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BRITISH HISTORY S

B ritish History Seen Through Art

T A Gina D. B. Clemen Laura Stagno

British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

British History 2008

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B ritish History Seen Through Art

Gina D. B. Clemen Laura Stagno

British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

British History 2008

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Editor: Alex Smith Design: Nadia Maestri Layout: Simona Corniola Picture research and authorisation: Laura Lagomarsino Web research: Lorenzo Bagnara

Historical text and exercises: Gina D. B. Clemen Artistic text: Laura Stagno

© 2001 Black Cat Publishing, an imprint of Cideb Editrice, Genoa, Canterbury

First edition: September 2001

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. We would be happy to receive your comments and suggestions, and give you any other information concerning our material. [email protected] www.blackcat-cideb.com www.cideb.it

TEXTBOOKS฀AND฀ TEACHING฀MATERIALS The฀quality฀of฀the฀publisher’s design,฀production฀and฀sales฀processes฀has been฀certified฀to฀the฀standard฀of UNI฀EN ISO 9001

ISBN 978-88-7754-752-1 Book ISBN 978-88-7754-618-0 Book + CD

Printed in Italy by Stamperia Artistica Nazionale, Trofarello, Turin.

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Contents Contents

Introduction

CHAPTER ONE

T he Beginnings

6

PET exercises www.britishhistoryart.com

CHAPTER TWO

CHAPTER THREE

CHAPTER FIVE

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27

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T he T udors

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33 Internet activities

35

T he E lizabethan A ge

37

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T he S tuarts and the C ivil W ar

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CHAPTER SIX

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T he Normans and the M iddle A ges

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CHAPTER FOUR

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Internet activities

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T he R estoration

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T he G eorgian A ge and the Industrial Revolution

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CHAPTER EIGHT

CHAPTER NINE

CHAPTER ELEVEN

CHAPTER TWELVE

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Wars in the C olonies and in Europe

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T he V ictorian A ge

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CHAPTER TEN

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T he E dwardian Age and W orld W ar I

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W orld W ar II and the Post-war Years

102

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Moving Towards the Twenty -First Century

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PET-STYLE฀EXIT฀TEST

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I

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Introduction Introduction

What฀better฀way฀to฀learn฀about฀the฀history฀of฀a฀country฀than฀through฀its฀art?฀Art฀has always฀been฀a฀vibrant฀expression฀of฀the฀evolution฀of฀a฀country’s฀culture,฀its฀people and฀their฀aspirations.

British฀History฀Seen฀Through฀Art relates฀the฀significant฀events฀of฀British฀history฀with฀a detailed฀commentary฀on฀the฀most฀important฀works฀of฀art฀of฀the฀period. Starting฀with฀the฀architectural฀achievement฀of฀Stonehenge,฀which฀is฀more฀than 4,000฀years฀old,฀and฀looking฀at฀Celtic฀and฀Anglo-Saxon฀Art,฀we฀see฀history฀unfold before฀our฀eyes.฀We฀observe฀how฀the฀religious฀art฀of฀the฀Middle฀Ages฀became฀more secular฀after฀Henry฀VIII,฀and฀how฀art฀from฀continental฀Europe฀influenced฀the painting฀and฀architecture฀of฀the฀British฀Isles. We฀witness฀important฀changes฀in฀British฀society.฀With฀the฀rise฀in฀power฀of฀the middle-classes฀in฀the฀Georgian฀Age,฀art฀was฀not฀only฀the฀propaganda฀of฀a฀monarch or฀nation,฀but฀also฀portraits฀of฀wealthy฀families฀and฀pictures฀of฀their฀property.฀The economic฀and฀social฀changes฀of฀the฀Industrial฀Revolution฀produced฀a฀new฀form฀of artistic฀expression:฀the฀painting฀as฀a฀socio-political฀document,฀and฀for฀the฀first฀time art฀involved฀all฀social฀classes. In฀the฀twentieth฀century฀photography,฀film฀and฀modern฀technology฀were฀all฀used฀to interpret฀and฀represent฀events,฀and฀reflected฀a฀new฀freedom฀of฀artistic฀expression. At฀the฀beginning฀of฀the฀new฀millennium,฀British฀art฀is฀reinventing฀itself฀once฀more to฀reflect฀how฀we฀live฀today. Both฀students฀and฀teachers฀will฀enjoy฀this฀cross-curricular฀approach฀to฀the฀study฀of the฀history฀of฀Britain฀and฀its฀art. British฀History฀Seen฀Through฀Art฀has฀its฀own฀internet฀site,฀www.britishhistoryart.com, where฀you฀can฀find฀links฀to฀internet฀sites฀about฀British฀history฀or฀British฀art.฀There are฀internet฀activities฀either฀at฀the฀end฀of฀the฀chapters฀or฀on฀the฀internet฀site.

@

This฀symbol฀indicates฀the฀internet฀activities฀which฀you฀can฀find฀at www.britishhistoryart.com This฀text฀is฀recorded฀in฀full.

0 END

These฀symbols฀indicate฀the฀beginning฀and฀end฀of฀the฀extracts฀linked฀to฀the listening฀activities.

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CHAPTER ONE

The Beginnings 2

THE CELTS: BEFORE AND AFTER People฀probably฀arrived฀in฀the฀British฀Isles฀about฀300,000฀years฀ago฀during฀the Palaeolithic฀Age฀or฀Old฀Stone฀Age.฀This฀period฀is฀known฀as฀prehistory:฀the฀period฀before people฀kept฀written฀records. New฀settlers฀from฀Europe฀arrived฀in฀Britain฀about฀4000฀BC.฀In฀about฀3000฀BC฀these฀people started฀using฀stone฀as฀a฀building฀material.฀฀Stonehenge,฀an฀enormous฀stone฀circle฀in Southern฀England,฀฀was฀probably฀built฀at฀about฀the฀same฀time฀as฀the฀Great฀Pyramid฀of Giza฀in฀Egypt฀–฀about฀2300฀BC!฀Today฀astronomers฀think฀Stonehenge฀was฀used฀to฀measure the฀movements฀of฀the฀sun,฀moon฀and฀stars,฀and฀also฀for฀pagan฀religious฀practices.

Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain.

Stonehenge is in fact a series of circles made of blocks of stone, some of which are very large. It was not completed as a single project but built over several generations. 6 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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The Beginnnings Seen Through Art

Desborough Mirror (1st century).

By looking at one of the best surviving examples of Celtic mirrors we can appreciate the essential characteristics of Celtic art. The surface of the mirror is made from brightly polished metal, but the back (shown here) is of much greater interest. Made from bronze, it has been engraved using a sharp instrument to produce decorative wavelike patterns and finished with round, eye-shaped motifs using the crosshatching technique.

Celtic art was abstract for the most part, based on curved patterns. The Celts were not interested in ‘representational’ painting and sculpture (reproductions of reality, especially the human body), which were popular in classical Greek and Roman art. The Celts’ love of linear patterns and pure decoration was to continue to flourish for centuries in British art, long after the Roman conquest, and came to form one of its distinguishing features.

The฀Celts,฀tribes฀originally฀from฀Central฀Europe,฀arrived฀in฀Britain฀after฀700฀BC.฀They were฀strong,฀fearless฀warriors฀and฀conquered฀an฀extensive฀part฀of฀Europe.฀They฀were฀also expert฀metal฀workers฀and฀made฀iron฀tools,฀weapons,฀helmets฀and฀armour.฀With฀bronze and฀gold฀they฀created฀coins,฀mirrors,฀ornaments,฀small฀statues฀and฀beautiful฀jewellery. The฀Celts฀did฀not฀write฀their฀own฀history฀but฀fortunately฀the฀Greeks฀and฀Romans฀wrote about฀them.฀Their฀language฀is฀still฀spoken฀today฀because฀Gaelic฀Irish฀and฀Scots,฀Welsh, Cornish฀and฀Breton฀are฀Celtic฀languages. In฀43฀AD฀the฀Roman฀Emperor฀Claudius฀and฀his฀army฀conquered฀Britain,฀which฀became part฀of฀the฀Roman฀Empire฀and฀was฀called฀Britannia.฀

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British History

Hadrian’s Wall.

One monument in particular was so important that it came to symbolise Roman Britain. Hadrian’s Wall, one of the greatest feats of engineering in the Roman world, measures 80 Roman miles (120 km). It ‘cuts’ across the country from coast to coast, from the Solway Firth to the River Tyne. Hadrian, who visited the British colony in 122 AD, was the first emperor in Roman history to build a wall in order to ‘separate the “barbarians” (rebellious tribes who were never brought completely under control) from the Romans’, as his biographer says. The wall was built mainly in stone with forts and turrets at regular intervals, and marks a fundamental change in how the Roman Empire was seen. It was no longer thought to be without frontiers and in continual expansion (as Augustus believed in the first century BC), but now had specific borders and defences. The gradual ‘Romanisation’ of the local people took place inside a well-defined area.

The฀Romans฀brought฀their฀laws,฀their฀religion,฀a฀written฀language฀and฀written฀numbers. Being฀skilled฀engineers,฀they฀built฀forts,฀towns฀and฀beautiful฀houses฀decorated฀with elaborate฀mosaics฀and฀statues,฀and฀excellent฀roads,฀some฀of฀which฀still฀exist฀today.

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The Beginnnings Seen Through Art

Mildenhall Satyr and Menade Plate (4th century).

We can reconstruct the complex process of the meeting of two civilisations, both rich in traditions – by ‘reading’ works of art from the period. Classical models were introduced to Britain in many different ways. Roman coins, statues of Roman gods and emperors, precious objects made in Rome, Constantinople and Antioch were imported. This beautiful silver plate, which shows the detailed anatomy and elegant clothing typical of Greco-Roman art, is part of a fourth century treasure found in Mildenhall, Suffolk.

Bacchus Mosaic (5th century).

British mosaics show how local craftsmen were influenced by Roman works of art. They attempted to copy classical models in their choice of subject matter and style. They used them in a simpler more linear manner which was closer to Celtic traditions. The majority of these mosaics, which were made from tiny squares of brick and different coloured stone, were produced between the first and fourth century AD.

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British History THE ANGLO-SAXONS AND VIKINGS In฀406฀AD,฀after฀almost฀400฀years,฀the฀Romans฀left฀Britain,฀which฀was฀soon฀invaded฀by the฀Anglo-Saxons,฀tribes฀from฀Germany฀who฀were฀great฀warriors฀and฀took฀the฀Celts'฀land and฀treasures.฀From฀about฀513฀AD฀to฀537฀AD฀a฀Celtic฀leader฀named฀Arthur฀fought฀bravely against฀the฀Anglo-Saxon฀invaders฀and฀became฀the฀figure฀of฀legend,฀King฀Arthur.

Purse lid (7th century). A lot of information on the traditions and characteristics of the Anglo-Saxons comes from objects found in 1939 at Sutton Hoo in Suffolk. Archaeologists discovered a ship, 25 metres in length, which was built to carry the dead, at least symbolically, into the afterlife. Inside the ship they found the burial effects of a seventh-century AngloSaxon king, including weapons, coins, clothing and jewellery. This purse lid comes from the treasure. At the bottom there is an image of an eagle seizing a duck, and at the sides a man being attacked by two wild boars; 1 both are shown in gold, enamel and glass-like stones. Highly stylised hunting and animal motifs were common to ‘Barbarian’ art throughout Europe. Jewellery and metal decorations for weapons and clothes were among the favourite art works of the Anglo-Saxons because they were easy to transport.

1

wild฀boars :฀wild฀pigs.

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The Beginnnings Seen Through Art

In฀597฀AD Augustine,฀a฀missionary฀sent฀from฀Rome,฀arrived฀in฀Kent฀and฀established฀a Christian฀church฀at฀Canterbury,฀where฀he฀became฀the฀first฀Archbishop฀of฀Canterbury. During฀this฀period฀monasteries,฀where฀monks฀studied฀and฀copied฀religious฀books,฀were being฀built฀all฀around฀Britain.

A page of the Lindisfarne Gospel, St Matthew chap. I, v. 18, (8th century)

The religious books produced by monks – particularly in Ireland – are precious religious and artistic treasures in which the spirit of ancient Celtic decoration flourishes.

On this page of the Lindisfarne Gospel (early eighth century), notice how the Greek letters ‘X’ and ‘P’ (‘chi’ and ‘ro’, the first two letters of the word ‘Christ’ in Greek) are made up of a complex system of braids 1 and spirals. This highly intricate, decorative form (without a pictorial narrative) shows how Celtic art continued to thrive in a society which had converted to Christianity. At฀the฀end฀of฀the฀eighth฀century฀the฀Vikings฀from฀Scandinavia฀attacked฀the฀east฀coast฀of฀Britain. These฀expert฀navigators฀and฀brave฀warriors฀soon฀settled฀throughout฀most฀of฀the฀British฀Isles.฀The Anglo-Saxon฀King,฀Alfred฀the฀Great,฀fought฀against฀them฀successfully,฀but฀after฀his฀death฀in฀899 the฀Vikings฀attacked฀again฀and฀soon฀Britain฀was฀ruled฀by฀Viking฀kings.฀One฀of฀them฀was฀King Canute,฀a฀wise฀and฀honest฀king,฀who฀brought฀peace฀and฀prosperity฀to฀his฀people.

1

braids :฀(here)฀bands฀of฀cotton฀or฀wool.

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Go back to the text PET 1

Decide฀if฀each฀statement฀is฀correct฀or฀incorrect.฀If฀it฀is฀correct,฀tick฀A;฀if฀it฀is฀not฀correct,฀tick฀B. A 1

Stonehenge฀is฀an฀enormous฀stone฀pyramid฀in Southern฀England฀built฀about฀2300฀BC

2

The฀Celts฀came฀from฀Central฀Europe฀in฀700฀BC and฀were฀great฀warriors฀and฀expert฀metal฀workers.

3

Celtic฀art฀was฀mainly฀abstract,฀based฀on฀curved฀patterns.฀

4

The฀Roman฀Emperor฀Julius฀Caesar฀and฀his฀army conquered฀Britain฀in฀43฀AD.

5

British฀mosaics฀were฀completely฀original฀and฀were฀not฀ influenced฀by฀classical฀models.

6

When฀the฀Romans฀left฀Britain฀in฀406฀AD฀there฀was฀ an฀Anglo-Saxon฀invasion.

7

‘Barbarian’฀art฀is฀characterised฀by฀very฀realistic฀profiles฀of฀soldiers.

8

The฀first฀Archbishop฀of฀Canterbury฀was฀Augustine,฀ a฀Roman฀missionary.

9

Celtic฀decoration฀continued฀to฀flourish฀in฀the฀฀ religious฀books฀produced฀by฀monks.

10

2

B

The฀Vikings฀invaded฀and฀settled฀throughout฀most of฀Kent฀at฀the฀end฀of฀the฀eighth฀century.

Read฀the฀descriptions฀and฀match฀them฀with฀the฀correct฀person฀or฀people.฀Write฀the฀correct฀letter in฀the฀box. 1

Britain’s฀new฀name฀under฀Roman฀rule.฀

2

An฀important฀Anglo-Saxon฀burial฀site.฀

3

These฀people฀came฀from฀Germany฀and฀invaded฀Britain.฀

4

They฀were฀expert฀navigators฀from฀Scandinavia.

5

He฀built฀a฀wall฀to฀separate฀the฀‘barbarians’฀from฀the฀Romans.฀

6

This฀legendary฀king฀fought฀against฀the฀Anglo฀Saxons฀from฀513฀AD฀to฀537฀AD.

7

Their฀language฀still฀survives.฀

8

This฀Saxon฀king฀fought฀successfully฀against฀the฀Vikings.฀

A The฀Celts

E

The฀Anglo-Saxons

B King฀Arthur

F

Britannia

C King฀Alfred฀the฀Great

G

The฀Vikings

D Sutton฀Hoo

H

Emperor฀Hadrian

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PET 3

3

You฀are฀going฀to฀hear฀a฀biography฀of฀King฀Arthur. Listen฀to฀the฀information฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀answer฀A,฀B฀or฀C. 1

2

3

In฀what฀century฀was฀the฀legend฀of฀King Arthur฀born?

5

Where฀did฀King฀Arthur฀and฀his฀knights meet?

A the฀fifteenth฀century฀

A on฀the฀battlefield

B the฀sixth฀century

B in฀church

C the฀fifth฀century

C at฀the฀Round฀Table

Who฀did฀King฀Arthur฀and฀his฀knights fight฀against?

6

How฀many฀names฀were฀painted฀on฀the Round฀Table?

A the฀Vikings

A 34

B the฀Celts

B 24

C the฀Saxons

C 4

What฀was฀the฀name฀of฀Arthur’s฀magic sword?

7

In฀what฀year฀was฀King฀Arthur฀killed? A 527฀AD

A Excalibur

B 327฀AD

B Excellence

C 537฀AD

C Guinevere 8 4

What฀was฀his฀wife’s฀name?

Who฀discovered฀King฀Arthur’s฀grave฀and when฀did฀they฀discover฀it? A The฀monks฀of฀Camelot฀at฀the฀ end฀of฀the฀12th฀century.

A Camelot B Guinevere

B The฀Knights฀of฀the฀Round฀Table฀ in฀537฀AD.

C Justine

C The฀monks฀of฀Glastonbury฀at฀ the฀end฀of฀the฀12th฀century.

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INTERNET ACTIVITIES

Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on:

CHAPTER฀ONE

1

Here฀ are฀ some฀ frequently฀ asked฀ questions฀ about฀ Stonehenge.฀ Use฀ the฀ website฀ address for฀Chapter฀One.฀Explore฀the฀various฀sections฀of฀the฀website฀to฀find฀the฀answers฀to฀these questions. 1 How฀old฀is฀Stonehenge฀and฀when฀were฀the฀first฀stones฀put฀there? 2 Is฀Stonehenge฀the฀largest฀stone฀circle฀in฀the฀world? 3 Why฀did฀people฀put฀the฀stones฀there? 4 What฀are฀the฀bluestones฀and฀are฀they฀really฀blue? 5 Where฀do฀they฀come฀from? 6 Is฀it฀possible฀to฀visit฀all฀of฀Stonehenge? 7 Who฀does฀Stonehenge฀belong฀to฀now? 8 What฀were฀the฀three฀stages฀in฀which฀Stonehenge฀was฀built?฀Describe฀them฀in฀your own฀words.

2

Click฀ on฀ the฀ interactive฀ map฀ of฀ Stonehenge.฀ You฀ will฀ find฀ photographs฀ and฀ video฀ clips. Watch฀ how฀ Stonehenge฀ has฀ changed.฀ What฀ other฀ sites฀ are฀ there฀ in฀ the฀ area?฀ Choose one฀of฀them฀and฀write฀some฀information฀about฀it.฀Remember฀to฀include. •

When฀it฀was฀built

•

Where฀it฀was฀built

•

Some฀more฀information฀about฀the฀site

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Read฀the฀text฀on฀Roman฀Britain฀and฀complete฀the฀table.

1 The฀number฀of฀soldiers฀in฀the฀Roman฀ invasion฀of฀43฀AD.

........................................... ...........................................

2 The฀area฀of฀England฀controlled฀by฀the฀ Romans฀in฀60฀AD.

........................................... ...........................................

3 The฀name฀of฀the฀Celtic฀leader฀who฀ rebelled฀against฀Roman฀rule.

........................................... ...........................................

4 An฀example฀of฀a฀Roman฀villa฀which฀has฀ been฀excavated.

........................................... ...........................................

5 The฀dates฀of฀construction฀of฀the฀Antonine฀Wall.

...........................................

6 The฀location฀of฀the฀Antonine฀Wall.

...........................................

7 The฀name฀given฀to฀the฀period฀of฀peace฀ under฀Roman฀rule.

........................................... ...........................................

8 The฀person฀who฀was฀responsible฀for฀removing฀ the฀Roman฀armies฀from฀Britain.

........................................... ...........................................

9 What฀happened฀after฀the฀Romans฀left฀Britain?฀฀(use฀about฀30฀words) ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................

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INTERNET ACTIVITIES

Roman฀Invasion

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Before you read PET 4

1

Listen฀to฀the฀first฀part฀of฀Chapter฀Two฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀answer฀ A,฀B or฀C. 1

5

Edward฀the฀Confessor,฀the฀king฀of England,฀promised฀his฀throne฀to

What฀were฀the฀Norman฀ships฀called? A hauberks

A Duke฀William฀of฀Normandy.

B dragons

B the฀Earl฀of฀Wessex.

C drakkars

C Harold฀Godwinsson. 6 2

When฀Harold฀Godwinsson฀was฀crowned king,฀he฀had฀the฀support฀of฀the

On฀which฀day฀was฀the฀Battle฀of Hastings฀fought฀in฀1066? A 13฀October

A Anglo-Saxon฀nobles.

B 14฀October

B Archbishop฀of฀Canterbury.

C 15฀October

C Norman฀nobles.

3

7

How฀many฀soldiers฀were฀there฀in William฀the฀Conqueror’s฀army?

A a฀Norwegian฀army

A 700

B a฀Scottish฀army

B 6,000

C a฀Danish฀army

C 7,000 8 4

Who฀did฀the฀Anglo-Saxon฀army฀fight before฀they฀marched฀to฀Hastings?

What฀doesn't฀the฀Bayeux฀Tapestry show?

How฀was฀King฀Harold฀killed? A by฀an฀arrow฀in฀the฀eye B by฀a฀sword฀in฀the฀stomach

A building฀ships

C by฀an฀axe฀in฀the฀arm

B cutting฀trees C building฀castles

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CHAPTER TWO

The Normans and the Middle Ages 4

THE BAYEUX TAPESTRY AND NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND A฀very฀important฀event฀in฀British฀history฀took฀place฀in฀1066:฀the฀Battle฀of฀Hastings.฀ The฀phases฀of฀the฀battle฀are฀recorded฀in฀the฀Bayeux฀Tapestry,฀an฀exceptionally฀rich฀source of฀information,฀as฀well฀as฀a฀remarkable฀work฀of฀art.฀The฀embroidered 1 chronicle฀begins with฀a฀description฀of฀what฀happened฀before฀the฀battle.฀It฀is฀quite฀a฀complicated฀story. A detail from the Bayeux Tapestry.

The Bayeux Tapestry is a woollen embroidered linen canvas, made up of many panels. It was made in about 1077. The tapestry was originally 70 metres long, but unfortunately part of it has been lost.

It was a pictorial story for a public who couldn’t read. It tells the story from the Norman point of view: William is shown as a hero, while Harold is a traitor who deserves his death.

In this close-up you can clearly see the technique used to make the tapestry. Notice that the threads 2 have different dimensions according to their function. For instance, the black thread that gives the contour to the eyes and the nose is bigger than the others. 1

embroidered :฀decorated฀with฀patterns฀or฀ pictures฀sewn฀on฀to฀cloth.

2

threads฀:฀long฀pieces฀of฀cotton฀or฀wool.

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British History

William the Conqueror.

Edward฀the฀Confessor,฀the฀king฀of฀England,฀was฀half฀Norman฀and฀half฀Anglo-Saxon.฀He left฀no฀son฀of฀his฀own.฀In฀1051฀he฀promised฀his฀throne฀to฀Duke฀William฀of฀Normandy,฀who was฀his฀cousin฀on฀his฀mother’s฀side.฀ Edward฀sent฀Harold฀Godwinsson,฀who฀was฀the฀son฀of฀one฀of฀the฀most฀powerful฀AngloSaxon฀noblemen,฀the฀Earl฀of฀Wessex,฀to฀swear฀allegiance 1 to฀William.฀However,฀in฀1066, when฀King฀Edward฀died,฀Harold฀took฀the฀crown฀of฀England฀with฀the฀support฀of฀the฀AngloSaxon฀aristocracy. 1

swear฀allegiance฀: promise฀under฀oath.

Harold Godwinsson takes the crown of England.

Notice that the many inscriptions embroidered on the tapestry are in Latin, the language used by all the educated classes in Europe.

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The Normans Seen Through Art

Workers cutting trees to build ships.

Men carrying the mail hauberks and others pulling arms and armour.

When฀William฀of฀Normandy฀heard฀this฀he฀was฀very฀angry฀and฀he฀decided฀to฀invade England฀with฀an฀army฀of฀7,000฀men.฀However,฀his฀greatest฀problem฀was฀to฀assemble฀a฀big enough฀fleet.฀The฀Bayeux฀Tapestry฀shows฀people฀cutting฀trees,฀building฀ships฀and launching฀them฀into฀the฀sea.฀ When฀the฀fleet฀was฀ready,฀the฀Normans฀embarked฀their฀weapons.฀The฀mail฀hauberks 1 were฀so฀heavy฀that฀two฀people฀had฀to฀carry฀them.฀The฀Normans฀also฀took฀horses,฀food, wine฀and฀other฀supplies.฀The฀Norman฀ships,฀called฀‘drakkars’,฀crossed฀the฀English Channel฀and฀landed฀on฀the฀Sussex฀coast.

1

mail฀hauberks :฀armour฀made฀ of฀many฀metal฀rings.

The Norman Ships crossing the English Channel.

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British History On฀14฀October฀1066฀the฀Normans฀fought฀the฀Anglo-Saxons฀at฀Hastings.฀It฀was฀a฀long, difficult฀battle.฀Although฀the฀Anglo-Saxons฀fought฀bravely,฀they฀were฀few฀in฀number. They฀were฀also฀very฀tired฀because฀they฀defeated฀Norwegian฀invaders฀in฀the฀north฀before they฀marched฀to฀Hastings.฀ After฀eight฀hours฀of฀battle฀Harold฀Godwinsson฀was฀killed฀when฀an฀arrow฀struck฀him฀in the฀eye.฀After฀this฀the฀Saxons฀were฀defeated,฀and฀after฀his฀victory฀William฀was฀called฀‘the END

Conqueror’.฀He฀became฀King฀of฀England฀on฀Christmas฀Day฀1066.

The Norman cavalry charging the Anglo-Saxons.

The Normans had the advantage because some of them fought on horseback while the AngloSaxons fought on foot. Also, the Normans had better weapons than the Anglo-Saxons.

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The Normans Seen Through Art

The Bayeux Tapestry was made for William’s half-brother, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux in Normandy, who used it to adorn 1 the choir of the cathedral of his city. Bishop Odo is depicted here, on the right, blessing the food and drink before a meal.

