Started in 2008 and finished in 2012, the construction of Heathrow East replaced Terminal 2 and The Queens Building. Heathrow Airport has a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Public Use Aerodrome License (Number P527) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction

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TRUE or FALSE 1. A train company owns and operates the airport.

T

F

2. The Heathrow airport is located at the northern part of London.

T

F

3. Heathrow is the only international airport in London.

T

F

4. This airport has four parallel runways

T

F

5. The new terminal replaced The Queens building.

T

F

6. Terminal 5 started to work in 2008.

T

F

7. To the north Heathrow has Hunslow and Hatton.

T

F

8. The Motorway is between the airport and Colebrook

T

F

9. “CAA” means Civil Aerodrome License.

T

F

10. The “CAA” allows flying instruction at the airport.

T

F

LISTENING Listen and write T (true) or F (false). Engineering 1.Track 25. 1. He is an electronics engineer. 2. The focus of his work is technical imaging electronics. 3. He helps to design devices doctors could use. 4. His father worked in a factory assembling cars. 5. His mother encouraged his interests in engineering. 6. He did a degree in electronic engineering at University. 7. He did a Master’s in medicine. 8. Doctors have used x rays for medical purposes for many years. 9. CT means Computer Tomography. 10. A computer cannot create very detailed images of a brain.

T T T T T T T T T T

F F F F F F F F F F

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CONTENTS

UNIT III. THE FUTURE, CONDITIONALS AND QUESTION TAGS 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Future simple Other forms of future: will, be going to, present continuous. Future continuous Third conditional.

3.5 Questions tags 3.1 FUTURE SIMPLE

The simple future tense is used to express something which will happen or something which will be true in the future. One way to form this tense is: “will” + the simple present tense form of the verb. We use “will” when the subject is volunteering to do something in the future or deciding to do something in the future while speaking. Example: We (clean) will clean on Tuesday. (We just decided to clean.) Example: (drive) Will you drive on Sunday? (A decision about driving is being made.)

EXERCISES I. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple future tense. 1) The house is dirty. I (clean) _______ ________ it on Monday. 2) (cook) _______ you ________ on Tuesday, please? 3) It looks like the washer is broken. I (ask) _______ _______ a repair man to come Wednesday. 4) Okay then, our group (meet) _______ ________ on Thursday. 5) Helga (hike) _______ you _______ with us on Friday? 6) If necessary, we (carry) _______ ________ the supplies in our car Saturday. 7) John and Wes, (read) _______ you _______ to the children on Sunday?

II. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple future tense. 1) I guess I (ride) _______ _______ the bus to save gas. 2) The cookies are all gone. (buy) _______ you _______ some, please? 64

3) Listen, team: we (win) _______ _______ the trophy this year! 4) Everyone is hungry. I (get) _______ _______ some doughnuts for breakfast. 5) Peter, (fix) _______ you _______ the porch tomorrow? 6) Becky, (go) _______ you _______ to Alaska with us this summer? 7) If we take a trip, we (put) _______ ________ Barkley in a kennel. 3.2 OTHER FORMS OF FUTURE: WILL, BE GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS. 3.3 FUTURE CONTINUOUS The future continuous can also be used as an alternative to the present continuous to talk about things which are already planned or decided. E.g.: I´ll be going to the gym tomorrow afternoon.

The future continuous tense is used for activities that will be in progress at a point of time. The action will start before that point of time and will continue after it. The point in time can be given by time expressions or by other activities. Affirmative Form

Subject + will + be + verb (ing).... We will be studying for the exam.

Negative Form

Subject + won't + be + verb (ing)... We won't be playing games.

Question Form

Will + subject + be + verb (ing)...? Will you be driving?

Negative Question

Won't + subject + be + verb (ing)...? Won't we be working on the project?

With time expressions: 1. We use the Future Continuous Tense We use to describe an action that will or won't be going on at a certain time in the future. Time expressions:      

tomorrow (morning, afternoon, night) next (week, month, year) Later Soon Again in this time 65



Tomorrow

Examples     

At 8 o'clock I will be travelling to Dorset. This time tomorrow we'll be lying on the beach. With some other activity: The shop will be closed. Will you be working? I'll be sleeping when you come back.

