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Buying and selling Words and phrases Lead in 10.1 auction /"O:kSn/ (n) public event at which things are sold to the person who offers the most money for them 䊳 auctioneer (n), auction (v)

10.6 grapevine /"greIpvaIn/ (n) way of talking or learning about sth in casual conversation L Usually in the expression hear sth on/through the grapevine: I don’t know if it’s true, but I heard on the grapevine that Lucy and Pete have got engaged.

10.7 quid /kwId/ (n)

Reading The appeal of eBay 10.2 (be) littered (with)

/%bi "lIt@d wID/ (v) contain or involve a lot of a particular type of thing, usually sth bad ◆ Your last essay was littered with spelling mistakes. You should use the dictionary more often. 䊳 litter (n), litter (v)

10.3 live up (to) /%lIv "Vp/ (phr v) do as well or be as good as other people expect you to ◆ Despite the fabulous photos in the brochure, the hotel didn’t live up to our expectations.

10.4 hype /haIp/ (n) discussion and adverts on television and other media telling the public about how good and important sth is L There is almost always implied criticism with this word. 䊳 hype sth (up) (v): Their first concert in ten years was really hyped up, but failed to impress the fans.

10.5 e-commerce /"i: %kQm3:s/ (n) business which uses the Internet to sell goods and services, particularly when the company has no shops or offices L Also known as e-business.

one pound in British money L Informal; plural = quid: Can you lend me ten quid?

10.8 dustbin /"dVstbIn/ (n) large container with a lid, used for putting rubbish in, usually kept outside the house

10.9 do right by (sb)

/%du: "raIt %baI/ (idm) treat sb fairly

10.10 commission /k@"mISn/ (n) amount of money (often a percentage or set fee) that is paid to sb for selling goods and which increases with the amount of goods that are sold L You pay a commission to sb. Salespeople earn commission from their employers (in addition to their normal salary) if they meet, or improve on, their sales target.

10.11 brainchild /"breInÍaIld/ (n) idea or invention of one person or a small group of people

10.12 entrepreneur

/%Qntr@pr@"n3:(r)/ (n) person who makes money by starting or running businesses, esp. when this involves new ideas and taking financial risks

10.13 post /p@Ust/ (v) make information, opinions, photos, etc. available to others on the Internet in, e.g. discussion groups, chat rooms, etc. ◆ I’ve posted an answer to someone’s question about Johnny Depp on the TV and film forum. L For sending an email, use send/write/receive/ reply, etc. 䊳 post (n), posting (n)

10.14 incompatible (with)

/%Ink@m"p&t@bl/ (adj) so different to sth else that those things cannot go together L Two things/people can also be described as incompatible (without using with): Clare and Katy were good friends at university, but when they met up again 10 years later they were completely incompatible. 䊳 incompatibility (n)

10.15 beyond sb’s wildest dreams

/bI%jQnd ... %waIldIst "dri:mz/ (idm) far better, more, etc. than you could ever have imagined

10.16 evaluation /I%v&lju"eISn/ (n) opinion of the quality, value, or amount of sth; act of giving this opinion 䊳 evaluate (v), evaluative (adj)

10.17 get in on the act

/%get %In Qn Di "&kt/ (idm) become involved in an activity that sb else has started, esp. to get sth for yourself

10.18 dwarf /dwO:f/ (v) make sth seem small or unimportant compared with sth else ◆ The huge skyscraper dwarfed all other buildings in the area. 䊳 dwarf (n)

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10.19 exchange /Ik"sÍeInÙ/ (n) place or organisation where shares in companies are bought and sold L Exchange (v) = give sth and receive sth in return.