In its illustration of the themes of betrayal and punishment, the tapestry is very similar to the epics of the Knights of the Round Table. The precision and realism of the details represented give us a huge amount of first-hand information about how people lived and fought at the time of the Norman Conquest of England.

1

adorn :฀decorate.

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British History AFTER THE CONQUEST A฀work฀of฀art฀as฀rich฀in฀detail฀as฀the฀Bayeux฀Tapestry฀is฀rare. We฀do฀not฀have฀any฀comparable works฀of฀art฀to฀give฀us฀information฀for฀the฀years฀that฀followed฀and฀shaped฀English฀medieval society.฀ William฀the฀Conqueror฀brought฀the฀feudal฀system฀to฀England.฀Under฀this฀system฀the฀land฀in England฀was฀owned฀by฀the฀king.฀The฀king฀permitted฀barons฀to฀use฀his฀land฀in฀return฀for military฀service.฀The฀barons฀lived฀in฀manor฀houses 1 and฀built฀castles฀for฀defence.฀These barons฀had฀private฀armies,฀which฀were฀commanded฀by฀knights.฀When฀the฀king฀called฀them, they฀went฀to฀fight฀for฀him.฀The฀barons฀permitted฀their฀knights฀to฀use฀the฀king’s฀land,฀which the฀knights฀divided฀among฀the฀farmers,฀who฀were฀free฀men.฀The฀peasants฀or฀serfs฀were฀at฀the lowest฀level฀of฀the฀feudal฀system฀–฀they฀were฀the฀property฀of฀the฀baron.

Miniature showing William Marshal unhorsing Baldwin of Guinnes (1233) by Matthew Paris from his Historia Maior. When฀William฀the฀Conqueror฀became฀king,฀he฀also฀became฀the฀direct฀owner฀of฀the฀land which฀before฀the฀Battle฀of฀Hastings฀belonged฀to฀Harold,฀his฀family฀and฀his฀Anglo-Saxon allies.฀The฀King฀wanted฀to฀carry฀out฀a฀survey 2 to฀find฀out฀exactly฀what฀he฀and฀the฀other landlords฀owned:฀how฀much฀land,฀how฀many฀animals,฀how฀many฀manors,฀how฀many castles,฀how฀many฀churches฀and฀how฀many฀people฀there฀were.฀ In฀1086฀all฀this฀information฀was฀written฀in฀the฀Domesday฀Book.฀The฀result฀was฀a฀unique picture฀of฀English฀society,฀where฀almost฀all฀the฀population฀worked฀in฀agriculture,฀with little฀or฀no฀industry฀or฀commerce.฀The฀survey฀showed฀that฀one฀fifth฀of฀the฀land฀in England฀belonged฀to฀William,฀a฀quarter฀to฀the฀Church฀and฀the฀rest฀to฀Norman฀noblemen. The฀population฀of฀England฀in฀1086฀was฀about฀one฀and฀a฀half฀million. 1

manor฀houses :฀country฀houses฀of฀the฀provincial฀nobility.

2

survey฀:฀report.

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Miniature showing Charles Duke of Orleans writing in the Tower of London (c. 1415).

The complex of buildings which today is called the Tower of London was begun by William the Conqueror around 1076. While the first Norman castles were made of earth and timber, the impressive structure near the Thames was built in stone and its walls were whitewashed – and this is how it got its name the White Tower. It soon became an architectural symbol of Norman military supremacy. In the centuries that followed the original structure was added to, in this miniature you can see the tower as it appeared at the beginning of the fifteenth century. During its long history, it has been a fortress, a palace, a prison and a royal mint. 1 The฀Normans฀built฀forts฀and฀castles฀on฀hills,฀near฀rivers฀or฀roads,฀in฀order฀to฀control฀the territory.฀The฀most฀famous฀castle฀was฀the฀White฀Tower฀in฀London,฀today฀a฀part฀of฀the Tower฀of฀London฀complex. 1

mint :฀(here)฀a฀government฀building฀where฀coins฀are฀made.

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From฀the฀tenth฀to฀the฀twelfth฀century฀ western฀European฀architecture฀was Romanesque.฀Norman฀architects฀from฀ France฀designed฀beautiful฀Romanesque churches฀and฀cathedrals฀in฀England. Durham Cathedral.

Durham Cathedral, which was built between the eleventh and the twelfth century, is a good example of the Romanesque style of architecture. It is an impressive but austere building. The interior is solemn and creates a deep sense of religious peace.

AFTER WILLIAM William฀the฀Conqueror฀was฀king฀until฀his฀death฀in฀1087.฀Then฀his฀sons฀became kings฀and฀his฀great-grandson฀was฀Henry฀II,฀the฀first฀Plantagenet฀king฀of England.฀The฀period฀from฀the฀tenth฀to฀the฀fifteenth฀century฀is฀called฀the Middle฀Ages.฀ During฀this฀period฀religion฀was฀very฀important฀in฀everyday฀life.฀The Christian฀Church฀was฀rich฀and฀powerful,฀and฀abbeys฀and฀monasteries฀were important฀centres฀of learning. Bishops฀were฀very powerful฀and฀they฀often quarrelled฀with฀the king.฀The฀Archbishop฀of Canterbury,฀Thomas฀à Becket,฀did฀not฀agree with฀King฀Henry฀II. King Henry II.

They฀had฀a฀violent quarrel฀and฀in฀1170

four฀of฀the฀king’s฀knights฀killed฀Thomas฀à Becket฀in฀Canterbury฀Cathedral.

St Thomas à Becket shown in a stained-glass window in Canterbury Cathedral (c. 1220).

During the Gothic period, when windows in churches became much larger, stained glass became fashionable. As you can see, they were made of a mosaic of different coloured pieces of glass in a lead frame. British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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Go back to the text PET 1

Read฀the฀sentences฀below฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀answer฀A,฀B,฀C or฀D. 1

The฀Bayeux฀Tapestry฀is฀a฀remarkable work฀of฀art

4

A and฀an฀important฀historical฀ painting.

2

When฀Harold฀Godwinsson฀took฀the crown฀of฀England฀in฀1066,฀after฀King Edward's฀death, A there฀was฀a฀huge฀celebration.

B and฀a฀precious฀manuscript.

B he฀married฀a฀Norman฀queen.

C and฀an฀extraordinary฀source฀ of฀information.

C William฀of฀Normandy฀prepared฀ to฀invade฀England.

D and฀is฀now฀kept฀in฀a฀museum฀ in฀London.

D he฀declared฀war฀on฀the฀ Normans.

The฀Bayeux฀Tapestry฀tells฀the฀story฀of฀

5

A the฀Battle฀of฀Hastings฀from฀the฀฀ Norman฀point฀of฀view.

William฀of฀Normandy฀had฀a฀strong฀army, but฀he฀needed A better฀weapons.

B life฀in฀medieval฀England.

B more฀horses.

C the฀Viking฀invasion฀of฀eastern฀ England.

C maps฀of฀the฀Sussex฀coast. D a฀big฀enough฀fleet.

D the฀Knights฀of฀the฀Round฀Table. 6 3

Why฀did฀Harold฀Godwinsson฀go฀to Normandy?

A the฀English฀Civil฀War.

A to฀declare฀war฀on฀Duke฀William฀ of฀Normandy

B an฀Anglo-Saxon฀victory. C the฀victory฀of฀William฀the฀ Conqueror.

B to฀ask฀for฀help฀fighting฀the฀ Norwegians

D the฀victory฀of฀Edward฀the฀ Confessor.

C to฀marry฀a฀Norman฀princess D to฀promise฀to฀support฀Duke฀ William฀of฀Normandy

The฀Battle฀of฀Hastings,฀which฀took฀place on฀14฀October฀1066,฀฀resulted฀in฀

7

William฀the฀Conqueror฀brought A Christianity฀to฀England. B the฀Bayeux฀Tapestry฀to฀France. C a฀private฀army฀to฀Normandy. D the฀feudal฀system฀to฀England.

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9

The฀Domesday฀Book฀was A a฀book฀of฀prayer.

Thomas฀à฀Becket,฀Archbishop฀of Canterbury,฀was฀killed฀by฀King฀ Henry฀II's฀knights฀because฀he

B the฀chronicle฀of฀the฀Battle฀ of฀Hastings.

A was฀too฀powerful.

C the฀story฀of฀the฀Plantagenet฀kings.

B quarrelled฀violently฀with฀the฀King.

D a฀survey.

C was฀dishonest. D wanted฀to฀become฀king฀of฀ England.

2

What฀do฀you฀remember฀about฀the฀Bayeux฀Tapestry? Look฀at฀the฀statements฀below฀and฀indicate฀if฀each฀statement฀is฀true฀(T)฀or฀false฀(F).฀ All฀the฀answers฀are฀in฀Chapter฀Two฀–฀don’t฀forget฀to฀check. T 1

The฀threads฀are฀made฀of฀cotton.

2

The฀panels฀are฀made฀of฀linen.

3

The฀tapestry฀is฀made฀of฀two฀panels.

4

The฀tapestry฀was฀made฀in฀about฀1077.

5

It฀was฀originally฀70฀metres฀long.

6

Part฀of฀the฀tapestry฀has฀been฀lost.฀

7

The฀threads฀have฀different฀dimensions฀according฀to฀their฀colour.

8

The฀inscriptions฀on฀the฀tapestry฀are฀in฀French.

9

The฀language฀used฀on฀the฀tapestry฀could฀be฀understood฀by฀everyone.

10

Bishop฀Odo฀put฀the฀tapestry฀up฀in฀the฀cathedral฀of฀Bayeux.

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F

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Time Travel 3

What฀ do฀ you฀ know฀ about฀ the฀ Middle฀ Ages฀ in฀ your฀ region?฀ Find฀ out฀ some฀ information฀ and฀ fill฀ in this฀fact-sheet. THE฀MIDDLE฀AGES฀IN ........................................................................................ (your฀region) POPULATION฀ ............................................................................................................................ HEAD฀OF฀STATE฀ ....................................................................................................................... ETHNIC฀GROUPS฀....................................................................................................................... IMPORTANT฀BUILDINGS (choose฀2) NAME

DATE

ARCHITECTURAL฀STYLE

FEATURES/DESCRIPTION

AN฀IMPORTANT฀EVENT (Write฀a฀short฀paragraph฀about฀an฀important฀historical฀event.฀This could฀be฀a฀military฀event,฀or฀a฀religious฀event,฀or฀the฀making฀of฀a฀significant฀work฀of฀art.) ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................

@

Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on: Follow฀the฀links฀and฀download฀the฀file฀to฀complete฀the฀activities.

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CHAPTER THREE

The Tudors 5

THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR For฀more฀than฀a฀hundred฀years฀England฀was฀at฀war฀with฀France฀(1337-1453).฀This฀was called฀the฀Hundred฀Years฀War,฀during฀which฀five฀English฀kings฀fought฀against฀five฀French kings!฀The฀English฀kings฀wanted฀to฀get฀back฀their฀lands฀in฀France,฀but฀by฀1453฀England฀ had฀lost฀all฀its฀lands฀in฀France฀except฀for฀Calais.

The Battle of Crécy from the Hundred Years War, 24th August 1346, showing the English and French Armies, Froissart’s Chronicle (late 15th Century).

At the Battle of Crécy, one of the earliest battles of the Hundred Years War, the English, seen here on the right, defeated the French.

The tiny figures of the soldiers are crowded together in a mass of bright colours, against a background of hills. The soldiers are painted in an elegant style. The taste for detail and delicate forms, also shown in the elegant Arabesque patterns surrounding the page, is typical of the Gothic style. This style was an international artistic ‘language’ which united the courts of Europe and accurately expressed the chivalrous ideals of the age.

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The Tudors Seen Through Art

The฀Hundred฀Years฀War฀was฀interrupted฀in 1348฀by฀the฀Black฀Death.฀This฀plague, 1 which was฀carried฀by฀rats฀from฀Asia,฀killed thousands฀of฀people฀all฀over฀Europe฀including about฀one฀third฀of฀the฀English฀population. In฀1398฀Geoffrey฀Chaucer฀published฀ The฀Canterbury฀Tales,฀the฀most฀important work฀of฀literature฀in฀English฀from฀the฀Middle Ages.฀It฀is฀an฀excellent฀account฀ of฀fourteenth฀century฀life฀and฀customs฀in medieval฀England.฀

The Frontispiece of an early copy of Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde.

Chaucer is shown here reading a manuscript to the court of Richard II. Note the audience’s fashionable clothes, with their high collars, gold embroidery and vivid colours. The miniatures shown here and on the previous page were a valuable part of the most precious hand-copied texts. Each manuscript was a unique work of art.

The invention of printing in the mid fifteenth century led to the decline of this art form. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales was one of the first texts to be printed in England by William Caxton. Woodcuts, 2 copies of which could be reproduced mechanically, eventually began to replace miniatures.

THE WARS OF THE ROSES A฀civil฀war฀began฀in฀England฀in฀1455฀between฀two฀rival families฀who฀both฀wanted฀the฀English฀throne.฀The฀war฀was called฀the฀Wars฀of฀the฀Roses฀because฀the฀emblem฀of฀both families฀was฀a฀rose฀–฀the฀house฀of฀Lancaster฀had฀a฀red฀rose and฀the฀house฀of฀York฀had฀a฀white฀one.฀When฀the฀war finally฀finished฀in฀1485,฀Henry฀Tudor฀of฀the฀house฀of Lancaster฀won,฀becoming฀King฀Henry฀VII.฀The฀Tudors would฀rule฀England฀until฀1603.฀ 1

plague :฀a฀contagious฀disease฀which฀kills฀many฀people.

2

Woodcuts :฀Prints฀made฀from฀designs฀cut฀in฀blocks฀of฀wood.

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British History HENRY VIII In฀1509฀Henry฀VIII฀became฀King฀of฀England฀at฀the฀age฀of฀17.฀He฀was฀a฀tall,฀robust,฀athletic young฀man฀who฀excelled฀at฀sports.฀He฀played฀several฀musical฀instruments,฀composed music,฀spoke฀English,฀Spanish,฀French฀and฀Latin,฀and฀loved฀reading฀books.฀He฀became฀a powerful฀leader฀and฀built฀up฀a฀strong฀army฀and฀navy.฀He฀chose฀the฀famous฀German฀artist Hans฀Holbein฀as฀Court฀Painter฀and฀Holbein฀painted฀splendid฀portraits฀of฀Henry฀VIII฀and his฀family. Henry฀loved฀luxury฀and฀lavished฀a฀huge฀amount฀of฀money฀on฀splendid฀royal฀residences and฀palaces,฀such฀as฀Whitehall฀Palace฀and฀St฀James’s฀Palace,฀home฀to฀the฀English฀court before฀Victoria฀moved฀it฀to฀Buckingham฀Palace฀in฀the฀nineteenth฀century. Henry's฀greatest฀desire฀was฀to฀have฀a฀son฀who฀would฀be฀king฀after฀his฀death.฀Since฀his first฀wife,฀Catherine฀of฀Aragon,฀did฀not฀give฀him฀a฀male฀heir,฀he฀decided฀to฀divorce฀her. The฀Catholic฀Church฀did฀not฀permit฀divorce฀and฀this฀infuriated฀him.฀In฀1534฀Henry฀left the฀Catholic฀Church,฀founded฀the฀Church฀of฀England฀and฀became฀its฀leader. Henry฀then฀divorced฀Catherine฀of฀Aragon฀and฀married฀Anne฀Boleyn,฀who฀gave฀him฀a daughter,฀Elizabeth,฀but฀not฀a฀son.฀Henry฀was฀very฀displeased฀and฀accused฀Anne฀Bolyen of฀treason 1 –฀she฀was฀soon฀beheaded.฀As฀Henry฀grew฀older฀he฀had฀severe฀health฀problems and฀became฀a฀cruel฀tyrant,฀executing฀all฀those฀who฀did฀not฀please฀him.฀He฀had฀four฀other wives,฀but฀when฀he฀died฀he฀had฀only฀one฀son,฀Edward.฀

Deal Castle, Kent.

Henry built castles to defend the south coast of England, among them Deal Castle in Kent. Its circular walls were particularly effective against artillery attacks. They are also similar in shape to the symbol of the Tudor rose. 1

treason :฀a฀crime฀against฀the฀king฀or฀country.

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Portrait of Henry VIII by Hans Holbein the Younger (1497/8-1543).

Our clearest idea of Henry VIII’s personality comes from the magnificent fulllength portrait kept at Belvoir Castle. The German painter Holbein shows the king standing on an elegant rug with an elaborate tapestry in the background. The king is wearing lots of fabric: embroidered velvet, gold cloth, a fur cape, heavy jewellery and precious stones making his imposing figure even more monumental. This display of wealth is designed to show the king’s economic power. To appreciate the message in full, remember that precious fabrics took a long time to produce and were extremely expensive: formal clothing might cost as much as a ship. Once gold embroidery and precious stones were added, the value of the clothes was incalculable.

However, the king also wanted to be seen as a chivalrous king. This is shown by the dagger and the ancient French motto of the Knights of the Garter, part of which can be seen below the king’s left knee: honi soit qui mal y pense (‘evil to him who evil thinks’).

Henry’s body is powerful, his legs are muscular, and his face dominates the painting. Athletic and handsome when he was young, Henry became an invalid in old age due to his increasing obesity. He could not walk and had to be carried in a special machine. Henry’s pensive eyes and firm mouth suggest his influence on international politics as well as his cruel, troubled private life. The founder of the modern English state wanted to show all his power in this exceptional portrait. However, the portrait is so good that it also shows us other sides of his personality and reminds us of Machiavelli’s description of the king as ‘rich, ferocious and greedy for glory’.

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British History THE DISSOLUTION OF THE MONASTERIES In฀Henry's฀time฀there฀were฀about฀850฀monasteries฀in฀England.฀As฀Head฀of฀the฀new฀Church of฀England,฀Henry฀judged฀priests฀to฀be฀corrupt,฀and฀he฀required฀the฀monasteries’฀riches฀to finance฀his฀extravagant฀lifestyle.฀Therefore,฀in฀1536฀he฀gave฀orders฀to฀destroy฀the monasteries฀in฀England฀and฀take฀their฀treasures.฀Some฀monasteries฀were฀used฀as฀private homes฀while฀others฀were฀abandoned.฀This฀was฀called฀the฀dissolution฀of฀the฀monasteries.฀ During฀this฀period฀many฀people฀were฀disillusioned฀with฀the฀Catholic฀Church,฀because฀it was฀too฀rich฀and฀powerful.฀The฀Reformation,฀began฀by฀the฀German฀theologian฀Martin Luther,฀divided฀Christians฀all฀over฀Europe฀and฀gave฀rise฀to฀the฀Protestant฀Church,฀which Henry฀VIII฀adopted฀to฀secure฀his฀divorce.

A monastery in ruins.

The introduction of Protestantism in England had a significant effect on English art. The destruction of the monasteries and sacred images meant that most medieval works of art were lost. Under Protestantism, religious images were banned and from this time onwards English artists began to specialise in portraits and, later, landscapes.

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Go back to the text PET 1

Decide฀if฀each฀statement฀is฀correct฀or฀incorrect.฀If฀it฀is฀correct,฀tick฀A;฀if฀it฀is฀incorrect,฀tick฀B. A 1

England฀was฀at฀war฀with฀France฀for฀exactly฀one฀hundred฀years.

2

The฀Black฀Death฀killed฀about฀one฀third฀of฀the฀English฀population.

3

Manuscripts฀were฀precious฀hand-copied฀texts.

4

The฀Canterbury฀Tales is฀an฀excellent฀account฀of life฀and฀customs฀in฀fourteenth-century฀France.

5

The฀house฀of฀Lancaster฀won฀the฀Wars฀of฀the฀Roses and฀Henry฀Tudor฀became฀King฀Henry฀VII.

6

Henry฀VIII฀was฀a฀very฀weak฀leader.

7

In฀Holbein’s฀painting฀Henry฀VIII฀displays฀his฀great฀wealth.

8

Henry฀VIII฀is฀portrayed฀as฀a฀kind฀and฀peaceful฀monarch.

9

Henry฀VIII฀divorced฀Catherine฀of฀Aragon฀because฀ she฀did฀not฀give฀him฀an฀heir,฀and฀married฀Anne฀Boleyn.

10

Deal฀Castle฀was฀built฀in฀the฀shape฀of฀a฀crown.

11

The฀dissolution฀of฀the฀monasteries฀was฀ordered฀by฀King Henry฀VIII฀because฀he฀required฀the฀monasteries’฀wealth.฀

12

Most฀English฀medieval฀works฀of฀art฀were฀lost฀due฀to฀the฀ destruction฀of฀the฀monasteries.

13

Martin฀Luther฀was฀an฀English฀priest฀who฀began฀ the฀Reformation.

14

The฀Reformation฀gave฀rise฀to฀the฀Protestant฀Church.฀

15

All฀religious฀images฀were฀banned฀in฀the฀Protestant฀Church.

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B

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Henry VIII: Facts and Figures 2

What฀can฀you฀remember฀about฀Henry฀VIII? Try฀ to฀ fill฀ in฀ as฀ much฀ of฀ this฀ fact-file฀ from฀ memory.฀ Then฀ go฀ back฀ to฀ the฀ text฀ for฀ the฀ information you฀couldn’t฀remember.

FACT-FILE NAME:฀Henry฀Tudor;฀Henry฀VIII฀of฀England ............................................................... NATIONALITY:฀ ........................................................................................................... TOTAL฀NUMBER฀OF฀WIVES:฀...................................................................................... SON’S฀NAME:฀ ............................................................................................................. DAUGHTERS’฀NAMES:฀Mary฀(by฀Catherine฀of฀Aragon)฀and฀ ....................................... .....................................................................................................................................

HEIGHT:฀ ...................................................................................................................... BODY฀BUILD:฀ ..............................................................................................................

HOBBIES:฀ .................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... LANGUAGES฀SPOKEN:฀ ............................................................................................... FINANCIAL฀SITUATION:฀............................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... GREATEST฀DESIRE:฀ .................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... LIKES:฀.......................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... DISLIKES:฀ .................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................

3

Now฀make฀a฀fact-file฀for฀a฀significant฀historical฀figure฀from฀the฀sixteenth฀century฀in฀your฀country. What฀similarities฀and฀differences฀can฀you฀see฀between฀him/her฀and฀Henry฀VIII?

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Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on:

1

Click฀on The฀Tudor฀Monarchs and฀complete฀the฀information฀below.

Henry฀VII

Edward฀VI

Born:฀1457฀

Born:฀(4)฀.................

King:฀1485-(1)฀.................

King:฀(5)฀.................-.................

Married:฀(2)฀.................

Sisters:฀(6)฀................. and฀.................

Names฀of฀four฀of฀his฀children:฀(3)฀............., ..............,฀.............. and฀..............

Lady฀Jane฀Grey

Mary฀I

Born:฀(7)฀.................

Born:฀(10)฀.................

Queen:฀(8)฀in฀................. for฀................. days

Queen:฀(11)฀.................-.................

Executed:฀(9)฀.................

Father฀and฀mother:฀(12)฀................. and .................

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INTERNET ACTIVITIES

The Tudor

CHAPTER฀THREE

INTERNET ACTIVITIES

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Now฀go฀back฀to฀the฀home฀page฀and฀click฀on฀the฀Six฀Wives฀of฀Henry฀VIII.฀Then฀click฀on฀the name฀of฀each฀wife.฀Read฀about฀their฀lives฀and฀match฀each฀wife฀to฀the฀correct฀information.

1

Catherine฀of฀Aragon

A

She฀was฀the฀sister฀of฀a฀Protestant, German฀Duke,฀who฀was฀an฀ally฀ against฀the฀Pope฀–฀divorced.฀

2

Anne฀Boleyn

B

She฀was฀a฀widow฀who฀was฀ intelligent฀and฀well฀educated฀–฀ survived฀as฀his฀widow.

3

Jane฀Seymour

C

She฀was฀never฀formally฀crowned฀฀ as฀queen฀–฀died฀shortly฀after฀giving฀฀ birth฀to฀the฀male฀heir฀Henry฀so฀ desperately฀wanted.

4

Anne฀of฀Cleves

D

She฀gave฀Henry฀a฀daughter฀called฀ Mary฀–฀marriage฀declared฀invalid฀฀ by฀the฀Archbishop฀of฀Canterbury.

5

Kathryn฀Howard

E

She฀had฀a฀very฀impressive฀ coronation฀and฀was฀the฀mother฀of฀ Elizabeth฀I฀–฀executed,฀falsely฀ accused.

6

Kathrine฀Parr

F

She฀came฀from฀an฀important฀ aristocratic฀family฀and฀was฀much฀ younger฀than฀the฀king฀–฀executed,฀฀ probably฀not฀falsely฀accused.

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CHAPTER FOUR

The Elizabethan Age 6

THE VIRGIN QUEEN Elizabeth฀was฀the฀daughter฀of Henry฀VIII฀and฀Anne฀Boleyn.฀She became฀Queen฀of฀England฀in฀1558 when฀she฀was฀25฀years฀old.฀Queen Elizabeth฀was฀a฀strong,฀intelligent and฀dedicated฀queen.฀She฀is remembered฀as฀one฀of฀England's greatest฀monarchs.฀She฀never married฀and฀was฀called฀the฀Virgin Queen.฀She฀brought฀peace,฀unity and฀progress฀to฀England. Elizabeth฀commissioned฀a฀great number฀of฀portraits฀of฀herself. These฀portraits฀contributed฀to ensuring฀the฀loyal฀devotion฀of her฀subjects฀and฀to฀her popularity.

Elizabeth I (c. 1592) by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger.

This portrait is known as the ‘Ditchley Portrait’. It commemorates a visit of the Queen to Ditchley, near Oxford, the home of Sir Henry Lee. For this reason, Elizabeth’s feet touch Oxfordshire on the map. The sunshine coming out of the stormy clouds is a symbol of the Queen’s forgiveness for Lee, who had previously displeased her with his love for the beautiful Anne Vavasour.

However, the painting has other less private meanings, too. The Ditchley Portrait shows Elizabeth standing on a globe with her feet placed on a detailed map of her kingdom. Rarely in the history of European art has the actual 'contact' between a monarch and her territory been so explicitly depicted. The Ditchley Portrait gives us a clear picture of Elizabeth's power, which was also exceptional because it belonged to a woman in a male-dominated society. British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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British History

Detail of the Queen’s feet touching the map of England.