2. It describes the idea that an action will happen in the normal course of events. It refers to routine activities, not intentions, decisions or plans.   

Don't worry. I'll be writing to you. (as usual) They'll be leaving on Friday. You can join them. (They normally leave on Fridays.) Everybody will be working on a computer sooner or later. (If nothing special happens.)

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

ONLINE – PRACTICE

https://www.grammarbank.com/future-continuous-tense.html https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/future-continuous-exercise-1.html https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/tenses/future-progressive/exercises https://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs23.htm https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/future_progressive_statements.htm https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/grammar/grammar_05_022e?cc=global&selLanguage=en https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/intermediate-grammar/future-continuous-and-future-perfect https://www.examenglish.com/grammar/b1_future_continuous.htm

EXERCISES I. Complete the sentences with the future continuous (will be doing) and the verbs in the box. lie - see - use - sleep - watch - take - work - wait - decorate - listen 1. When you come back home I ................................................ in my bed. 2. In a few days' time we ........................................... on the beach. 3. I'll call Jim at six. - No, don't. He ............................................ in his office then. 66

4. I'll tell him. I ........................................... him on the train as usual. 5. We can't meet you on Saturday. We ........................................... our house at the weekend. 6. In a ten years' time most people ........................................... electric cars. 7. I'll come at one o'clock. - OK. I ........................................... for you. 8. It won't be easy to get in. The warden ........................................... the gate closely. 9. Will you help me tonight? - Sorry, I ........................................... to the concert on the radio. 10. This time tomorrow my sister ........................................... her entrance exam.

II. Choose the correct form. 1. On my holiday I will be getting up | I won't be getting up at 6 o'clock as usual. I want to relax a lot. 2. You are so late! Everybody will be working | won't be working when you arrive at the office. 3. You think that Derek will be playing | won't be playing tennis at seven? Why not? 4. Computers will be translating | won't be translating all texts in a couple of years. It's impossible. 5. Mary will be waiting | won't be waiting in the arrivals hall this time. She is ill. 6. Can I take your camera? You will be using | won't be using it this morning, will you? 7. The cinema will be showing | won't be showing any films next week. 8. They will be delivering | won't be delivering parcels even on 24 December. 9. He can find her easily in her red coat. - But she will be wearing | won't be wearing the red coat. 10. I won't be here this time tomorrow. I will be travelling | I won't be travelling to Rome.

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THIRD CONDITIONAL

68

Directions: Choose the correct verb tense in each of the following sentences.

1. If Marty had gone to the party, I too. a) went b) would have gone c) had gone 2. If you a) didn’t lend

me the money, I wouldn’t have bought the ticket. b) don’t lend c) hadn’t lent

3. I wouldn’t have stayed at that hotel if you a) hadn’t recommended b) don’t recommend

it to me. c) didn’t recommend

4. She would have been hurt in the car accident if she a) wouldn’t worn b) didn’t wore c) hadn’t worn 5. If you a) had asked

her seat belt.

me, I would have helped you. b) asked c) ask

6. If I hadn’t taken my umbrella, I very wet. a) got b) had gotten c) would have gotten 7. I would have been very disappointed if you with us. a) don’t come b) wouldn’t have come c) hadn’t come 8. If she a) wasn’t

in such a hurry, she wouldn’t have driven through a red light. b) hadn’t been c) wouldn’t be

There is one mistake in each sentence. Underline it and correct it. Example: If you had helped me, we would finish in time.

would have finished

I couldn't stay with you. I wouldn't have left if I didn't have the appointment.

________________

My sister didn't want to marry Jim. If he had proposed to her, she would refuse. ________________ We couldn't buy the house. But we would have done it if we had enough money. ________________ I didn't catch a word.. If I had understood, I'd give them some advice. ________________ If he wasn't the best player in the team, he wouldn't have earned so much. ________________ Peter was furious. He wouldn't lose his temper if he hadn't done all the work on his own. ________________ 69

The kitten didn't want to leave the house. Otherwise it would have played in the garden if it didn't rain cats and dogs. I didn't know that he was at home. I would drop in if I had known it.