10.20 inveterate /In"vet@r@t/ (adj) always doing a particular thing and unlikely to stop

10.21 registered /"reÙIst@d/ (adj) have your name on an official list 䊳 register (n, v), registration (n), registry (n)

10.22 founder /"faUnd@(r)/ (n) person who starts an organisation, company, etc. 䊳 foundation (n), found (v), founding (adj)

10.23 avid /"&vId/ (adj) very enthusiastic about sth, usu. a hobby or sport ◆ an avid rugby fan/Liverpool supporter/stamp collector 䊳 avidly (adv)

10.24 dispenser /dI"spens@(r)/ (n) machine or container holding things that you can obtain quickly, for example by pulling a handle or pressing buttons 䊳 soap dispenser, cash dispenser L Although some dispensers take coins, a machine from which you buy snacks or drinks is more usually referred to as a vending machine. 䊳 dispense (v)

10.25 cost base /"kQst %beIs/ (n) amount of money that you need to spend in order to run a business. ◆ Manufacturing a product will often have a higher cost base than providing a service because you have to buy the raw materials first.

10.26 a virtuous circle

/@ %v3:Íu@s "s3:kl/ (n) series of events in which each one seems to increase the good effects of the previous one L The opposite phrase is far more common: a vicious circle = a situation in which one problem causes another, which then makes the first problem worse.

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10.27 scroll /skr@Ul/ (v) move text on a computer screen up or down so that you can read different parts of it L From scroll (n) = long roll of paper for writing on, used instead of books. 䊳 scroll bar (n), scrolling (n)

10.34 a level playing field

/@ %levl "pleIIN %fi:ld/ (idm) a situation in which everyone has the same opportunities

Vocabulary

10.28 memorabilia

/%mem@r@"bIli@/ (n pl) things that people collect because they are connected with a particular activity, interesting place, event or famous person

10.29 vintage /"vIntIÙ/ (adj) typical of a period in the past and of high quality ◆ When my favourite comedian died, they showed lots of his vintage sketches on TV.

10.30 jersey /"Ù3:zi/ (n) long-sleeved shirt worn by all the members of a team or individuals doing a sporting activity L Also another word for pullover/jumper: ◆ In the Tour de France cycle race, the yellow jersey is worn by the previous day’s leader.

10.31 elated /I"leItId/ (adj) very happy and excited because of sth good that has happened or will happen 䊳 elation (n)

10.32 car-boot sale

/%kA: "bu:t %seIl/ (n) outdoor sale where people sell things that they no longer want, using tables or the boots of their cars to put the goods on/in L Also just referred to as car boot: I got this set of knives at a car boot and actually they’re really good quality.

10.33 barrier /"b&ri@(r)/ (n) feeling, problem, rule or situation that prevents sb from doing sth or makes it impossible ◆ At the beginning of the twentieth century there were still barriers in place that prevented women from entering higher education in Britain. L Also a physical object that prevents people moving (forward) from one place to another. 䊳 bar (v), barred (adj)

10.35 be in business

/%bi In "bIzn@s/ (idm) have everything you need in order to be able to start sth immediately ◆ I just need to persuade my brother to lend me some money to go out this evening, and we’re in business! L Not specifically connected with business contexts and more commonly found in the first person, singular or plural.

10.36 go out of business

/%g@U %aUt @v "bIzn@s/ (phr) stop operating as a business because there is no more money or work available

10.37 get down to business

/%get %daUn t@ "bIzn@s/ (idm) start dealing with or discussing the matter that needs to be dealt with, or doing the work that needs to be done L Can be used in a general or business context (e.g. in a meeting at work).

10.38 shoplifting /"SQplIftIN/ (n) stealing goods from a shop shoplifter (n), shoplift (v)

䊳

10.39 haggle (over) /"h&gl/ (v) argue (usu. politely but firmly and not in a bad temper) with sb in order to reach an agreement, esp. about the price of sth ◆ Mark wasn’t prepared to pay a lot of money for the drum, so he haggled down the price and got a bargain. 䊳 haggler (n), haggling (n)

10.40 (shopping) spree

/("SQpIN) %spri:/ (n) short period of time that you spend doing sth, e.g. shopping, that you enjoy, but often implying too much of it 䊳 After that spending spree at the weekend, I’ve got no money left for my holiday!