At฀that฀time฀the฀English฀often฀had฀portraits฀of฀Elizabeth฀in฀their฀homes฀and฀some฀wore miniatures฀of฀the฀Queen฀on฀necklaces!฀By฀analysing฀Elizabeth's฀portraits฀we฀can฀learn many฀things฀about฀her฀personality฀and฀her฀historical฀period.฀ During฀the฀Elizabethan฀Age฀many฀important฀events฀took฀place.฀English฀explorers฀sailed the฀seas฀of฀the฀world฀to฀look฀for฀new฀lands฀to฀set฀up 1 colonies.฀In฀1584฀Sir฀Walter Raleigh’s฀ships฀explored฀the฀southern฀part฀of฀the฀east฀coast฀of฀North฀America.฀His฀men founded฀the฀new฀colony฀of฀Virginia฀in฀honour฀of฀Elizabeth,฀the฀Virgin฀Queen.฀They brought฀tobacco,฀potatoes฀and฀other฀riches฀back฀to฀England. Sir฀Francis฀Drake฀was฀a฀sea฀captain฀and฀a฀great฀explorer.฀He฀became฀the฀first฀Englishman to฀circumnavigate฀the฀world฀between฀1577฀and฀1580.฀Drake฀was฀also฀a฀'privateer';฀he฀took treasures฀from฀Spanish฀ships฀that฀returned฀from฀America฀and฀then฀gave฀the฀riches฀to Queen฀Elizabeth.฀She฀was฀very฀pleased฀and฀made฀him฀a฀knight! Mary฀Stuart,฀Queen฀of฀Scots,฀was฀Elizabeth's฀cousin฀and฀a฀devout฀Catholic.฀Elizabeth knew฀that฀many฀Catholics฀in฀England฀wanted฀Mary฀Stuart฀to฀be฀their฀queen฀so฀she฀put Mary฀in฀prison฀for฀19฀years.฀In฀1587,฀Mary฀was฀accused฀of฀treason฀and฀was฀beheaded.

THE SPANISH ARMADA When฀the฀Catholic฀King฀Philip฀II฀of฀Spain฀heard฀this฀news฀he฀was฀furious.฀He฀decided฀to invade฀England฀and฀take฀the฀throne฀from฀Elizabeth. In฀May฀1588฀an฀Armada฀of฀130฀ships฀and฀about฀28,000฀men฀left฀Spain฀for฀England.฀Duke฀ Medina฀of฀Sidonia฀commanded฀the฀Spanish฀Armada.฀There฀were฀bad฀storms฀at฀sea฀and many฀ships฀lost฀their฀supplies.฀

1

set฀up฀:฀establish.

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The Elizabethan Age Seen Through Art

England฀had฀a฀fleet฀of฀160฀smaller฀ships฀and฀about฀14,000฀men.฀The฀English฀ships฀were faster฀and฀had฀better฀guns.฀Lord฀Howard฀of฀Effingham฀commanded฀the฀English฀fleet.฀Sir Francis฀Drake,฀Sir฀John฀Hawkins฀and฀Martin฀Frobisher฀were฀the฀other฀captains.฀ The฀English฀fleet฀attacked฀the฀Spanish฀Armada฀at฀Plymouth,฀after฀which฀the฀Armada฀went to฀Calais,฀France.฀The฀English฀sent฀8฀fireships 1 into฀Calais฀harbour.฀When฀the฀Spanish฀saw the฀blazing 2 fireships฀they฀escaped฀from฀Calais฀and฀the฀English฀attacked฀the฀Armada฀again. The฀battle฀was฀a฀long,฀difficult฀one.฀In฀the฀end,฀the฀Armada฀was฀defeated฀and฀returned฀to Spain฀with฀only฀67฀ships.฀This฀was฀a฀glorious฀victory฀for฀the฀English,฀but฀it฀was฀a tremendous฀humiliation฀for฀the฀Spanish.฀After฀this฀defeat฀Spain฀slowly฀lost฀its฀sea฀power.

1

fireships฀:฀ships฀deliberately฀set฀on฀fire฀to฀burn฀other฀ships.

2

blazing฀:฀burning.

Launch of Fireships Against the Armada (16th century) by anonymous painter of the Dutch School.

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The Armada Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I (c. 1588) by George Gower, Woburn Abbey.

The Armada Portrait was painted to celebrate England’s victory over the Spanish Armada. In this painting two different moments of the sea battle can be seen in the background. A daylight scene represents the Spanish fleet advancing on a clear sea, confident of victory. The night scene shows the defeat of the Armada in the English Channel.

The Elizabethan painters were not interested in naturalism. They did not depict reality in their paintings, as artists did in the Italian Renaissance (Leonardo, Raffaello and Michelangelo). The English painters concentrated on the symbols and emblems present in their works.

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The Elizabethan Age Seen Through Art

Elizabeth’s hand is on the globe. Her fingers are touching the Americas, where Sir Walter Raleigh established the Virginia colony.

A small statue of a sea creature is shown on her left. In this painting Elizabeth is represented as the ruler of both land and sea.

In the foreground you can see the Queen. Her face is eternally young and there are no shadows on it. No painting or drawing of the Queen circulated without her permission. This explains why in most of her portraits she looks more or less the same age.

The Queen’s magnificent gown is made of velvet and silk and decorated with pearls and gold.

During฀part฀of฀her฀reign฀Elizabeth฀was฀at war฀with฀other฀countries฀to฀defend England's฀grandeur฀and฀power. However,฀above฀all฀else,฀Elizabeth฀loved the฀arts฀and฀the฀refined฀life฀of฀her฀court, which฀prospered฀during฀times฀of฀peace.

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Elizabeth I (c.1600) attributed to Isaac Oliver.

In the ‘Rainbow Portrait’ Elizabeth wears a gown embroidered with wild flowers, a bright orange cloak and an extremely large transparent collar. She has a very elaborate headdress and lots of pearls. The resulting image is that of an ageless goddess (Elizabeth was in her late sixties when the portrait was made).

THE ‘RAINBOW PORTRAIT’ In฀keeping฀with฀her฀elegant฀taste,฀Elizabeth฀commissioned฀the฀‘Rainbow฀Portrait’,฀one฀of her฀most฀astonishing฀portraits.฀The฀portrait฀itself฀is฀a฀bit฀of฀a฀riddle 1 where฀every฀detail has฀a฀symbolic฀meaning.฀

1

riddle :฀mystery.

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The Elizabethan Age Seen Through Art

The฀rainbow฀that฀the฀Queen฀holds฀in฀her฀hand฀is฀accompanied฀by the฀Latin฀motto฀Non฀sine฀sole฀iris฀(‘No฀rainbow฀without฀the฀sun’). The฀sun฀is฀the฀symbol฀of฀peace,฀under฀which฀beauty฀can฀flourish.

The serpent on the Queen’s left-hand sleeve, made of pearls and precious stones, is the traditional symbol of wisdom. 1 The serpent is holding a ruby-shaped heart, meaning that the Queen's heart is dominated by wisdom.

Look at the eyes and ears that appear on her orange cloak. They indicate fame since Elizabeth was known all over the world. However, according to some experts, the eyes and ears have a more alarming meaning. They reveal her complete knowledge of all that was happening in her kingdom, thanks to her counsellors who informed her of everything.

QUEEN ELIZABETH AND THE ARTS Queen฀Elizabeth฀was฀a฀patron฀of฀the฀theatre฀and฀the arts.฀Her฀court฀became฀a฀centre฀for฀musicians, playwrights฀and฀artists.฀Theatres฀opened฀in฀London.฀ People฀from฀all฀social฀classes฀went฀to฀the฀theatre, which฀became฀a฀popular฀form฀of฀entertainment. William฀Shakespeare฀(1564-1616),฀the฀famous฀English poet฀and฀playwright,฀lived฀during฀the฀Elizabethan฀Age. His฀theatrical฀company฀performed฀at฀the฀famous฀Globe

Notice that in these portraits the Queen is wearing extremely expensive gowns and a great number of precious jewels.

1

Theatre฀and฀at฀Elizabeth's฀court.฀Shakespeare฀was฀the most฀popular฀playwright฀of฀his฀time.฀Other฀important poets฀and฀writers฀were฀Edmund฀Spenser,฀Ben฀Jonson and฀Christopher฀Marlowe.

wisdom :฀deep฀understanding฀and฀knowledge฀of฀life.

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British History During฀Elizabeth’s฀rule฀the English฀economy฀expanded. London,฀Liverpool,฀Bristol฀ and฀other฀seaports฀grew฀in size฀and฀importance.฀The cloth฀and฀coal฀industries became฀a฀substantial฀part฀of the฀economy.฀Coal฀was used฀in฀the฀production฀of iron,฀bricks฀and฀glass.฀ Queen฀Elizabeth฀died฀in 1603.฀She฀was฀the฀last Tudor฀monarch.฀She฀named Mary฀Stuart's฀son,฀King James฀VI฀of฀Scotland,฀as฀ her฀successor.฀England฀was now฀a฀prosperous฀and respected฀European฀power.

The Globe Theatre (c. 1600).

The name, the ‘Globe’, conveys the sense of universal appeal that this open air theatre had. We know it attracted people from all social classes: from servants to noble lords. It was built on the south bank of the Thames in an area notorious for public entertainment, because the city authorities considered plays immoral and so theatres were built outside the city.

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Go back to the text PET 1

Read฀the฀passage฀below฀and฀choose฀the฀correct฀word฀A,฀B,฀C or฀D for฀each฀space.฀ The฀first฀is฀done฀for฀you.

D Elizabeth฀I฀1.......฀queen฀when฀she฀was฀25฀years฀old.฀She฀is฀probably฀the฀greatest฀monarch 2.......฀the฀history฀of฀the฀British฀Isles,฀and฀while฀she฀was฀queen฀there฀were฀famous examples฀of฀expansion฀of฀her฀territory฀and฀of฀knowledge฀of฀the฀world.฀Sir฀Walter฀Raleigh was฀an฀3.......฀and฀4.......฀the฀colony฀of฀Virginia฀in฀North฀America.฀Sir฀Francis฀Drake circumnavigated฀the฀world฀5.......฀1577฀and฀1580. Mary฀Stuart,฀Elizabeth's฀Catholic฀cousin,฀was฀6.......฀of฀treason฀and฀beheaded฀in฀1587.฀This made฀King฀Philip฀II฀of฀Spain฀7.......฀and฀he฀decided฀to฀8.......฀England฀in฀1588.฀The฀English 9.......฀was฀faster฀and฀had฀better฀10.......฀After฀several฀11.......฀the฀Spanish฀Armada฀was finally฀12....... . Elizabeth’s฀time฀is฀known฀for฀the฀arts฀as฀well฀as฀for฀exploration฀and฀military฀success.฀The world-famous฀playwright฀William฀Shakespeare฀wrote฀many฀of฀his฀plays฀13.......฀the Elizabethan฀Age,฀when฀the฀theatre฀was฀14.......฀a฀popular฀15.......฀of฀entertainment.฀ Elizabeth฀died฀in฀1603,฀and฀her฀successor฀was฀James฀VI฀of฀Scotland.

1

A crowned

B were

C made

D became

2

A of

B during

C in

D for

3

A actor

B explorer

C engineer

D artist

4

A founded

B found

C got

D find

5

A in

B between

C from

D among

6

A blamed

B condemned

C charged

D accused

7

A happy

B angry

C worried

D confused

8

A destroy

B accuse

C invade

D go

9

A fleet

B army

C action

D force

10

A captains

B weather

C supplies

D guns

11

A voyages

B battles

C advances

D quarrels

12

A defeated

B lost

C in

D burnt

13

A between

B from

C during

D among

14

A become

B becoming

C became

D becomes

15

A space

B shape

C form

D patron

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PET 2

You฀are฀a฀sailor฀on฀one฀of฀Sir฀Walter฀Raleigh’s฀ships฀which฀have฀landed฀in฀the฀new฀colony฀ of฀Virginia. You฀are฀writing฀a฀letter฀home. You฀want฀to฀describe฀the฀sea฀voyage฀and฀the฀landing฀in฀Virginia. Complete฀the฀letter฀using฀about฀100฀words.

Dear .................., After many weeks at sea we have landed in the new colony of Virginia ............................. .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

@

Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on: Follow฀the฀links฀and฀download฀the฀file฀to฀complete฀the฀activities.

CHAPTER฀FOUR 46 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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In฀1604฀James฀I฀asked฀54฀scholars฀ to฀write฀a฀new฀translation฀of฀the฀Bible฀in simple฀English฀so฀that฀more฀people฀could read฀it.฀The฀King฀James฀Bible฀was฀finally ready฀in฀1611. Important฀discoveries฀were฀being฀made฀in science.฀Francis฀Bacon฀(1561-1626) developed฀a฀new฀approach฀to฀studying science฀through฀observation, experimentation฀and฀measurement,฀ a฀method฀still฀used฀today.฀ The฀Virginia฀Company฀was฀established฀by James฀I฀with฀the฀purpose฀of฀exploring฀and setting฀up฀colonies฀in฀North฀America.฀In 1607฀Captain฀John฀Smith฀and฀his฀men arrived฀on฀the฀east฀coast฀of฀America฀and

The title page of Francis Bacon’s Instauratio Magna (1620).

The illustration on the title page of Instauratio Magna by Francis Bacon shows a ship sailing past the Pillars of Hercules, thought to be the end of the world in ancient times. This symbolised man’s new interest in exploring the world. founded฀the฀colony฀of฀Jamestown,฀in honour฀of฀the฀king.฀This฀was฀the฀beginning of฀the฀English฀colonisation฀of฀America.฀ William฀Shakespeare฀wrote฀many฀of฀his most฀famous฀plays฀during฀King฀James฀I’s reign.฀People฀from฀all฀social฀classes enjoyed฀going฀to฀the฀theatre฀to฀applaud Shakespeare's฀and฀Ben฀Jonson's฀plays. Industries฀and฀trade฀grew฀rapidly, particularly฀in฀the฀towns฀of฀Sheffield, A Map of the Western Hemisphere (1546).

Birmingham฀and฀Manchester.

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The Stuart Seen Through Art

RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL CONFLICT Religious฀intolerance฀between฀Catholics฀and฀Protestants฀grew.฀Severe฀laws฀against฀Catholics were฀passed฀that฀banned 1 religious฀services฀and฀banished 2 Catholic฀priests.฀A฀group฀of฀12 Catholics฀secretly฀planned฀their฀revenge฀–฀they฀decided฀to฀assassinate฀King฀James฀and฀blow up฀the฀Protestant฀Parliament฀on฀5฀November฀1605.฀In฀order฀to฀carry฀out฀their฀plan,฀the plotters฀placed฀30฀barrels฀of฀gunpowder฀under฀the฀Parliament.฀Guy฀(Guido)฀Fawkes฀was฀a Catholic฀soldier฀who฀was฀going฀to฀light฀the฀explosives.฀The฀barrels฀were฀discovered฀in฀a cellar฀under฀the฀Parliament฀and฀Guy฀Fawkes฀was฀arrested.฀He฀was฀tortured,฀but฀he฀did฀not reveal฀the฀names฀of฀the฀other฀plotters.฀Later,฀some฀of฀the฀others฀were฀captured฀and฀executed together฀with฀Guy฀Fawkes.฀The฀Gunpowder฀Plot฀had฀failed฀miserably.฀ The฀Puritans,฀a฀strict฀group฀of฀Protestants,฀were฀persecuted฀because฀of฀their฀religious beliefs;฀therefore฀they฀decided฀to฀leave฀England฀and฀go฀to฀America,฀where฀they฀could practice฀their฀religion฀freely.฀King฀James฀agreed฀to฀let฀them฀go,฀and฀in฀November฀1620 they฀arrived฀on฀the฀north-east฀coast฀of฀America฀where฀they฀founded฀the฀colony฀of Plymouth,฀which฀flourished฀and฀became฀a฀prosperous฀American฀colony.฀The฀Puritans฀are considered฀the฀Founding฀Fathers฀of฀the฀United฀States฀of฀America.฀ Religious฀problems฀continued฀between฀Catholics฀and฀Protestants.฀When฀King฀James฀I฀died in฀1625฀his฀son฀Charles฀became฀the฀second฀Stuart฀king.฀Charles฀I฀married฀a฀French, Catholic฀princess,฀and฀Parliament฀did฀not฀approve฀his฀choice฀as฀they฀were฀afraid฀he would฀bring฀back฀the฀Roman฀Catholic฀religion.฀Parliament฀tried฀to฀limit฀King฀Charles' power,฀but฀he,฀like฀his฀father,฀believed฀that฀a฀king฀ruled฀by฀Divine฀Right.฀Therefore,฀in 1629฀he฀dismissed฀Parliament฀and฀ruled฀without฀it฀for฀eleven฀years. In฀1640฀Charles฀called฀Parliament฀together฀again฀because฀he฀was฀in฀desperate฀need฀of money฀to฀fight฀a฀war฀against฀the฀Scots.฀Parliament฀decided฀to฀limit฀the฀king's฀power฀and refused฀him฀money฀until฀he฀changed฀his฀policies.฀Charles฀was฀infuriated฀and฀in฀1642฀he tried฀to฀arrest฀certain฀parliamentary฀leaders฀who฀opposed฀him,฀but฀they฀managed฀to฀escape and฀set฀up฀their฀own฀army฀outside฀London.฀The฀rivalry฀between฀Parliament฀and฀the monarchy฀gave฀rise฀to฀the฀Civil฀War,฀one฀of฀the฀most฀violent฀upheavals 3 in฀British฀history. Puritans,฀Members฀of฀Parliament฀and฀working฀people฀who฀disliked฀paying฀the฀king’s taxes฀were฀known฀as฀‘Roundheads’฀and฀fought฀against฀the฀King.฀Their฀main฀area฀of support฀was฀in฀the฀south฀and฀east.฀Catholics,฀the฀nobility฀and฀people฀who฀opposed Parliament฀were฀known฀as฀‘Royalists’฀or฀‘Cavaliers’฀and฀fought฀with฀King฀Charles฀I.฀Their main฀area฀of฀support฀was฀in฀the฀north฀and฀west. The฀leader฀of฀the฀parliamentary฀forces฀was฀Oliver฀Cromwell,฀a฀Puritan฀with฀a฀strong personality.฀After฀initial฀Royalist฀successes,฀he฀led฀a฀well-organised฀army฀called฀the฀‘New Model฀Army’,฀and฀won฀many฀important฀battles.฀In฀June฀1646฀the฀Royalists฀surrendered฀at Oxford฀and฀King฀Charles฀I฀was฀taken฀prisoner.฀After฀a฀seven-day฀trial฀for฀treason฀he฀was found฀guilty฀and฀executed฀in฀public฀on฀30฀January฀1649.

1

banned฀:฀did฀not฀allow.

2

banished :฀sent฀away฀as฀an฀official฀punishment.

3

upheavals :฀sudden฀disruptive฀changes.

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The Great Piece (1632) by Anthony Van Dyck.

This grand idealised painting shows the king with his wife and family, a pictorial document of the Stuart dynasty. Van Dyck, painter at the court of Charles I, was excellent at capturing the true personality of his subjects, as well as their noble background. He shows the king and his family in natural poses with the young Prince of Wales at his father’s knee, and emphasises family ties as well as royal connections. One of Van Dyck’s greatest talents was his ability to capture the spontaneity of the subjects without diminishing the dignity of their role. Although the king and queen are idealised, they appear vibrant and very much alive. 50 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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The Execution of Charles I at Whitehall by Gonzales Coques (1614-1684).

The execution scene was painted from the point of view of the crowd. The king was taken to the Banqueting Hall, where the Baroque master Rubens had painted his father, James I, and then to the scaffold in front of a window of the palace, where he was executed. After the execution of Charles I, Britain broke off contact with the Baroque artistic culture of the continent. An era of very rigorous, ‘honest’ painting followed.

For฀the฀first฀and฀last฀time฀in฀its฀history,฀Britain฀was฀governed฀as฀a republic฀known฀as฀the฀Commonwealth.฀Oliver฀Cromwell฀was made฀Lord฀Protector฀of฀England,฀Scotland,฀Ireland฀and฀the colonies.฀The฀Protectorate฀was฀a฀period฀of฀Puritanism฀– dancing฀and฀drinking฀were฀forbidden฀in฀public฀and theatres฀were฀closed.฀When฀Cromwell฀died฀in฀1658฀his son,฀Richard,฀became฀the฀new฀Lord฀Protector. However,฀he฀was฀not฀very฀popular.฀In฀1660฀Charles฀I’s son,฀Charles฀II,฀was฀invited฀to฀return฀from฀abroad฀to become฀King.

Oliver Cromwell (1649) by Samuel Cooper.

Oliver Cromwell had very different ideas on art from Charles I. He asked Cooper, who painted this portrait, to show all his defects, otherwise he would not pay him for his work. He wanted to be seen as he really was. British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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Go back to the text PET 1

Read฀the฀sentences฀below฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀answer฀A,฀B,฀C฀or฀D. 1

When฀King฀James฀I฀ascended฀the฀English฀throne฀in฀1603฀he A had฀been฀victorious฀in฀many฀wars. B had฀already฀been฀King฀of฀Scotland฀for฀36฀years. C was฀very฀popular฀with฀Protestants฀and฀Catholics. D had฀already฀been฀King฀of฀France฀for฀36฀years.

2

James฀I฀set฀up฀the฀Virginia฀Company฀and A his฀son,฀Charles฀I,฀explored฀the฀east฀coast฀of฀America. B many฀Catholics฀went฀to฀live฀in฀America. C Francis฀Bacon฀founded฀Jamestown. D the฀English฀colonisation฀of฀American฀began.

3

4

5

The฀most฀significant฀image฀we฀have฀of฀James฀I฀is฀the฀painting฀by A Holbein.

B Van฀Dyck.

C Rubens.

D Francis฀Bacon.

The฀artist฀who฀painted฀James฀I฀used฀ A a฀realistic฀style.

B a฀symbolic฀style.

C an฀abstract฀style.

D a฀classical฀style.

Guy฀Fawkes฀and฀other฀Catholics฀ A planned฀the฀Gunpowder฀Plot. B passed฀severe฀laws฀against฀Protestants. C wanted฀to฀assassinate฀King฀Charles฀I. D had฀an฀important฀gunpowder฀industry฀in฀Manchester.

6

A฀strict฀group฀of฀Protestants฀known฀as฀Puritans A planned฀to฀blow฀up฀the฀Parliament. B were฀arrested฀and฀later฀executed. C left฀England฀and฀went฀to฀live฀in฀the฀colony฀of฀Jamestown฀in฀America. D left฀England฀and฀founded฀the฀colony฀of฀Plymouth฀in฀America.

7

Since฀King฀Charles฀I฀believed฀that฀a฀king฀ruled฀by฀Divine฀Right,฀he A spent฀a฀lot฀of฀money฀on฀banquets฀and฀fine฀clothes. B dismissed฀Parliament฀and฀ruled฀without฀it฀for฀eleven฀years. C founded฀his฀own฀church. D arrested฀all฀Catholics.

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King฀Charles’฀behaviour฀created฀rivalry฀between฀the฀monarchy฀and฀ A the฀Parliament,฀which฀resulted฀in฀the฀Civil฀War. B the฀Church฀of฀England. C France,฀which฀resulted฀in฀a฀war. D the฀Catholic฀Church.

9

Van฀Dyck฀was฀a฀famous฀painter A at฀the฀court฀of฀James฀I. B at฀the฀court฀of฀Charles฀I. C of฀Oliver฀Cromwell’s฀family. D at฀the฀French฀court.฀

10

The฀artist฀who฀painted฀Charles฀I฀was฀very฀good฀at A depicting฀animals. B creating฀war฀scenes. C painting฀landscapes. D showing฀the฀true฀character฀of฀his฀subjects.

11

Puritans,฀Members฀of฀Parliament฀and฀working฀people฀were฀known฀as A Roundheads,฀and฀fought฀with฀King฀Charles. B Royalists,฀and฀fought฀with฀Parliament. C Royalists,฀and฀fought฀with฀Oliver฀Cromwell. D Roundheads,฀and฀fought฀with฀Parliament.

12

Catholics,฀the฀upper฀classes,฀and฀people฀who฀opposed฀Parliament฀were฀known฀as A Royalists,฀and฀fought฀with฀Parliament. B Roundheads,฀and฀fought฀with฀Oliver฀Cromwell. C Royalists,฀and฀fought฀with฀King฀Charles. D Roundheads,฀and฀fought฀with฀King฀Charles.

13

In฀June฀1646฀the฀Royalists฀surrendered฀and฀King฀Charles฀ A was฀accused฀of฀treason฀and฀executed. B was฀accused฀of฀treason฀and฀later฀released. C escaped฀to฀France฀with฀his฀wife. D became฀Lord฀Protector฀of฀the฀Commonwealth.

14

Oliver฀Cromwell,฀the฀strong฀Puritan฀leader,฀was฀made A Lord฀Protector฀of฀England. B Lord฀Protector฀of฀the฀Commonwealth. C an฀honorary฀Member฀of฀Parliament. D President฀of฀the฀Protectorate.

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Look฀at฀these฀examples฀of฀the฀active฀and฀the฀passive. Active –฀Shakespeare,฀Ben฀Jonson,฀John฀Webster฀and฀others฀wrote฀many฀plays฀during฀King฀James’฀reign. Passive฀–฀Many฀plays฀were฀written฀during฀King฀James’฀reign. We฀ use฀ the฀ passive฀ when฀ we฀ want฀ to฀ eliminate฀ the฀ subject.฀ We฀ sometimes฀ want฀ to฀ eliminate฀ the subject฀because฀we฀do฀not฀want฀to฀focus฀on฀it฀(in฀the฀passive฀example฀above฀the฀focus฀is฀on฀the฀plays, not฀the฀writers).฀To฀make฀the฀past฀simple฀passive,฀use฀was/were or฀could฀be with฀the฀past฀participle. Change฀the฀following฀sentences฀from฀active฀to฀passive.฀Eliminate฀the฀subjects. 1

People฀from฀all฀social฀classes฀enjoyed฀the฀plays฀of฀฀Shakespeare฀and฀Ben฀Jonson. .............................................................................................................................................

