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CARDIOCASCULAR SYSTEM REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. The lining of the inner walls of the heart’s chambers is termed the:

d. left and right bundle branches e. Purkinje fibers

a. visceral pericardium 5. If the heart’s natural pacemaker fails to fire, then: b. serous pericardium a. no blood would enter the atria c. epicardium b. no blood would enter the ventricles d. myocardium e. endocardium 2. The outermost layer of the heart’s serous pericardium is termed the: a. visceral pericardium

c. the node on the floor of the right atrium would act as a secondary pacemaker d. the node on the floor of the left ventricle would act as a secondary pacemaker e. the person would die within minutes

b. parietal pericardium c. epicardium

6. Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?

d. myocardium

a. tunica interna/intima

e. endocardium

b. tunica media

3. The heart’s natural pacemaker is termed the:

c. tunica externa d. tunica adventitia

a. sinoatrial node b. atrioventricular node c. bundle of His/atrioventricular bundle d. left and right bundle branches e. Purkinje fibers 4. The heart’s electrical conduction network found within the ventricular myocardium is termed the: a. sinoatrial node

7. The exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues is a major function of: a. arterioles b. arteries c. capillaries d. veins 8. Which of the following statements best describes arteries?

b. atrioventricular node

a. all arteries carry oxygenated blood towards the heart

c. bundle of His/atrioventricular bundle

b. all arteries contain valves to prevent the back-flow of blood

c. all arteries carry blood away from the heart

c. leaves the left ventricle to enter the aorta

d. only large arteries are lined with endothelium

d. flows from the lungs towards the heart’s left atrium

9. The circulatory pathway that carries blood from the digestive tract towards the liver is termed the:

13. Fetal blood would bypass the pulmonary circuit by flowing through this structure located in the fetal interatrial wall:

a. coronary circuit

a. the tricuspid atrioventricular valve

b. cerebral circuit

b. the ductus arteriosus

c. hepatic portal circuit

c. the foramen ovale

d. pulmonary circuit

d. the pulmonary semilunar valve

10. Immediately following strenuous and vigorous exercise, which of the following is most likely to occur? a. blood will be rapidly diverted to the digestive organs b. the skin will be cold and clammy c. capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood d. blood flow to the kidneys quickly increases

e. the aortic semilunar valve 14. Located between the right atrium and right ventricle is the: a. tricuspid atrioventricular valve b. bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve c. fossa ovalis d. pulmonary semilunar valve e. aortic semilunar valve

11. Blood returning to the heart from the inferior vena cava would enter the: 15. The pulmonary veins: a. left atrium a. carry oxygenated blood away from the heart b. right atrium b. carry oxygenated blood towards the heart c. left ventricle c. carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart d. right ventricle d. carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart 12. Blood in the pulmonary arteries: 16. Which of the following statements about veins is CORRECT? a. enters the heart’s right ventricle a. venous valves are an extension of the tunica media b. is heading towards the lungs b. up to one third of the total blood volume is stored in the venous circulation

at any given time c. veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of its wall d. the flow of venous blood is not a major result of one’s blood pressure

b. a thick tunica media c. a thin tunica externa d. a thick tunica adventitia

17. Peripheral resistance of blood vessels: a. decreases as the length of the blood vessel increases b. increases as the diameter of the blood vessel increases c. increases as the viscosity of blood increases d. does not play a major role in affecting one’s blood pressure 18. Blood flow to the skin: a. is regulated mainly by a decreasing pH b. increases when external environmental temperature rises c. increases when internal body temperature decreases so that the skin does not freeze d. is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells

21. Normally, blood leaving the right ventricle immediately flows through the: a. tricuspid atrioventricular valve b. bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve c. ileocecal valve d. pulmonary semilunar valve e. aortic semilunar valve 22. Blood leaving the left atrium normally immediately flows through the: a. tricuspid atrioventricular valve b. bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve c. ileocecal valve

19. Which of the following statements about the movement of materials at the ‘systemic’ capillary level is CORRECT? a. oxygen is actively transported up its concentration gradient b. waste products such as CO2 follow the same general pathway as O2 c. CO2 moves from its site of production into the interstitial fluid

d. pulmonary semilunar valve e. aortic semilunar valve 23. Deoxygenated blood is normally found only: a. in the heart’s atria

d. if capillary blood osmotic pressure is much greater than interstitial fluid osmotic pressure, tissue edema will likely result

b. in the heart’s ventricles

20. Which arterial tunic modification is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure?

d. in the left side of the heart

a. a thin tunica interna/intima

c. in the right side of the heart

24. Closing of the _______ normally prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle:

a. tricuspid atrioventricular valve b. bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve c. ileocecal valve

d. is usually equal to and canceled out by capillary blood osmotic pressure 28. Which of the following structures are directly involved in the "pulmonary circuit"?