10.41 shop around

10.51 reassert itself

/%SQp @"raUnd/ (phr v)

/%ri:@"s3:t It%self/ (v)

compare the price or quality of goods in different shops, or services, etc.

here, start to be noticed and have an effect after a period of not doing so 䊳 reassertion (n) 䊳 assertion (n), assertiveness (n), assert (v), assertive (adj), assertively (adv)

10.42 shopaholic /%SQp@"hQlIk/ (n) person who enjoys shopping very much and spends too much time or money doing it

10.43 on credit /%Qn "kredIt/ (phr) an arrangement to pay for sth at a later date 䊳 credit (v)

10.52 ” ruthless /"ru:Tl@s/ (adj) determined to get what you want and not caring if you hurt other people L All forms take -less and there is no opposite form. 䊳 ruthlessness (n), ruthlessly (adv)

10.53 ” the gift of the gab

Grammar

/D@ %gIft @v D@ "g&b/ (idm)

10.44 prawn /prO:n/ (n) shellfish with ten legs and a long tail, that can be eaten

10.45 stroke /str@Uk/ (n) single successful action or event ◆ A few days later, by an incredible stroke of fortune, we found the house of our dreams!

10.46 skydiving /"skaIdaIvIN/ (n) sport in which you jump from a plane and fall for as long as you safely can before opening your parachute 䊳 skydiver (n)

10.47 fortnight /"fO:tnaIt/ (n) two weeks

ability to speak easily and to persuade other people with your words

10.54 ” grind /graInd/ (n) activity that is tiring or boring and takes a lot of time ◆ Oh well, the summer holidays are over now and it’s back to the daily grind.

10.55 ” asset /"&set/ (n) thing of value ◆ He’s a real asset to the team. We’re delighted that he joined the club. L In a business context, assets include anything of value that can be used, or sold to pay debts.

10.56 ” equity /"ekw@ti/ (n)

10.48 rolling /"r@UlIN/ (adj) ◆

having gentle slopes There were no mountains, just rolling hills where sheep and cattle grazed.

Listening 10.49 hard-hitting /%hA:d "hItIN/ (adj) not afraid to talk about or criticise sb/sth in an honest and very direct way 䊳 hard-hitter (n)

10.50 network /"netw3:k/ (n) closely connected group of people, companies, etc. that exchange information 䊳 networking (n), network (v)

total value of a company’s assets (see 10.55) once its debts have been subtracted

10.57 ” rarity /"re@r@ti/ (n) person or thing that is unusual and is therefore often valuable or interesting 䊳 rare (adj), rarely (adv)

10.58 ” relentless /rI"lentl@s/ (adj) not stopping or getting less strong L See relent (6.158). 䊳 relentlessness (n), unrelenting (adj), relentlessly (adv)

10.59 decent /"di:snt/ (adj) honest and fair ◆ You can trust Mr Haynes – he’s a very decent and respectable gentleman. 䊳 indecent (adj), (in)decency (n), (in)decently (adv)

Speaking 10.60 irritate /"IrIteIt/ (v) annoy sb, especially by sth you continuously do or by sth that continuously happens ◆ Her constant refusal to meet my friends was beginning to irritate me. 䊳 irritation (n), irritable (adj), irritated (adj)

10.61 inappropriate

/%In@"pr@Upri@t/ (adj) not suitable in a particular situation ◆ Jeans are usually inappropriate for a wedding. 䊳 appropriate (adj), (in)appropriateness (n), (in)appropriately (adv)

10.62 paraphrase /"p&r@freIz/ (v) express what sb has said or written using different words, esp. in order to make it easier to understand 䊳 paraphrase (n)

10.63 junk mail /"ÙVNk %meIl/ (n) advertising material that is sent to people who have not asked for it L When this material is sent by email, it is called spam.