2

James฀I฀set฀up฀the฀Virginia฀Company฀with฀the฀purpose฀of฀exploring฀North฀America. .............................................................................................................................................

3

Under฀James฀I,฀Parliament฀passed฀severe฀laws฀against฀Catholics. .............................................................................................................................................

4

People฀could฀practise฀all฀religions฀freely฀in฀the฀colonies. .............................................................................................................................................

5

During฀King฀James’s฀reign฀scientists฀made฀important฀discoveries. .............................................................................................................................................

6

The฀Parliamentary฀forces฀found฀Charles฀I฀guilty฀of฀treason฀and฀executed฀him฀on฀30฀January฀1649. .............................................................................................................................................

7

For฀ten฀years,฀from฀1649฀till฀1659,฀Oliver฀Cromnwell฀and฀his฀son,฀Richard฀Cromwell,฀governed Britain฀as฀a฀Commonwealth. .............................................................................................................................................

8

In฀1660฀Royalist฀sympathisers฀invited฀the฀son฀of฀Charles฀I฀to฀return฀from฀abroad฀and฀become฀king. .............................................................................................................................................

3

Rubens฀ and฀ Van฀ Dyck฀ were฀ contemporaries.฀ Go฀ back฀ to฀ pages฀ 47฀ and฀ 50฀ and฀ look฀ at฀ the฀ two paintings฀carefully.฀ 1

What฀are฀the฀similarities฀and฀what฀are฀the฀differences? ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................

2

Which฀painting฀do฀you฀prefer฀and฀why? ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................

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Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on:

1

Click฀on฀Cromwell฀time-line฀and฀put฀the฀events฀in฀the฀right฀order฀with฀the฀correct฀date. 1644฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀1653฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀1642฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀1650฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀1648฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀1616฀฀฀฀฀฀ 1645฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀1657฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀1643฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀1649฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀1640฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀1654 Lieutenant฀General฀of฀the฀New฀Model฀Army General฀of฀army฀sent฀to฀crush฀Scotland Colonel฀in฀the฀Eastern฀Association฀Army Student฀at฀Sidney฀Sussex฀College,฀Cambridge Refuses฀Parliament’s฀offer฀of฀the฀crown฀and฀remains฀Lord฀Protector Supports฀trial฀and฀execution฀of฀King฀Charles฀I Member฀of฀Parliament฀for฀Cambridge Crushes฀royalist฀uprising฀in฀south฀Wales Meets฀first฀Protectorate฀Parliament Battle฀of฀Marston฀Moor Dissolves฀Parliament฀and฀becomes฀Lord฀Protector฀ Raises฀troops฀for฀Parliament Where฀is฀Cromwell’s฀body? ..................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................

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INTERNET ACTIVITIES

CHAPTER฀FIVE

INTERNET ACTIVITIES

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Click฀on Cromwell฀–฀a฀brief฀biography฀and฀then฀click฀on฀Cromwell฀the฀Soldier฀and฀decide if฀these฀statements฀are฀true฀(T)฀or฀false฀(F). T F 1 Cromwell฀was฀an฀officer฀in฀the฀parliamentary฀army฀from฀the฀ beginning฀of฀the฀war. 2 In฀1643฀Cromwell฀became฀a฀colonel฀and฀was฀given฀his฀ own฀infantry฀regiment. 3 Cromwell฀lost฀East฀Anglia฀and฀the฀East฀Midlands฀to฀the฀ royalist฀army. 4 The฀Eastern฀Association฀Army฀was฀the฀most฀competent฀ of฀the฀parliamentary฀forces. 5 The฀Battle฀of฀Marston฀Moor฀gave฀Parliament฀control฀ of฀the฀south฀Midlands. 6 Cromwell’s฀campaign฀in฀the฀Home฀Counties฀was฀not฀ very฀successful. 7 Cromwell฀was฀given฀command฀of฀the฀New฀Model฀Army฀ before฀the฀Battle฀of฀Naseby. 8 The฀Battle฀of฀Naseby฀was฀the฀decisive฀battle฀of฀the฀war฀ in฀the฀Midlands. 9 Cromwell฀was฀not฀very฀successful฀against฀the฀rebel฀army฀ in฀South฀Wales. 10 At฀the฀Battle฀of฀Worcester฀Cromwell฀was฀defeated฀by฀a฀ Scottish฀Royalist฀army. 11 Cromwell฀always฀believed฀that฀God฀was฀responsible฀for฀ his฀military฀successes. 12 Historians฀think฀Cromwell฀was฀successful฀because฀of฀ his฀use฀of฀cavalry.

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Before you read PET 8

1

Listen฀to฀the฀first฀part฀of฀Chapter฀Six฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀answer฀A,฀B฀or฀C.

1

2

Where฀was฀Charles฀II฀exiled?

4

A Scotland

A September฀1665฀and฀June฀1666.

B Wales

B June฀1665฀and฀September฀1666.

C France

C July฀1665฀and฀October฀1666.

Why฀was฀the฀Royal฀Society฀founded?

5

A to฀help฀young,฀talented฀painters

3

Two฀disasters฀hit฀London฀between

What฀carried฀the฀plague฀of฀1665฀in London?

B to฀encourage฀the฀study฀of฀science

A rats

C to฀promote฀a฀new฀version฀of฀the฀ Bible

B cats

What฀did฀Robert฀Hooke฀invent?

C fire 6

Where฀did฀the฀Great฀Fire฀of฀London฀start?

A the฀compound฀microscope

A in฀a฀church

B the฀first฀fire฀engine

B in฀a฀bookshop

C the฀reflecting฀telescope

C in฀a฀bakery 7

How฀long฀did฀the฀fire฀in฀London฀burn? A fifteen฀days B five฀days C nine฀days

8

Who฀was฀Christopher฀Wren? A an฀explorer B an฀architect C a฀musician

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CHAPTER 6

The Restoration 8

SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS Charles฀II฀returned฀to฀Britain after฀his฀exile฀in฀France฀in฀1660. The฀monarchy฀was฀restored, much฀to฀the฀joy฀of฀the฀British people,฀who฀were฀happy฀to฀have a฀king฀after฀the฀strict฀Puritan฀rule of฀Cromwell. The฀seventeenth฀century฀was marked฀by฀great฀progress฀in science.฀The฀Royal฀Society฀was founded฀to฀encourage฀the฀study of฀science฀and฀one฀of฀its฀most illustrious฀members฀was฀Sir Isaac฀Newton,฀who฀made outstanding฀discoveries฀in฀the fields฀of฀mathematics฀and physics.฀ He฀discovered฀the฀law฀of฀gravity and฀invented฀the฀reflecting telescope.฀Newton฀also฀performed experiments฀to฀show฀that฀sunlight is฀made฀up฀of฀separate฀colours. During฀this฀period฀the฀compound microscope฀was฀invented฀by Robert฀Hooke,฀another฀famous scientist.฀ 1

orb :฀a฀golden฀globe฀with฀a฀cross฀on฀top.

Charles II (1661) by Michael Wright.

The terrible battles fought before the Restoration meant that Charles II wanted a highly symbolic portrait which would show that he had retaken the throne. This portrait shares some characteristics with Holbein’s painting of Henry VIII (see page 31).

Charles was painted sitting on his throne, wearing very expensive clothes and priceless jewellery. They were made especially for his coronation in 1661 and cost more than £30,000, an enormous sum. Some of his clothes, such as the wide lace collar and ornate tights, were extremely fashionable. The orb 1 and cross reflect ancient royal traditions, showing that the royal dynasty had now been restored following the beheading of Charles I. 58

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The Restoration Seen Through Art

Newton (c. 1795) by William Blake.

Fifty years after his death, Newton’s genius was captured in this portrait by the visionary poet and painter William Blake. It is not a realistic image, but instead symbolises the scientist’s great ability to rationalise and understand the workings of the universe. Inspired by classical models and Michelangelo, the young nude is holding a compass, which shows how we can understand Nature by using reason and mathematics.

CATASTROPHE AND THE NEW CITY Between฀June฀1665฀and฀September฀1666฀two฀terrible฀catastrophes฀hit฀London.฀ The฀first฀catastrophe฀was฀the฀plague฀of฀1665,฀carried฀by฀rats฀in฀the฀dirty,฀crowded฀ streets฀of฀London,฀which฀caused฀the฀death฀of฀about฀100,000฀Londoners. Then฀on฀Sunday,฀2฀September฀1666฀a฀fire฀started฀in฀a฀bakery฀in฀Pudding฀Lane.฀It฀soon spread฀very฀quickly.฀It฀burnt฀for฀five฀days฀and฀destroyed฀most฀of฀the฀City’s฀wooden buildings,฀and฀St.฀Paul’s฀Cathedral.฀Following฀the฀Great฀Fire฀all฀new฀buildings฀were฀ built฀of฀brick฀and฀stone.

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British History

The Great Fire of London (1666) by anonymous painter of the Dutch School.

In this painting, London is hidden by the terrible flames and thick black smoke of the Great Fire. On the right, people are escaping from the fire and trying to save their property. Samuel Pepys, who witnessed the event, wrote that he saw ‘poor people ... running into boats, sick people carried away in beds’. Although it is estimated that the Great Fire killed fewer than 20 people, it destroyed about 460 streets, more than 13,000 houses and nearly 90 churches. It changed the face of London forever. King฀Charles฀II฀asked฀the฀great฀architect฀Christopher฀Wren฀to฀design฀a฀new฀capital.฀ Wren฀designed฀many฀churches฀and฀public฀buildings฀in฀the฀classical฀style,฀but฀his masterpiece฀was฀St.฀Paul’s฀Cathedral฀(started฀1675฀–฀finished฀1710)฀with฀its฀magnificent END

dome.

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The Restoration Seen Through Art

View of London: The Thames from Somerset House toward the City (1750-1) by Canaletto.

One of the best views of the River Thames was painted in 1750 by the Venetian artist Canaletto, who spent 10 years in London. On the left you can see St. Paul’s Cathedral, and in the background many of the other churches built by Sir Christopher Wren.

An educated man and scientist from an aristocratic background, Wren was asked to rebuild St. Paul’s Cathedral. St. Paul’s, a Protestant cathedral, is decorated in a much simpler style than Catholic churches. The wide empty spaces and pure architecture of the interior are beautiful. Wren took his inspiration for the facade from classical and Baroque art. The great dome, inspired by the Italian Renaissance, now dominates the City of London.

St Paul’s Cathedral. 61

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British History THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION During฀the฀Restoration฀the฀British฀Empire฀grew฀in฀North฀America฀and฀in฀the฀Far฀East. New฀products฀such฀as฀coffee,฀tea฀and฀sugar฀arrived฀from฀the฀colonies฀and฀became฀very popular,฀creating฀trade฀and฀wealth.฀ King฀Charles฀II฀died฀in฀1685฀and฀his฀brother฀James฀II,฀a฀Catholic,฀became฀king.฀He฀kept฀a large฀army฀and฀favoured฀Catholics฀with฀important฀jobs.฀Parliament฀resented 1 this฀and when฀James฀had฀a฀son฀in฀1688฀the฀king’s฀Protestant฀daughter฀Mary฀and฀her฀husband, Prince฀William฀of฀Orange,฀were฀invited฀to฀rule฀Britain.฀James฀II฀escaped฀to฀France฀and this฀became฀known฀as฀the฀‘Glorious฀Revolution’. Prince฀William฀was฀not฀liked฀by฀the฀people,฀but฀his฀wife฀Mary฀was฀very฀popular.฀ Upon฀her฀death฀in฀1694฀William฀ruled฀alone฀until฀1702,฀when฀Mary's฀sister,฀Anne, became฀queen฀because฀they฀had฀no฀heirs฀to฀the฀throne. Queen฀Anne฀was฀the฀first monarch฀to฀rule฀over฀the Kingdom฀of฀Great฀Britain. Scotland฀was฀formally united฀with฀England฀ and฀Wales฀in฀1707฀by฀the Act฀of฀Union.฀She฀was฀ the฀last฀Stuart฀monarch฀ as฀she฀died฀in฀1714 without฀an฀heir.

Despite her troubled and difficult life, Anne was a dedicated queen and helped support the Church of England. During her reign, parliamentary elections had a decisive effect on the life of the country for the first time.

1

resented :฀did฀not฀like.

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The Restoration Seen Through Art

Queen Anne at the House of Lords (c. 1710) by Peter Tillemans. One of the most important portraits of Anne shows her at the opening of Parliament. She is sitting on her throne, surrounded by officials and Members of the the House of Lords; the Members of the House of Commons can be seen standing in the foreground. The chamber is decorated with tapestries, which show one of England’s greatest moments, the victory over the Armada (see pages 39-40). 63 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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Go back to the text PET 1

Read฀the฀passage฀below฀and฀choose฀the฀correct฀word฀A,฀B,฀C฀or฀D฀for฀each฀space. The฀first฀is฀done฀for฀you.

C In฀1660฀the฀1.......฀in฀Britain฀was฀restored฀with฀the฀return฀of฀Charles฀II฀2.......฀France. Outstanding฀progress฀was฀made฀in฀3.......:฀for฀example,฀Sir฀Isaac฀Newton฀4.......฀the฀law฀of gravity. The฀mid฀1660’s฀brought฀disaster฀to฀London.฀The฀5.......฀of฀1665฀killed฀about฀100,000 Londoners.฀Following฀the฀Great฀Fire฀of฀1666,฀Christopher฀Wren฀6.......฀the฀new฀capital.฀The Protestant฀cathedral฀of฀St.฀Paul’s฀is฀the฀7.......฀important฀of฀Wren’s฀churches.฀The฀great฀dome was฀8.......฀by฀the฀Italian฀Renaissance,฀ and฀the฀facade฀by฀9.......฀and฀classical฀art. This฀was฀also฀a฀time฀of฀expansion฀overseas.฀10.......฀the฀Restoration฀the฀British฀colonies฀in North฀America฀and฀the฀Far฀East฀increased฀11.......฀with฀Britain. After฀Charles’฀death฀there฀was฀trouble.฀Parliament฀12.......฀King฀James฀II,฀and฀in฀1688฀Prince William฀of฀Orange฀and฀his฀wife฀Mary฀(James’s฀daughter)฀13.......฀invited฀to฀rule฀Britain.฀In 1702฀Anne,฀James’s฀second฀daughter,฀became฀queen:฀she฀was฀the฀14.......฀Stuart฀monarch.

1

A Protectorate

B Republic

C monarchy

D reign

2

A from฀

B in

C at

D of

3

A science

B music

C philosophy

D literature

4

A invented

B discovered

C made

D broke

5

A war

B flood

C earthquake

D plague

6

A designed

B designated

C dreamed

D thought

7

A more

B least

C much

D most

8

A taken

B inspired

C borrowed

D copied

9

A Protestant

B French

C Baroque

D Venetian

10

A At

B Before

C During

D Following

11

A friends

B work

C industries

D trade

12

A disliked

B dishonoured฀

C punished

D disrespected

13

A is

B being

C were

D was

14

A ultimate

B last

C only

D latest

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PET 2

You฀were฀working฀in฀the฀bakery฀in฀Pudding฀Lane฀when฀the฀Great฀Fire฀started.฀ You฀are฀writing฀a฀letter฀to฀your฀cousin. Describe฀how฀the฀fire฀started,฀what฀happened฀next฀and฀what฀you฀did. Complete฀the฀letter฀using฀about฀100฀words.

Dear............., ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

@

Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on: Follow฀the฀links฀and฀download฀the฀file฀to฀complete฀the฀activities.

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CHAPTER 7

The Georgian Age and the Industrial Revolution 9

THE HOUSE OF HANOVER In฀1714฀George฀of฀Hanover฀ became฀George฀I,฀King฀of฀ Great฀Britain.฀He฀was฀a฀greatgrandson฀of฀James฀I฀and฀a Protestant.฀He฀spoke฀only German฀and฀had฀little understanding฀of฀or฀interest฀in Britain฀and฀its฀people.฀The Stuarts฀tried฀to฀regain฀the throne฀twice,฀but฀failed. He฀ruled฀only฀thanks฀to฀his ministers.฀Sir฀Robert฀Walpole, who฀became฀Britain's฀first Prime฀Minister,฀dominated British฀politics฀and฀built฀up Britain's฀trade฀and฀wealth during฀George's฀reign.

George I (1716) by Sir George Kneller.

In this official portrait of George I, the artist emphasises the king’s ornate robes and wig 1 to take our attention away from his rather ordinary-looking, large face. 1

wig :฀an฀artificial฀covering฀of฀hair฀for฀the head.

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The Georgian Age Seen Through Art

STYLE AND ART The฀period฀of฀George฀I’s฀reign฀and฀of฀his฀successors฀George฀II,฀III฀and฀IV,฀called฀the฀Georgian฀Age,฀is famous฀for฀its฀elegance฀and฀style.฀Chippendale฀and฀Hepplewhite฀created฀beautiful฀furniture,฀and Josiah฀Wedgwood's฀factories฀created฀fine฀ceramics.฀ Great฀artists฀such฀as฀William฀Hogarth,฀Sir฀Joshua฀Reynolds฀and฀Thomas฀Gainsborough฀lived฀in฀the Georgian฀Age.฀Hogarth’s฀satirical฀engravings฀and฀paintings฀attacked฀the฀contrasts฀of฀luxury฀and squalor฀in฀Georgian฀Society.฀Reynolds฀studied฀Renaissance฀art฀in฀Italy฀before฀becoming฀one฀of Britain’s฀most฀important฀and฀successful฀portrait฀painters.฀Gainsborough,฀who฀was฀Reynold’s฀great rival,฀was฀known฀for฀the฀elegance฀and฀refinement฀of฀his฀portraits฀and฀landscapes. There฀was฀a฀return฀to฀classical฀style฀in฀architecture,฀and฀wealthy฀families฀built฀splendid฀country houses฀with฀landscaped฀gardens.฀Great฀writers฀of฀this฀age฀were฀Daniel฀Defoe,฀author฀of฀Robinson Crusoe,฀and฀Jonathan฀Swift,฀author฀of฀Gulliver’s฀Travels.

Vase designed by John Flaxman for Josiah Wedgwood.

Wedgwood used new steam-powered machines to turn his family’s traditional ceramic-making firm into a business which sold throughout Europe. Wedgwood’s designs had simple, elegant lines (unlike Baroque art) and were decorated with mythological figures. There are references to objects found in archaeological digs and to Greek, Etruscan and Roman art. The cameo technique, in which white figures appear on a coloured background, was often used. This beautiful blue cameo vase is decorated with the classical motifs.

Chiswick House (1725-29).

Classical art also inspired Georgian architecture. The British adopted the style of the sixteenth century Italian architect, Palladio, taking their example from Inigo Jones, architect to James I. Many English country houses were built in the ‘Neo-Palladian’ style. One of the best examples is Chiswick House, built for Lord Burlington in 1725. With their many artistic treasures, country houses were one of the most significant features of the English landscape and a symbol of the country’s social order. British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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British History

Canvassing for Votes (1754-5) by William Hogarth.

As well as designing elegant classical buildings, the Georgians began to develop a realistic style of painting which can be considered truly British for the first time. Until the eighteenth century, the influence of foreign artists meant that it was difficult for a national style to develop. However, at this time, British artists began to paint detailed images which give us a new understanding of important events in the country’s history. The great artist and satirist William Hogarth showed some of the less pleasant aspects of everyday life in his realistic works, one of the first artists to do so. By the middle of the century, elections had started to have a significant influence on the country’s political life. Although this meant that the parliamentary system became gradually more important, which in itself was a positive change, corruption became more widespread because politicians needed to convince people to vote for them in order to be elected.

In Canvassing for Votes we see the headquarters of the two political parties, the Tories (Conservatives) and Whigs. A farmer is surrounded by members of the two parties who are trying to offer him money to win his vote. Hogarth produced many paintings and engravings which satirised the election process and revealed the hypocrisy of the times. He was the first artist to show all the social classes, and his work shares the same spirit as some of the great literary works of the day, such as those written by Defoe and Swift. 68 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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The Georgian Age Seen Through Art

Mr and Mrs Andrews (c. 1748) by Thomas Gainsborough.

ch

s. th at

Other artists give us a more positive image of Georgian times. Sir Joshua Reynolds painted aristocratic ladies as classical goddesses. His rival, Thomas Gainsborough, preferred a more realistic style, although he also painted the nobility. One of his masterpieces, Mr and Mrs Andrews, shows a gentleman farmer and his wife. It is one of the most important images we have of the provincial nobility, who were one of the most important features of the Georgian social system. The couple, who are dressed in elegant but comfortable clothes, are shown surrounded by their land. There is a corn field, pastures and, in the background, a wood, reflecting the English landscape and the source of their wealth. The painting symbolises the agricultural world of the mid eighteenth century, which would soon be threatened by the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.

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British History THE BEGINNING OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Before฀the฀end฀of฀the฀eighteenth฀century,฀most฀British฀people฀lived฀and฀worked฀in฀the countryside.฀Many฀were฀farmers,฀others฀worked฀in฀their฀homes฀as฀carpenters฀or฀weavers. 1 New฀inventions฀of฀the฀eighteenth฀century฀brought฀radical฀changes฀to฀the฀way฀people฀lived and฀worked.฀Britain฀was฀rapidly฀changing฀from฀an฀agricultural฀society฀to฀an฀industrial฀one. Communication฀and฀transportation฀improved฀as฀a฀consequence฀of฀the฀Industrial฀Revolution. Roads฀were฀improved฀and฀canals฀were฀built฀to฀transport฀goods.฀Stage฀coaches 2 began฀travelling regularly฀between฀London฀and฀other฀towns.฀ 1

weavers :฀people฀who฀make฀cloth.

2

stage฀coaches :฀vehicles฀pulled฀by฀horses฀that฀carried฀people฀or฀goods.

Coalbrookdale by Night (1801) by Philip de Loutherbourg.

Coalbrookdale, an important iron-producing centre, played a key part in the Industrial Revolution. It had many factories, furnaces and foundries. The painter Philippe de Louthenbourg was fascinated by the industrial landscape and the ‘terrible’ forces produced by the new forms of energy. Like other painters, such as Joseph W. Turner, he was interested in portraying the ‘sublime’, that which inspires both terror and delight. In the late eighteenth century industrial themes were considered a source of this kind of feeling. While in the mid nineteenth century they were no longer considered ‘artistic’ or appropriate for the ‘fine’ arts. British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

I

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Industrial Revolution Seen Through Art

Richard฀Arkwright฀invented฀a฀spinning฀machine 1 that฀did฀the฀work฀of฀twelve฀people. With฀these฀new฀machines,฀factories฀and฀mills฀opened฀up฀and฀offered฀employment฀to many฀people฀–฀the฀Industrial฀Revolution฀was฀beginning. With฀the฀invention฀of฀the฀steam฀engine฀that฀could฀drive฀factory฀machines,฀more฀factories opened฀up.฀The฀coal,฀iron฀and฀textile฀industries฀were฀the฀basis฀of฀the฀Industrial Revolution฀in฀Britain.฀The฀population฀of฀industrial฀towns฀such฀as฀Manchester฀and Birmingham฀grew฀rapidly,฀as฀did฀the฀smoke,฀noise฀and฀pollution. Working฀conditions฀were฀dangerous฀and฀unhealthy.฀Women฀and฀children,฀as฀well฀as฀men, worked฀long฀hours฀(12฀to฀14฀hours฀a฀day)฀and฀were฀paid฀very฀little.฀They฀endured physical฀hardships฀and,฀often,฀horrible฀mutilations฀and฀accidents. 1

spinning฀machine฀:฀(here)฀a฀machine฀used฀in฀the฀production฀of฀cotton฀and฀wool.

The city of Stockport, near Manchester (c. 1850).

The reality of the Industrial Revolution was shown in prints, since ‘high’ art concentrated on more poetic, idyllic subjects. This print is very similar to the description of Manchester given by Queen Victoria. After a visit to the city in 1851 she wrote in her diary that she had seen ‘nothing but chimneys’, and that Manchester was hidden by a ‘thick, black atmosphere’. This was the result of industrial development – one of the prices England had to pay for its exceptional new wealth. 71 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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Go back to the text PET 1

Decide฀if฀each฀statement฀is฀correct฀or฀incorrect.฀If฀it฀is฀correct,฀tick฀A;฀if฀it฀is฀not฀correct,฀tick฀B. A 1

King฀George฀I฀came฀from฀the฀House฀of฀Hanover฀and฀฀ he฀was฀very฀interested฀in฀Britain฀and฀its฀people.฀฀

2

During฀the฀Georgian฀Age฀there฀was฀a฀return฀to฀classical฀ architecture฀and฀style.

3

By฀using฀new฀machinery,฀Josiah฀Wedgewood฀increased฀production฀ and฀sold฀his฀beautiful฀furniture฀throughout฀Europe.

4

Georgian฀architecture฀was฀inspired฀by฀Inigo฀Jones฀and฀adopted฀the฀style฀ of฀the฀fifteenth-century฀Italian฀architect,฀Palladio.

5

One฀of฀the฀most฀significant฀features฀of฀the฀English฀landscape฀were฀the฀ country฀houses฀of฀the฀provincial฀nobility,฀which฀were฀also฀a฀symbol฀of฀ the฀country’s฀social฀order.

6

Gainsborough’s฀paintings฀revealed฀the฀hypocrisy฀of฀the฀times฀and฀ showed฀all฀social฀classes฀for฀the฀first฀time.

7

Mr฀and฀Mrs฀Andrews,฀one฀of฀Reynold’s฀masterpieces,฀is฀an฀important฀ image฀of฀the฀provincial฀nobility฀and฀their฀agricultural฀world.

8

When฀the฀powerful฀steam฀engine฀began฀to฀drive฀factory฀machines,฀ coal,฀iron฀and฀textile฀industries฀opened฀up฀and฀the฀Industrial฀ Revolution฀began.

9

With฀the฀arrival฀of฀the฀Industrial฀Revolution,฀working฀conditions฀and฀ salaries฀for฀all฀workers฀improved฀greatly.

10

Although฀the฀Industrial฀Revolution฀created฀pollution,฀one฀positive฀ aspect฀was฀an฀improvement฀in฀communication฀and฀transportation.