d. pulmonary semilunar valve

a. superior vena cava, right atrium and left ventricle

e. aortic semilunar valve

b. right ventricle, pulmonary arteries and left atrium

25. Closing of the _______ normally prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle: a. tricuspid atrioventricular valve b. bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve c. ileocecal valve d. pulmonary semilunar valve e. aortic semilunar valve 26. The influence of a blood vessel’s diameter on peripheral resistance is: a. minimal since the diameter of a blood vessel’s lumen only has a minor affect on peripheral resistance b. very large since peripheral resistance is directly influenced by the diameter of a blood vessel’s lumen c. very small since the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel does not vary d. very large since the greater the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel, the greater amount of peripheral resistance will be present

c. left ventricle, aorta and inferior vena cava d. right atrium, aorta and left ventricle 29. Which of the following structures are directly involved in the "systemic circuit"? a. superior vena cava, right ventricle and left ventricle b. right ventricle, pulmonary arteries and left atrium c. left ventricle, aorta and inferior vena cava d. right atrium, pulmonary trunk and left ventricle 30. Histologically, the _____ is simple squamous epithelium surrounded by a sparse connective tissue layer: a. tunica interna/intima b. tunica media c. tunica externa d. tunica adventitia

31. On a normal ECG/EKG, atrial repolarization occurs during the: 27. When evaluating the dynamics of capillary blood flow, capillary blood hydrostatic pressure:

a. P wave

a. does not play a role

b. QRS complex

b. is generally greater at the arterial end of a capillary than its venous end

c. T wave

c. forces fluid from the interstitial spaces into the capillary

d. P-Q interval

e. S-T segment 32. On a normal ECG/EKG, ventricular depolarization occurs during the:

36. Cerebral blood flow is regulated by: a. skin temperature

a. P wave

b. ADH

b. QRS complex

c. an intrinsic autoregulatory mechanism

c. T wave

d. the hypothalamic ‘thermostat’

d. P-Q interval e. S-T segment 33. Chordae tendineae: a. arise from papillary muscles in the ventricles b. attach to the undersurface of the semilunar valves c. get pulled taught immediately prior to ventricular systole d. remain slack to allow the normal retrograde flow of coronary blood 34. The first heart sound, ‘lub’, is a valuable aid in diagnosing: a. semilunar valve dysfunctions b. atrioventricular valve dysfunctions c. ileocecal valve dysfunctions d. pulmonary trunk wall dysfunctions

37. A long-term hypertensive person, whose BP is 200/120 mm Hg, is in risk of developing all of the following changes, EXCEPT: a. increased workload of the left ventricle b. increased risk of coronary artery disease c. increased risk of damage to the blood vessel’s endothelium d. decreased size of the myocardium 38. The lowest venous blood pressure is found within: a. venules b. medium-sized veins c. large-sized veins d. the venae cavae 39. What is most responsible for propelling blood in the arterial system during cardiac diastole?

e. ascending aortic wall dysfunctions a. skeletal muscle contraction and breathing 35. When aortic pressure is greater than the ventricular pressure: a. the tricuspid atrioventricular valve opens b. the bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve closes

b. hydrostatic blood pressure arising from ventricular contraction c. elastic recoil of conducting (elastic) arteries d. venous return of blood

c. the aortic semilunar valve closes 40. These structures are the major determinants of vascular resistance (where d. the pulmonary semilunar valve opens

resistance to blood flow is greatest): a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. venules e. veins

41. Papillary muscles of the heart:

a. veins tend to have smaller diameter lumens than arteries b. veins tend to run deeper than arteries, closer to bones c. there tends to be more veins draining blood from a region than arteries supplying blood to that region d. there tends to be less blood located in the veins than in the arteries when the body is at rest 45. What is the pulse pressure of a person who has an arterial blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg:

a. contract to pull the atrioventricular valves shut just prior to systole

a. 160

b. contract to pull the atrioventricular valves open during diastole

b. 100

c. contract to hold the atrioventricular valves shut during systole

c. 130

d. contract to hold the atrioventricular valves open during systole

d. 60

42. The second heart sound, ‘dub’, is a valuable aid in diagnosing:

46. Where in the body does blood flow travel the fastest?

a. semilunar valve dysfunctions

a. capillaries

b. atrioventricular valve dysfunctions

b. cerebral arteries

c. ileocecal valve dysfunctions

c. coronary arteries

d. pulmonary trunk wall dysfunctions

d. aorta

e. ascending aortic wall dysfunctions 43. When aortic pressure is less than ventricular pressure, this causes:

47. What is most responsible for propelling blood in the venous system? a. skeletal muscle contraction and breathing

a. the tricuspid atrioventricular valve to open

b. hydrostatic blood pressure arising from ventricular contraction

b. the bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve to close

c. elastic recoil of large veins

c. the aortic semilunar valve to open

d. increased capillary resistance at the venous end

d. the pulmonary semilunar valve to close 44. Which of the following is generally true of veins compared to arteries:

48. Excessively high heart rate (>180) can reduce cardiac output because: a. blood is moving too fast through the lungs to pick up enough oxygen

b. it tires out the heart muscles and so they pump slower

c. contract with a greater pressure

c. it reduces the time for ventricular filling which reduces stroke volume

d. force blood through a smaller semilunar valve

d. the PR-interval increases which leads to longer ventricular diastole and shorter ventricular systole 49. Sympathetic stimulation to the heart’s natural pacemaker normally results in:

53. The pain associated with decreased blood delivery to the heart’s tissues, possibly caused by a transient spasm of coronary arteries, is termed: a. ischemia

a. a faster heart rate

b. myocardial infarction

b. a greater force of myocardial contraction

c. pericarditis

c. both choices (a) and (b) are correct

d. angina pectoris

d. the heart’s natural pacemaker is not influenced by sympathetic stimulation 50. The normal heart sounds (lub and dup) are produced by which of the following events?

54. A thrombus in the first branch off the aortic arch would affect the flow of blood to the: a. left side of the head and neck, and left upper arm

a. sympathetic stimulation of the sinoatrial node

b. myocardium

b. closure of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves

c. left upper arm

c. friction of blood flowing against the chamber walls

d. right side of the head and neck, and right upper arm

d. ventricular systole 51. Following a motor vehicle accident, a large loss of blood will initially cause: a. a lowered BP due to a decreased cardiac output b. a higher BP due to an increased stroke volume c. no change in BP but a slower heart rate d. no change in BP but an increased respiration rate 52. The left ventricle’s myocardium is thicker than the right ventricle’s myocardium in order to:

55. At the Battle of Shiloh during the American Civil War, Confederate General Albert Johnston was killed when he was shot in the back of the knee and rapidly bled to death. Which blood vessel was most likely to have been injured? a. femoral artery b. common iliac artery c. anterior tibialis artery d. popliteal artery 56. Which of the following is NOT generally considered part of the Circle of Willis?

a. accommodate a greater volume of blood

a. anterior cerebral artery

b. increase the size of the thoracic cavity during diastole

b. posterior cerebral artery

c. anterior communicating artery

b. pulmonary trunk

d. posterior communicating artery

c. aorta

e. vertebral artery

d. pulmonary veins

57. The longest superficial vein in the body is the:

61. As the heart approaches the end of atrial diastole:

a. right brachial vein b. left radial vein c. superior vena cava d. great saphenous vein e. anterior tibialis vein 58. An external iliac artery empties into the: a. common iliac artery b. internal iliac artery c. abdominal aorta d. femoral artery

a. the atrial myocardium contracts thereby opening the semilunar valves b. the ventricular myocardium contracts thereby opening the atrioventricular valves c. the majority of atrial blood has entered the ventricles via gravity and elastic recoil d. all of the heart’s valves must remain opened in order for normal blood flow 62. The tricuspid valve is normally closed: a. while the ventricles are in diastole b. while the ventricles are in systole c. while the atria are in systole d. during the movement of blood from the atria into the ventricles

e. renal artery

59. Which blood vessel receives blood from the right ventricle during systole? a. superior vena cava b. pulmonary trunk c. aorta d. pulmonary veins 60. Which blood vessel receives blood from the left ventricle during systole? a. superior vena cava

63. You are viewing a heart dissected on a mid-frontal plane. All of the vessels leading into and away from the heart have been removed. The easiest way to determine the right and left sides is to: a. find the opening of the coronary sinus b. notice the difference in thickness of the ventricle walls c. locate the pulmonary semilunar valves d. trace the pattern of the serous visceral pericardium 64. The anterior tibialis artery branches into the: a. peroneal artery (or fibular artery)

b. medial plantar artery

c. posterior cerebral artery

c. dorsalis pedis artery

d. anterior communicating artery

d. lateral plantar artery 65. The axillary artery empties into the: a. brachial artery b. subclavian artery c. radial artery d. brachiocephalic artery/trunk 66. The external carotid arteries supply a. the neck only and do not supply the head b. the cerebellum and brainstem c. the cerebrum and brainstem d. the brain, eye and orbital cavities e. most of the head except the brain, eye and orbital cavities 67. The vertebral arteries merge within the cranium to form the: a. subclavian artery b. basilar artery c. posterior cerebral arteries d. anterior cerebral arteries 68. The internal carotid arteries branch to form all of the following, EXCEPT the: a. anterior cerebral artery b. middle cerebral artery