Use of English 10.64 bling /blIN/ (n) expensive (or expensive-looking) shiny jewellery and bright fashionable clothes worn to attract attention to yourself L Also blingbling. 䊳 bling (adj)

10.65 rapper /"r&p@(r)/ (n) person who performs rap music (a type of music in which words are not sung but are spoken quickly with a rhythm) 䊳 rap (n, v, adj)

10.66 flashy /"fl&Si/ (adj) attracting attention by being bright, expensive, large, etc. ◆ My neighbour spent thousands on a flashy car then crashed it the following weekend. 䊳 flash sth around (phr v), flashily (adv)

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10.67 (a) byword (for sth)

/"baIw3:d/ (n) person or thing that is a wellknown or typical example of a particular quality ◆ Mercedes was once a byword for motoring quality.

10.68 extravagant

/Ik"str&v@g@nt/ (adj) spending a lot of money (or using a lot of sth) L This always implies more than is necessary and often means more than sb can afford. 䊳 extravagance (n), extravagantly (adv)

10.69 cater for /"keIt@ f@(r)/ (phr v) provide the things that a particular person or situation needs or wants ◆ This language course caters for people with different backgrounds.

Vocabulary 10.70 personnel /%p3:s@"nel/ (n) department in a company that deals with employing and training people (also known as HR/Human Resources) L Also, the people who work for an organisation: There are over 1,000 personnel working on this site.

10.71 put sth down to

/"pUt ... %daUn t@/ (phr v) consider that sth is caused by sth ◆ Our school play was an incredible success – our teachers put it down to the hard work we did throughout the year.

Writing 10.72 work experience

/"w3:k Ik%spI@ri@ns/ (n) period of time that a young person, especially a student, spends working in a company as a form of training

10.74 photo shoot /"f@Ut@U %Su:t/ (n)

Dressing for success

occasion when sb takes professional photographs, e.g. for a magazine

10.81 cast your mind (back)

10.75 dress code /"dres %k@Ud/ (n) acceptable clothes for either men or women working in a company or organization ◆ The dress code is very relaxed where I work. Lots of people just wear jeans and a T-shirt.

Review

/pr@%m@US@nl "lItr@Í@/ (phr) texts used to advertise products

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make yourself think about sth ◆ Cast your mind back to when you were a child. How different was everyday life then?

10.82 bell-bottomed

/"bel %bQt@md/ (adj) (of trousers) with legs that become very wide below the knee

10.83 pencil skirt /"pensl %sk3:t/ (n) 10.76 fundamental (to)

/%fVnd@"mentl/ (adj) forming the source or basis of, or at the centre of, e.g. an idea, belief, principle, religion 䊳 fundamental (n), fundamentally (adv), fundamentalism (n)

10.77 in bulk /%In "bVlk/ (phr) in a large quantity ◆ Big supermarket chains can sell at lower prices because they buy in bulk.

10.78 strict /strIkt/ (adj) demanding that rules must be obeyed L Also describes sth that must be obeyed exactly: There is a strict policy about late arrivals for the exam and candidates will not be allowed to enter under any circumstance. 䊳 strictness (n), strictly (adv)

10.79 span /sp&n/ (n) length of time (often between two points) that sth lasts or is able to continue; usu. used in compounds, e.g. attention span, concentration span, life span L Also see span 1.73. 䊳 span (v, adj)

Workbook Reading

very tight skirt

10.84 zip /zIp/ (n) sth that you use to fasten clothes, bags, etc. consisting of two rows of metal or plastic teeth that you can pull together to close or pull apart to open

10.85 merit /"merIt/ (v) do sth to deserve praise, attention, etc. ◆ The mayor’s efforts to help the poor merit our strong support – don’t you think? 䊳 merit (n)

10.86 barely /"be@li/ (adv) in a way that is just possible but only with difficulty ◆ The poor child was so weak, he could barely walk.