PET 10

2

A฀journalist฀from฀the฀Birmingham฀Bulletin interviews฀a฀young฀worker฀at฀a฀textile฀mill. Listen฀to฀the฀interview฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀answer฀A,฀B฀or฀C. 1

What฀time฀does฀the฀worker฀start฀work?

A

B

C

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B

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What฀time฀does฀she฀stop฀work?

A 3

B

When฀is฀her฀free฀day?

MAY 1870

MAY 1870

MAY 1870

1

4

6

Sunday

Wednesday

Friday

A 4

B

C฀

B

C฀

What฀does฀she฀do฀on฀her฀free฀day?

A 5

How฀long฀is฀her฀lunch฀break?

Lunch break 12.30-12.40 A 6

C฀

Lunch break 12.30-12.50 B

Lunch break 12.30-12.45 C฀

How฀many฀days฀a฀week฀does฀she฀work?

From Monday to Thursday A

From Monday to Saturday B

From Saturday to Wednesday C฀

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INTERNET ACTIVITIES

Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on:

CHAPTER฀SEVEN

The Georgian Age 1

Read฀about฀the฀Georgian฀Age and฀complete฀the฀passage฀with฀a฀suitable฀word฀form฀the฀text.

When฀George฀I฀became฀king,฀there฀were฀more฀suitable฀candidates฀for฀the฀throne฀but unfortunately฀they฀were฀(1)฀..............................฀.฀George฀was฀immediately฀faced฀with฀a฀rival claim฀to฀the฀throne,฀James฀the฀Old฀(2)฀..............................฀.฀James฀was฀soon฀defeated and฀returned฀to฀exile฀in฀(3)฀..............................฀.฀In฀1745฀the฀(4)฀.............................. made฀a฀final฀attempt฀to฀retake฀the฀throne.฀Bonnie฀Prince฀Charlie,฀James฀II’s฀ (5)฀..............................฀,฀led฀a฀rebel฀army฀as฀far฀south฀as฀Derby฀but฀was฀finally defeated฀at฀the฀Battle฀of฀(6)฀..............................฀. During฀the฀reign฀of฀George฀III,฀who฀was฀the฀first฀king฀(7)฀..............................฀in Britain฀for฀50฀years,฀there฀were฀many฀exciting฀changes.฀At฀home฀a฀system฀of฀ (8)฀..............................฀was฀built.฀Robert฀Adams฀was฀a฀very฀fashionable (9)฀..............................฀.฀John฀Wilkes฀fought฀for฀the฀(10)฀..............................฀of the฀people.฀(11)฀..............................฀designed฀gardens฀for฀country฀houses.฀Steam engines฀powered฀(12)฀..............................฀machinery฀and฀the฀Industrial฀Revolution continued. Abroad,฀Captain฀Cook฀explored฀the฀(13)฀..............................฀Ocean฀and฀the฀British founded฀new฀colonies฀in฀(14)฀..............................฀and฀(15)฀..............................฀. However,฀the฀British฀lost฀their฀oldest฀possessions,฀the฀(16)฀.............................. colonies,฀when฀they฀made฀the฀(17)฀..............................฀of฀Independence.฀Following the฀French฀Revolution฀in฀(18)฀..............................,฀France฀became฀more฀powerful. After฀Nelson’s฀victory,฀Britain฀(19)฀..............................฀the฀seas฀but฀France฀ (20)฀..............................฀the฀continent.

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Now฀go฀to฀฀www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/art.htm

Scroll฀ down฀ the฀ page฀ to฀ Artists:฀ 1750-1900 and฀ click฀ on฀ William฀ Hogarth,฀ Joshua Reynolds and฀Thomas฀Gainsborough to฀find฀out฀more฀about฀their฀lives฀and฀works฀of฀art. For฀ each฀ artist฀ scroll฀ down฀ the฀ page฀ to฀ read฀ the฀ text฀ about฀ his฀ life.฀ Write฀ a฀ brief biography฀ of฀ one฀ of฀ the฀ artists฀ (about฀ 75฀ words).฀ Include฀ information฀ about฀ his฀ most important฀paintings฀and฀his฀style฀of฀painting. Don’t฀forget: • to฀write฀an฀introduction฀and฀a฀conclusion • to฀write฀each฀new฀idea฀or฀theme฀in฀a฀new฀paragraph • to฀use฀linking฀words฀like฀ before,฀after,฀then,฀meanwhile,฀as฀soon฀as, etc. • when฀you฀have฀finished,฀check฀your฀biography฀for฀mistakes

3

If฀ you฀ click฀ on฀ the฀ Art฀ Institutions,฀ other฀ Artists฀ 1750-1900,฀ Artists฀ 1900-1930฀ or Architects,฀you฀can฀find฀out฀more฀information฀about฀famous฀British฀artists฀or฀architects.

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CHAPTER 8

Wars in the Colonies and in Europe 11

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION George฀III฀was฀the฀first฀Hanoverian฀King฀born฀in฀England.฀He฀was฀crowned฀king฀in฀1760, and฀ruled฀for฀60฀years฀through฀a฀period฀of฀great฀change.฀He฀was฀popular฀with฀the฀people, who฀liked฀his฀simple,฀direct฀manner฀of฀speaking.฀The฀Industrial฀Revolution฀continued during฀his฀reign฀and฀the฀British฀colonies฀in฀North฀America฀won฀their฀independence.฀ The฀American฀Revolution฀was฀the฀first฀colonial฀revolt฀in฀the฀British฀Empire.฀In฀the฀mid eighteenth฀century฀there฀were฀13฀thriving 1 British฀colonies฀in฀America฀with฀over฀2 million฀settlers.฀ The฀colonists฀resented฀paying฀high฀taxes฀to฀the฀faraway฀British฀Government฀and฀wanted their฀independence.฀In฀1770฀there฀were฀protests฀and฀riots 2 in฀Boston,฀Massachusetts,฀during which฀British฀soldiers฀killed฀five฀colonists.฀This฀became฀famous฀as฀the฀Boston฀Massacre.

1

thriving฀:฀prosperous.

2

riots฀:฀public฀disturbances,฀often฀violent.

The Boston Massacre (1770) engraving by Paul Revere.

The Boston Massacre is illustrated in one of the most famous early American prints by Paul Revere. It is a simplified image which shows the English army (on the right) shooting at a group of respectable-looking, unarmed Bostonians, the innocent victims of the events. In reality, the American rebels were armed. Revere’s prints often altered the facts to help the fight against colonial rule. British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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Wars in the Colonies Seen Through Art

In฀December฀1773฀a฀group฀of฀colonists,฀disguised 1 as฀Indians,฀went฀on฀board฀three฀British ships.฀They฀threw฀342฀boxes฀of฀tea฀into฀Boston฀Harbour,฀thereby฀destroying฀a฀very valuable฀cargo!฀This฀is฀the฀famous฀incident฀which฀became฀known฀as฀the฀Boston฀Tea฀Party, and฀caused฀unbearable฀tension฀between฀the฀colonists฀and฀the฀British.

The Boston Tea Party (1856) by John Andrew from Ballou’s Pictorial.

Although there are famous oil paintings of episodes from the American Revolution, prints and newspaper illustrations, which were available in much larger numbers, helped turn certain events into legends for generations to come. Many historical engravings were still being made in the nineteenth century, including this illustration of the famous Boston Tea Party. 1

disguised฀:฀dressed฀up฀as.

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British History King฀George฀III฀decided฀to฀punish฀the฀colonists฀by฀ordering฀his฀soldiers฀to฀close฀the฀port of฀Boston,฀which฀seriously฀damaged฀the฀colonies'฀economy.฀The฀colonists฀called฀this฀‘an intolerable฀act’฀and฀began฀to฀rebel฀under฀the฀leadership฀of฀George฀Washington,฀who฀later became฀the฀first฀President฀of฀the฀United฀States฀of฀America. George฀Washington฀organised฀an฀army฀of฀colonists฀and฀in฀April฀1775฀the฀American฀Revolution began.฀On฀4฀July฀1776฀the฀colonists฀declared฀their฀independence฀from฀Great฀Britain฀with฀the Declaration฀of฀Independence,฀a฀document฀that฀declared฀the฀thirteen฀colonies฀to฀be฀free฀and independent฀states.฀General฀Cornwallis฀commanded฀the฀British฀army.฀The฀war฀continued฀for six฀years฀and฀was฀fought฀on฀land฀and฀at฀sea.฀In฀October฀1781฀the฀British฀were฀defeated฀and surrendered฀at฀Yorktown฀in฀Virginia,฀and฀America฀became฀an฀independent฀nation.

THE NAPOLEONIC WARS The฀power฀of฀Great฀Britain฀was฀also฀threatened฀in฀Europe.฀At฀the฀beginning฀of฀the฀1800s the฀ambitious฀French฀Emperor฀Napoleon฀Bonaparte,฀a฀man฀of฀amazing฀leadership qualities,฀ruled฀most฀of฀Europe.฀The฀Napoleonic฀Wars฀between฀Great฀Britain฀and฀France began฀in฀1803. Napoleon฀made฀plans฀to฀invade฀Great฀Britain฀by฀sending฀his฀warships฀into฀the฀English Channel.฀The฀great฀Admiral฀Lord฀Nelson,฀famous฀for฀his฀bravery฀and฀leadership, commanded฀the฀British฀Navy฀and฀defeated฀the฀French฀during฀the฀famous฀Battle฀of Trafalgar,฀where฀he฀lost฀his฀life.฀At฀this฀decisive฀moment฀Great฀Britain฀regained฀control฀ of฀the฀seas.

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Wars in the Colonies Seen Through Art

The Death of Nelson (1806) by Benjamin West.

Horatio Nelson became one of England’s most popular heroes, part of the increasing nationalism of the time. His death was portrayed by Benjamin West, the court painter, as a noble tragedy. West’s paintings use history to teach a moral: the nobility of someone giving up his life for his country. Instead of using allegorical figures and classical costumes, as was the tradition at the time, West preferred to paint his subjects in modern uniforms and clothes. He believed that the artist should show the truth, although many critics did not agree with him.

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British History In฀1815฀Napoleon฀fought฀his฀last฀battle฀at฀Waterloo฀in฀Belgium,฀where฀the฀British฀army฀ was฀led฀by฀the฀Duke฀of฀Wellington.฀The฀battle฀was฀a฀desperate฀one฀for฀both฀sides฀with฀ a฀very฀high฀number฀of฀casualties. 1 The฀French฀were฀finally฀defeated฀at฀Waterloo฀and Napoleon฀was฀exiled฀to฀the฀island฀of฀St.฀Helena฀in฀the฀South฀Atlantic฀Ocean,฀where฀he฀ died฀in฀1821.฀After฀Napoleon's฀defeat฀Britain฀remained฀the฀greatest฀military฀and฀ industrial฀nation฀in฀the฀world.

1

casualties฀:฀people฀hurt฀or฀killed.

The Battle of Waterloo (c. 1824) by George Jones.

The Battle of Waterloo was described many times in famous paintings, novels and poems, although the historical accuracy often varied widely. This large painting is by George Jones, who had direct experience of the battle as he served with the Duke of Wellington. The Duke is shown on his horse on the right, giving orders and surrounded by his men. The army is painted accurately, with detail and feeling. Jones’ paintings marked a new era in war painting, which until this time was considered a lesser form of art.

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Go back to the text PET 1

Read฀the฀sentences฀below฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀answer฀A,฀B,฀C,฀or฀D. 1

King฀George฀III A was฀born฀in฀England,฀unlike฀George฀I฀and฀George฀II. B saw฀a฀lot฀of฀progress฀in฀the฀sixteen฀years฀that฀he฀was฀king. C liked฀making฀speeches฀to฀his฀people. D encouraged฀change฀in฀both฀Britain฀and฀America.

2

In฀the฀middle฀of฀the฀1700s฀British฀colonists฀in฀America A occupied฀thirty฀different฀colonies. B were฀prosperous,฀but฀not฀as฀much฀as฀they฀wanted฀to฀be. C were฀more฀than฀200,000฀in฀number. D did฀not฀want฀to฀continue฀paying฀taxes฀to฀London.

3

One฀of฀the฀events฀leading฀up฀to฀the฀American฀Revolution฀was A a฀group฀of฀colonists฀destroying฀a฀cargo฀of฀tea฀in฀1770. B the฀death฀of฀five฀colonists฀in฀Boston฀caused฀by฀the฀British฀army. C the฀British฀army฀shooting฀at฀innocent฀colonists฀in฀Boston฀in฀1773. D collaboration฀between฀colonists฀and฀Indians฀at฀the฀Boston฀Tea฀Party.

4

The฀early฀American฀prints฀by฀Paul฀Revere฀were฀not฀accurate฀because A people฀altered฀the฀facts฀when฀they฀described฀them฀to฀Revere. B they฀were฀used฀for฀political฀purposes. C Revere฀could฀not฀be฀present฀at฀all฀the฀events฀he฀described. D accuracy฀was฀not฀important฀in฀art฀at฀that฀time.

5

The฀port฀of฀Boston฀was฀closed A by฀an฀Act฀of฀Parliament. B during฀the฀Boston฀Tea฀Party. C as฀a฀punishment. D by฀the฀colonists฀themselves.

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George฀Washington฀organised฀an฀army฀of฀colonists A to฀throw฀342฀boxes฀of฀tea฀into฀Boston฀Harbour. B to฀kill฀five฀hundred฀British฀soldiers. C in฀Yorktown,฀Virginia. D and฀in฀April฀1775฀the฀American฀Revolution฀began.

7

The฀British฀army฀was฀commanded฀by฀General฀Cornwallis฀and฀after฀six฀years฀of฀war฀ A the฀British฀surrendered฀at฀Yorktown,฀Virginia. B the฀colonists฀were฀defeated฀at฀Yorktown,฀Virginia. C the฀colonists฀wrote฀the฀Declaration฀of฀Independence. D the฀British฀were฀victorious.

8

At฀the฀beginning฀of฀the฀nineteenth฀century A America฀declared฀its฀independence฀from฀Great฀Britain. B the฀Duke฀of฀Wellington฀became฀Prime฀Minister. C the฀Napoleonic฀Wars฀between฀Great฀Britain฀and฀France฀began. D Napoleon฀Bonaparte฀invaded฀Great฀Britain.

9

At฀the฀battle฀of฀Trafalgar A Admiral฀Lord฀Nelson฀defeated฀the฀French. B the฀Duke฀of฀Wellington฀defeated฀the฀French. C France฀regained฀control฀of฀the฀seas. D Admiral฀Lord฀Nelson฀was฀defeated฀and฀died.

10

Although฀many฀critics฀did฀not฀agree฀with฀him,฀Benjamin฀West A became฀a฀very฀wealthy฀man. B believed฀that฀an฀artist฀should฀show฀the฀truth฀in฀his฀paintings. C used฀allegorical฀figures฀in฀his฀paintings. D refused฀to฀paint฀war฀scenes.

11

At฀Waterloo฀in฀1815 A Napoleon฀and฀his฀army฀were฀ victorious. B the฀French฀defeated฀the฀British. C there฀was฀a฀long฀naval฀battle. D the฀Duke฀of฀Wellington฀defeated฀ Napoleon.

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What did they do? 2

Read฀the฀name฀of฀the฀person฀and฀match฀it฀with฀the฀what฀he฀did.฀Write฀the฀correct฀letter฀in฀the฀box. 1

George฀Washington฀

2

Napoleon฀Bonaparte

3

General฀Cornwallis

4

King฀George฀III

5

Admiral฀Lord฀Nelson

6

Duke฀of฀Wellington

7

Paul฀Revere฀฀฀฀฀

A He฀surrendered฀at฀Yorktown,฀Virginia. B He฀was฀the฀first฀Hanoverian฀king฀born฀in฀England. C He฀died฀at฀the฀Battle฀of฀Trafalgar. D He฀organised฀and฀led฀an฀army฀of฀American฀colonists. E He฀led฀the฀British฀army฀to฀victory฀at฀Waterloo. F He฀made฀plans฀to฀invade฀Great฀Britain. G He฀made฀prints฀about฀the฀American฀Revolution฀

3

Using฀no฀more฀than฀40฀words฀for฀each,฀explain฀what฀happened฀during฀these฀events: A The฀Boston฀Massacre ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... B The฀Boston฀Tea฀Party ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................

@

Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on: Follow฀the฀links฀and฀download฀the฀file฀to฀complete฀the฀activities.

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Before you read PET 12

1

Listen฀ to฀ the฀ first฀ part฀ of฀ Chapter฀ Nine฀ and฀ for฀ each฀ question฀ indicate฀ the฀ correct฀ answer฀ A,฀B฀or฀C. 1

How฀long฀did฀Queen฀Victoria฀rule?

5

A 64฀years B 48฀months

A one฀third

C 60฀months

2

B one฀quarter C one฀fifth

Who฀did฀Queen฀Victoria฀marry? A Admiral฀Peter

How฀much฀of฀the฀Earth's฀land฀surface did฀the฀British฀Empire฀cover฀during Queen฀Victoria's฀rule?

6

B Prince฀Alfred C Prince฀Albert

What฀was฀the฀population฀of฀the฀British Empire฀during฀Victoria’s฀rule? A 317฀million฀people B 370฀million฀people

3

How฀many฀children฀did฀she฀have?

C 300฀million฀people

A nine B five

7

C none

Where฀did฀the฀mutiny฀of฀1857฀against British฀rule฀take฀place? A Burma

4

B India

When฀did฀Queen฀Victoria฀die?

C Indonesia

A 1901 B 1900 C 1910

8

What฀was฀an฀important฀feature฀of฀the Crimean฀War? A It฀was฀the฀first฀war฀to฀be฀ photographed. B Tanks฀were฀used฀for฀the฀first฀time. C Machine฀guns฀were฀used฀for฀the฀ first฀time.

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CHAPTER NINE

The Victorian Age 12

THE YOUNG QUEEN Victoria฀became฀queen฀in฀1837฀at฀the฀age฀of฀eighteen฀and฀ruled฀for฀64฀years,฀longer฀than any฀other฀British฀monarch,฀giving฀her฀name฀to฀the฀Victorian฀Age.฀The฀British฀loved฀her because฀she฀was฀an฀intelligent,฀dedicated฀and฀responsible฀queen,฀who฀was฀interested฀in all฀aspects฀of฀British฀life.฀

Windsor Castle in Modern Times (1841-5) by Sir Edwin Landseer. Paintings and the new technique of photography helped bring everyday images of the royal family to ordinary people. In Windsor Castle in Modern Times, Queen Victoria is shown welcoming her husband back from a hunting party. Although the painting contains many signs of the couple’s wealth, contrary to tradition there are no royal symbols. The Queen and her husband look more like a middle-class couple than royalty. The hunting dog represents the masculine world of hunting, while the puppies represent femininity and the home: this reflects the division of roles in Victorian marriage. British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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British History Queen฀Victoria฀married฀Prince฀Albert,฀her฀great฀love,฀and฀was฀a฀devoted฀wife฀and฀mother of฀nine฀children.฀Family฀values฀and฀morality฀were฀extremely฀important฀to฀Victoria฀and Albert,฀and฀they฀were฀able฀to฀set฀an฀example฀which฀the฀people฀followed.฀When฀Queen Victoria฀died,฀in฀1901,฀the฀nation฀mourned 1 the฀loss฀of฀a฀popular฀and฀respected฀queen.฀

THE BRITISH EMPIRE The฀British฀Empire฀became฀the฀largest฀empire฀in฀the฀world,฀covering฀one฀fifth฀of฀the earth's฀land฀surface,฀with฀a฀population฀of฀about฀370฀million฀people.฀Queen฀Victoria฀ruled over฀Canada,฀Australia,฀New฀Zealand,฀India,฀Burma,฀large฀parts฀of฀Africa,฀Singapore, Malaysia,฀parts฀of฀Indonesia,฀Borneo฀and฀New฀Guinea.฀The฀British฀Empire฀created฀trade and฀wealth฀for฀millions฀of฀people,฀although฀there฀were฀rebellions฀against฀British฀rule฀in the฀colonies,฀such฀as฀the฀Indian฀Mutiny฀of฀1857.฀During฀the฀1850s฀British฀soldiers฀fought END

in฀the฀Crimean฀War฀on฀the฀Black฀Sea,฀which฀was฀the฀first฀war฀to฀be฀photographed. 1

mourned฀:฀felt฀sadness฀because฀of฀someone’s฀death.

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The Victorian Age Seen Through Art

INNOVATION AND INVENTION The฀first฀national฀postal฀system฀was฀introduced฀in฀1840฀and฀was฀known฀as฀the฀Penny฀Post because฀it฀cost฀one฀penny฀to฀send฀a฀letter฀anywhere฀in฀Great฀Britain.฀Communication฀was completely฀transformed฀with฀the฀invention฀of฀the฀telegraph฀and฀the฀telephone.฀The invention฀of฀the฀railway฀revolutionised฀travel฀and฀transportation฀–฀industries฀and฀farms were฀able฀to฀transport฀their฀goods฀to฀all฀parts฀of฀the฀country.฀Thanks฀to฀the฀railway

Rain, Steam and Speed (1844) by Joseph W. Turner. The train symbolised modernity in Victorian times; the invention of the steam train meant that travel was now much faster. The new sensation of speed was expressed brilliantly by Joseph W. Turner in his painting, Rain, Steam and Speed. Considered by some to be the greatest English artist, Turner was an expert at capturing light, which becomes the protagonist of his paintings.

Instead of the details of the train and carriages we see a mass of golden colours. Turner shows the train racing through the rain and clouds of steam, emphasising the feeling of speed. The artist was fascinated by machines, factories and steamships, the inspiration for his most poetic works. For this reason Turner was an exception in the Victorian Age; many other artists painted trains, but they were mostly shown standing at stations surrounded by group portraits of Victorian society. 87 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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British History Victorians฀started฀going฀on฀day฀trips฀and฀taking฀holidays฀at฀the฀seaside.฀Sailing฀ships were฀gradually฀replaced฀by฀steamships,฀making฀ocean฀travel฀faster.

The Inauguration of the Great Exhibition, 1 May 1851 (1852-4) by David Roberts.

During Victorian times, Britain became more prosperous than any other nation. The growth of the iron, steel and textile industries meant there were now great numbers of mass-produced goods to be sold in Britain, Europe and the Colonies. One of the best ways of publicising new goods was to show them at one of the Universal Expositions, the most famous of which was the Great Exhibition, held in London’s Hyde Park in 1851. It attracted 7,000 exhibitors from Britain, 6,000 from other countries, and over 6 million visitors.

This painting shows the Queen and her husband on a visit to the Exhibition. It is a highly detailed record of the event, which the royals checked several times to make sure it was true to life. The Exhibition was held in the Crystal Palace, a spectacular new building made of sheets 1 of glass in a cast iron framework designed by Joseph Paxton. The architect built the structure around the huge trees of the park to save them from being cut down. Crystal Palace, which was taken down and moved to a new site after the Exhibition, was the first great building to be made from glass and a metal frame. The building opened a new era in architecture. 1

sheets฀:฀(here)฀large,฀rectangular฀pieces.

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British History Workhouses฀had฀been฀introduced฀for฀the฀poor฀by฀the฀Poor฀Law฀Act฀of฀1834.฀Conditions฀in the฀workhouses฀were฀terrible,฀families฀were฀separated,฀food฀was฀poor฀and฀the฀work฀hard and฀boring.฀To฀have฀to฀go฀to฀the฀workhouse฀was฀the฀nightmare฀of฀the฀poor.฀Many฀poor people฀emigrated฀to฀America฀to฀find฀a฀better฀life.฀

Applicants for Admission to a Casual Ward (1874) by Sir Luke Fildes.

Artists did not begin to show the reality of Victorian poverty until the 1870s. Before this, members of the ‘lower’ classes were only painted if they were considered ‘picturesque’. Fildes was one of the first artists to show social problems in his work. In Applicants for Admission to a Casual Ward, the homeless of London are shown waiting for a bed in a shelter 1 on a cold winter’s night. The men, women and children are painted in realistic detail, and we can imagine how cold they must have felt.

1

shelter :฀a฀building฀designed฀to฀give฀protection.

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Go back to the text PET 1

Read฀the฀passage฀below฀and฀choose฀the฀correct฀word฀A,฀B,฀C฀or฀D฀for฀each฀space.฀ The฀first฀is฀done฀for฀you.

B 1.......฀Queen฀Victoria’s฀64-year฀rule฀the฀British฀Empire฀2.......฀one-fifth฀of฀the฀earth’s฀land฀surface.฀The colonies฀3.......฀wealth฀to฀thousands฀of฀people.฀Technology฀made฀progress:฀the฀telegraph฀and฀the telephone฀4.......฀communications,฀and฀the฀railway฀changed฀the฀way฀people฀and฀goods฀5.......฀.฀More people฀lived฀in฀crowded฀towns฀and฀cities฀6.......฀in฀the฀countryside฀because฀most฀jobs฀were฀in฀the฀towns and฀cities. But฀if฀thousands฀became฀rich,฀many฀thousands฀suffered.฀Charles฀Dickens฀shocked฀public฀7....... with฀his฀novels฀8.......฀poverty฀and฀social฀injustice.฀9.......฀working฀conditions฀and฀child฀labour remained฀a฀big฀10.......฀during฀the฀Victorian฀Age. The฀poor฀had฀an฀extremely฀difficult฀life฀and฀some฀11.......฀to฀live฀in฀workhouses.฀Many฀of฀12....... emigrated฀to฀America฀or฀to฀the฀colonies. 1

A After

B During

C At

D Before

2

A defended

B grew

C took

D covered

3

A bring

B brought

C bringing

D brings

4

A transformed

B transported

C translated

D transports

5

A move

B moving

C moves

D moved

6

A rather

B to

C than

D instead

7

A value

B moral

C opinion

D world

8

A about

B treating

C attack

D for

9

A Terrific

B Tremendous

C Terrible

D Troubled

10

A program

B problem

C project฀

D proposal

11

A went

B gone

C these

D going฀

12

A their

B them

C it

D they

PET 2

Decide฀if฀each฀statement฀is฀correct฀or฀incorrect.฀If฀it฀is฀correct,฀tick฀A;฀if฀it฀is฀not฀correct,฀tick฀B. A 1

In฀Landseer’s฀painting Windsor฀Castle฀in฀Modern฀Times,฀Queen฀Victoria฀and฀her฀ husband฀look฀more฀like฀a฀middle-class฀couple฀than฀members฀of฀the฀royal฀family.