________________ ________________

They wouldn't have travelled by ship if the authorities didn't close the airport on the island. ________________ She was so pretty. If I were twenty years younger, I would have asked her to marry me. ________________

Directions: Write a sentence in the third condition for each of the following situations. 1. They didn’t arrive on time because they took the wrong road.

____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Andrew didn’t get the job because he didn’t have much experience.

____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Ellen didn’t pass her driver’s test because she didn’t stop at the red light. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Barbara didn’t buy the dress because it didn’t fit.

____________________________________________________________________________ 5. The Smiths didn’t go to Hawaii for their vacation because the airplane tickets were too expensive.

____________________________________________________________________________ Match the first part of the sentence on the left with the correct ending on the right. 1. I would have said hello …..

_____ A. if I hadn’t looked at my calendar.

2. I would have mailed the letter ….

_____ B. if the roads hadn’t been so slippery.

3. If I had seen the accident, …..

_____ C. if I had known the baby was sleeping.

4. If I had planned a trip to France, …. _____ D. if I had seen you. 5. I would have forgotten your birthday …..

_____ E. I would have gone swimming.

6. The accident wouldn’t have happened…

______ F. if I had had some stamps.

7. I would have cleaned my apartment…

_____ G. if I hadn’t washed it in hot water.

8. If I had brought my bathing suit, ….. _____ H. I would have tried to learn some French. 9. My sweater wouldn’t have shrunk….

_____ I. if I had known they were coming.

10. I would have been much quieter…. _____ J. I would have called an ambulance.

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3.7 TAG QUESTIONS Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are often used for checking information that we think we know is true.Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example: be or have) and a subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she). Negative question tags are usually contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is it not') Usually if the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative, and if the main clause is negative, it's positive. For example: It's cold (positive), isn't it (negative)? And: It isn't cold (negative), is it (positive)? If the main clause has an auxiliary verb in it, you use the same verb in the tag question. If there is no auxiliary verb (in the present simple and past simple) use do / does / did (just like when you make a normal question). There is one weird exception: the question tag after I am is aren't I. For example: I'm in charge of the food, aren't I? Postive sentences, with negative tags Present simple 'be'

She's Italian, isn't she?

Present simple other verbs

They live in London, don't they?

Present continuous

We're working tomorrow, aren't we?

Past simple 'be'

It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?

Past simple other verbs

He went to the party last night, didn't he?

Past continuous

We were waiting at the station, weren't we?

Present perfect

They've been to Japan, haven't they?

Present perfect continuous

She's been studying a lot recently, hasn't she?

Past perfect

He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he?

Past perfect continuous

We'd been working, hadn't we?

Future simple

She'll come at six, won't she?

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Future continuous

They'll be arriving soon, won't they?

Future perfect

They'll have finished before nine, won't they?

Future perfect continuous

She'll have been cooking all day, won't she?

Modals

He can help, can't he?

Modals

John must stay, mustn't he?

Negative sentences, with positive tags Present simple 'be'

We aren't late, are we?

Present simple other verbs

She doesn't have any children, does she?

Present continuous

The bus isn't coming, is it?

Past simple 'be'

She wasn't at home yesterday, was she?

Past simple other verbs

They didn't go out last Sunday, did they?

Past continuous

You weren't sleeping, were you?

Present perfect

She hasn't eaten all the cake, has she?

Present perfect continuous

He hasn't been running in this weather, has he?

Past perfect

We hadn't been to London before, had we?

Past perfect continuous

You hadn't been sleeping, had you?

Future simple

They won't be late, will they?

Future continuous

He won't be studying tonight, will he?

Future perfect

She won't have left work before six, will she?

Future perfect continuous

He won't have been travelling all day, will he?

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Modals

She can't speak Arabic, can she?

Modals

They mustn't come early, must they?

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