10.87 rival /"raIvl/ (n) sb/sth competing with sb/sth else for the same things ◆ Oxford won the boat race in 18 minutes 26 seconds, beating their rivals Cambridge for the fourth time in five years. 䊳 rivalry (n), rival (v)

10.88 undisputed

/%VndI"spju:tId/(adj) that everyone accepts or recognizes ◆ Ken is the undisputed tennis champion at school – no one else plays as well as he does. L Also: that cannot be questioned or proved to be false.

10.89 churn out /%Í3:n "aUt/ (phr v) 10.80 textile industry

10.73 promotional literature

/"kA:st jO: %maInd (%b&k)/ (idm)

/"tekstaIl %Ind@stri/ (n) industry that produces any type of fabric made by weaving or knitting

produce sth quickly and in large amounts ◆ Factories in South East Asia churn out huge quantities of cheap plastic toys.

10.90 labour-intensive

/"leIb@r In%tensIv/ (adj) (of work) needing a lot of people to do it ◆ The clothing industry is very labour intensive as so much of the work is still done by hand.

10.91 dress up /%dres "Vp/ (phr v) put on special clothes, wear clothes that are more formal than usual ◆ I like to dress up when I go out at the weekend. I love wearing colourful clothes in unusual combinations.

10.92 mind-boggling

/"maInd %bQglIN/ (adj) very difficult to imagine or to understand, extremely surprising ◆ The rate of change in the computer industry in recent years is absolutely mind-boggling.

10.93 reform /rI"fO:m/ (v) improve a system, an organisation, a law, etc. by making changes to it ◆ We need to reform the laws dealing with young offenders. At the moment they don’t seem to be working. 䊳 reformation (n), reformed (adj)

10.94 unfazed /Vn"feIzd/ (adj) not worried or surprised by sth unexpected that happens ◆ My father must have known my brother had quit his job, because he seemed unfazed when I told him. 䊳 faze (v), fazed (adj)

10.95 commodity /k@"mQd@ti/ (n) product or raw material that can be bought and sold, especially between countries

10.96 spin (out) /%spIn "aUt/ (v) produce items made from wool, cotton, silk, etc. by twisting

10.97 quota /"kw@Ut@/ (n) the limited amount of people or things that is officially allowed ◆ The college has a quota of 100 tickets for the upcoming theatre trip.

10.98 sour /"saU@(r)/ (v) (of relationships, people, etc.) change so that they become less pleasant or friendly than before ◆ Their relationship began to sour after they went on a disastrous holiday together.

10.99 chamber of commerce

/%ÍeImb@r @v "kQm3:s/ (n) group of local business people who work together to help business and trade in a particular town

10.100 dispute /dI"spju:t/ (n) argument or disagreement between two people, groups etc. ◆ Noise is the most common cause of disputes between neighbours. 䊳 dispute (v)

10.101 appreciation

/@%pri:Si"eISn/ (n) increase in value over a period of time ◆ The appreciation in the price of oil was caused by a sudden rise in demand. 䊳 appreciate (v)

10.102 speculative

10.108 province /"prQvIns/ (n) one of the areas that some countries are divided into with its own local government 䊳 provincial (adj), provincially (adv)

10.109 dormitory /"dO:m@tri/ (n) room for several people to sleep in, esp. in a school or other institution

10.110 niche /ni:S/ (n) an opportunity to sell a particular product to a particular group of people

10.111 deft /deft/ (adj) skilful and quick deftly (adv)

䊳

deftness (n),

10.112 bristle /"brIsl/ (n) one of the short stiff hairs in a brush

10.113 rejoicing /rI"ÙOIsIN/ (n) the happy celebration of sth There was a great deal of rejoicing when the baby was born. 䊳 rejoice (v) ◆

/"spekj@l@tIv/ (adj) done in the hope of making a profit but involving the risk of losing money ◆ While property prices are low there are lots of people trying to make speculative investments. 䊳 speculation (n), speculator (n)