2

Precise฀details฀are฀the฀important฀elements฀of฀Turner’s฀paintings.

3

Turner฀was฀fascinated฀by฀machines,฀trains฀and฀steamships.

4

Many฀Victorian฀artists฀painted฀group฀portraits฀of฀Victorian฀society฀ at฀railway฀stations.

5

The฀Great฀Exhibition฀of฀1851฀publicised฀the฀most฀important฀Victorian฀paintings.

6

Until฀the฀1870s,฀artists฀did฀not฀begin฀to฀show฀the฀reality฀of฀Victorian฀ poverty฀in฀their฀paintings.

7

Fildes฀was฀more฀interested฀in฀painting฀portraits฀of฀the฀aristocracy฀ than฀showing฀social฀issues฀in฀his฀work.

British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

B

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PET 3

Look฀at฀the฀signs฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀explanation฀A,฀B฀or฀C.

1

TICKETS AVAILABLE AT THIS DESK FROM 9 A.M

4

HORSES MUST USE OTHER SIDE OF THE ROAD

A You฀can฀buy฀tickets฀after฀nine,฀ but฀from฀a฀different฀place.

A This฀road฀is฀for฀traffic,฀not฀for฀ horse-riding.

B You฀can฀buy฀tickets฀here฀after฀ nine฀in฀the฀morning.

B You฀must฀not฀ride฀a฀horse฀on฀this฀ side฀of฀the฀road.

C You฀can฀get฀tickets฀here฀at฀any฀ time฀up฀till฀nine.

C You฀must฀get฀off฀your฀horse,฀and฀ send฀it฀to฀the฀other฀side฀of฀the฀road.

5

2

NO TICKETS SOLD AFTER 5. 00 P. M

EXHIBITION OPEN 9. 00-6. 00 EXCEPT SUNDAYS

A You฀can฀visit฀the฀exhibition฀ until฀nine฀in฀the฀evening.

A You฀cannot฀sell฀any฀tickets฀after฀five฀ in฀the฀afternoon.

B The฀exhibition฀is฀open฀non-stop,฀ all฀day,฀for฀eight฀hours.

B You฀have฀to฀buy฀your฀ticket(s)฀before฀ five฀in฀the฀afternoon.

C You฀cannot฀visit฀the฀exhibition฀on Sundays฀(morning฀or฀afternoon).

C After฀five฀in฀the฀afternoon฀entrance฀ is฀free.

6

3

PLEASE LEAVE BICYCLES OUTSIDE THE RED GATE

PEDESTRIANS TO THE LEFT PLEASE

A Bicycles฀must฀not฀be฀used฀ anywhere฀near฀the฀red฀gate.

A You฀must฀park฀your฀car,฀get฀out฀and฀ go฀to฀the฀left.

B Bicycles฀must฀be฀left฀at฀the฀ red฀gate.

B Walkers฀must฀leave฀some฀of฀the฀road฀ free฀for฀traffic.

C Bicyles฀can฀be฀rented฀at฀the฀ red฀gate.

C If฀you฀are฀on฀foot,฀you฀are฀requested฀ to฀be฀very฀careful.

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Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on:

1 Read฀the฀text฀on฀Britain฀between฀1815฀and฀1914฀and฀answer฀the฀following฀questions. 1 How฀did฀Britain฀begin฀100฀years฀without฀fighting฀a฀major฀war? A by฀giving฀in฀to฀French฀hopes฀to฀rule฀the฀world B by฀defeating฀the฀French฀at฀the฀Battles฀of฀Trafalgar฀and฀Waterloo C by฀joining฀in฀an฀alliance฀of฀peace฀and฀cooperation฀with฀France D by฀surrendering฀to฀Napoleon’s฀domination฀of฀Europe 2 When฀George฀IV฀died,฀ The฀Times wrote A an฀obituary฀which฀expressed฀the฀nation’s฀sadness. B an฀obituary฀which฀praised฀his฀achievements. C an฀obituary฀which฀called฀for฀a฀republic. D an฀obituary฀which฀said฀the฀king฀would฀not฀be฀missed. 3 The฀early฀nineteenth฀century฀is฀remembered฀as฀a฀creative฀period฀because฀ A of฀the฀work฀of฀painters฀and฀romantic฀poets. B of฀the฀work฀of฀actors฀and฀directors. C of฀the฀work฀of฀fashion฀designers. D of฀the฀work฀of฀architects฀and฀sculptors. 4 What฀important฀discoveries฀were฀made฀in฀the฀nineteenth฀century? A Stephenson฀discovered฀electricity฀and฀Faraday฀invented฀the฀steam฀train. B Faraday฀discovered฀electricity฀and฀Davy฀invented฀the฀steam฀train. C Faraday฀discovered฀electricity฀and฀Stephenson฀invented฀the฀steam฀train. D Davy฀discovered฀electricity฀and฀Faraday฀invented฀the฀steam฀train.

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INTERNET ACTIVITIES

CHAPTER฀NINE

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5 One฀of฀Brunel’s฀greatest฀engineering฀achievements฀was฀ A building฀the฀Great฀Eastern฀railway฀line฀to฀Bristol.

INTERNET ACTIVITIES

B building฀the฀ Great฀Western ,฀which฀was฀the฀largest฀ship฀afloat. C building฀the฀bridges฀and฀tunnels฀of฀the฀Great฀Eastern฀railway฀line. D building฀the฀ Great฀Eastern ,฀which฀was฀the฀largest฀ship฀afloat. 6 Why฀was฀a฀new฀parliament฀building฀built฀at฀Westminster? A The฀old฀one฀was฀destroyed฀in฀a฀fire. B The฀old฀one฀was฀too฀small. C to฀celebrate฀Queen฀Victoria’s฀Silver฀Jubilee D to฀celebrate฀British฀achievements 7 The฀British฀involvement฀in฀the฀Crimean฀War฀was฀considered฀a฀heroic฀defeat A because฀of฀the฀terrible฀weather฀and฀poor฀equipment. B because฀the฀British฀cavalry฀rode฀into฀battle฀against฀the฀Russian฀artillery. C because฀the฀Russian฀cavalry฀defeated฀the฀British฀artillery. D because฀the฀Russian฀army฀won฀most฀of฀the฀battles. 8 What฀was฀the฀important฀change฀in฀the฀British฀Army฀after฀the฀Crimean฀War? A Officers฀received฀promotion฀if฀they฀paid฀for฀it. B Officers฀received฀promotion฀if฀their฀families฀were฀rich. C Officers฀received฀promotion฀because฀of฀their฀abilities฀and฀experience. D It฀was฀easier฀for฀a฀soldier฀to฀become฀an฀officer. 9 During฀Queen฀Victoria’s฀reign,฀in฀the฀fields฀of฀exploration฀and฀science฀ A Livingstone฀produced฀his฀theory฀of฀evolution฀and฀Darwin฀explored฀Africa. B Charles฀Darwin฀sailed฀home฀in฀1847฀and฀Livingstone฀explored฀Africa. C Livingstone฀sailed฀to฀Africa฀in฀the฀Beagle . D Charles฀Darwin฀developed฀his฀theory฀of฀evolution฀and฀Livingstone฀explored฀Africa. 10 How฀was฀the฀British฀Navy฀used฀off฀the฀coast฀of฀West฀Africa? A to฀try฀to฀stop฀the฀slave฀trade

B to฀protect฀the฀slave฀traders

C to฀transport฀slaves฀to฀America

D to฀safeguard฀the฀new฀colonies

11 How฀did฀the฀British฀build฀up฀such฀a฀big฀empire? A by฀negotiating฀with฀the฀local฀people฀

B by฀buying฀the฀territory฀they฀wanted

C by฀superior฀military฀strength

D on฀the฀invitation฀of฀the฀local฀people

12 What฀do฀you฀understand฀by฀the฀phrase฀‘on฀which฀the฀sun฀never฀set’? A The฀British฀empire฀was฀so฀big฀that฀it฀was฀always฀daylight฀in฀at฀least฀one฀colony. B The฀Victorians฀thought฀that฀the฀empire฀would฀exist฀forever. C The฀Victorians฀wanted฀to฀show฀the฀importance฀of฀Queen฀Victoria. D The฀Victorians฀wanted฀to฀show฀the฀importance฀of฀London.

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CHAPTER TEN

The Edwardian Age and World War I 13

THE NEW CENTURY After฀Queen฀Victoria's฀death฀in฀1901,฀her฀son฀Edward฀VII฀became฀king.฀Great฀Britain฀had฀just stepped฀into฀the฀twentieth฀century.฀The฀population฀of฀Great฀Britain฀was฀now฀about฀40฀million. During฀the฀Edwardian฀Age฀the฀first฀cars฀appeared฀on฀the฀roads฀but฀only฀the฀rich฀could afford฀them฀at฀first.฀Telephones฀and฀electric฀lighting฀were฀beginning฀to฀appear฀in฀the homes฀of฀the฀wealthy.฀The฀first฀cinemas฀with฀silent฀films฀opened฀in฀this฀period฀and proved฀to฀be฀a฀huge฀success฀with฀everyone.฀ In฀1903฀Emmeline฀Pankhurst฀founded฀the฀Women's฀Social฀and฀Political฀Union฀(WSPU). Members฀of฀the฀WSPU฀were฀called suffragettes,฀and฀fought฀for women's฀right฀to฀vote฀(suffrage)฀by protesting฀in฀the฀streets.฀They฀were often฀taken฀to฀prison!฀Women฀over 30฀finally฀obtained฀the฀right฀to vote฀in฀the฀1918฀elections.

Poster illustrating women’s fight for the vote.

As well as dramatic protests such as hunger strikes and women-only demonstrations, Mrs Pankhurst used posters and prints to spread her message. In this symbolic poster from around 1910, a woman cannot enter the Houses of Parliament because she does not have the right to vote. The poster is modern in style with heavy black lines and simplified images. 95 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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British History During฀the฀Edwardian฀Age฀about฀one฀third฀of฀the฀population฀was฀poverty฀stricken฀and lived฀in฀miserable฀conditions.฀The฀government฀passed฀several฀laws฀to฀alleviate฀the suffering฀of฀the฀poor:฀it฀started฀giving฀free฀school฀meals฀to฀poor฀children฀and฀paid pensions฀to฀people฀over฀70฀years฀of฀age.฀The฀National฀Insurance฀Act฀gave฀workers฀free medical฀help฀and฀a฀small฀amount฀of฀money฀when฀they฀were฀ill. At฀the฀beginning฀of฀the฀1900s฀military฀rivalry฀was฀growing฀between฀Great฀Britain฀and Germany,฀a฀leading฀industrial฀and฀economic฀power฀of฀the฀period.฀Both฀countries฀were competing฀for฀territory฀in฀Africa฀from฀the฀late฀nineteenth฀century.฀When฀Germany฀started building฀a฀massive฀navy฀Britain฀felt฀her฀superiority฀at฀sea฀to฀be฀threatened.฀An฀arms฀race began฀between฀Germany฀and฀Britain.฀ In฀May฀1910฀King฀Edward฀VII฀died฀and฀was฀succeeded฀by฀his฀son,฀who฀became฀King George฀V.฀He฀proved฀to฀be฀a฀capable฀and฀dedicated฀leader฀during฀World฀War฀I฀and฀during the฀difficult฀post-war฀period฀which฀followed.฀George฀V’s฀family฀name฀was฀Saxe-CoburgGotha,฀but฀in฀1917฀he฀changed฀it฀to฀Windsor฀because฀of฀the฀strong฀anti-German฀feeling฀of the฀British฀during฀World฀War฀I. All฀of฀Europe฀was฀worried฀about฀the฀growth฀of฀German฀power.฀Eventually฀the฀great European฀powers฀split 1 into฀two฀alliances:฀Britain,฀France฀and฀Russia,฀and฀Germany฀and Austria-Hungary. There฀was฀so฀much฀tension that฀even฀a฀small฀incident could฀lead฀to฀a฀war.฀The assassination฀of฀Archduke Ferdinand฀of฀Austria฀in Sarajevo฀was฀the฀incident that฀started฀World฀War฀I.

1

split฀:฀divided.

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria (1914).

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand is shown here in dramatic style on the cover of an Italian magazine. 96 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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World War I Seen Through Art

WORLD WAR I

On฀4฀August฀1914฀Britain฀declared฀war฀on฀Germany.฀The฀British฀population฀felt฀patriotic and฀united฀because฀they฀believed฀that฀this฀was฀a฀just฀war.฀Young฀men฀joined฀the฀armed forces฀as฀volunteers.฀Over฀100,000฀women฀worked฀as฀nurses฀and฀most฀were฀volunteers. However,฀no฀one฀could฀have฀imagined฀the฀horrors฀of฀this฀war.฀For฀the฀first฀time฀modern technology฀was฀used฀in฀a฀conflict฀and฀the฀results฀were฀devastating.฀The฀war฀was฀also photographed฀extensively. The฀battles฀were฀fought฀not฀only฀in฀Europe฀but฀also฀in฀Turkey,฀the฀Middle฀East฀and฀at฀sea. The฀German฀Navy฀attacked฀English฀ports฀and฀German฀zeppelin฀airships 1 bombed฀London. Everyone's฀life฀was฀touched฀or฀changed฀in฀some฀way. The฀Germans฀also฀used฀submarines฀for฀the฀first฀time฀to฀destroy฀British฀and฀American฀merchant ships฀that฀carried฀food฀and฀supplies฀to฀Britain.฀The฀United฀States฀of฀America฀entered฀the฀war in฀1917฀and฀about฀a฀year฀later฀Germany฀was฀defeated.฀During฀the฀war฀750,000฀British฀soldiers were฀killed,฀and฀21/2 million฀seriously฀wounded.฀The฀horror฀and฀sadness฀of฀the฀war฀were฀best expressed฀by฀the฀British฀war฀poets,฀Wilfred฀Owen,฀Siegfried฀Sassoon฀and฀Laurence฀Binyon, and฀the฀war฀painters,฀Paul฀Nash฀and฀John฀Singer฀Sargent.

THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH After฀the฀war฀the฀Treaty฀of฀Versailles฀gave฀Britain฀several฀German฀and฀Turkish฀colonies฀and the฀British฀Empire฀increased฀in฀size.฀However,฀due฀to฀the฀post-war฀economic฀situation฀and฀the worldwide฀depression,฀Britain฀could฀no฀longer฀afford฀to฀keep฀an฀empire.฀Countries฀such฀as Canada,฀Australia,฀New฀Zealand฀and฀South฀Africa฀wanted฀greater฀independence฀to฀govern their฀own฀affairs.฀In฀1931฀Parliament฀passed฀a฀statute 2 that฀recognised฀the฀dominions’ complete฀independence฀from฀Britain.฀The฀dominions฀became฀equal฀members฀of฀the organisation฀known฀as฀the฀British฀Commonwealth.฀India฀also฀wanted฀to฀achieve฀selfgovernment,฀but฀it฀would฀have฀to฀wait฀until฀1947฀to฀become฀an฀independent฀state.฀ After฀insistent฀demands฀for฀independence,฀in฀1921฀Ireland฀was฀divided฀into฀the฀Irish฀Free State฀(Eire),฀which฀was฀predominantly฀Roman฀Catholic,฀and฀Ulster฀(Northern฀Ireland), predominantly฀Protestant,฀which฀remained฀a฀part฀of฀the฀United฀Kingdom. As฀with฀most฀major฀wars,฀World฀War฀I฀marked฀the฀beginning฀of฀a฀period฀of฀great฀change. The฀most฀important฀change฀was฀the฀decline฀in฀British฀trade,฀since฀Britain฀was฀no฀longer the฀only฀international฀industrial฀power.฀The฀United฀States฀and฀Germany฀had฀become strong฀competitors.฀Japan฀and฀China฀also฀entered฀the฀world฀market.฀

1

airships฀:฀large฀aircraft฀filled฀with฀gas฀and฀powered฀by฀engines.

2

statute฀:฀a฀law.

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The Menin Road (1919) by Paul Nash.

The war artist Paul Nash experienced the brutality of the war for himself. He wanted to show the truth about the suffering and stop the older generation from continuing the war. In this painting, the landscape has been devastated by continuous bombing. There are craters 1 and ruined buildings, and the trees have all been destroyed. At the time, war artists were not allowed to show dead people in their paintings, by order of the government. Therefore Nash used an apocalyptic landscape and surreal light to represent the annihilation of the young soldiers who were killed there. To see how the attitude to war changed, contrast this painting with the heroic, idealised death of Nelson (see page 79).

THE DEPRESSION IN EUROPE The฀coal,฀steel฀and฀ammunitions฀industries฀needed฀fewer฀workers฀and฀this฀resulted฀in unemployment.฀British฀industry฀was฀resistant฀to฀innovation฀and฀change,฀and฀this฀attitude damaged฀the฀economy.฀Frustrated฀workers฀organised฀The฀General฀Strike฀in฀1926฀to฀protest against฀pay฀cuts฀and฀longer฀working฀hours,฀but฀it฀did฀not฀solve฀their฀problems.

1

craters฀:฀round฀holes฀in฀the฀ground฀formed฀by฀an฀explosion.

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World War I Seen Through Art

In฀October฀1929฀the฀United฀States฀of฀America฀suffered฀a฀severe฀financial฀crisis฀known฀as the฀Wall฀Street฀Crash.฀Many฀American฀banks฀closed฀and฀thousands฀of฀firms฀and individuals฀went฀bankrupt.฀This฀economic฀crisis฀spread฀throughout฀the฀world.฀By฀1931 nearly฀3,000,000฀British฀workers were฀unemployed.฀This฀dismal 1 period฀was฀known฀as฀the฀Great Depression. In฀spite฀of฀Britain's฀social฀and economic฀problems,฀the฀monarchy remained฀popular,฀and฀in฀1936 Edward฀VIII฀became฀king฀on฀the death฀of฀his฀father.฀However,฀he decided฀to฀abdicate฀the฀throne rather฀than฀give฀up฀the฀woman฀he loved.฀He฀could฀not฀be฀king฀and marry฀Wallis฀Simpson,฀a฀twicedivorced฀American.฀Edward฀VIII’s brother,฀George฀VI,฀became฀king and฀in฀spite฀of฀initial฀doubts about฀his฀leadership฀qualities,฀he became฀a฀popular฀figure฀because of฀his฀solidarity฀with฀the฀people during฀World฀War฀II. High฀unemployment,฀hunger฀and poverty฀were฀the฀ideal฀conditions for฀the฀birth฀of฀the฀Fascist฀Party฀in Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California (1936) by Dorothea Lange.

Italy฀and฀the฀Nazi฀Party฀in฀Germany.

The terrible conditions of this era are shown in many photographs. By the time of the Depression, photographs had replaced paintings as a way of recording social conditions. The American government asked Dorothea Lange to make a photo-report of the economic crisis and its effects on people. This photograph is a historical document as well as a work of art. We notice the woman’s troubled face immediately, as the children lean on her for support.

Thousands฀of฀desperate,฀frustrated

1

people฀began฀to฀follow฀two฀new leaders,฀Adolf฀Hitler฀in฀Germany and฀Benito฀Mussolini฀in฀Italy,฀who promised฀them฀a฀better฀life.

dismal฀:฀sad฀and฀without฀hope.

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Go back to the text PET 1

Decide฀if฀each฀statement฀is฀correct฀or฀incorrect.฀If฀it฀is฀correct฀tick฀A;฀if฀it฀is฀not฀correct,฀tick฀B. A

2

1

At฀the฀beginning฀of฀the฀twentieth฀century฀the฀population฀of฀ Great฀Britain฀was฀about฀40฀million.฀฀฀฀

2

The฀first฀cars,฀telephones฀and฀electric฀lighting฀ appeared฀in฀the฀homes฀of฀all฀social฀classes.฀฀฀

3

Although฀Emmeline฀Pankhurst฀fought฀for฀women’s฀suffrage,฀ British฀women฀were฀not฀allowed฀to฀vote฀until฀1938.฀

4

Emmeline฀Parkhurst฀used฀prints฀and฀posters฀to฀communicate฀her฀message.

5

At฀the฀beginning฀of฀the฀1900s฀Germany฀was฀a฀strong฀industrial฀ and฀economic฀power฀which฀was฀building฀a฀huge฀navy.฀

6

At฀the฀beginning฀of฀World฀War฀I฀the฀European฀powers฀split฀into฀two฀ alliances:฀Britain,฀France฀and฀Russia;฀Germany฀and฀Austria-Hungary.฀

7

The฀assassination฀of฀Archduke฀Ferdinand฀of฀Austria฀in฀ Sarajevo฀started฀World฀War฀I.฀

8

Germany฀declared฀war฀on฀Britain฀in฀August฀1914฀and฀soon฀after฀the฀German฀ Navy฀attacked฀English฀ports,฀while฀zeppelin฀airships฀bombed฀London.฀

9

In฀1931฀the฀dominions฀became฀independent฀from฀Britain฀and฀ equal฀members฀of฀the฀British฀Commonwealth.฀

10

In฀his฀paintings,฀the฀war฀artist฀Paul฀Nash฀showed฀the฀heroic฀aspects฀ of฀death฀in฀battle.

11

The฀United฀States,฀Germany฀and฀Japan฀became฀strong฀competitors฀on฀the฀ world฀market฀and฀Britain’s฀importance฀as฀an฀industrial฀power฀declined.฀

12

Fortunately,฀the฀Wall฀Street฀Crash฀and฀Great฀Depression฀of฀1929฀affected฀ only฀the฀United฀States.฀

13

Dorothea฀Lange฀painted฀the฀economic฀crisis฀caused฀by฀the฀ Great฀Depression฀in฀the฀United฀States.

14

The฀popularity฀of฀Italian฀Fascist฀Party฀and฀the฀German฀Nazi฀Party฀were฀the฀ direct฀result฀of฀the฀poverty฀and฀high฀unemployment฀that฀followed฀World฀War฀I.

B

Write฀suitable฀questions฀for฀the฀following฀answers.฀ 1

When฀ ...........................................................................................................................................? The฀Women’s฀Social฀and฀Political฀Union฀was฀founded฀in฀1903.

2

What฀ ............................................................................................................................................? Germany฀used฀submarines฀to฀destroy฀merchant฀ships.

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Who฀ .............................................................................................................................................? Germany฀was฀Britain’s฀biggest฀rival฀at฀the฀beginning฀of฀the฀twentieth฀century.

4

Where฀ ..........................................................................................................................................? The฀Archduke฀was฀assassinated฀in฀Sarajevo.

5

Why฀ .............................................................................................................................................? The฀workers฀were฀frustrated฀because฀they฀were฀unemployed.

6

How฀many ....................................................................................................................................? Over฀750,000฀British฀soldiers฀were฀killed฀during฀World฀War฀I.

@

Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on: Follow฀the฀links฀and฀download฀the฀file฀to฀complete฀the฀activities.

CHAPTER฀TEN

Before you read PET 14

1

Listen฀to฀the฀first฀part฀of฀Chapter฀Eleven฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀answer฀A,฀B฀or฀C. 1

2

When฀did฀Britain฀declare฀war฀ on฀Germany?

4

During฀the฀Battle฀of฀Britain,฀how฀many Londoners฀were฀killed฀each฀day?

A 1฀September

A between฀600฀and฀700.

B 2฀September

B between฀300฀and฀600.

C 3฀September

C between฀400฀and฀500.

Which฀country฀did฀Germany฀not฀ invade฀in฀April฀1940?

5

What฀was฀the฀difference฀between฀the฀men and฀women฀in฀the฀British฀Army?

B Sweden

A The฀women฀did฀not฀have฀to฀fight฀ in฀battles.

C Denmark

B The฀women฀were฀older฀than฀the฀men.

A Norway

C The฀men฀were฀not฀married. 3

During฀the฀summer฀and฀autumn฀of฀ 1940฀the฀Germans฀attacked

6

When฀did฀food฀rationing฀begin฀in฀Britain?

A British฀army฀camps.

A 1940.

B British฀ports.

B 1939.

C British฀airfields.

C 1938.

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CHAPTER ELEVEN

World War II and the Post-war Years 14

GERMAN AGGRESSION Adolf฀Hitler,฀the฀leader฀of฀the฀German฀Nazi฀party,฀was฀becoming฀a฀demagogue.฀He฀had incredible฀power฀and฀influence฀over฀the฀German฀people,฀who฀were฀disillusioned฀with฀the status฀of฀Germany฀in฀Europe฀after฀World฀War฀I฀and฀desired฀a฀better฀future฀both฀for themselves฀and฀their฀country.฀He฀promised฀them฀prosperity฀in฀a฀powerful฀Germany.฀ Hitler฀planned฀to฀retake฀the฀land฀Germany฀had฀lost฀at฀the฀end฀of฀World฀War฀I.฀He฀built฀up the฀German฀armed฀forces,฀which฀he฀had฀promised฀not฀to฀do.฀German฀troops฀invaded Austria฀in฀1938,฀as฀Hitler฀believed฀that฀all฀German-speaking฀countries฀should฀be฀part฀of Germany.฀For฀this฀reason฀he฀also฀took฀over฀another฀German-speaking฀area,฀the Sudentenland,฀in฀Czechoslovakia.฀All฀of฀Europe฀was฀worried฀about฀German฀expansion. Could฀this฀be฀the฀beginning฀of฀another฀war?

Adolf, the superman, swallows gold and vomits stupidity (1932) by John Heartfield.

Hitler is the subject of this photomontage John Heartfield produced for the opposition magazine Arbeiter Illustriert Zeitung, which was banned by the Nazis soon afterwards. Heartfield combined a photograph with an x-ray of Hitler’s body. The x-ray shows Hitler’s body is full of money as he is swallowing gold, this refers to the financial support he was given by his political supporters and German industry. The word ‘superman’ in the title refers ironically to the Nazis’ claim of racial superiority. The word ‘stupidity’ is used to describe his speeches. Heartfield managed to escape from the Nazis and stayed in exile until the end of the war. British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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World War II Seen Through Art

BRITAIN DECLARES WAR

In฀1939฀Germany฀invaded฀Czechoslovakia฀and฀on฀1฀September฀of฀the฀same฀year฀Poland was฀also฀invaded!฀All฀of฀Europe฀was฀enraged 1 and฀on฀3฀September฀Britain฀declared฀war on฀Germany.฀But฀this฀did฀not฀stop฀Hitler. In฀April฀1940฀Germany฀invaded฀Norway,฀then฀the฀Netherlands,฀Belgium฀and฀Denmark. Soon฀after฀Germany฀attacked,฀defeated฀and฀occupied฀France.฀Britain฀was฀an฀ally฀of France,฀but฀the฀British฀forces฀who฀were฀sent฀to฀France฀were฀not฀able฀to฀stop฀the฀German

1

enraged :฀very฀angry.

Battle of Britain: August-October 1940 (1940) by Paul Nash.

Hitler hoped to destroy the British defences by bombing them from the air and then to invade by sea. The Battle of Britain lasted for nearly one year. It was the first great battle to be fought in the skies.

In this work by Paul Nash (who also painted episodes from World War I), the open sky takes up two thirds of the painting. He shows enemy aircraft fighting a dramatic duel. The sky is filled with the white smoke from the planes’ engines, while grey smoke pours from an aircraft as it crashes into the sea. British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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Tube Shelter Perspective (1941) by Henry Moore.

London and Britain’s other major cities were bombed almost non-stop. Despite the dangerous living conditions, the British did not give up hope. To escape the bombing, the people of London took shelter in the stations and tunnels of the Underground. The sculptor Henry Moore was asked by the Government to record these events. This drawing shows a crowd of people sleeping in the shadowy darkness of a tunnel. The artist uses simple white shapes to give the idea of sleeping bodies. His drawings are considered some of the most authentic images of the suffering and hardship of ordinary people in World War II. 104 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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World War II Seen Through Art

advance฀and฀had฀to฀be฀evacuated฀from฀Dunkirk.฀It฀was฀a฀humiliating฀defeat฀and฀now Britain฀stood฀alone฀against฀Germany. Winston฀Churchill,฀a฀brilliant฀politician,฀an฀exceptional฀leader฀and฀a฀man฀of฀great courage,฀became฀Prime฀Minister฀in฀1940.฀During฀that฀summer฀and฀autumn฀the฀German Luftwaffe฀attacked฀British฀airfields฀and฀then฀bombed฀London฀and฀other฀cities.฀Each฀day between฀300฀to฀600฀Londoners฀were฀killed.฀This฀battle฀of฀the฀skies฀was฀known฀as฀the Battle฀of฀Britain. The฀entire฀population฀of฀Great฀Britain฀was฀involved฀in฀the฀war.฀All฀men฀between฀19฀(later 18)฀and฀41฀years฀of฀age฀were฀called฀up 1 to฀fight.฀Unmarried฀women฀between฀20฀and฀30 years฀of฀age฀were฀also฀called฀up฀to฀serve฀in฀the฀armed฀forces,฀but฀they฀did฀not฀take฀part฀in END

the฀fighting.฀Food฀rationing฀began฀in฀1940฀and฀continued฀throughout฀the฀war.

THE GREAT POWERS AT WAR In฀August฀1940฀Italy฀entered฀the฀war฀on฀Germany's฀side.฀German฀forces฀invaded฀the Soviet฀Union฀in฀June฀1941,฀bringing฀Russia฀into฀the฀war฀on฀the฀side฀of฀the฀Allies:฀Britain and฀France. Japan,฀which฀had฀an฀alliance฀with฀Germany,฀attacked฀the฀American฀fleet฀at฀Pearl฀Harbor, Hawaii,฀in฀December฀1941.฀The฀United฀States฀immediately฀declared฀war฀on฀Japan฀and, shortly฀after,฀on฀Germany฀and฀Italy.฀The฀terrible฀events฀that฀started฀in฀Europe฀now involved฀the฀great฀powers฀of฀the฀world฀in฀the฀deadliest฀and฀costliest฀war฀in฀history. The฀Japanese฀forces฀rapidly฀invaded฀Southeast฀Asia.฀More฀than฀80,000฀British฀and Commonwealth฀troops฀were฀defeated฀when฀Singapore฀surrendered฀in฀February฀1942.฀ Many฀important฀sea฀battles฀were฀fought฀in฀Southeast฀Asia฀between฀the฀American฀and Japanese฀navies.฀In฀October฀1944฀the฀American฀navy฀was฀victorious฀over฀the฀Japanese฀at the฀decisive฀Battle฀of฀Midway. In฀North฀Africa,฀German฀and฀Italian฀troops฀joined฀together฀and฀advanced฀into฀Egypt, which฀was฀controlled฀by฀the฀British.฀In฀1942฀the฀British฀Eighth฀Army,฀under฀the command฀of฀General฀Montgomery,฀defeated฀them฀at฀El฀Alamein.฀The฀British฀forces฀then joined฀the฀American฀army,฀following฀their฀landing฀in฀Algeria.฀Together฀they฀invaded฀Italy in฀1944฀and฀took฀Rome฀after฀a฀very฀difficult฀military฀campaign.฀ Thousands฀of฀American฀soldiers฀arrived฀in฀Britain฀from฀1942฀onwards,฀and฀with฀the British฀and฀Commonwealth฀soldiers฀prepared฀for฀the฀huge฀seaborne฀invasion฀of฀France, which฀was฀being฀carefully฀and฀secretly฀planned.

1

called฀up฀:฀ordered฀to฀join฀the฀armed฀forces.

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British History On฀6฀June฀1944,฀(D-Day),฀the฀allied฀forces฀landed฀in฀Normandy.฀They฀fought฀their฀way across฀France฀and฀Belgium฀to฀Germany.฀The฀German฀forces฀were฀gradually฀being฀pushed back฀everywhere.฀On฀15฀April฀1945฀British฀troops฀liberated฀the฀Bergen-Belsen concentration฀camp,฀one฀of฀the฀many฀horrific฀death฀camps฀where฀the฀Nazis฀imprisoned and฀murdered฀the฀Jews,฀other฀minority฀groups฀and฀political฀opponents.฀The฀Holocaust attempted฀to฀exterminate฀the฀Jewish฀race฀in฀Europe฀and฀cost฀the฀lives฀of฀nearly฀6฀million innocent฀people. The฀Russian฀Army฀surrounded฀Berlin฀on฀24฀April฀1945฀and฀six฀days฀later,฀in฀view฀of฀the German฀defeat,฀Hitler฀killed฀himself.฀The฀German฀army฀surrendered฀to฀the฀British฀General Montgomery฀on฀4฀May฀1945.฀The฀Germans฀were฀finally฀defeated฀and฀the฀British celebrated฀VE฀Day฀(Victory฀in฀Europe)฀on฀8฀May฀1945.฀The฀war฀in฀Europe฀was฀over, although฀it฀continued฀in฀the฀Far฀East฀until฀August฀1945.

POST-WAR BRITAIN Unlike฀the฀United฀States,฀Britain฀was฀devastated฀by฀the฀war.฀The฀economy฀was฀exhausted, the฀country฀was฀heavily฀in฀debt,฀the฀task฀of฀reconstruction฀was฀huge฀and฀Britain฀no longer฀had฀an฀empire.฀She฀received฀several฀billion฀dollars฀from฀the฀United฀States Marshall฀Plan,฀which฀greatly฀helped฀to฀rebuild฀Britain฀and฀the฀other฀European฀nations destroyed฀by฀the฀war.฀Britain’s฀role฀in฀the฀world฀was฀changing.฀ The฀situation฀at฀home฀was฀also฀changing.฀The฀British฀Welfare฀State,฀a฀system฀of฀social services,฀was฀set฀up฀and฀by฀1948฀the฀British฀people฀had฀free฀medical฀care,฀social฀security payments,฀free฀education฀and฀many฀other฀benefits฀which฀were฀unheard฀of฀a฀century earlier.฀The฀Labour฀Government฀nationalised฀the฀privately฀run฀railways,฀iron฀and฀steel industries,฀coal฀mines,฀and฀gas฀and฀electricity฀industries.฀In฀1951฀the฀Conservatives฀won the฀elections฀and฀remained฀in฀power฀for฀the฀next฀thirteen฀years.฀The฀standard฀of฀living rose฀quickly฀and฀when฀Elizabeth฀II฀was฀crowned฀queen฀in฀1952฀the฀British฀optimistically talked฀about฀Britain฀entering฀a฀'New฀Elizabethan฀Age'.

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Go back to the text PET 1

Read฀the฀passage฀below฀and฀choose฀the฀correct฀word฀A,฀B,฀C฀or฀D฀for฀each฀space. The฀first฀is฀done฀for฀you.

D 1.......฀Adolf฀Hitler฀planned฀to฀take฀the฀land฀Germany฀had฀2.......฀after฀World฀War฀I,฀he฀invaded Austria฀in฀1938฀and฀Czechoslovakia฀and฀Poland฀in฀1939.฀Britain฀declared฀war฀3.......฀Germany. 4.......฀could฀stop฀Hitler.฀In฀1940฀he฀invaded฀Norway,฀the฀Netherlands,฀Belgium,฀Denmark฀and France!฀The฀brilliant฀5.......฀Winston฀Churchill฀became฀Prime฀Minister฀in฀1940.฀฀ London฀and฀other฀cities฀were฀heavily฀6.......฀The฀United฀States฀entered฀the฀war฀7.......฀the฀Japanese attack฀on฀Pearl฀Harbor,฀Hawaii.฀The฀great฀8.......฀of฀the฀world฀were฀now฀at฀war.฀ On฀D-Day฀the฀allied฀forces฀landed฀in฀Normandy฀and฀fought฀their฀way฀9.......฀France฀to฀Germany.฀In April฀1945฀the฀Germans฀were฀10.......฀and฀the฀war฀in฀Europe฀was฀11.......฀Britain฀had฀been devastated฀12.......฀the฀war. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2

@

A A A A A A A A A A A A

About gained on Everything general bombed until cities by imprisoned off฀ at฀

B B B B B B B B B B B B

C C C C C C C C C C C C

Again lost in Something politician bombs before powers at murdered up by฀

Soon seen to Nothing philosopher bombing฀ during politics across exterminated over to

D D D D D D D D D D D D

Since attacked฀ for Anything banker bomb after฀ colonies to defeated down on

Answer฀the฀following฀questions฀about฀paintings฀of฀World฀War฀II. 1

Why฀is฀the฀word฀‘superman’฀used฀in฀the฀subtitle฀of฀Heartfield’s฀photomontage฀of฀Hitler?

2

Why฀is฀Hitler฀shown฀swallowing฀gold?

3

What฀does฀Paul฀Nash’s฀painting฀of฀the฀Battle฀of฀Britain฀show?

4

What฀was฀Henry฀Moore฀asked฀to฀do฀by฀the฀British฀government?฀

5

Why฀is฀Henry฀Moore’s฀work฀considered฀important?

Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on: Follow฀the฀links฀and฀download฀the฀file฀to฀complete฀the฀activities.

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Before you read PET 15

1

Listen฀to฀the฀first฀part฀of฀Chapter฀Twelve฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀answer A,฀B฀or฀C 1

5

How฀long฀did฀the฀economic฀boom฀after World฀฀War฀II฀last?

When฀was฀the฀word฀teenager฀first฀used? A in฀the฀1950s

A ten฀years

B in฀the฀1960s

B fifteen฀years

C in฀the฀1970s

C twenty฀years 6 2

How฀did฀British฀cities฀improve฀after World฀War฀II?

How฀did฀Mary฀Quant฀change฀fashion? A She฀designed฀formal฀suits. B She฀designed฀psychedelic฀shoes.

A There฀was฀less฀pollution.

C She฀designed฀the฀miniskirt.

B The฀number฀of฀policemen฀ increased. 7

C The฀streets,฀hospitals฀and฀ houses฀improved.

What฀shocked฀the฀British฀public฀at฀the beginning฀of฀the฀1960s? A The฀behaviour฀of฀the฀police.

3

B The฀behaviour฀of฀politicians.

Which฀consumer฀product฀did฀the British฀not฀buy฀in฀the฀1950s?

C The฀behaviour฀of฀the฀Royal฀ Family.

A the฀dishwasher B the฀washing฀machine 8

C the฀car 4

What฀did฀France,฀Germany฀and฀Japan have฀in฀common฀in฀the฀1960s? A Their฀economies฀were฀all฀ weaker฀than฀the฀British฀economy.

When฀did฀food฀rationing฀end? A 1954

B Their฀economies฀were฀all฀ stronger฀than฀the฀British฀economy.

B 1956 C 1958

C They฀were฀the฀main฀exporters฀ of฀British฀goods.

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CHAPTER TWELVE

Moving Towards the Twenty-first Century 15

THE POST-WAR BOOM In฀the฀twenty฀years฀following฀World฀War฀II฀Britain฀experienced฀an฀economic฀boom.฀ The฀government฀was฀committed 1 to฀the฀Welfare฀State฀and฀to฀maintaining฀a฀high฀level฀of employment.฀Money฀was฀spent฀on฀building฀new฀houses,฀hospitals฀and฀roads.฀People฀spent their฀salaries฀on฀consumer฀goods,฀which฀also฀benefited฀British฀industry. In฀the฀1950s฀many฀people฀had฀their฀first฀telephone฀installed฀and฀bought฀their฀first฀car, record฀player,฀portable฀radio฀and฀television.฀New฀labour-saving฀devices฀such฀as฀the washing฀machine฀and฀the฀vacuum฀cleaner฀became฀common฀household฀goods.฀The฀British consumer฀was฀encouraged฀to฀buy฀and฀not฀to฀save.฀

1

committed :฀promised฀to฀support฀a฀certain฀cause.

Just what is it that makes today’s homes so different, so appealing? (1956) by Richard Hamilton.

The symbols of the new lifestyles became the symbols of Pop Art, one of the most important art movements of the second half of the twentieth century. This collage by Richard Hamilton makes use of the items which were about to turn Great Britain into a consumer society. The television and vacuum cleaner are symbols of modern technology. We can see advertising logos and brand names, such as Ford on the lamp and Del Monte on the tin of ham and images taken from advertisements, such as the woman vacuuming the stairs. The two people in the foreground represent the ‘new man and woman’. The collage shows how consumerism and the American lifestyle influenced Britain after the hardships of the war. British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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British History Food฀rationing฀ended฀in฀1954฀and฀between฀1956฀and฀1958,฀800฀new฀supermarkets฀opened in฀Great฀Britain.฀During฀the฀1950s฀people฀from฀the฀newly฀independent฀Commonwealth countries฀emigrated฀to฀Britain฀looking฀for฀secure฀employment,฀and฀Britain฀started฀to become฀a฀multi-racial฀society. The฀word฀teenager฀was฀first฀used฀in฀the฀1950s฀to฀indicate฀a฀new฀generation฀of฀young people฀with฀buying฀power฀and฀new฀revolutionary฀ideas฀about฀entertainment,฀music฀and fashion.฀The฀youth฀culture฀of฀the฀1960s฀and฀1970s฀was฀imitated฀by฀young฀people฀all฀over the฀world.฀Pop฀groups฀such฀as฀the฀Beatles฀and฀the฀Rolling฀Stones฀have฀had฀an฀enormous influence฀on฀youth฀culture.฀Young฀designers฀like฀Mary฀Quant฀revolutionised฀fashion฀with the฀miniskirt฀and฀colourful,฀informal฀clothes!

A scene from Yellow Submarine (1968) directed by George Dunning.

You can recognise the four Beatles and on the right there is the character from the film, Captain Fred. In this surreal cartoon, made around the Beatles’ music, the ‘Fab Four’ accompany Captain Fred in his Yellow Submarine to bring music and freedom to Pepperland. The psychedelic techniques, the ultra bright lights and the anarchic characters of this cartoon capture the atmosphere of the youth culture of the late 1960s. 110 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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Cataract 3 (1967) by Bridget Riley.

This painting, which is based on a study of optical laws and the psychology of shape, has a deliberately hypnotic effect on the viewer. If you look at the wavy lines for long enough, they appear to move and the whole painting comes to life. The viewer’s perception becomes a source of disorientation. The geometric patterns typical of ‘Op(tical) Art’ became very popular in the 1960s and 1970s. The distinction between ‘high’ and ‘low’ culture became ambiguous, as often happened at the time, and the patterns were used both in painting and the fashionable clothes of the day.

ECONOMIC DECLINE At฀the฀beginning฀of฀the฀1960s฀Britain฀was฀at฀a฀turning฀point.฀Cases฀of฀immoral฀behaviour among฀politicians฀were฀discovered฀and฀the฀public฀was฀shocked.฀The฀British฀were beginning฀to฀buy฀more฀from฀abroad฀than฀they฀sold,฀and฀a฀country฀that฀spends฀more฀than฀it earns฀goes฀into฀debt.฀Britain’s฀new฀prosperity฀was฀very฀fragile.฀Germany,฀France฀and Japan฀were฀economically฀more฀stable.฀The฀balance฀of฀power฀in฀the฀world฀had฀changed. Britain฀was฀no฀longer฀a฀world฀power฀or฀a฀European฀power.฀The฀two฀superpowers฀were฀the END

United฀States฀and฀the฀Soviet฀Union.฀What฀was฀Britain’s฀new฀role?฀ In฀1957฀Britain฀refused฀to฀join฀the฀European฀Economic฀Community,฀in฀spite฀of฀the economic฀advantages฀it฀offered:฀a฀huge฀internal฀market฀for฀buying฀and฀selling฀goods฀with minimal฀tariffs.฀A฀few฀years฀later฀Britain฀became฀aware฀of฀its฀growing฀economic฀problems and฀applied฀for฀membership฀of฀the฀EEC฀but฀was฀refused฀twice,฀in฀1961฀and฀1967.฀ Britain฀finally฀succeeded฀in฀joining฀the฀EEC฀in฀1973,฀but฀this฀did฀not฀improve฀her economic฀situation.฀What฀had฀caused฀this฀decline?฀The฀government,฀the฀management฀of industry฀and฀the฀workers฀have฀all฀been฀blamed฀for฀the฀economic฀problems.฀The฀government did฀not฀take฀an฀active฀role฀in฀the฀economy,฀the฀management฀of฀industry฀used฀old-fashioned methods฀for฀too฀long,฀and฀the฀workers฀with฀their฀powerful฀trade฀unions฀damaged฀the economy฀with฀strikes 1 that฀paralysed฀the฀entire฀country฀for฀long฀periods฀of฀time.฀ 1

strikes :฀stopping฀work฀to฀demonstrate฀for฀better฀pay฀or฀working฀conditions.

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British History THATCHER TAKES OVER In฀January฀1979฀prices฀were฀continuing฀to฀rise฀and฀strikes฀were฀becoming฀more฀and฀more frequent.฀Over฀one฀million฀people฀were฀unemployed฀and฀Britain฀was฀deep฀in฀debt.฀The population฀was฀tired฀of฀this฀situation฀and฀wanted฀a฀change.฀In฀May฀1979฀there฀was฀a general฀election฀and฀the฀Conservative฀Party฀won฀under฀the฀leadership฀of฀Margaret฀Thatcher. Thatcher฀was฀a฀strong-willed฀individual฀who฀fought฀successfully฀against฀the฀trade฀unions, dismantled฀the฀Welfare฀State฀and฀denationalised฀industry.฀By฀1987฀many฀of฀Britain’s฀most important฀industries฀had฀returned฀to฀private฀ownership,฀among฀them฀British฀Airways, British฀Aerospace,฀the฀British฀shipbuilders฀and฀the฀telecommunications฀industry.

Postcard Flag (Union Jack) (1981) by Tony Cragg.

The ‘Thatcher years’ were full of contradictions. After the decline of the post-war period and the revolutionary ‘counter-culture’ of the 1960s and 1970s, the British rediscovered a new sense of nationalism. At the same time, a large part of the population was suffering serious economic problems. This work by Tony Cragg gives a critical view of the situation: The British Flag, symbol of the new patriotism, is made up of blue and red plastic objects. Despite their bright colours, these objects represent the rubbish which contemporary society throws away.

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Twenty-first Century Seen Through Art

Thatcher฀believed฀that฀the฀‘cradle฀to฀the฀grave’ 1 philosophy฀of฀the฀Welfare฀State฀was฀not working฀for฀Britain.฀She฀believed฀that฀stimulating฀competition,฀hard฀work฀and฀self-help were฀the฀answer฀to฀the฀country’s฀industrial,฀economic฀and฀social฀problems.฀Many฀social policies฀were฀cut฀and฀people฀lost฀their฀jobs.฀Some฀individuals฀without฀work฀became entrepreneurs฀–฀they฀went฀into฀business฀for฀themselves,฀and฀many฀were฀successful.฀ This฀was฀a฀controversial฀period฀of฀great฀change.

A scene from Riff-Raff (1991) directed by Ken Loach.

The celebrated film director Ken Loach recreates the lives and living conditions of the British working classes in many of his films. In Riff-Raff, as in other films he made during the ‘Thatcher years’, he analyses the negative effect of the new economic policies by following a group of workers employed on a building site in London. The problems they face and the difficulty of their everyday lives is contrasted with the affluence of the ‘nouveau riche’ for whom they build or renovate apartments. In this image from the film you can see Larry, one of the workers and a strong supporter of the trade unions. On฀10฀October฀1987฀there฀was฀a฀stockmarket฀crash.฀This฀marked฀the฀beginning฀of฀a฀recession which฀hit฀all฀of฀Europe฀but฀particularly฀Britain.฀By฀the฀end฀of฀the฀1980s฀Thatcher’s฀charismatic leadership฀was฀being฀criticised,฀the฀recession฀was฀growing฀and฀unpopular฀new฀taxes฀were introduced.฀In฀1990,฀after฀eleven฀years฀of฀being฀Prime฀Minister,฀she฀resigned 1 and฀the Conservatives฀chose฀John฀Major฀as฀their฀party฀leader.฀After฀the฀Conservatives฀were฀re-elected in฀1992,฀Major฀continued฀Thatcher’s฀projects฀but฀with฀more฀respect฀for฀social฀policies. 1

‘cradle฀to฀the฀grave’฀:฀from฀birth฀to฀death.

2

resigned :฀gave฀up฀a฀job฀or฀position.

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British History A NEW ROLE FOR BRITAIN After฀the฀Thatcher฀era฀nothing฀was฀the฀same฀again.฀There฀had฀been฀many฀changes,฀some positive฀but฀others฀negative.฀British฀society฀would฀never฀be฀the฀same฀again.฀The฀power฀of the฀trade฀unions฀was฀reduced.฀Privatisation฀proved฀to฀be฀successful฀in฀some฀sectors,฀and was฀copied฀through฀Western฀Europe฀and,฀with฀the฀fall฀of฀the฀Communist฀empire,฀in Eastern฀Europe฀as฀well. Britain฀was฀emerging฀as฀a฀world฀leader฀in฀art,฀music,฀theatre,฀entertainment฀and฀fashion. London,฀with฀its฀seven฀million฀inhabitants,฀was฀now฀one฀of฀the฀world’s฀most฀important banking฀centres.฀The฀opening฀of฀the฀Channel฀Tunnel฀in฀1994฀finally฀linked฀Britain฀to continental฀Europe.฀ In฀May฀1997฀the฀Labour฀Party฀with฀Tony฀Blair฀as฀its฀leader฀won฀the฀general฀elections฀after eighteen฀years฀of฀Conservative฀government.฀Blair,฀who฀is฀considered฀a฀modernist,฀is฀the youngest฀Prime฀Minister฀since฀1812.฀ Some฀of฀the฀most฀symbolic฀and฀significant฀changes฀in฀Great฀Britain฀can฀be฀seen฀in London.฀The฀Tate฀Modern฀is฀an฀outstanding฀example฀of฀the฀cultural฀and฀architectural changes฀taking฀place฀in฀Britain฀today.฀A฀disused฀electric฀power฀station฀has฀been brilliantly฀transformed฀into฀a฀spacious฀seven-floor฀museum฀of฀contemporary฀art. Another฀spectacular฀sign฀of฀change฀is฀the฀Millennium฀Bridge,฀the฀pedestrian฀bridge฀that connects฀St.฀Paul’s฀Cathedral,฀symbol฀of฀the฀past,฀with฀the฀Tate฀Modern,฀symbol฀of฀the present฀and฀the฀future.฀ As฀Great฀Britain฀steps฀into฀the฀twenty-first฀century฀she฀seems฀to฀have฀found฀a฀new฀role฀ as฀a฀dynamic฀and฀influential฀nation฀on฀the฀world฀scene,฀ready฀to฀meet฀the฀many challenges฀of฀the฀future.

The Thames, the Houses of Parliament and the London Eye by night.

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Go back to the text PET 1

Read฀the฀sentences฀below฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀answer฀A,฀B,฀C฀or฀D. 1

In฀the฀20฀years฀following฀World฀War฀II฀Britain A was฀involved฀in฀a฀depression. B experienced฀a฀period฀of฀economic฀prosperity. C experienced฀a฀period฀of฀unemployment. D spent฀money฀on฀new฀submarines.

2

The฀British฀consumers฀were฀encouraged฀to A spend฀money฀on฀new฀products฀for฀themselves฀and฀their฀homes. B save฀as฀much฀money฀as฀possible. C build฀their฀own฀homes. D emigrate฀to฀the฀colonies.

3

The฀word฀teenager฀was฀used฀to฀indicate฀ A pop฀groups฀of฀the฀1960s. B people฀who฀designed฀modern฀clothes. C young฀men฀who฀bought฀their฀first฀car. D young฀people฀with฀new฀ideas฀and฀their฀own฀money.

4

In฀the฀1960s฀Britain฀went฀into฀debt฀because A it฀bought฀more฀from฀abroad฀than฀it฀sold. B it฀was฀no฀longer฀a฀world฀power. C it฀did฀not฀join฀the฀European฀Economic฀Community. D its฀politicians฀were฀old฀fashioned.฀

5

What฀happened฀when฀the฀balance฀of฀power฀in฀the฀world฀changed? A Britain฀became฀the฀third฀superpower. B Britain฀joined฀the฀European฀Economic฀Community฀in฀1957. C Britain฀went฀into฀political฀and฀economic฀decline. D British฀workers฀went฀on฀strike

6

What฀was฀blamed฀for฀Britain’s฀economic฀decline฀of฀the฀1970s? A The฀revolutionary฀methods฀employed฀by฀the฀management฀of฀industry. B The฀trade฀union฀strikes฀which฀contributed฀to฀an฀economic฀boom. C Britain฀becoming฀a฀member฀of฀the฀EEC฀in฀1973. D The฀government's฀economic฀policies.฀

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In฀1979฀the฀economic฀situation฀was฀getting฀worse A but฀everyone฀had฀a฀job. B and฀Britain฀owed฀a฀lot฀of฀money. C but฀prices฀had฀stopped฀rising. D but฀there฀were฀fewer฀strikes.