10.103 paddy field /"p&di %fi:ld/ (n) field in which rice is grown

10.104 irrigation /%IrI"geISn/ (n) supply of water to an area of land through pipes or channels so that crops will grow 䊳 irrigate (v)

10.105 outlet /"aUtlet/ (n) pipe or hole through which liquid or gas can flow out

10.106 waste /weIst/ (n) materials that are no longer needed and are thrown away

10.107 prevail /prI"veIl/ (v) exist or be very common at a particular time or in a particular place ◆ Currently, labour is cheap and profits are rising, but these conditions may not prevail in the market for very much longer. 䊳 prevailing (adj)

Vocabulary 10.114 resolve /rI"zQlv/ (v) find a satisfactory solution to a problem or difficulty ◆ Brothers and sisters should always try to resolve their problems on their own first, and then ask their parents to help. L Also: make a firm decision to do sth 䊳 resolution (n), resolved (adj)

Grammar 10.115 comply (with) /k@m"plaI/ (v) obey a rule, an order, etc. ◆ Staff must comply with all safety rules when operating machinery. 䊳 compliance (n)

10.116 run-down /%rVn "daUn/ (adj) (of a building or place) in very bad condition, that has not been looked after

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10.117 merely /"mI@li/ (adv) used meaning ‘only’ or ‘simply’ to emphasise a fact or sth that you are saying I didn’t mean to disturb you, I merely wanted to say ‘goodbye’. 䊳 mere (adj)

10.118 atrocious /@"tr@US@s/ (adj) terrible, very bad or unpleasant My atrocious accent made it difficult for me to communicate with the local people. L Also: very cruel and shocking. 䊳 atrocity (n), atrociously (adv)

◆

Listening 10.119 piracy /"paIr@si/ (n) the act of making illegal copies of video tapes, computer programs, books, etc., in order to sell them

10.120 prosecute /"prQsIkju:t/ (v) officially charge sb with a crime in a court of law 䊳 prosecution (n), prosecutor (n)

10.126 ” rule /ru:l/ (v) give an official decision about sth ruling (n)

䊳

10.127 ” hinge on

/"hInÙ Qn/ (phr v) depend on sth completely ◆ Success of the new film will certainly hinge on the director and the stars.

10.128 ” rip sb off

/%rIp ... "Qf/ (phr v) cheat sb by making them pay too much, by selling them sth of poor quality, etc. ◆ That shop is just ripping people off. They’re selling cheap watches, but most of them don’t even work properly!

10.129 ” camcorder

/"k&mkO:d@(r)/ (n) video camera

10.130 ” medium /"mi:di@m/ (n) means by which sth is communicated ◆ What medium do you think we should use to sell the album – CD or download?

10.121 ban /b&n/ (v) forbid sth officially ◆ I wish smoking were banned everywhere – I just can’t stand it! 䊳 ban (n)

10.122 lawsuit /"lO:su:t/ (n) claim or complaint against sb that a person or an organisation can make in a court of law

10.123 copyright /"kQpiraIt/ (n) if sb holds the copyright on a piece of writing, music, etc., they are the only ones who have the legal right to publish, broadcast, perform it, etc., and other people must ask their permission to use any part of it

10.124 ” royalties /"rOI@ltiz/ (n pl) sum of money that is paid to sb who has written a book, piece of music, etc. each time that it is sold or performed

10.125 ” outbreak /"aUtbreIk/ (n) sudden start of sth unpleasant, esp. violence or a disease ◆ The outbreak of war in the Balkans has badly affected exports.

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Use of English 10.131 treat /tri:t/ (n) something very pleasant and enjoyable, esp. sth that you give sb or do for them ◆ As a treat, I’m going to take you to an expensive restaurant tonight.

10.132 landfill /"l&ndfIl/ (n) large deep hole in which large amounts of rubbish are put L Also means the method of getting rid of rubbish in this way.

10.133 brawl /brO:l/ (n) noisy and violent fight involving a group of people, usually in a public place 䊳 brawl (v)