8

At฀the฀general฀election฀of฀1979 A the฀Conservative฀Party฀won฀and฀Margaret฀Thatcher฀became฀Prime฀Minister. B the฀Labour฀Party฀won฀and฀Tony฀Blair฀became฀Prime฀Minister. C the฀Conservative฀Party฀won฀and฀John฀Major฀became฀Prime฀Minister. D the฀Labour฀Party฀lost฀and฀elected฀Tony฀Blair฀as฀its฀leader.

9

10

Margaret฀Thatcher฀denationalised฀industry฀and฀fought฀successfully฀against A the฀telecommunications฀industry.

B British฀Aerospace.

C British฀Airways.

D the฀trade฀unions.

In฀Thatcher’s฀opinion,฀what฀was฀the฀answer฀to฀Britain’s฀problems? A The฀improvement฀of฀social฀policies. B The฀nationalisation฀of฀the฀country’s฀industries. C People฀taking฀control฀of฀their฀own฀lives. D The฀'cradle฀to฀the฀grave'฀philosophy฀of฀the฀Welfare฀State.

11

Despite฀a฀growing฀economic฀recession฀and฀unpopular฀new฀taxes฀ A Margaret฀Thatcher฀was฀re-elected฀as฀Prime฀Minister฀in฀1992. B The฀Conservative฀Party฀won฀the฀general฀elections฀of฀1992. C Margaret฀Thatcher฀became฀more฀and฀more฀popular. D The฀Conservative฀Party฀re-elected฀Margaret฀Thatcher฀as฀its฀leader฀in฀1990.

12

13

Optical฀art฀makes฀use฀of A coloured฀glass.

B bright฀colours.

C geometric฀patterns.

D patriotic฀symbols.

Ken฀Loach’s฀film฀Riff-Raff follows A a฀group฀of฀workers฀as฀they฀get฀rich฀quickly. B a฀group฀of฀workers฀who฀play฀hard฀and฀work฀hard. C a฀group฀of฀workers฀as฀they฀struggle฀to฀survive. D a฀group฀of฀workers฀fighting฀against฀trade฀union฀power.

14

Today,฀London฀has฀become฀well-known฀for A innovation฀in฀architecture. B resistance฀to฀change. C innovation฀in฀politics฀and฀government. D conservation฀of฀historical฀buildings.

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LET’S IDENTIFY THEM! 2

Match฀the฀person฀or฀group฀with฀the฀description. 1

trade฀unions

2

Margaret฀Thatcher

3

John฀Major

4

Richard฀Hamilton

5

Mary฀Quant

6

Tony฀Blair

7

Tony฀Cragg

8

Bridget฀Riley

9

Ken฀Loach

10

industrial฀฀management

A Margaret฀Thatcher’s฀successor฀as฀leader฀of฀the฀Conservative฀Party B British฀film฀director฀who฀criticises฀the฀social฀and฀political฀situation C a฀revolutionary฀fashion฀designer D workers’฀organisations฀which฀fight฀for฀better฀pay฀and฀working฀conditions฀ E Britain’s฀youngest฀Prime฀Minister฀since฀1912 F a฀strong-willed฀Conservative฀leader G a฀British฀artist฀who฀criticises฀the฀social฀and฀political฀situation H partly฀responsible฀for฀the฀economic฀decline฀in฀the฀1970s฀for฀using฀old-fashioned฀methods I

an฀artist฀who฀used฀the฀symbols฀of฀the฀consumer฀society฀and฀the฀American฀way฀of฀life

J

an฀artist฀who฀used฀optical฀laws฀and฀geometric฀shapes

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Go฀to฀฀www.britishhistoryart.com and฀click฀on:

CHAPTER฀TWELVE

1

Click฀ on฀ Tate฀ Modern฀ and฀ then฀ click฀ on฀ Visiting฀ Tate฀ Modern to฀ complete฀ the฀ following sentences฀with฀the฀correct฀information.฀Use฀the฀information฀on฀the฀main฀page฀and฀from the฀links฀on฀the฀right. Tate฀Modern฀is฀open฀from฀(1)฀..............................฀and฀(2)฀..............................฀on Friday฀and฀Saturday.฀Tate฀Modern฀is฀closed฀on฀(3)฀..............................,฀but฀is฀open฀as usual฀on฀January฀1.฀ The฀current฀exhibitions฀are฀(4)฀..............................฀. Tate฀Modern฀is฀situated฀(5)฀..............................฀. You฀can฀get฀there฀by฀a฀boat฀service,฀which฀sails฀between฀(6)฀.............................. every฀(7)฀..............................฀. The฀closest฀underground฀stations฀are฀(8)฀..............................฀or฀you฀can฀get฀there฀on foot฀from฀St฀Paul’s฀Cathedral฀by฀crossing฀(9)฀..............................฀.฀ There฀are฀four฀different฀cafes฀at฀Tate฀Modern:฀Tate฀Modern฀Restaurant,฀which฀is฀on level฀7฀with฀wonderful฀views฀over฀London฀and฀cafe฀2,฀on฀level฀2,฀which฀serves฀(10) ..............................฀,฀the฀kiosk฀at฀the฀(11)฀..............................฀and฀the฀Espresso Bar฀on฀level฀4,฀which฀serves฀ (12)฀..............................฀.

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Now฀ click฀ on฀ The฀ Building.฀ Read฀ the฀ text฀ and฀ answer฀ the฀ following฀ questions฀ about฀ the Tate฀Modern. 1 How฀is฀the฀Tate฀Modern฀linked฀to฀St.฀Paul’s฀Cathedral? 2 Who฀was฀the฀architect฀of฀the฀original฀building? 3 What฀other฀buildings฀is฀he฀famous฀for฀designing? 4 How฀many฀bricks฀were฀used฀in฀the฀construction฀of฀the฀building? 5 Why฀was฀the฀central฀chimney฀only฀99฀metres฀high?

3

Now฀ click฀ on฀ The฀ Building฀ and฀ then฀ Bankside.฀ Read฀ the฀ text฀ and฀ decide฀ if฀ the฀ following statements฀are฀true฀(T)฀or฀false฀(F). T 1 The฀Tate฀Modern฀is฀located฀on฀the฀north฀bank฀of฀the฀River฀Thames. 2 It฀is฀only฀a฀short฀walk฀from฀London฀Bridge. 3 London฀Bridge฀was฀built฀by฀the฀Anglo-Saxons฀on฀their฀arrival฀in฀Britain. 4 In฀the฀Middle฀Ages฀Bankside฀was฀a฀very฀poor฀area. 5 Bankside฀became฀the฀home฀of฀the฀Bishop฀of฀Worcester. 6 At฀the฀time฀of฀Shakespeare,฀Bankside฀was฀the฀main฀centre฀for฀ gambling฀in฀London. 7 Shakespeare’s฀theatre฀opened฀in฀Bankside฀in฀1598. 8 The฀theatres฀were฀closed฀during฀the฀English฀Civil฀War. 9 In฀the฀late฀1900s฀lots฀of฀factories฀opened฀in฀Bankside. 10 Like฀the฀rest฀of฀London,฀Bankside฀was฀heavily฀bombed฀in฀World฀War฀II.

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Use฀ the฀ Tate฀ Modern฀ website฀ to฀ find฀ out฀ more฀ about฀ the฀ exhibitions฀ you฀ can฀ find฀ there. You฀can฀even฀search฀the฀site฀for฀information฀on฀an฀artist฀or฀a฀particular฀work฀of฀art.฀

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You฀can฀look฀at฀the฀exhibitions฀at฀the฀Tate฀Britain,฀which฀is฀the฀national฀gallery฀of฀British art฀from฀1500฀to฀the฀present฀day.฀It฀has฀the฀largest฀collection฀of฀British฀art฀in฀the฀world. Click฀ on฀ Tate฀ Britain฀ Collection฀ Displays,฀ then฀ click฀ on฀ one฀ of฀ the฀ different฀ display themes฀to฀find฀out฀more฀information฀about฀the฀different฀exhibitions.฀

6

Now฀ click฀ on฀ Tate฀ Collection.฀ If฀ you฀ enter฀ the฀ name฀ of฀ an฀ artist฀ and฀ painting,฀ you฀ can see฀ that฀ painting.฀ For฀ example,฀ enter฀ Van฀ Dyck฀ and/or฀ A฀ Lady฀ of฀ the฀ Spencer฀ Family , then฀click฀on฀Search.฀Click฀on฀the฀painting฀to฀see฀a฀close-up฀of฀it.฀Look฀for฀a฀painting฀by one฀ of฀ the฀ artists฀ in฀ this฀ book฀ or฀ by฀ one฀ of฀ your฀ favourite฀ artists฀ and฀ write฀ a฀ short description฀of฀it.฀Also,฀include฀your฀thoughts฀and฀feelings฀when฀you฀look฀at฀the฀painting. Name฀of฀painting:฀฀ ............................................................................................ ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................

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Now฀we฀are฀going฀to฀look฀at฀Joseph฀W.฀Turner’s฀paintings.฀Click฀on฀Tate฀Collection฀and then฀ click฀ on฀ Turner.฀ Click฀ on฀ Tate’s฀ Turner฀ highlights and฀ choose฀ one฀ of฀ the categories.฀Choose฀a฀painting฀and฀write฀a฀short฀description฀of฀it. Name฀of฀painting:฀฀ ............................................................................................ ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................

8

You฀ can฀ find฀ out฀ about฀ Turner’s฀ life,฀ art฀ and฀ travels฀ by฀ returning฀ to฀ the฀ main฀ Turner page.฀Follow฀the฀link฀to฀his฀biographical฀details฀and฀write฀a฀list฀of฀the฀5฀most฀interesting events฀in฀his฀life. 1

.................................................................................................................

2

.................................................................................................................

3

.................................................................................................................

4

.................................................................................................................

5

.................................................................................................................

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Decide฀if฀each฀statement฀is฀correct฀or฀incorrect.฀If฀it฀is฀correct฀tick฀A;฀if฀it฀is฀not฀correct฀tick฀B. A 1

After฀700฀AD฀the฀Vikings,฀originally฀from฀Scandinavia,฀left฀Britain.

2

The฀Emperor฀Hadrian฀built฀a฀wall฀across฀the฀country฀to฀separate฀the฀ ‘barbarians’฀from฀Roman฀Britain.฀฀

3

Harold฀Godwinsson฀and฀his฀army฀were฀victorious฀at฀the฀battle฀in฀ the฀north฀of฀England฀before฀the฀Battle฀of฀Hastings.฀

4

The฀war฀between฀the฀house฀of฀Lancaster฀and฀the฀house฀of฀York฀was฀known฀ as฀the฀Wars฀of฀the฀Roses฀because฀the฀rose฀was฀the฀emblem฀of฀both฀families.

5

Under฀Elizabeth’s฀reign฀England฀was฀defeated฀by฀the฀Spanish฀Armada.

6

Geoffrey฀Chaucer฀lived฀during฀the฀Elizabethan฀Age฀and฀his฀theatrical฀ company฀performed฀at฀the฀Globe฀Theatre.

7

Sir฀Francis฀Drake฀and฀Sir฀Walter฀Raleigh฀were฀two฀leading฀playwrights฀ in฀Queen฀Elizabeth’s฀court.

8

James฀I฀was฀the฀first฀Stuart฀king฀of฀England.

9

The฀Stuart฀belief฀in฀the฀divine฀right฀of฀kings฀to฀rule฀is฀the฀subject฀ of฀Rubens’฀painting฀of฀James฀I.

10

Outstanding฀discoveries฀in฀the฀fields฀of฀mathematics฀and฀physics฀were฀ made฀by฀William฀Blake.

11

Many฀churches฀and฀public฀buildings฀in฀London฀were฀designed฀in฀the฀ classical฀style฀by฀Christopher฀Wren฀in฀the฀Victorian฀Age.

12

In฀the฀eighteenth฀century฀industrial฀themes฀were฀considered฀to฀be฀ a฀source฀of฀inspiration฀for฀painters.

13

George฀Washington฀led฀the฀American฀colonists฀during฀the฀American฀ Revolution฀and฀then฀became฀the฀first฀President฀of฀the฀United฀States.

14

After฀the฀Battle฀of฀Trafalgar,฀where฀Admiral฀Lord฀Nelson฀lost฀his฀life,฀ France฀regained฀control฀of฀the฀seas.

15

The฀Duke฀of฀Wellington฀was฀painted฀at฀the฀Battle฀of฀Waterloo฀ by฀George฀Jones.

16

Queen฀Victoria฀ruled฀longer฀than฀any฀other฀British฀monarch฀and฀gave฀ her฀name฀to฀an฀age฀characterised฀by฀the฀loss฀of฀the฀British฀Empire.

17

Charles฀Dickens’฀novels฀portrayed฀the฀social฀injustices฀and฀problems฀ of฀the฀Victorian฀Age.

18

Military฀rivalry฀between฀Great฀Britain฀and฀Germany฀created฀great฀ tension฀in฀Europe฀at฀the฀beginning฀of฀the฀twentieth฀century.

19

The฀United฀States฀of฀America฀never฀entered฀World฀War฀I.

20

Paul฀Nash฀painted฀episodes฀from฀both฀world฀wars.

21

Winston฀Churchill฀was฀Britain’s฀Prime฀Minister฀during฀World฀War฀II,฀ but฀he฀proved฀to฀be฀a฀weak฀leader.

22

Margaret฀Thatcher฀brought฀on฀a฀period฀of฀great฀change฀in฀Britain’s฀ politics฀and฀society.

23

Tony฀Blair,฀who฀is฀considered฀to฀be฀a฀conservative,฀is฀the฀youngest฀ Prime฀Minister฀since฀1812.

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Read฀the฀sentences฀below฀and฀for฀each฀question฀indicate฀the฀correct฀answer฀A,฀B,฀C฀or฀D. 1

5

For฀the฀most฀part฀Celtic฀art฀was A abstract. B realistic.

A Baptist฀Church.

C classical.

B Hundred฀Years฀War.

D religious.

2

C Wars฀of฀the฀Roses. D Protestant฀Church.

Who฀invaded฀Britain฀after฀the฀ Romans฀left฀in฀406฀AD? 6

A the฀Anglo-Saxons B the฀Vikings

Queen฀Elizabeth฀I฀was฀a฀patron฀of฀the arts฀and A had฀the฀Globe฀Theatre฀built.

C the฀Normans

B was฀a฀talented฀painter.

D the฀Celts

3

In฀the฀sixteenth฀century฀Martin฀Luther began฀the฀Reformation,฀which฀gave฀rise to฀the

C commissioned฀a฀great฀number฀ of฀portraits฀of฀herself.

The฀Bayeux฀Tapestry฀is฀an฀ embroidered฀chronicle฀of

D encouraged฀her฀children฀to฀ study฀music.

A the฀Roman฀invasion. 7

B the฀Viking฀attacks. C the฀Battle฀of฀Hastings.

A The฀country฀was฀worried฀about฀ her฀father’s฀religious฀beliefs.

D King฀Arthur’s฀heroic฀life.

4

Why฀was฀Queen฀Mary฀invited฀to฀rule Britain฀in฀1688?

B Her฀father฀was฀killed฀in฀battle฀ that฀year.

The฀most฀important฀work฀of฀ literature฀in฀England฀from฀the฀ Middle฀Ages฀was

C Her฀husband,฀Prince฀William฀of฀ Orange,฀was฀very฀popular฀with฀ the฀people.

A the฀King฀James Bible. B The฀Canterbury฀Tales.

D Her฀father฀abdicated฀the฀year฀ before.

C the฀Lindisfarne฀Gospel. D the฀Domesday฀Book. 8

The฀Georgian฀Age฀is฀famous฀for A the฀exploration฀of฀India. B its฀elegance฀and฀classical฀style. C the฀Great฀Fire฀of฀London. D the฀invention฀of฀the฀compound฀ microscope.

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Paul฀Revere฀changed฀the฀facts฀in฀his prints฀of฀the฀American฀struggle฀for independence

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Britain฀declared฀war฀on฀Germany฀on฀3 September฀1939฀because A Germany฀invaded฀Norway.

A because฀he฀supported฀the฀British.

B Germany฀built฀a฀huge฀navy.

B because฀the฀reality฀of฀the฀ fighting฀was฀too฀violent.

C Germany฀invaded฀ Czechoslovakia฀and฀Poland.

C because฀he฀supported฀the฀ colonists฀who฀wanted฀ independence.

D Germany฀occupied฀France.

D because฀he฀was฀worried฀about฀ the฀effect฀of฀the฀fighting฀on฀ the฀public.

10

E

14

World฀War฀II฀was฀fought฀in A Europe. B Europe,฀North฀Africa฀and฀ Southeast฀Asia.

Which฀industries฀were฀the฀basis฀of฀the Industrial฀Revolution฀in฀Britain?

C North฀Africa฀and฀Southeast฀Asia. D Southeast฀Asia฀and฀America.

A coal,฀furniture฀and฀sugar B ceramics,฀iron฀and฀textile

15

C textile,฀tea฀and฀coffee D coal,฀iron฀and฀textile

11

Britain’s฀economic฀boom฀was฀followed by฀a฀period฀of฀economic฀decline฀caused mainly฀by฀ A the฀government’s฀economic฀ policies.

The฀British฀Empire฀became฀the฀largest empire฀in฀the฀world

B membership฀of฀the฀EEC.

A during฀the฀Victorian฀Age.

C dishonest฀politicians.

B during฀the฀Georgian฀Age.

D internal฀protests฀and฀riots฀

C after฀World฀War฀I. D during฀World฀War฀II.

12

16

A฀disused฀electric฀power฀station฀in London฀has฀been฀transformed฀into฀a฀ A modern฀cathedral.

After฀the฀horrors฀of฀World฀War฀I,฀Great Britain฀and฀other฀nations฀were involved฀in฀

B pedestrian฀bridge. C museum฀of฀contemporary฀art.

A a฀General฀Strike.

D museum฀of฀natural฀history.

B an฀international฀trade฀ agreement. C an฀economic฀boom. D the฀Great฀Depression.

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Read฀the฀passage฀below฀and฀choose฀the฀correct฀word฀A,฀B,฀C฀or฀D฀for฀each฀space.฀The฀first฀is฀done for฀you. Henry฀VIII฀became฀king฀just฀1.......฀his฀eighteenth฀birthday฀in฀1509.฀He฀was฀a฀tall,฀athletic฀young man฀2.......฀practised฀sports.฀He฀3.......฀several฀musical฀instruments,฀4....... music฀and฀spoke฀English, Spanish,฀French฀and฀Latin. 5.......฀his฀reign฀Hans฀Holbein฀was฀6.......฀to฀be฀the฀court฀7....... Henry฀was฀a฀powerful฀leader฀and฀an฀ambitious฀man.฀He฀spent฀a฀great฀deal฀of฀money฀on฀8....... His฀first฀wife฀Catherine฀9....... did฀not฀give฀him฀the฀10....... he฀wanted฀so฀much,฀so฀Henry฀decided฀to 11.......฀her.฀ In฀1534฀Henry฀12.......฀the฀Catholic฀Church฀and฀13.......฀the฀Church฀of฀England.฀Anne฀Boleyn,฀Henry’s second฀wife,฀gave฀him฀a฀daughter,฀who฀14.......฀became฀Queen฀Elizabeth฀I.฀15....... ,฀Henry฀was฀very displeased,฀he฀accused฀Anne฀Boleyn฀of฀treason฀and฀she฀was฀16.......฀. Henry฀had฀severe฀17.......฀problems฀as฀he฀18.......฀older฀and฀often฀executed฀19.......฀who฀did฀ not฀agree฀20.......฀him.฀21.......฀he฀had฀four฀other฀wives,฀when฀he฀died฀he฀had฀only฀one฀son,฀Edward, heir฀to฀the฀Tudor฀throne. 1

A following

B฀฀after

C฀฀before

D฀฀earlier

2

A who

B฀฀which

C฀฀that

D฀฀whom

3

A designed฀฀

B฀฀played

C฀฀performed

D฀฀invented

4

A constructed

B฀฀created

C฀฀collected

D฀฀composed

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A During

B฀฀Within

C฀฀On

D฀฀After

6

A preferred฀

B฀฀made

C฀฀chosen

D฀฀elected

7

A musician

B฀฀painter

C฀฀playwright

D฀฀poet

8

A schools฀฀฀

B฀฀horses

C฀฀palaces

D฀฀sports

9

A of฀Aragon

B฀฀Parr฀฀

C฀฀Howard

D฀฀Seymour

10

A loyalty฀

B฀฀son

C฀฀daughter

D฀฀love

11

A exile

B฀฀imprison

C฀฀behead

D฀฀divorce

12

A left

B฀฀established

C฀฀closed

D฀฀destroyed

13

A dissolved

B฀฀sustained

C฀฀discovered

D฀฀founded

14

A next

B฀฀consequent

C฀฀subsequent฀฀

D฀฀later

15

A Until

B฀฀While฀

C฀฀However

D฀฀Though

16

A imprisoned

B฀฀beheaded

C฀฀exiled฀฀

D฀฀tortured

17

A marriage

B฀฀health

C฀฀economic

D฀฀political

18

A were฀

B฀฀had

C฀฀grew

D฀฀went

19

A those

B฀฀they

C฀฀them

D฀฀these

20

A at

B฀฀on

C฀฀beside

D฀฀with

21

A Yet

B฀฀Since

C฀฀Because

D฀฀Although

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Which฀historical฀period฀interested฀you฀the฀most฀and฀why? ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................

2

Which฀artist฀or฀work฀or฀art฀did฀you฀like฀best฀and฀why? ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................

3

If฀you฀were฀to฀choose฀a฀historical฀period฀in฀which฀to฀live,฀which฀would฀you฀choose฀and฀why? ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................

127 British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

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Picture Credits Abbreviations:฀b฀=฀bottom;฀t฀=฀top;฀c฀=฀centre;฀l฀=฀left;฀r฀=฀right. Cover,฀from฀left฀to฀right:฀By฀special฀permission฀of฀the฀City฀of฀Bayeux;฀By฀kind฀permission฀of฀the฀Marquess฀of฀Tavistock฀and฀Trustees of฀the฀Bedford฀Estate;฀The฀Board฀of฀Trustees฀of฀the฀National฀Museums฀and฀Galleries฀on฀Merseyside฀(Walkers฀Art฀Gallery,฀Liverpool); The฀Imperial฀War฀Museum,฀London. ©฀The฀British฀Museum:฀7;฀9฀tl,฀br;฀10฀tc,฀br;฀44;฀48฀tl. By฀permission฀of฀the฀British฀Library,฀London:฀11;฀23. By฀special฀permission฀of฀the฀City฀of฀Bayeux:฀17;฀18฀tl,฀br;฀19฀tl,฀tr,฀bl;฀20;฀21;฀26. The฀Master฀and฀Fellows฀of฀Corpus฀Christi฀College,฀Cambridge:฀22;฀29. Bibliothèque฀Nationale฀de฀Paris/Bridgeman฀Art฀Library:฀28. Belvoir฀Castle,฀Leicestershire,฀UK/Bridgeman฀Art฀Library:฀31. By฀courtesy฀of฀the฀National฀Portrait฀Gallery,฀London:฀37;฀38;฀51฀bl;฀66. ©฀National฀Maritime฀Museum,฀London:฀39. By฀kind฀permission฀of฀the฀Marquess฀of฀Tavistock฀and฀Trustees฀of฀the฀Bedford฀Estate:฀40;฀41฀tl,฀tr,฀bl. By฀courtesy฀of฀the฀Marquess฀of฀Salisbury:฀42;฀43฀tl,฀cr,฀bl. Crown฀copyright:฀Historic฀Royal฀Palaces.฀Reproduced฀by฀permission฀of฀Historic฀Royal฀Palaces฀under฀licence฀from฀the฀Controller฀of Her฀Majesty’s฀Stationery฀Office:฀47. Bibliothèque฀Nationale฀de฀Paris:฀48฀br. The฀Royal฀Collection฀©฀2001,฀Her฀Majesty฀Queen฀Elizabeth฀II:฀50;฀58;฀61฀t;฀62;฀63;฀80;฀85;฀88. Musée฀de฀Picardie,฀Amiens:฀51฀t. ©฀Tate,฀London฀2001:฀59. Courtesy฀of฀the฀Museum฀of฀London:฀60. ©฀City฀Museum฀and฀Art฀Gallery,฀Stoke-on-Trent,฀UK:฀67฀cr. By฀courtesy฀of฀the฀Trustees฀of฀Sir฀John฀Soane’s฀Museum,฀London:฀68. ©฀National฀Gallery,฀London:฀69;฀87. National฀Museum฀of฀Photography,฀Film฀and฀Television/Science฀&฀Society฀Picture฀Library:฀70. Hulton฀Getty฀Archive฀–฀Laura฀Ronchi:฀71. The฀Board฀of฀Trustees฀of฀the฀National฀Museums฀and฀Galleries฀on฀Merseyside฀(Walkers฀Art฀Gallery,฀Liverpool):฀79. Royal฀Holloway฀and฀Bedford฀New฀College,฀Surrey,฀UK/Bridgeman฀Art฀Library:฀90. The฀Imperial฀War฀Museum,฀London:฀98;฀103. Collection฀of฀Susie฀Tompkins฀Buell:฀99. Stiftung฀Archiv฀der฀Akademie฀der฀Künste,฀Berlin,฀Heartfield฀2261,฀Roman฀März:฀102. Reproduced฀by฀permission฀of฀the฀Henry฀Moore฀Foundation/©฀Tate,฀London฀2001:฀104. Kunsthalle฀Tübingen,฀Sammlung฀G.฀F.฀Zundel/©฀Richard฀Hamilton,฀by฀SIAE,฀2001:฀109. BFI฀Collections:฀110;฀113. Leeds฀Museum฀and฀Galleries฀(City฀Art฀Gallery),฀UK/Bridgeman฀Art฀Library:฀112. Britain฀on฀View:฀114.฀฀

British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara