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*III’

Basic mm

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TH I RD

EDITION

with answers

Raymond Murphy wit h William R. Smalzer "

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Self-study reference and practice for students of North American English

TH I RD EDITION

with answers

Raymond Murphy wit h William R. Smalzer g ig C a

m b r id g e

U N IV E R SIT Y PRESS

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York. NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 2011

First published 1989 Third Edition 2011 Printed in Hong Kong, China, by Golden Cup Printing Company Limited A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. isb n isb n isb n isb n

978-0-521-13334-0 Student’s Book with answers and CD-ROM 978-0-521-13353-1 Student’s Book with answers 978-0-521-13337-1 Student’s Book with CD-ROM 978-0-521-13330-2 Workbook with answers

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Book design and layout: Adventure House, NYC Audio production: Richard LePage & Associates Illustration credits: Carlos Castellanos, Richard Deverell, Travis Foster, Peter Hoey, Randy Jones, Gillian Martin, Sandy Nichols, Roger Penwill, Lisa Smith, Ian West, Simon Williams, and Tracy Wood

Cont ent s To the Student To the Teacher

viii x

Presen t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

a m /is /a r e a m /is /a r e (questions) I am d o in g (present continuous) are y ou doin g? (present continuous questions) I d o /w o r k /lik e , etc. (simple present) I d o n ’t . . . (simple present negative) D o y ou . . . ? (simple present questions) I am d o in g (present continuous) and I do (simple present) I have . . . and I’ve g o t . . .

Past 10 11 12 13 14 15

w a s/w er e w o r k e d /g o t/w e n t, etc. (simple past) I d id n ’t . . . D id you . . . ? (simple past negative and questions) I was d o in g (past continuous) I was d o in g (past continuous) and I d id (simple past) I used to . . .

Pr esen t p er f ect 16 17 18 19 20 21

H ave you ever . . . ? H o w lo n g have you . . . ? for sin ce ago I have d on e and I d id (present perfect and simple past 1) ju st, already, and yet (present perfect and simple past 2) I’ve lo st m y key. I lo st m y key last w eek , (present perfect and simple past 3)

Passive 22 is d o n e was d on e (passive l) 23 is b ein g d on e has b een d on e

(passive 2)

Verb f o r m s 24 b e /h a v e /d o in present and past tenses 25 R egular and irregular verbs

>

Fu t u re 26 27 28 29

If

W hat are you d o in g tom orrow ? I’m g o in g to . . . w ill 1 w ill 2

you are not sure which units you need to study, use t he STUDY GUIDE on page 263.

i

M o d als, im p er at iv es, et c. 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

m ig h t can and co u ld m u st sh o u ld I have to . . . W ou ld you lik e . . . ? Fd lik e . . . Fd rather . . . D o this! D o n ’t do that! L e t’s do this!

There and i t 38 th ere is th ere are 39 th ere w a s/w e r e there h a s/h a v e b een 40 I t . . .

th ere w ill be

A u x i l i ar y ver b s 41 42 43 44

I am , I d o n ’t, etc. Y ou have? / H ave you? / Y ou are? / A re you?, etc. to o /e ith e r so am I / n eith er do I, etc. isn ’t, h aven ’t, d o n ’t, etc. (negatives)

Qu est io n s 45 46 47 48 49 50

is i t . . . ? have you . . . ? do th ey . . . ?, etc. (questions 1) W h o saw you? W h o d id you see? (questions 2) W h o is she ta lk in g to? W hat is it like? (questions 3) W h a t . . . ? W h ich . . . ? H o w . . . ? (questions 4) H o w lo n g d oes it take . . . ? D o you k n o w w h ere . . . ? I d o n ’t k n o w w h a t . . . , etc.

Rep o r t ed sp eech 51 She said t h a t . . .

H e to ld m e t h a t . . .

-i ng and t o . . . 52 53 54 55

V

w o r k /w o r k in g g o /g o in g d o /d o in g to . . . (I w a n t to do) and -in g (I enjoy d oin g) I w a n t you to . . . I to ld you to . . . I w e n t to th e store to . . .

Go, g et , do, m ake, and have 56 57 58 59

go to . . . go on . . . get do and m ak e have

go for . . .

go -in g

Pr o n o u n s and p o ssessiv es 60 61 62 63

iv

I /m e h e /h im th ey /th em , etc. m y /h is /th e ir , etc. W h o se is this? It’s m in e /y o u r s /h e r s , etc. I /m e /m y /m in e

If you are not sure which units you need t o study, use t he STUDY GUIDE on page 263.

64 m y s e lf/y o u r s e lf/th e m s e lv e s , etc. 65 -’s (K ate’s camera / m y b ro th er’s car, etc.)

A and t h e 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

a /a n . . . train(s) bus(es) (singular and plural) a b o ttle / som e w ater (countable/uncountable 1) a cake / so m e cake / som e cakes (countable/uncountable 2) a /a n and the th e . . . go to w ork go h o m e go to th e m o v ies I lik e m u sic I hate exam s th e . . . (names o f places)

D et er m in er s and p r o n o u n s 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85

th is /th a t/th e s e /th o s e o n e /o n e s so m e and any n o t + any no n on e n o t + a n y b o d y /a n y o n e/a n y th in g n o b o d y /n o o n e /n o th in g so m e b o d y /a n y th in g /n o w h e r e , etc. every and all a ll m o st som e any n o /n o n e b o th eith er n eith er a lo t m u ch m an y (a) little (a) few

A d ject iv es and ad v er b s 86 o ld /n ic e /in te r e s tin g , etc. (adjectives) 87 q u ick ly /b a d ly /su d d en ly , etc. (adverbs) 88 o ld /o ld e r exp en sive / m o re exp en siv e 89 old er than . . . m ore ex p en siv e th an . . . 90 n o t as . . . as 91 th e o ld est th e m o st exp en sive 92 en o u g h 93 to o

W ord o r d er 94 95 96 97

He speaks E n g lish very well, (word order 1) a lw a y s/u su a lly /o ften , etc. (word order 2) s till yet already G ive m e that b ook! G ive it to m e!

Co n ju n ct io n s and clau ses 98 99 100 101 102 103

and b ut or so b ecau se W h en . . . I f w e go . . . I f you see . . . , etc. I f I had . . . I f w e w e n t . . . , etc. a person w h o . . . a thing th a t/w h ic h . . . (relative clauses l) the people w e m et the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2)

If you are not sure which units you need to study, use t he STUDY GUIDE on page 263.

v

__

Pr ep o sit io n s 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114

at 8:00 on M onday in A p ril f r o m . . . to u n til sin ce for b efore after d u rin g w h ile in at on (places 1) in at on (places 2) to in at (places 3) n ex t to, b etw een , under, etc. up, over, th rou gh , etc. on at by w ith about afraid o f . . . , g o o d a t . . . , etc. o f/a t/fo r , etc. (prepositions + -ing) listen to . . . , lo o k a t . . . , etc. (verb + preposition)

Phr asal ver b s 115 go in, fa ll off, run away, etc. (phrasal verbs 1) 116 p ut on your shoes p ut your shoes on (phrasal verbs 2) A ppendix A ppendix A ppendix A ppendix A ppendix A ppendix A ppendix

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Active and passive 235 List of irregular verbs 236 Irregular verbs in groups 237 Short forms (he’s / I’d / d o n ’t, etc.) 238 Spelling 240 Phrasal verbs (take o f f / g iv e up, etc.) 242 Phrasal verbs + object (put ou t a fire / try on clothes, etc.)

A dditional Exercises Study Guide

244

263

Answer Key to Exercises 276 Answer Key to A dditional Exercises Answer Key to Study Guide 306 Index

vi

243

303

308

If you are not sure which units you need to study, use t he STUDY GUIDE on page 263.

To t he St udent This is a gram m ar book for beginning to low -interm ediate students o f English. T here are 116 units in the book, and each unit is about a different point o f English gram m ar. T here is a list of units at the beginning o f the book (Contents). Do not study all the units in order from beginning to end. It is b etter to choose the units th at you need to do. For example, if you have a problem w ith the present perfect (I have been, he has done, etc.), study U nits 16-21.

Cont ent s To the Student To the Teacher

Present 1 a m /is/a re 2 a m /is /a re (questions) 3 I am d o in g (present continuous) 4 are you doing? (present continuous questions) 5 I d o /w o rk /lik e , etc. (simple present) 6 I d o n ’t . . . (simple present negative) 7 D o you . . . ? (simple present questions) 8 I am d oing (present continuous) and I do (simple present) 9 I have — and I ’ve g o t . . . Past 10 w as/w ere 11 w o rk e d /g o t/w e n t, etc. (simple past) 12 I d id n ’t . . . D id you . . . ? (simple past negative and questions) 13 I was d o in g (past continuous) 14 I was d oing (past continuous) and I d id (simple past)

Use the Contents or the Index (at the back o f the book) to find the unit (or units) that you need.

If you are not sure w hich units you need to study, use the Study Guide at the back o f the book.

Study Guide (pages 263-275)

V III

viii x

m

Each un it is tw o pages. T he inform ation is on the left-hand page and the exercises are on the right:

m

Exercises 3.1 Whatarethese peopledoing?Usetheseverfcstt>completethesentences:

1 am d oin g (present cont inuous)

Z He______________ for*(ms^^^B B B

She'srating Sheisn't reading

iB ■■H S ||§ B B | I

hT she n (nor)

U't raining. Theson shining

u n i t j

5. . _____________ hieMm

They’r*numing Theyarea'' walking. i Jw w .jt !r Mm. Me----------------------* J. “You_____________ onmy6m* •OM'imwcy.’

they

* Mamk readinga • Sheisn't eating. {*She'snot eating.) « Thf phene1*ringing. « W.-'r*having * Theduhta-naredoingthenhomework.

■ ■ F I A»/iva» +ring■»somethinghhappeningsw I’mworking she'swearing2bat tfwv'ieplayingbaseball

« Look,there'sSarah. She'swearingahwwncoat. shei«wearing now) *Wherearethechildrenr “They’replayingmthepark“ ^ B B ■

■

hotspethng. seeAppends*S. li«-

S. I -------- .oose&wMrje. 3.J Lookat the picture. Writesentences about lane. UseShe's ing orShe isn’t -ing. g /f y K Sti m em , s s ES I

s. -----------------5. (pby __________________

3.4 WhetShappeningnow?Writetruesentences. 1 0/ ■ wash/ myhair) 5. h ft ft 1ft

---------------

(it/ram) ---------------------- .---- -------------- —_ (i t «w►running / lie -►lying, etc.) —►Appendix 5 A m /is /a r e + -in g (present) —>► w a s/w ere + -in g (past): Present M I’m w o rk in g (now). ■ It isn ’t rain in g (now). ■ W hat are you d o in g (now)?

w as/ w ere — Unit 10

Past I was w o rk in g at 10:30 last night. It w asn ’t rain in g w hen we w ent out. W hat w ere you d o in g at 3:00?

I w as doing and I did (past cont inuous and simple past) — Unit 14

U N I T | J

Exercises

13.1 Look at the pictures. Where were these people at 3:00 yesterday af t ernoon? And w hat were they doing? Write t wo sentences for each picture. 3.

i&sjm Rachel at hom e watch TV

miIJMd

^ Ti^m Jack Kate at the supermarket in his car drive buy food

Tracey at the station wait for a train

US

Mr. and Mrs. Hall in the park walk

1. ~Rgchel_ w as a t ___ home. She was_ washing.TV._____ 2. Jack and K a te _________________________________. They 3. Tim

4. _______________________________________________ 5. „________ 6. And you? I _________________________________________

13.2 Sarah did a lot of things yesterday. Look at the pict ures and complete t he sent ences.

7:10-7:25

7:30-8:10

8:30-9:00

she_ was_ w ashing 1. At 8:45 2 . At 10:45 s h e _______________________

3. At 8:00 10:15-11:45

12:00-12:45

4. At 12:10. 5. At 7:15. 6. At 9:30.

13.3 Complet e t he quest ions. Use was/ were -ing. Use w hat / w here/ w hy if necessary. W h e re w e r e you living 1. (von / live') 2. (vou / do) 3. (it / rain) 4. (Sue / drive) 5. (Tim / wear)

in 1999? at 2:00? w hen you got up? so fast? a suit yesterday?

In Brazil. I was asleep. No, it was sunny. Because she was late. No, a T-shirt and jeans.

13.4 Look at t he picture. You saw Joe in t he st reet yest erday af t ernoon. What w as he doing? Writ e positive or negative sent ences. 1. (wear / a jacket) H e w a s n 't w ea rin g a iacket. 2. (carry / a bag) 3. (f o / to the dentist) 4. (eat / an ice cream cone) 5. (carry / an umbrella) 6. (p-o / home) 7. (wear / a hat) 8. (ride / a bicvcle)

..

27

I w as doing (past continuous) and I did (simple past)

Jack was reading a book.

The phone rang.

H e stop p ed reading.

He answ ered the phone.

W hat happened? The phone rang, (simple past) W hat was Jack d o in g w hen the phone rang? (past continuous) He was reading a book. W hat did he do w hen the phone rang? He stop p ed reading and answ ered the phone.

(simple past)

Jack began reading before the phone rang. So when the phone rang, he was reading. he began reading

the phone rang

he stopped reading

I__

he answered the phone ________I

he was reading

Simple past M A: W hat did you do yesterday m orning? B: We played tennis, (from 10:00 to 11:30) Start 10:00 1 1 I

Finish 11:30 1 1 J

r

Past continuous ■ A: W hat w ere you d o in g at 10:30? B: We w ere p layin g tennis. Start 10:00 |

^

w

t / /

we played completed action

we w ere p layin g unfinished action

'■ Jack read a book yesterday. (= from beginning to end) ■ D id you w atch the basketball game on television last night? ■ It d id n ’t rain while we were on vacation.

■ Jack was reading a book w hen the phone rang. ■ Were you w atch in g television w hen I called you? ■ It w asn ’t rain in g w hen I got up.

■ ■ ■ ■

I started work at 9:00 and fin ish ed at 4:30. At 2:30 I was w orkin g. It was rain in g w hen we w en t out. (= it started raining before we w ent out) I saw Lucy and Steve this m orning. They w ere w a itin g at the bus stop. Kelly fe ll asleep while she was reading.

I did (simple past) — Unit s 11-12

I w as doing (past cont inuous) — Unit 13

w hile — Unit 106

U N

Exercises 14.1

Look at t he pictures. Put t he verbs in t he correct f orm, past cont inuous or simple past. Lucy. b ro ke I t ___ sh e _ room. S he___ off the ladder.

(break) her arm last week. . (happen) when (paint) her

_______ (M )

_ (walk) Yesterday S u e__________ . (meet) down the street when she . James. H e . — (go) to the station to catch a train, and he ____________________________ (carry) a bag. T h ey _________________________ (stop) to talk for a few minutes.

3.

14.2 Put t he verb into t he past cont inuous or simple past. 1. A: B: 2. A: B: 3. A: B: 4. A: B: 5. A: B: 6. A: B: 7. A: B: 8. A: B: 9. A: B: 10. A: B: A:

W hat w e r e yo u doing (you / do) w hen the phone ra n g (ring)? I w a s w a tch in g (watch) television. Was Jane busy w hen you w ent to see her? Yes, s h e ________________________ (study). W hat tim e ____________________________ (the mail / arrive) this m orning? I t ________________________ (come) while I _________________________ (have) breakfast. Was Tracey at w ork today? (not / go) to work. She was sick, No, s h e _________________ (you / drive) w hen the police H ow fa s t________________ (stop) you? (not / drive) very fast. I’m not sure, but I ___________________________(your team / win) the baseball game yesterday? ________________ No, the w eather was very bad, so w e (not / play). _______(you / break) the window? H ow _ (hit) the ball (play) baseball. I _________________ W e __ (break) the window. and i t . _ (you / see) Jenny last night? ______ _________ (wear) a very nice jacket. Yes, she . (you / do) at 2:00 this m orning? W hat I was asleep. (lose) my key last night. I __________ (you / get) into your apartm ent? H ow . (climb) in through a window. I ___

- - : a t io n al ex er cises 14- 15 (p ag es 249- 250)

I

I used t o Dave afew years ago I w o rk in a sup erm arket. I used to work in a factory.

wo rk in a factory.

Dave Dave used to w ork in a factory. N ow he w orks in a superm arket. Dave used to w ork in a factory. = he w orked in a factory before, but he doesn’t work there now: he works

he used to w ork past

You can say I used to w ork . . . / she used to have . . . / th ey used to be . . . , etc. I /y o u /w e /th e y h e /s h e /it

used to

be w ork have play, etc. I used to have very long hair.

■ W hen I was a child, I used to lik e chocolate. ■ I used to read a lot of books, but I don’t read m uch these days. ■ Liz has short hair now, but it used to be very long. ■ They used to live on the same street as us, so we used to see them a lot. B ut we don’t see them very often these days. ■ H elen used to have a piano, but she sold it a few years ago. The negative is I d id n ’t use to . . . . ■ W hen I was a child, I d id n ’t use to lik e tomatoes. The question is did you use to . . . ? ■ W here did you use to live before you came here?

| \ oLo ^ o o 0 V?

We use used to . . . only for the past. You cannot say “I use to . . .” for the present: ■ I used to play tennis. These days I play golf. (not I use to play golf) ■ We usually get up early, (not We use to get up early)

U N I

Exercises 15.1

Look at t he pictures. Complet e t he sent ences wit h u sed t o . I'm a hairdre?sser now. " “

1 J

r1

This is me a few years ago.

When 1 was yo u n g er. . .

1.

2. He

She used to have

r J \ ;

AF

7 r rS Jfe A

" m is "

A few years ago 3. baseball.

Iona hair.

a taxi driver.

This is me 20 years ago. 1 never wear glasses now. 1

We live in New York City now.

V S .1

J1

|

rh sbB^ ^

( 4.

I

n

^

6. This buildin g

5. in the country.

15.2 Karen works very hard and has very little f ree time. A f ew years ago, t hings were diff erent . Do you play any sports? ■ ►Yes, I swim every day, and I play volleyball. Do you go out much? ■ ►Yes, three or four nights a week. Do you play a musical ■ ►Yes, the guitar. instrum ent? Do you like to read? ■ ►Yes, I read a lot. Do you travel much? ■ ►Yes, I take two or three trips a year.

I w o rk very hard at my job. I d o n't have any free time.

Karen now

Writ e sent ences about Karen wit h u sed t o .. She u sed to sw im e v e ry day.________ 1. . volleyball. 2. She. 3. ____

15.3 Complet e t hese sent ences. Use u sed 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

4. 5.

6

.

t o or t he simple present (/ p/ay / h e l i v es, etc.).

I u sed to p la y tennis. I stopped playing a few years ago. “Do you play any sports?” “Yes, I p lo y basketball.” “Do you have a car?” “No, I ______________________one, but I sold it.” G e o rg e______________________ a waiter. N ow h e’s the m anager o f a hotel. “Do you go to w ork by car?” “Sometimes, but m ost days I ___________________ by train/ . meat, but I eat it now. W hen I was a child, I never . . TV every night. M ary loves to watch TV. She . . near the airport, but we moved dow ntow n a few years ago. W e __________________ . up very early. N orm ally I start w ork at 7:00, so I . w hen you were a child? W hat g am es_________ y o u ______

i

U N I T

Have you e v e r . . . ?

Have you been to M exico City? Yes# I have. M any tim es. Have you ever been to Jap an? No, I've never been to Jap an,

)

Have been / have driven / have played, etc. is the present perfect (have + past participle) I we you they he she it

have (’ve) have n ot (haven’t)

has (’s) has n ot (hasn’t)

Regular verbs

played lived visited read lo st been flo w n

has

played? lived? visited? read?

regular verbs

he she it

lost? been? flown?

irregular verbs

The past participle is -ed (the same as the simple past): play —►I have played

Irregular verbs

have

I we you they

live —►I have lived

visit —►she has visited

The past participle is not -ed. Sometimes the past participle is the same as the simple past: buy -►I b o u g h t / I have b ou gh t

have -> he had / he has had

Sometimes the past participle is different (see Appendixes 2-3). break —►I b rok e / I have broken

see —►you saw / you have seen

We use the present perfect w hen we talk about a tim e from the past until now, for example, a person’s life. Have you ever been to Japan? ------------------------- timefrom the past until now---------------past

now

■ “H ave you been to France?” “No, I haven’t.” ■ W e’ve been to Canada, but we haven’t been to Alaska. ■ JVLary is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places. ■ I’ve seen that wom an before, but I can’t rem em ber where. ■ H ow many times has Brazil w on the W orld Cup? ■ “H ave you read this book?” “Yes, I’ve read it twice.” (tw ice = two times) Present perfect + ever (in questions) and never: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

“Has Ann ever been to Australia?” “Yes, once.” (once = one time) “H ave you ever played golf?” “Yes, I play a lot.” My sister has never traveled by plane. I’ve never rid den a horse. “W ho is that man?” “I don’t know. I’ve never seen h im before.”

present p erfect — Unit s 17-18 present perfect and simple past — Unit s 19-21irreg ular verbs — App endixes 2-3

UNI T

Exercises 16.1 You are asking Helen quest ions beginning wit h Have y o u ev er . Writ e t he quest ions.

16

H elen

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

(Montreal?) (play / golf?) (South Korea?) (lose / your passport?) (fly / in a helicopter?) (win / a race?) (Peru?) (drive / a bus?) (break / your leg?)

H av e you e v e r been to M o n tre a l? H av e you e v e r p la y e d g o lf? _______

Have_______________________________

No, never. Yes, many times. Yes, once. No, never. Yes, a few times. No, never. Yes, twice. No, never. Yes, once.

16.2 Writ e sent ences about Helen. (Look at her answers in Exercise 16.1.) 1. (Peru) She's been to P e ru tw ice._________________________________________________ 2. (South Korea) S h e _________________________________________________________________ 3. (win / a ra c e )_____________________________________________________________________ 4. (fly / in a h elico p ter)______________________________________________________________

Now writ e about yourself . How of ten have you done t hese t hings? 5. 6. 7. 8.

(N ew York) I _____________________________________________________________________ (play / te n n is )______ ______________________________________________________________ (drive / a tru c k ) ____________________________________________________________ (be / late for w ork or sch o o l)_______________________________________________________

16.3 Mary is 65 years old. She has had an int erest ing life. What has she done? h ave do travel

be w r ite m e et

all over the w orld m a n y di f f eren t j obs 10 b o o k s

a lo t o f in tere stin g th in g s a lo t o f in tere stin g p eo p le m arried th ree tim es

1. She has h a d m any d iffe re n t job s.________________________________________________ 2. She ________________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. __________________________________________________________________________ 6

.

____________________________________________________________

16.4 Put t he verbs in t he present perfect. 1. / ve seen (I / see) that w om an before, but I can’t rem em ber her name. 2. “ H a v e you e v e r p la y e d (you / ever / play) golf?” “Yes, I play golf a lot.” 3. “__________________________(you / ever / write) a poem ?” “Yes, in high school.” 4. “Does Em m a know Sam?” “N o ,_________________________(she / never / meet) him .” 5. Ann and Eli have lots of books, a n d __________________________(they / read) all of them . 6. __________________________(I / never / be) to Australia, b u t _________________________ (my brother / be) there twice. 7. Joy’s favorite movie is Howard and Belinda. (she / see) it five times, b u t (I / never / see) it. 8. _________________________ (I / travel) by plane, bus, and train. Someday, I w ant to take a trip by boat. — - zd i t i o n al ex er cises 16f 18 (p ag es 250- 251)

33

U N I T

How long have you . . . ?

Jane is on vacation in Brazil. She is there now. She arrived in Brazil on Monday. Today is Thursday. H ow long has she been in Brazil? She has been in Brazil

since M onday. for three days.

How long have you been in Brazil?

Com pare is and has been: She is in Brazil now. She has been in Brazil Monday

since M onday, for three days.

is = present

has been = present perfect now Thursday

Compare:

34

Simple present

Present perfect (have been / have lived / have know n, etc.)

Dan and Kate are m arried.

They have been m arried for five years. (not They are m arried for five years.)

Are you married?

H o w lo n g have you been married? (not H ow long are you married?)

D o you k n ow Lisa?

H o w lo n g have you k n ow n her? (not H ow long do you know her?)

I k n o w Lisa.

I’ve k n ow n her for a lo n g tim e. (not I know her for . . .)

Vera lives in Brasilia.

H o w lo n g has she lived in Brasilia? She has lived there all her life.

I have a car.

H o w lo n g have you had your car? I’ve had it since A pril.

Present continuous

Present perfect continuous (have been + -ing)

I’m stu d yin g Germ an.

H o w lo n g have you been stu d yin g German? (not H ow long are you studying German?) I’ve been stu d yin g Germ an for tw o years.

David is w a tch in g TV.

H o w lo n g has he b een w atch in g TV? H e’s been (= He has been) w a tch in g TV since 5:00.

It’s raining.

It’s been (= It has been) rain ing all day.

f or and since — Units 18, 105

Exercises

UNI T \ J

17.1 Complet e t hese sent ences. Jane is in Brazil. She has been I know Lisa. I have know n Sarah and Andy are married. They Brian is sick. He We live on M ain Street. We C atherine works in a bank. She Alan has a headache. He this m orning. 8. I’m studying English. I

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

there since Monday. her for a long time. m arried since 1999. sick for the last few days. there for a long time. in a bank for five years, a headache since he got up English for six m onths.

17.2 Make quest ions wit h How l ong . . . ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Jane is on vacation. Scott and Judy are in Brazil. I know Amy. Diana is studying Italian. My brother lives in Seattle. Fm a teacher. It is raining.

S’

".............

.......

H o w Iona has she been on v acation

How long How lone

vou

? ? ?

?

J

Look at t he pict ures and complete t he sent ences wit h: fo r 10 m in u te s fo r 10 y ea rs 1.

a ll day sin ce h e w as 20

They h a v e b een m a r r i ed f o r 10 y ea r s.

a ll h er life sin ce Sun d ay ______________________

2. S h e ____________________________________________________________ 3. T h e y ___________________________________________________________ 4. The s u n ________________________________________________________ 5. S h e ____________________________________________________________ 6. H e _____________________________________________________________

17.4 Which is right? 1. M ark-hves-/ has lived in Canada since April. (has lived is right) 2. Jane and I are friends. I know / I’ve know n her very well. 3. Jane and I are friends. I know / I’ve know n her for a long time. 4. A: Sorry I’m late. H ow long are you waiting / have you been w aiting? B: N o t long. O nly five minutes. 5. M artin works / has w orked in a hotel now. H e likes his jo b a lot. 6. Ruth is reading the newspaper. She is reading / She has been reading it for two hours. 7. “H ow long do you live / have you lived in this house?” “A bout 10 years.” 8. “Is that a new coat?” “No, I have / I’ve had this coat for a long tim e.” 9. Tom is / has been in Seattle right now. H e is / He has been there for the last three days. — - d d it io nal exercises 16- 18 (pages 250- 251)

_____________________________

35

f or

since

ago

For and since W e use for and since to say how long: ■ Jane is in Brazil. She has been there { ^o r t^iree I since Monday. We use since + the start of the period (Monday / 9:00, etc.):

We use for + a period of time (three days / two years, etc.):

start of the period for three days M onday

Tuesday

M onday

since M onday

W ednesday past

past

now

for three days an hour a week a m onth five years

since

10 m inutes two hours four weeks six m onths a long tim e

Richard has been in Canada for six m on th s. (not since six months) W e’ve been waiting for tw o hours. (not since two hours) I’ve lived in Chicago for a lo n g tim e.

M onday 9:00 July 4th January 1995

W ednesday 12:30 my birthday I was 10 years old we arrived

Richard has been in Canada since January. (= from January to now) W e’ve been waiting since 9:00. (= from 9:00 to now) I’ve lived in Chicago since I was 10 years old.

A go ago = ■ ■ ■ ■

before now: Susan started her new jo b three w eeks ago. (= three weeks before now) “W hen did Tom leave?” “Ten m in u tes ago.” (= ten m inutes before now) I had dinner an h our ago. Life was very different a hundred years ago.

We use ago w ith the past (sta rted /d id /h a d /w a s, etc.). C om pare ago and for: ■ W hen did Jane arrive in Brazil? She arrived in Brazil three days ago. ■ H o w lo n g has she been in Brazil? She has been in Brazil for three days.

present perf ect + f or/ since — Unit 17

f rom/ unt il/ since/ f or — Unit 105

f or and during - * Unit 106

U N I

Exercises 18.1 Writ e f o r or si nce.

.

1 Jane has been in Brazil 2. 3. 4. 5.

6

.

7. 8.

sin ce Mondav. Jane has been in Brazil three days. 15 years. My aunt has lived in Australia 7:00. Jennifer is in her office. She has been there 1821. Mexico has been an independent country 20 minutes. The bus is late. W e’ve been waiting N obody lives in those houses. Thev have been em ptv manv vears. Michael has been sick a long time. He has been in the hospital October.

18.2 Answer t hese quest ions. Use ago. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

W hen W hen W hen W hen W hen

was was was was was

the the the the the

last last last last last

tim e tim e tim e tim e tim e

you you you you you

ate? were w ent were w ent

Three hours ago. sick? to the movies? in a car? on vacation?

18.3 Complet e t he sent ences. Use f o r or ago wit h t hese words. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Jane arrived in Brazil th r e e d a ys ago.__________________ Jane has been in Brazil fo r th r e e days._________________ Lynn and M ark have been m a rrie d ______________________ Lynn and M ark got m a rrie d _____________________________ Dan arriv ed ___________________________________________ I bought these sh o es____________________________________ Silvia has been studying E n g lish _________________________ Have you know n L isa__________________________________

?

(three days) (three days) (20 years) (20 years) (an hour) (a few days) (six months) (a long time)

48.4 Complet e t he sent ences wit h f o r or si nce. 1. (Jane is in Brazil - she arrived there three days ago) J a n e has b een in 3 r a z i ! fo r th r e e d a y s ._____________ 2. (Jack is here - he arrived on Tuesday) Jack has ____________________________________________ 3. (It’s raining - it started an hour ago) It’s been ___________________________________________ 4. (I know Sue - I m et her in 2002) I’v e ________________________________________ 5. (Claire and M atthew are m arried - they got m arried six m onths ago) Claire and M atthew h a v e _______ ___________________________________________________ 6. (Liz is studying m edicine at the university - she started three years ago) Liz h a s _________________________________________________ 7. (David plays the piano - he started w hen he was seven years old) David has _ _ _____________________________ _________________________________________

* I 5 Write sent ences about yourself . Begin your sent ences wit h: I’ve l i v e d 1.

I’ve b e e n

I5ve b een stu d yin g —

I've liv e d in this to w n fo r th r e e years.

3.

- i o c * :~ al ex er cises 16- 18 (p ag es 250- 251)

I5ve k n o w n —

I5ve had —

_________________________________________

I have done and I did

(present perfect and simple past 1)

His car is dirty.

H e is washing his car.

H e has w ashed his car. (= his car is clean now)

They are at home.

They are going out.

They have g o n e out. (= they are not at hom e now)

We use the present perfect for an action in the past w ith a result now: ■ I’ve lo st my passport. (= I can’t find my passport now) ■ “W here’s Rebecca?” “She’s g on e to bed.” (= she is in bed now) ■ W e’ve b ou gh t a new car. (= we have a new car now) ■ It’s Rachel’s birthday tom orrow, and I haven’t b o u g h t her a present. (= I don’t have a present for her now) ■ “Bob is away on vacation.” “O h, w here has he gone?” (= w here is he now?) ■ H ave you m e t my brother, or should I introduce you? ■ I was a very slow typist in college, but I’ve gotten faster. Usually you can also use the simple past (he w ashed / I lost, etc.) in these situations. So you can say: ■ “W h ere’s your key?” “I’ve lo st it.” or “I lo st it.” ■ “Is Peter here?” “No, h e’s g on e hom e.” or “H e w en t hom e.” ■ W e’ve b o u g h t a new car. or We b o u g h t a new car. We use only the simple past (not the present perfect) w ith a finished tim e (yesterday, last w eek, etc.). ■ I lo st my key yesterday. (not I have lost) ■ We b o u g h t a new car last w eek. (not we have bought)

simple p ast — Unit s 11-12

present perf ect — Unit s 16-18

present perf ect and simple p ast — Unit s 20-21

Exercises

u N1

19

19.1 Look at t he pictures. What has happened? Use t he present perfect. Choose from: go to bed

w ash h er car

stop ra in in g

close th e d oor

fa ll d ow n

take a show er

She has w a sh e d h e r car.

He

They

It

He

The

19.2 Rewrite t he sent ences t hat have underlined verbs. Use t he present perfect. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Lee M ing isn’t here. He w ent home. H e has g o n e home._________________ I don’t need to call them . I w rote them a le tte r.__________________________ _ Karen’s not coming to the party. She broke her a rm ._______________________ My brother and his wife don’t live here any more. They moved to Seattle.

5. I made a big m istak e. ___________________________________________ 6. I lost my w a lle t._______ _________________________________________________ Did you see it anywhere? _ _ _ ___________________________________________ 7. Did you hear? __________________________________________________________ M ark got married. _ _ _ _ _________________________________________________

Now rewrit e t hese present perfect sent ences in t he simple past. 8. 9. 10. 11.

I’ve done the shopping. / d id the shopping._____________________________ Brian has taken my bike again w ithout asking.____________________________ Have you told your friends the good n ew s?_______________________________ We haven’t paid the electric b ill._________________________________________

39

just , already, and yet

(present perfect and simple past 2) Just = a short time ago We use ju st w ith the present perfect oi ■ A: Are Diane and Paul here? B: Yes, they’ve ju st arrived. Yes, they ju st arrived. ■ A: Are you hungry? B: No, I’ve ju st had dinner. I ju st had dinner. ■ A: Is Tom here? B: No, sorry, he’s ju st left. H e ju st left.

y ^ y have just arrjvecj

A lready = before you expected / before I expected We use already w ith the present perfect or the simple past. ■ A: W hat time are Diane and Paul coming? B: They’ve already arrived, or They already arrived. ■ It’s only 9:00 and Anna has already g on e to bed. or . . . Anna already w en t to bed. (= before I expected) ■ A: Jon, this is Emma. B: Yes, I know. W e’ve already m et. or W e already m et.

Yes, I know. We've already met.

Jon, this is Emma.

Yet = until now We use yet w ith the present perfect or the simple past. W e use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end. yet in negative sentences ■ A: Are Diane and Paul here? B: No, they haven’t arrived yet. or . . . they d id n ’t arrive yet. (but B expects Diane and Paul to arrive soon) ■ A: Does Jam es know that you’re going away? B: N o, I haven’t told him yet. or . . . I d id n ’t te ll him yet. (but B is going to tell him soon) ■ Silvia has bought a new dress, but she hasn’t w orn it yet. or . . . she d id n ’t w ear it yet. yet in questions ■ A: H ave Diane and Paul arrived yet? or D id Diane and Paul arrive yet? B: No, not yet. W e’re still waiting for them . ■ A: Has Nicole started her new job yet? or D id Nicole start her new job yet? B: No, she’s starting next week. ■ A: This is my new dress. B: O h, it’s nice. H ave you w orn it yet? or D id you w ear it yet? present perf ect — Unit s 16-18

The film

hasn't started yet. Oh, it's nice. Have you worn it yet?

This is my new dress.

present perf ect and simple past — Unit s 19, 21

st ill, yet , and already — Unit 96

U N I

Exercises 20.1 Writ e a sent ence wit h j u st f or each picture.

1. Th ey ' ve j u st a r r i v ed . 2. He

3. Theyj . 4. The race

Complet e t he sent ences. Use a l r eady + present perfect. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

W hat tim e is Paul arriving? Do your friends w ant to see the movie? D on’t forget to call Tom. W hen is M artin going to work? Do you w ant to read the newspaper? W hen does Sarah start her new job?

H e 's a l r ea d y a r r i v ed .

No, they

it.

I He

I She \_

20.3 Rewrit e t hese sent ences. Use t he present perfect. 1. Did Sarah start her new jo b yet? H as S a ra h s ta rte d h e r n e w jo b yet? 2. Did you tell your father about the accident y e t? ________________________ 3. I ju st ate a big dinner, so I’m not hu n g ry .______________________________ 4. Jenny can watch TV because she already did her h o m ew o rk .____________ 5. You can’t go to bed - you didn’t brush your teeth y e t.__________________ 6. You can’t talk to Pete because he ju st w ent h o m e .______________________ 7. Nicole ju st got out o f the hospital, so she can’t go to w o rk .______________

Now rewrit e t hese sent ences in t he simple past. 8. Have you given the post office our new address yet? D id you g iv e the p o s t o ffic e o u r n e w ad dress yet? ________________

9. 10. 11. 12.

The mail carrier hasn’t come y e t._____________________________________ I’ve ju st spoken to your sister.________________________________________ Has M ario bought a new com puter y e t? _______________________________ Ted and Alice haven’t told anyone they’re getting m arried yet.

13. W e’ve already done our packing for our tr ip .__________________________ 14. I’ve ju st swum a mile. I feel g reat!____________________________________

20.4 Writ e quest ions wit h t he present perfect and y et . 1. Your friend has a new job. Perhaps she has started it. You ask her: H a v e you st a r t e d y o u r n ew j o b y et ?

2. Your friend has some new neighbors. Maybe he has m et them . You ask him: vou 3. Your friend has to pay her phone bill. Perhaps she has paid it. You ask her:

? 7

4. Tom was trying to sell his car. Maybe he has sold it. You ask a friend about Tom. 7

UNI T

21

I've lost my key. I lost my key last w eek.

(present perfect and simple past 3) Sometimes you can use the present perfect (I have lo st / he has gone, etc.) or the simple past (I lo st / he w ent, etc.).

■ “Is Peter here?”

“N o, h e’s go n e hom e.”

or

“No, he w en t hom e.”

B ut w ith a finished tim e (yesterday / last w eek, etc.), we use only the simple past (not the present perfect). simple past

We arrived

+ finished time yesterday. last week. at 3:00. in 2002. six m onths ago.

yesterday last w eek six m onths ago finished time now

past

Do not use the present perfect (have arrived / have d o n e / have been, etc.) w ith a finished time: ■ I saw Paula yesterday, (not I have seen) ■ W here were you on Sunday afternoon? (not W here have you been) ■ We d id n ’t take a vacation last year. (not We haven’t taken) ■ “W hat did you do last night?” “I stayed at hom e.” ■ W illiam Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616. He was a writer. He w rote many plays and poems. Use the simple past to ask W hen . . . ? or W hat tim e . . . ? ■ W hen did you buy your com puter? (not W hen have you bought?) ■ W hat tim e did Andy go out? (not W hat tim e has Andy gone out?) Compare: Present perfect or simple past

■ ■ ■ ■

I have lo st my key. or I lo st my key. (= I can’t find it now) Ben has gon e home, or Ben w en t hom e. (= he isn’t here now) H ave you had lunch? or D id you have lunch? The letter hasn’t arrived yet. or The letter d id n ’t arrive yet. Sim ple past only

Present perfect only

finished time

time until now

H ave you ever been to Spain? (= in your life, until now) My friend is a writer. He has w ritten m any books. The letter hasn’t arrived yet. W e’ve lived in Boston for six years. (= we live there now)

42

now

past

past

present perf ect — Unit s 16-18

m D id you go to Spain last year? W illiam Shakespeare (1564-1616) w rote many plays and poems. The letter d id n ’t arrive yesterday. We lived in Chicago for six years, but now we live in Boston.

present perf ect and simple past — Unit s 19-20

U N I

Exercises 21.1 Complet e t he answers to t he quest ions. 1. Have you had lunch? 2. Have you started your new job? 3. Have your friends arrived? 4. Has Sarah gone out? 5. Have you w orn your new suit?

Yes, / h a d i t _______________________ an hour ago. Yes, I ________________________________ last week. Yes, th e y _____________________________ on Friday. Y es,_____________________________________at 5:00. Y es,__________________________________ yesterday.

21.2 Are t hese sent ences OK? Correct t he verbs t hat are wrong. (The verbs are underlined.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I’ve lost my key. I can’t find it.________________ O K ____________________________________ Have you seen Kate yesterday? D id y o u s e e ___________________________ I’ve finished my w ork at 2:00. _________________________________________ I’m ready now. I’ve finished my work. _________________________________________ W hat time have you finished your work? _________________________________________ Sue isn’t here. She’s gone out.______________ _________________________________________ Steve’s grandm other has died two years ago. _________________________________________ W here have you been last night?_____________________________________________________

21.3 Put t he verb in t he present perfect or past. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

My friend is a writer. He has w r itte n (write) m any books. W e didn f ta ke (not / take) a vacation last year. I _______________________ (play) tennis yesterday afternoon. W hat tim e _______________________ (you / go) to bed last night? _______________________ (you / ever / m eet) a famous person? The w e a th e r________________________(not / be) very good yesterday. Kathy travels a lot. S h e ________________________(visit) many countries. I _______________________ (turn) off the light before leaving this m orning. I live in N ew York now, but I ________________________ (live) in Mexico for many years. “W h at’s Peru like? Is it beautiful?” “I don’t know. I •_______________(not / be) there.’

21.4 Put t he verb in t he present perfect or past. 1. A: H ave y o u e v e r been (you / ever / be) to Florida? B: Yes, we w e n t (go) there on vacation two years ago. A: (you / have) a good time? B: Yes, i t (be) great. 2. A: W hat does your friend do? B: She’s a painter. S h e (win) many prizes for her paintings. A: (you / see) any of her paintings? B: Yes, I (see) some o f her work last week. 3. Rose works in a factory, but s h e (have) a lot o f different jobs. Five years ago s h e ________________________ (be) a waitress in a restaurant. After that, she _______________________ (work) on a ranch, but s h e ________________________ (not / enjoy) it very much. 4. A: Do you know M artin’s sister? B: I ________________________ (see) her a few times, but I _______________________ (never / speak) to h e r.________________________ (you / ever / speak) to her? A: Yes. I ________________________ (meet) her at a party last week. She’s very nice.

- - d d it io n al ex er cises 19- 23, 29- 31 (p ag es 252- 254, 257- 259)

U N I T

22

is done

w as done (passive 1)

The office is clean ed every day. The office was cleaned yesterday.

Com pare active and passive: Somebody cleans the office every day.

(active)

The office is cleaned every day.

(passive)

Somebody cleaned the office yesterday, (active) The office was cleaned yesterday.

(passive)

The passive is: past participle simple present simple past

a m /is/a r e w a s/w ere

(not)

+

cleaned invented injured

d on e b u ilt taken, etc.

The past participle of regular verbs is -ed (cleaned/dam aged, etc.). For a list o f irregular past participles (d o n e/b u ilt/ta k en , etc.), see Appendixes 2 -3 . ■ ■ ■ ■

B utter is m ade from milk. Oranges are im p o rted into Canada. H ow often are these rooms cleaned? I am never in v ited to parties.

■ ■ ■ ■ ■

This house was b u ilt 100 years ago. These houses w ere b u ilt 100 years ago. W hen was the telephone invented? We w eren ’t in vited to the party last week. “Was anybody injured in the accident?” “Yes, two people w ere taken to the hospital.”

W as/w ere born ■ I was born in Colom bia in 1989. (not I am born) M “W here w ere you born?” “In Cairo.” Passive + by ■ The telephone was invented by A lexan d er G raham B ell in 1876. (= Alexander Graham Bell invented it) ■ I was bitten by a d o g a few days ago. ■ Do you like these paintings? They were painted by a friend o f m in e. is being done / has been done — Unit 23 act ive and passive — App endix 1

irregular verbs — Unit 25, Ap p end ixes 2-3

by — Unit 112

U N I

Exer cises 22.1 Writ e sent ences from t hese words. Some of t he sent ences are quest ions. Sentences 1-7 are present . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(the office / clean / every day) The o ffic e is cle a n e d e v e ry day.________ (these rooms / clean / every day?) A r e these room s cle a n e d e v e ry d ay? (glass / make / from sand) G lass________________________________________ (stamps / sell / in a post o ffice)_________________________________________ (this w ord / not / use / very o fte n )_____________________________________ (we / allow / to park h e re ? )____________________________________________ (how / this word / pro n o u n ce?)________________________________________

Sent ences 8-15 are past. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

(the office / clean / yesterday) The o ffic e w as cle a n e d yesterday.______ (the house / paint / last m onth) The h o u s e ______________________________ (my phone / steal / a few days a g o )_____________________________________ (three people / injure / in the accid en t) A ___________________________ (when / this bridge / b u ild ?)___________________________________________ (I / not / wake up / by the n o ise )_______________________________________ (how / these windows / b reak ?)________________________________________ (you / invite / to Jo n ’s party last w e ek ?)_________________________________

22.2 These sent ences are not correct. Correct t hem. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

(Th is house built)100 years ago. Thi s h ou se w a s b u i l t 100 y ea r s ago. Soccer plays in m ost countries o f the w o rld ._________________________ W hy did the letter send to the wrong address?_______________________ A garage is a place w here cars repair.________________________________ W here are you born? . How many languages are speaking in S w itzerland?_ Somebody broke into our house, but nothing sto len .. W hen was invented the bicycle?__________________

22.3 Complet e t he sent ences. Use t he passive (present or past) of t hese verbs: clean 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

d am age

fin d

g iv e

in v ite

m ak e

m ak e

sh ow

steal

take

The room is cl ea n ed every day. I saw an accident yesterday. Tw o people w er e t ak en to the hospital. P a p e r__________________________ from wood. There was a fire at the hotel last week. Tw o of the ro o m s ________________________ . “W here did you get this picture?” “I t _____________________ to me by a friend of m ine.” Many British p ro g ram s________________________ on Am erican television. “Did Jim and Sue go to the wedding?” “No. T h e y _________________, but they didn’t go.” “H ow old is this movie?” “I t ________________________ in 1965.” My c a r ____________________ last week, but the next day i t ___________________ by the police.

22.4 Where were t hey born? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(M akoto / Tokyo) (Isabel / Sao Paulo) (her parents / Rio de Janeiro) (you / ???) (your m other / ???)

/H akot o w a s h o r n i n___________Tokyo._____________________ Isab el__________________________________________________ H e r ___________________________________________________ I ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

UNI T

23

has been done (passive 2)

is being done

Is/are b ein g . . . (present continuous passive)

Somebody is p a in tin g the door . (active) The door is b ein g painted.

(passive)

■ My car is at the garage. It is b ein g repaired. (— somebody is repairing it) ■ Some new houses are b ein g b u ilt across from the park. (= somebody is building them ) Com pare the present continuous and simple present: ■ The office is b ein g cleaned right now. (present continuous) The office is cleaned every day. (simple present) ■ In the U nited States, football games are usually played on weekends, but no big games are b ein g played next weekend. For the present continuous and simple present, see Units 8 and 26. H as/h ave been . . . (present perfect passive) now

before

TZ

T zr

Somebody has painted the door . (active) The door has been painted.

{= U =3

■ ■ ■ ■

W ll PAINT

My key has b een stolen. (= somebody has stolen it) My keys have been stolen. (= som ebody has stolen them ) I’m not going to the party. I h aven’t been invited. (= nobody has invited me) Has this shirt been washed? (= has somebody washed it?)

Com pare the present perfect and simple past: ■ The room isn’t dirty any more. It has been cleaned, (present perfect) The room was cleaned yesterday, (simple past) ■ I can’t find my keys. I think they’ve been stolen, (present perfect) My keys w ere stolen last week, (simple past) For the present perfect and simple past, see Units 19-21. is done / w as done — Unit 22

active and passive — Ap p end ix 1

(passive)

U N I

Exercises 23.1 What 's happening?

1. The car /s being repaired.___________ 2. A b rid g e _____________________________

23.2

3. The windows 4. The grass___

Look at t he pictures. What is happening or what has happened? Use t he present cont inuous (is/ are bei ng . . . ) or t he present perfect (has/ have been . . .).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

(the office / clean) The o f f i ce i s b ei n g cl ea n ed .__________________ (the shirts / iron) The sh i r t s h a v e b een i r oned.__________________ (the window / break) The w in d o w ________________________________ (the ro o f / repair) The ro o f_______________________________________ (the car / dam age)_______________________________________________ (the houses / tear / d o w n )________________________________________ (the trees / cut / d o w n )__________________________________________ (they / invite / to a p a rty )________________________________________

23.3 Complete the sentences. (Study Unit 22 before you do this exercise.) I can’t use mv office right now. It is heinci p a in te d (paint). We didn’t go to the partv. W e w e r e n 't in v ite d (not / invite). The washinv m achine was broken, hut it’s O K now. It (repair). (repair) yesterday afternoon. The washing machine A factory is a place where things (make). H ow old are these houses? W hen (they / build)? (the com puter / use) at the m om ent? A: B: Yes, Steve is using it. 8. I’ve never seen these flowers before. W hat (thev / call)? 9. My sunglasses (steal) at the beach yesterday. 10. The bridge is closed. It (damage) last week, and it 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(not / repair) yet.

- - d d it io n al ex er cises 24- 27 (p ag es 255- 256)

U N I T

be/ have/ do in present and past tenses B e (= a m /is/a r e /w a s/w e r e ) + -in g (clea n in g /w o rk in g , etc.) a m /is /a r e + -in g (present continuous) —►Units 3 -4 and 26

■ Please be quiet. P m w o rk in g . It isn ’t rain in g right now. W hat are you d o in g tonight?

w a s/w ere + -in g (past continuous)

I was w o rk in g w hen she arrived. It w asn ’t raining, so we didn’t need an umbrella. W hat w ere you d o in g at 3:00?

-► U nit 13

B e + past participle (c lea n ed /m a d e/ea ten , etc.) a m /is /a r e + past participle (simple present passive)

I’m never in vited to parties. B utter is m ad e from milk. These offices aren’t cleaned every day.

-+ U nit 22 w a s/w ere + past participle (simple past passive)

The office was cleaned yesterday. These houses w ere b u ilt 100 years ago. H ow was the w indow broken? W here w ere you born?

-+ U nit 22

H ave/h as 4- past participle (c le a n e d /lo st/e a te n /b e e n , etc.) have/has + past participle (present perfect) Units 16-17, 19-21

■ ■ ■ ■

I’ve lived in this house for 10 years. Tom has never rid den a horse. Kate hasn’t been to South America. W here have Paul and Nicole gone?

D o /d o e s /d id + baseform (c le a n /lik e /e a t/g o , etc.) d o /d o e s + baseform (simple present negative and questions) —►U nits 6 -7 did + baseform (simple past negative and questions) -► U nit 12

48

ir r eg u lar verb s — Un it 25, A p p en d ix es 2- 3

■ I like coffee, but I d o n ’t lik e tea. Chris d o esn ’t go out very often. W hat do you usually do on weekends? D oes Silvia live alone? I d id n ’t w atch TV yesterday. It d id n ’t rain last week. W hat tim e d id Paul and Nicole go out?

UNI T

Exercises 24.1 Writ e i s/ are or do/ does. 1. V o . you w ork at night? 2. W here ctne they going? 3. W h y ______ you looking at me? 4. Bill live near you? 5. you like to cook?

6.________ the sun shining? 7. W hat tim e the stores close? 8._______ M aria working today? 9._W h a t______ this word mean? 10._______ you feeling all right?

24.2 Writ e am not / i sn' t / ar en ' t or d on ' t / doesn ' t . All t hese sent ences are negative. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Tom doesn t w ork at night. I’m very tired. I _______________ w ant to go out tonight. I’m very tired. I _______________ going out tonight. G a ry ______________ working this week. H e’s on vacation. My parents are usually at hom e. T h e y _______________ go out very often. Nicole has traveled a lot, but s h e ___________ * speak any foreign languages. You can tu rn off the television. I _______________watching it. Liz has invited us to her party next week, but w e _______________ going-

24.3 Writ e w as/ w er e/ di d/ have/ has. 1. W here w e r e your shoes made?_____________6. W h a t ti m e _________ she go? 2. _____________ you go out last night? 7. W h e n _____________ these houses built? 3. W h a t ____________ you doing at 10:30? 8. Steve arrived yet? 4. W h e r e ____________ your m other born? 9. W h y _____________ you go hom e early? 5.______________ B arbara gone home? 10.______ H ow lo n g ________they been m arried?

24.4 Writ e i s/ are/ w as/ w ere/ have/ has. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

24.5

Joe h as lost his passport. This b rid g e ________ built 10 years ago. you finished your w ork yet? This tow n is always clean. The stree ts________ cleaned every day. W h e re _________ you born? I _________ju st made some coffee. W ould you like some? G lass made from sand. This is a very old photograph. I t _________taken a long tim e ago. D a v id _________ bought a new car.

Complet e t he sent ences. Choose from t he box and put t he verb into t he correct form. d am age listen 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

rain use

enjoy op en

“gogo

p ron ou n ce u nderstand

eat

I’m going to take an um brella w ith me. It’s raining . W hy are you so tired? Did you g o to bed late last night? W here are the chocolates? Have y o u _________________ all o f them? H ow is your new job? Are y o u __________________ it? My car was b a d ly in the accident, but I was OK. Chris has a car, but she doesn’t it very often. M ary isn’t at hom e. She h a s away for a few days. I don’t __________________ the problem . Can you explain it again? M artin is in his room . H e’s _________________ to music. I don’t know how to say this word. H ow is i t __________________ ? H ow do y o u this window? Can you show me?

U N I T

Regular and irregular verbs Regular verbs The simple past and past participle o f regular verbs is -ed: clean —►cleaned live —►lived paint —►painted study —►studied Simple past (—►U nit 11) ■ I cleaned my room yesterday. ■ Charlie studied engineering in college. Past participle h ave/has + past participle (present perfect —►Units 16-17, 19-21): ■ I have cleaned my room. ■ Tina has lived in M iami for 10 years. be (is/a re/w e re/h a s been, etc.) + past participle (passive —►Units 22-23): ■ These rooms are cleaned every day. ■ My car has been repaired. Irregular verbs The simple past and past participle o f irregular verbs do not end in -ed:

simple past past participle

make

break

( ut

m ad e m ad e

broke broken

cut cut

Sometimes the simple past and past participle are the same. For example: simple past past participle

make

find

buy

cut

m ade

fou n d

bought

cut

■ I m ad e a cake yesterday, (simple past) ■ I have m ade some coffee, (past participle - present perfect) ■ B utter is m ad e from milk, (past participle - present passive) Sometimes the simple past and past participle are different. For example:

simple past past participle

break

know

begin

g°

broke broken

k new k now n

began b egu n

w ent gon e

■ Somebody broke this w indow last night, (simple past) ■ Somebody has b roken this window, (past participle - present perfect) ■ This w indow was broken last night, (past participle - past passive)

irregular verbs — App endixes 2-3

spelling (regular verbs) — App endix 5

U N I

Exer cises 25.1 Writ e t he part iciple 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

make cut say bring pay

m ade______ cut _____________ _____________ _____________

6. enjoy 7. buy 8. sit 9. leave 10. happen

_________ _________

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

hear put catch watch understand

25.2 Writ Writee tthe he simple past and past part iciple of t hese verbs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

break begin eat drink drive speak w rite

b ro ke______

bro ken

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

come know take g° give throw get

25.3 Put t he verb in t he right form. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

I w a sh ed my hands because they were dirty, (wash) Somebody has b r o k en this window, (break) I feel good. I _______________very well last night, (sleep) W e _______________ a really good movie yesterday, (see) It a lot while we were on vacation, (rain) I’v e _______________ my bag. (lose) Have y o u _______________ it? (see) Rosa’s bicycle w a s _______________ last week, (steal) I _______________ to bed early because I was tired, (go) Have y o u _______________ your w ork yet? (finish) The shopping mall w a s _______________about 20 years ago. (build) A n n a _______________ to drive w hen she was 16. (learn) I’ve n e v e r_______ a horse, (ride) Julia is a good friend o f mine. I’v e her for a long time, (know) Yesterday I _________ a n d ________________ my leg. (fall / hurt) My b ro th e r_______________in the Boston M arathon last year. Have you ever _______________ in a m arathon? (run / run)

25.4 Complet e t he sent ences. Choose from t he box cost speak 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

d rive sw im

f ly te ll

m ak e th in k

and

m e et w ak e up

put t he verb into t he correct form. sell w in

I have m a desome coffee. W ould you like some? Have y o u _______________J° h n about your new job? We played basketball on Sunday. We didn’t play very well, but w e _____________ the game. I know Gary, but I’ve n e v e r his wife. We w e re by loud music in the m iddle o f the night. Stephanie ju m p ed into the river a n d to the other side. “Did you like the movie?” “Yes, I ______________ it was very good.” Many different languages a r e _______________ in the Philippines. O ur v acatio n _______________a lot o f m oney because we stayed in an expensive hotel. Have you e v e r a very fast car? All the tickets for the concert w e re _______________very quickly. A b ir d _______________ in through the open window while we were having our dinner.

UNI T

26

W hat are you doing t om orrow ? today is Sunday

We use a m /is /a r e + -in g (present continuous) for som ething happening now: ■ “W here are Sue and Amanda?” “T hey’re p layin g tennis in the park.” ■ Please be quiet. I’m w orkin g. W e also use a m /is /a r e + -in g for the future (tom orrow / next week, etc.): ■ Andrew is p layin g tennis tomorrow. ■ I’m not w o rk in g next week. I am d o in g so m eth in g to m o rro w = I have arranged to do it, I have a plan to do it:

I'm going to a concert tom orrow.

■ Sophie is g o in g to the dentist on Friday. (= she has an appointm ent w ith the dentist) ■ W e’re h aving a party next weekend. ■ Are you m e etin g your friends tonight? ■ W hat are you d o in g tom orrow night? ■ I’m not g o in g out tonight. I’m staying at home. You can also say, “I’m g o in g to do som ething.” (-► U nit 27).

Be careful! Do not use the simple present (I stay / do you go, etc.) to say w hat somebody has arranged to do: ■ I’m staying at hom e this evening. (not I stay) ■ Are you g o in g out tonight? (not Do you go) ■ Lisa isn ’t c o m in g to the party next week. (not Lisa doesn’t come) B ut we use the simple present for schedules (buses, movies, classes, etc.): ■ The plane arrives in N ew York at 7:30 tom orrow m orning. ■ W hat tim e does the movie end tonight? Compare: Present continuous (usually for people) I’m g o in g to a concert tomorrow. W hat time are you leaving?

52

p r esen t co n t in u o u s — Un it s 3- 4

Simple present (for schedules) The concert starts at 7:30. W hat tim e does your plane leave?

sim p le p r esen t — Un it s 5-7

I' m g o in g t o .

— Un it 27

U N I

Exercises 26.1

Look at t he pictures. What are t hese people doing next Friday?

Richard 1.

2

.

Karen

Tom and Sue

A n d r ew i s p l a y i n g t en n i s on Fr i d a y .

R ich ard ____________________ to the movies. 3. R ach e l___________________________________ 4. lunch w ith Ken. 5.

26.2 Writ e quest ions. All t he sent ences are f ut ure. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(you / go / out / tonight?) (you / w ork / next week?) (what / you / do / tom orrow night?) (what tim e / your friends / come?) (when / Liz / go / on vacation?)

A r e y o u goi ng o u t t o n i g h t ?

_____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

26.3 Writ e sent ences about yourself . What are you doing in t he next f ew days? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I' m st a y i n g a t h om e t oni ght .__________________________________________ ! m goi ng t o t h e t h ea t er on M o n d a y ._________________________________

6.

26.4 Put t he verb in t he present cont inuous (h e i s l eavi ng, etc.) or simple present (t he t rai n l eaves, etc.). 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

10.

(you / go) out tonight?” “No, I’m too tired.” W e' r e g oi n g (we / go) to a concert tonight. I t st a r t s (it / start) at 7:30. Listen to this! (Karen / get) m arried next m onth! A: My p a re n ts__________ _ (go) on vacation next week. B: O h, that’s nice. W here . ____________(they / go) ? Silvia is taking an English course this semester. The course . (end) on Friday. T here’s a party tom orrow night, b u t ____________________ (I / not / go). (I / go) out w ith some friends tonight. W hy don’t you come, too? . (we / m eet) at Jo h n ’s house at 8:00. A: H o w __ (you / get) hom e after the party tom orrow? By taxi? B: No, I can go by bus. The last b u s _______ _____________________________(leave) at m idnight. A: Do you w ant to go to the movies tonight? B: Yes, w hat tim e ________________________ (the movie / begin)? A: W h a t__________________________ (you / do) tom orrow afternoon? B: _______________________________(I / work). A r e you goi ng

U N I T

I'm going t o . . . P m g o in g to do som ething I'm going to watch TV tonight.

morning She is g o in g to w atch TV tonight. We use a m /is /a r e g o in g to . . . for the future I am h e /s h e /it is w e /y o u /th ey are

(not) g o in g to

am I is h e /s h e /it are w e /y o u /th ey

g o in g to

do . . . drink . . . watch . . .

buy . . . ? e a t. . . ? wear . . . ?

I am g o in g to do so m eth in g = I have decided to do it, my intention is to do it: I decided to do i t

►

P m g o in g to do it

|____________________________________________________________________ past ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

now

P m g o in g to buy some books tomorrow. Sarah is g o in g to sell her car. Pm n o t g o in g to have breakfast this m orning. I’m not hungry. W hat are you g o in g to wear to the wedding next week? “Your hands are dirty.” “Yes, I know. P m g o in g to wash them .” Are you g o in g to in vite M artin to your party?

We also use the present continuous (I am doing) for the future, usually for arrangem ents (—►U nit 26): ■ I am p layin g tennis w ith Julia tomorrow. Something is g o in g to happen Something is g o in g to happen = we can see now that it is sure to happen: ■ Look at the sky! It’s g o in g to rain, (black clouds now —►rain) ■ O h, no! It’s 9:00 and I’m not ready. P m g o in g to be late. (9:00 now and not ready —►late)

present f or t he f ut ure — Unit 26

will — Unit s 28-29

future

Exercises 27.1 What are t hese people saying?

/ m g oing h w a t ch TV.

27.2 Complet e t he sent ences. Use g oi n g t o + t hese verbs: do 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

eat

g ive

lie d ow n

stay w alk

w ash

w atch

w ear

My hands are dirty. I'm g oing to w a sh them . W hat a r e y o u going to w e a r to the party tonight? It’s a nice day. I don’t w ant to take the bus. I ___________________________________ . Steve is going to San Diego next week. H e __________________________ w ith some friends. I’m hungry. I ___________________________________ this sandwich. It’s Sharon’s birthday next week. W e ______________________________ her a present. Sue says she’s feeling____ very tired. S h e ______________________________ for an hour. The president’s speech is on television to n ig h t._______ y o u __________________________ it? W h a t____________________R ach e l___________________________w hen she finishes school?

27.3 Look at t he pictures. What is going to happen?

< 3 0S 3

1. I t 's g o i n g t o rai n._______________________________________________ 2. The s h e lf_________________________________________________________ 3. The c a r __________________________________________________________ 4. H e _______________________________________________________________

.4 What are you going to do t oday or t om orrow? Writ e t hree sent ences. 1. I’m ______________________________________________________________

2.

________________________________________________________________

3.

55

w ill

1

Sarah goes to w ork every day. She is always there from 8:30 until 4:30. It is 11:00 now. Sarah is at work. At 11:00 yesterday, she was at work. At 11:00 tom orrow, she w ill be at work.

Sarah w ill + baseform (w ill be / w ill w in / w ill com e, etc.): I / w e /y o u /th ey h e /s h e /it

w ill (’11) w ill n ot (w on ’t)

be w in eat com e, etc.

w ill

I / w e/y o u /th ey h e /s h e /it

be? win? eat? com e?, etc

’11 = w ill: I’ll (I will) / you’ll / she’ll, etc. w o n ’t = w ill not: I w o n ’t (= I will not) / you w o n ’t / she w o n ’t, etc. We use w ill for th e future (tom orrow / next week, etc.): ■ Sue travels a lot. Today she is in Los Angeles. Tom orrow she’ll be in Mexico City. N ext week she’ll be in N ew York. ■ You can call me tonight. I’ll be at home. ■ Leave the old bread in the yard. The birds w ill eat it. ■ W e’ll probably go out tonight. ■ W ill you be at hom e tonight? ■ ■

I w o n ’t be here tomorrow. (= I will not be here) D o n’t drink coffee before you go to bed. You w o n ’t sleep.

We often say I th in k . . . w i l l . . . : ■ I th in k Kelly w ill pass her driver’s test. ■ I d o n ’t th in k it w ill rain this afternoon. ■ D o you th in k the test w ill be difficult? We do not use w ill for things we have already arranged or decided to do (—►Units 26-27): ■ W e’re g o in g to the movies on Saturday. Do you w ant to come w ith us? (not We will go) WH I’m not w o rk in g tomorrow, (not I w on’t work) ■ Are you g o in g to take your driver’s test tom orrow? (not W ill you take)

W hat are you doing t o m o rrow ? — Unit 26

I'm going t o .

- * Unit 27

w ill 2 ^ Unit 29

U N I

Exercises 28.1

Helen is t raveling in South America. Complet e t he sent ences wit h sh e w as, she' s, or sh e' l l be.

CARACAS Next week \

1. Yesterday sh e w a s in Rio de Janeiro. 2. T o m o rro w ______________ in Bogota. 3. Last w e e k in Santiago. 4. N ext w e e k ______________ in Caracas. 5. Right n o w in Lima. 6. Three days a g o ______________ in Buenos Aires. 7. At the end of her t r i p _______________very tired.

[

\

BOGOTA Tomorrow LIMA Right now

SANTIAGO A Last week 14

I

Helen

RIO DEJANEIRO Yesterday

y

BUENOSAIRES Three days ago

lr

28.2 Where will you be? Writ e sent ences about yourself . Use: I' l l b e . . . or I' l l p r ob a b l y b e . . . or I d on ' t k n o w w h er e I' l l be. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(at 10:00 tom orrow) / / / b e a t work. or III p ro b a b ly h e a t th e beach. (one hour from n o w )__________________________________________________________ (at m idnight to n ig h t)__________________________________________________________ (at 3:00 tom orrow afte rn o o n )__________________________________________________ (two years from n o w )_________________________________________________________

28.3 Put in w i l l (' II) or w on' t . 1. D on’t drink coffee before you goto bed. You w o n 't sleep. 2. “Are you ready yet?” “N o t yet._I _______________be ready in five m inutes.” 3. I’m going away for a few days. I’m leaving tonight, so I _______________be at hom e tomorrow. 4. I t ______________ rain, so you don’t need to take an umbrella. 5. A: I don’t feel very well tonight. B: Well, go to bed early and y o u _______________feelbetter in the m orning. 6. It’s Bill’s birthday next Monday. H e _______________ be 25. 7. I’m sorry I was late this m orning. I t _______________ happen again.

28.4 Write sent ences wit h I t hi nk . . . or / d on ' t t hi nk . . . . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(Kelly will pass the driver’s test) / think K elly w ill p a ss th e d river's test. (Kelly w on’t pass the driver’s test) / d o n 't think K elly w ill p a ss th e d river's test. (we’ll w in the game) I _____________________________________________ (I w on’t be here tom orrow) ______________________________________________ (Sue will like her present) ______________________________________________ (they w on’t get married) ______________________________________________ (you w on’t like the movie)_______ ______________________________________________

23.5 Which is right? (St udy Unit 26 bef ore you do t his exercise.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

W e’ll go- / W e’re going to the theater tonight. W e’ve got tickets. (We’regoing is right) “W hat will you do / are you doing tom orrow night?” “N othing. I’m free.” They’ll leave / T hey’re leaving tom orrow m orning. T heir train is at 8:40. I’m sure your aunt will lend / is lending us some money. She’s very rich. “W hy are you putting on your coat?” “I’ll go / I’m going out.” Do you think Claire will call / is calling us tonight? Steve can’t m eet us on Saturday. H e’ll w ork / H e’s w orking. Let’s fly to M iami instead of driving. It w on’t take / isn’t taking as long. A: W hat are your plans for the weekend? B: Some friends will come / are coming to stay w ith us.

w ill

2

You can use I’l l . . . (I w ill) w hen you offer som ething or decide to do something: ■ “My suitcase is very heavy.” “I’ll carry it for you.” ■ “I’ll call you tomorrow, O K ?” “OK, bye.” We often say I th in k I’l l . . . / I d o n ’t th in k I’l l . . . w hen we decide to do something: ■ I’m tired. I th in k I’ll go to bed early tonight. ■ It’s a nice day. I th ink I’ll sit outside. ■ It’s raining. I d o n ’t th ink I’ll go out. Do not use the simple present (I go / 1 call, etc.) in sentences like these: ■ I’ll call you tomorrow, OK? (not I call you) ■ I think I’ll go to bed early. (not I go to bed) Do not use I’l l . . . for som ething you decided before (—►Units 26-27): ■ I’m w o rk in g tomorrow. (not I’ll work) ■ T here’s a good program on TV tonight. I’m g o in g to w atch it. (not I’ll watch) ■ W hat are you d o in g this weekend? (not W hat will you do) Shall I . . . ? Shall w e . . . ? Shall I answ er the phone?

No, that's OK. I'll answ er it.

Shall I / Shall w e . . . ? = Do you think this is a good thing to do? Do you think this is a good idea? ■ It’s very warm in this room. Shall I op en the window? ■ “Shall I call you tonight?” “O K .” ■ It’s a nice day. Shall w e go for a walk? ■ W hat shall w e have for dinner? We use sh ould in the same way. ■ “Shou ld I call you tonight?” “O K .” ■ It’s a nice day. S hou ld w e go for a walk? ■ W hat sh ould w e have for dinner? W hat are you doing t o m o rrow ? — Unit 26

I'm going t o . . . — Unit 27

w ill 1 — Unit 28

should — Unit 33

UNI T

Exercises Complet e t he sent ences. Use I' l l (1 w i l l ) + t hese verbs: c-arry 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

do

eat

send

sh ow

sit

stay XT it for you. you a postcard. it. on the floor, it now. here, you. ^

I'll c a r r y Thank you. Well, I’m hungry. No, it’s OK. O h no, I forgot. No, I don’t think so. Give it to me and

My suitcase is very heavy. Tpjoy your vacation. I don’t w ant this banana. Do you w ant a chair? Did you call Jenny? Are you coming w ith me? H ow do you use this camera?

Complet e t he sent ences. Use 1 t h i n k I ' l l . . . or / d on ' t t hi nk I ' l l . . . + t hese verbs: buy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

buy

-go-

have

play

It’s cold todav. / don t think I'll ao I’m hungry. I O J I feel very tired. I like this hat. This camera is too expensive.

out. som ething to eat. tennis. it. it.

29.3 Which is right? 1. T-ea-ll-/ I’ll call you tomorrow, OK? (I’ll call is right) 2. I haven’t done the shopping yet. I do / I’ll do it later. 3. I like sports. I watch / I’ll watch a lot o f sports on TV. 4. I need some exercise. I think I go / I’ll go for a walk. 5. Gerry is going to buy / will buy a new car. He told me last week. 6. “This letter is for Rose.” “OK. I give / I’ll give / I’m going to give it to her.” 7. A: Are you doing / W ill you do anything this evening? B: Yes, I’m going / I’ll go out w ith some friends. 8. I can’t go out w ith you tom orrow night. I w ork / I’m working / I’ll w ork. 9. I like this hat. I think I buy / I’ll buy it.

1r 4

What does Anne say to Kat hy? Find t he right answers.

Kathy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

9.

— - ::

It’s very warm in this room, This TV program isn’t very good. Should we have a party? It’s dark in this room. Should I go to the store? Shall we go out? Shall I wait here? Do we have any bread? Should we get some lottery tickets?

- n al ex er cises 28- 31 (p ag es 256- 259)

Anne a) If you want. W here should we go? b) Yes, who shall we invite? c) N o, shall I go and get some? d) Shall I open the window? e) Should I turn on the light? f) OK, how many shall we buy? g) Should I turn it off? h) No, come w ith me. i) No, it’s OK. I’ll go.

59

UNI T

10

might

Where are you going for your vacatio n?

I'm not sure.

I might go to Costa Rica.

:,

H e m ig h t go to Costa Rica. (= it is possible that he will go to Costa Rica)

It m ig h t rain. (= it is possible that it will rain)

m ig h t + baseform (m igh t go / m ig h t be / m ig h t rain, etc.): be I/w e /y o u /th e y h e /s h e /it

m ig h t (not)

g° play com e, etc.

I m ig h t = it is possible that I will: ■ I m ig h t go to the movies tonight, but I’m not sure. (= it is possible that I will go) ■ A: W hen is Rebecca going to call you? B: I don’t know. She m ig h t call this afternoon. I Take an um brella w ith you. It m ig h t rain. ■ Buy a lottery ticket. You m ig h t be lucky. (—perhaps you will be lucky) H “Are you going out tonight?” “I m ig h t.” (= I m ight go out) Study the difference: ■ P m p layin g tennis tom orrow, (sure) I m ig h t play tennis tom orrow, (possible) M Rebecca is g o in g to call later, (sure) Rebecca m ig h t call later, (possible) I m ig h t n o t = it is possible that I will not: ■ I m ig h t n o t go to w ork tom orrow. (= it is possible that I will not go) ■ Sue m ig h t n o t co m e to the party. (= it is possible that she will not come) May You can use m ay in the same way. I m ay = I m ight: ■ I m ay go to the movies tonight. (= I m ight go) ■ Sue m ay n o t co m e to the party. (= Sue m ight not come) May I . . . ? = Is it O K to .. . ? / Can I . . . ?: ■ May I ask a question? (= is it O K to ask / can I ask?) ■ “May I sit here?” “Sure.”

w ill — Un it s 28- 29

can — Un it 31

UNI T

Exerci ses 30.1 Writ e sent ences wit h m i gh t . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(it’s possible (it’s possible (it’s possible (it’s possible (it’s possible

that that that that that

I’ll go to the movies) / m ig h t go to th e m ovies._____________________ I’ll see you tom orrow) I ____________________________________________ Sarah will forget to c a ll)____________________________________________ it will snow to d ay )_________________________________________________ I’ll be late to n ig h t)_________________________________________________

Writ e sent ences wit h m i gh t n o t . 6. (it’s possible that M ark will not be here next w e e k )___________________________________ 7. (it’s possible that I w on’t have time to go o u t) ________________________________________

30.2 Somebody is asking you about your plans. You have some ideas, but you are not sure. Choose from t he list and writ e sent ences wit h I m i g h t . fish 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Italy

M onday

a n ew car

W here are you going for your vacation? W hat are you doing this weekend? W hen will you see Kate again? W hat are you going to have for dinner? H ow are you going to get hom e tonight? I hear you w on some money. W hat are you going to do w ith it?

take a trip

take a taxi

I’m not sure. / m ig h t go to Italy. I don’t know. I __________________ I’m not su re .____________________ I don’t k n o w .___________________ I’m not su re .____________________ I haven’t decided y e t.____________

30.3 You ask Bill quest ions about his plans f or t omorrow. Somet imes he is sure, but usually he is not sure. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Are you playing tennis tom orrow? Are you going out tom orrow evening? Are you going to get up early? Are you working tom orrow? W ill you be at hom e tom orrow m orning? Are you going to watch television? Are you going out in the afternoon? Are you going shopping?

Yes, in the afternoon. Possibly. Maybe. No, I’m not. Maybe. I might. Yes, I am. Perhaps. I’m not sure. Bill

Now writ e about Bill. Use m i gh t where necessary. 1. H e' s p l a y i n g t en n i s t o m o r r o w a f t er n oon .______________________________________ 2. H e m i g h t go o u t t o m o r r o w eveni ng.___________________________________________ 3. H e ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________________________ 7. _____________________________________________

8.

__________________________________________________

3 3.4 Writ e t hree t hings t hat you might do t omorrow. 1.

2.

______________________________________

3.

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31

can and could Could you open the door, p lease?

I can play the piano.

■■■■H i

He can play the piano, can + baseform (can do / can play / can com e, etc.): can can’t (cannot)

I/w e /y o u /th e y h e /s h e /it

I can ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

do play see com e, etc.

can

I/w e /y o u /th e y h e /s h e /it

do? play? see? com e?, etc.

do som ething = I know how to do it, or it is possible for me to do it: I can play the piano. My brother can play the piano, too. Sarah can speak Italian, but she can’t speak Spanish. “Can you sw im ?” “Yes, but I’m not a very good swimmer.” “Can you change a tw enty-dollar bill?” “I’m sorry, I can’t.” I’m having a party next week, but Paul and Rachel can’t com e.

For the past (yesterday / last w eek, etc.), we use c o u ld /c o u ld n ’t: ■ W h en I was young, I cou ld run very fast. ■ Before M aria came to the U nited States, she co u ld n ’t understand m uch English. N ow she can understand everything. ■ I was tired last night, but I co u ld n ’t sleep. ■ I had a party last week, but Paul and Rachel c o u ld n ’t com e. Can you . . . ?

C ou ld you . . . ?

Can I . . . ?

C ou ld I . . . ?

We use Can you . . . ? or C ou ld you . . . ? w hen we ask people to do things: ■ Can you open the door, please? or C ou ld you open the door, please? ■ Can you wait a m inute, please? or C ou ld you w a it. . . ? We use Can I have . . . ? or C ou ld I have . . . ? to ask for something: ■ (in a store) Can I have change for a dollar, please? or C ou ld I have . . . ? Can I . . . ? or C ou ld I . . . ? = is it O K to do something?: ■ Tom, can I borrow your umbrella? or Tom, cou ld I borrow your umbrella? ■ (on the phone) Hello, can I speak to Gary, please? or . . . cou ld I speak . . . ?

62

M ay I . . . ?- > U n i t 30

U N I

Exercises

jf

31.1 Ask St eve if he can do t hese t hings:

10 kilometers

You i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

&

Steve

_Y \ C an

> you sw im ?

Can you do t hese t hings? Writ e sent ences about yourself . Use / can or / can' t . 7. I _________________________________

10. ________________________________ 11.

.

12

9.

31.2 Complet e t hese sent ences. Use can or can' t + one of t hese verbs: -eo m e 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

fin d

hear

see

speak

I’m sorry, but we ca n 't co m e to your party next Saturday. I like this hotel room. Y o u ____________________ the m ountains from the window. You are speaking very quietly. I ____________________ you. Have you seen my suitcase? I ____ . it. C atherine got the jo b because she five languages.

31.3 Complet e t hese sent ences. Use can ' t or cou l d n ' t + one of t hese verbs: d ecid e 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

eat

fin d

go

go

sleep

I was tired, but I cou/dn t sleep . I wasn’t hungry yesterday. I ____________________ my dinner. Kate doesn’t know w hat to do. S h e ____________________ . I w anted to speak to M artin yesterday, but I ____________________him. J a m e s ____________________ to the concert next Saturday. He has to work. P au la to the m eeting last week. She was sick.

31 4 What do you say in t hese sit uat ions? Use can or coul d.

must

She m u st be sick = I am sure she is sick; it is clear that she is sick. m u st + base form (m ust be / m u st know , etc.):

I/w e /y o u /th e y h e /s h e /it

m u st (not)

be k n ow have live, etc.

We use m u st w hen we believe that som ething is true. ■ You w orked 10 hours today. You m u st be tired. ■ My brother has w orked at your company for years. You m u st k n ow him. ■ My friends have the same zip code as you. They m u st live near you. ■ (on the telephone) This isn’t the Smiths’? I’m sorry. I m u st have the w rong number. We use m u st n o t w hen we believe that som ething is not true. ■ The phone rang eight times and Karen didn’t answer. She m u st n ot be at home. ■ Carlos takes the bus everywhere. H e m u st n o t have a car. ■ The Silvas are always hom e on Fridays. They m u st n o t w ork then.

B

M ust has another meaning. You m u st do som ething = it is necessary to do it. ■ You m u st be careful w ith this knife. It’s very sharp. ■ W orkers m u st wear safety glasses at this machine. ■ In the U nited States, you m u st be 18 to vote. For the past (yesterday, last w eek, etc.), we use had to . . . (not must). ’■ They were in a dangerous situation. They had to be careful. (not They m ust be careful.) ■ We had to wear safety glasses w hen we visited the factory last week. (not We m ust wear) You m u st n ot do som ething = it is necessary not to do it; it is the wrong thing to do. ■ Bicyclists m u st n ot ride on the sidewalk. (= they m ust ride in the street) ■ You m u st n o t be late for school again!

64

I h av e t o . . . — Un it 34

U N ! T

Exercises 32.1 Complet e t he sent ences. Use m u st b e + t hese verbs: for you 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

good

h u n g ry

in th e k itch en

tired

very happy

Silvia w orked 10 hours today. She m u st h e tir e d . It’s evening, and you haven’t eaten anything all day. Y o u ____________________ . It’s the m ost popular restaurant in town, so the fo o d ____________________ . “I got the jo b .” “You did? Y o u ____________________.” The p h o n e’s ringing. I know it’s not for me. I t ____________________. My keys aren’t in the living room , so th e y ____________________ .

32.2 Complet e t he sent ences. Use m u st + t hese verbs: d rin k

have

know

lik e

w ork

1. My brother has w orked at your company for years. You m u s t k n o w him. 2. M arilyn wears som ething blue every day. S h e ____________________ the color blue. 3. The Hills have six children and three dogs. T h e y ____________________a big house. 4. Mrs. Lee bought three gallons of milk at the store. H er c h ild re n ____________________ a lot of milk. 5. I know Mrs. Rom o has a job, but she’s always hom e during the day. She ____________________ at night.

32.3 Write m u st or m u st not . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(on the telephone) This isn’t the Smiths’? I m u s t have the w rong number. Carlos takes the bus everywhere. He m u s t n o t have a car. B randon is very thin. H e eat very much. I never see my neighbor in the m orning. H e _______________ leave for work very early. I always have to repeat things w hen I talk to Kelly. S h e _______________ hear very well. Jim wears the same clothes every day. H e _______________ have m any clothes. You have a cold and a fever? Poor thing! Y o u feel awful.

3 2 4 Complet e t he sent ences. Use m u st + t hese verbs: he-

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

be

g et

know

take

w ear

In m ost o f the U nited States, you m u s t b e at least 16 to get a driver’s license. For this job, y o u _______________both Spanish and German. People in the front seat of a c a r a seat belt. High school students who w ant to go to college good grades. This highway is closed. D riv e rs_______________ another road. A tennis p la y e r_______________very good to play professionally.

12 5 Write m u st , m u st n ' t , or h ad t o. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

We m u stn 't forget to send Sam a birthday card. We h a d to wear safety glasses w hen we visited the factory. I _______________hurry or I’ll be late. “W hy were you so late?” “I _______________ wait half an hour for the bus.” Keep these papers in a safe place. Y o u _______________lose them . Bicyclists_______________follow the same traffic rules as drivers. W e _______________forget to tu rn off the lights w hen we leave. I don’t usually w ork on Saturdays, but last Saturday I _______________ work.

65

should You shouldn't watch TV so m uch.

sh ould + base form (should do / sh ould watch, etc.)

I/w e /y o u /th e y h e /s h e /it

should sh ou ld n ’t

do stop g° watch, etc.

You sh ould do som ething = it is a good thing to do; it is the right thing to do: ■ Tom doesn’t study enough. He sh ould study harder. ■ It’s a good movie. You sh ould go and see it. ■ W hen you play tennis, you should always w atch the ball. Shou ld I/w e do something? = is it a good thing to do? ■ S hou ld I in v ite Karen to dinner? ■ S hou ld we m ak e som ething special for dinner? You sh o u ld n ’t do som ething = it is not a good thing to do (sh ou ld n ’t = should not): ■ Tom sh o u ld n ’t go to bed so late. ■ You watch TV all the time. You sh o u ld n ’t w atch TV so much. W e often say I th in k . . . sh ould . . . : ■ I th in k Lisa sh ould buy some new clothes. (— I think it is a good idea.) ■ It’s late. I th in k I sh ould go hom e now. ■ A: Shall I buy this coat? B: Yes, I th in k you should. I d o n ’t th ink . . . sh ould ■ I d o n ’t th in k you sh ould w ork so hard. (= I don’t think it is a good idea.) ■ I d o n ’t th in k we should go yet. It’s too early. D o you th in k . . . sh ould . . . ?: ■ D o you th in k I sh ould buy this hat? ■ W hat time do you th in k we should go home? S hou ld is different from have to. ■ I sh ould study tonight, but I think I’ll go to the movies. ■ I have to study tonight. I can’t go to the movies. A nother way to say sh ould is o u g h t to: ■ I o u g h t to study tonight, but I think I’ll go to the movies. (= I should study) ■ I think Lisa o u g h t to buy some new clothes. (= Lisa should buy) shall/ should — Unit 29

m u st — Unit 32

have t o — Unit 34

Exerci ses

u N 1T J J

33.1 Complet e t he sent ences. Use y o u sh ou l d + t hese verbs: eat 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

go

read

v isit

watefa-

w ear

W hen you play tennis y o u sh o u ld w a tc h the ball. It’s late, and you’re very tire d ._________________________ to bed. _________________________ plenty of fruit and vegetables. If you have tim e ,_________________________ the Science M useum . It’s very interesting. W hen you’re d riv in g , a seat belt. It’s a very good b o o k ._________________________ it.

33.2 Writ e about t he people in t he pictures. Use He/ She sh o u l d n ' t . . . so . . . .

1. S h e shouldn t w a tc h T V so much. 2. H e ___________________________________ .

3. hard. 4._______________________________________

33.3 You are not sure what to do, so you ask a f riend. Writ e quest ions wit h Do y o u t hi nk I sh o u l d . . . ? 1. You You 2. You You 3. You You 4. You You

are in a store. You are trying on a jacket, (buy?) ask your friend: D o y o u think / sh o u ld b u y this ja c k e t? _________________________ can’t drive, (learn?) ask your friend: Do you th in k ___________________________________________________ don’t like your job. (get another job?) ask your frie n d :________________________________________________________________ are going to have a party, (invite Gary?) ask your frie n d :________________________________________________________________

33.4 Write sent ences wit h I t hi nk . . . sh o u l d . . . and I d on ' t t hi nk . .. sh ou l d . . . . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

We have to get up early tom orrow, (go hom e now) / th in k w e sh o u ld c/o ho m e now. That coat is too big for you. (buy it) / don t think yo u should b u y it.__________________ You don’t need your car. (sell i t ) _____________________________________________________ Karen needs a change, (take a tr ip ) ___________________________________________________ Sally and Dan are too young, (get m a rrie d )___________________________________________ You’re still sick, (go to w o rk )________________________________________________________ James isn’t feeling well today, (go to the d o c to r)_______________________________________ The hotel is too expensive for us. (stay th e re )_________________________________________

33 5 What do you t hink? Writ e sent ences wit h sh o u l d . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I I I I I

think e v e r y b o d y sh o u ld learn a n o th er language.__________________________________ think everybody__________________________________________________________________ th in k _____________________________________________________________________________ don’t th in k _______________________________________________________________________ think I ___________________________________________________________________________

67

UNI T

54

I have t o This is my m edicine. I have to take it three tim es a day.

n

I have to do som ething = it is necessary for me to do it; I am obliged to do it. I/w e /y o u /th e y

have

h e /s h e /it

has

to to to to

do w ork go wear, etc.

■ I’ll be late for w ork tomorrow- I have to go to the dentist. ■ Jane starts work at 7:00, so she has to get up at 6:00. ■ You have to pass a test before you can get a driver’s license. The past (yesterday / last w eek, etc.) is had to . . . : ■ I was late for w ork yesterday. I had to go to the dentist. ■ W e had to w alk hom e last night. There were no buses. In questions and negatives we use d o /d o e s (present) and did (past): Present do does

I/w e /y o u /th e y h e /s h e /it

have to . . . ?

I /w e /y o u /th e y h e /s h e /it

d o n ’t d o esn ’t

have to . . .

Past did

I/w e /y o u /th e y h e /s h e /it

have to . . . ?

I/w e /y o u /th e y h e /s h e /it

d id n ’t have to . . .

■ W hat time do you have to go to the dentist tom orrow? ■ D o es Jane have to w ork on Saturdays? ■ W hy did they have to leave the party early? I d o n ’t have to (do something) = it is not necessary to do it: ■ I’m not working tom orrow, so I d o n ’t have to get up early. ■ M ike d oesn ’t have to w ork very hard. H e’s got an easy job. ■ W e didn’t have to w ait very long for the bus - it came in a few minutes. m u st You can also use m u st to say it is necessary to do something. ■ You m u st pass a test before you can get a driver’s license. ■ In many countries, m en m u st do military service. We use have to m ore often than m ust, especially in spoken English.

68

must — Un it 32

U N I

Exercises 34.1

Complet e t he h it 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

34.2

speak

Use h ave take

travel

t o or hast o + t hese verbs: w ear

My eyes are not very good. I h a v e to w e a r glasses. At the end o f the course all the stu d en ts____________________ a test. Sarah is studying literature. S h e ____________________a lot of books. Alberto doesn’t understand m uch English. Y o u very slowly to him. Kate is not at hom e much. S h e ____________________ a lot for her job. In tennis y o u ____________________ the ball over the net.

Complet e t he answ er 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

sent ences.

read

sent ences.

buy

ch an ge

Use h ave

t o or h ad t o + t hese verbs:

go

w ake

take

w alk

We h a d to w alk hom e last night. There were no buses. It’s late. I ____________________now. I’ll see you tomorrow. I w ent to the store after work yesterday. I ____________________ some food. This train doesn’t go all the way downtown. Y o u at First Avenue. We took a test yesterday. W e six questions out of ten. I’m going to bed. I ____________________ up early tomorrow. Amy and her cousin can’t go out w ith us tonight. T h e y care of Amy’s little brother.

34 3 Complet e t he quest ions. Some are present and some are past. ____________________________________________ x T 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I have to get up early tomorrow. George had to wait a long time. Liz has to go somewhere. We had to pay a lot of money. I have to do some work. They had to leave early. Paul has to go to Moscow.

W hat tim e do y o u h a v e to g e t up_____________ ? P How lo n g _________________________________ W h e re ________________________________________ ? How m u c h ____________________________________ ? W hat exactly ’ ? W h y __________________________________________ ? W h e n _________________________________________?

34 4 Write sent ences wit h d on ' t / doesn ' t / d i d n ' t h ave t o . . . . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

W hy W hy W hy W hy W hy W hy

are you going out? You don t h a v e to g o ___________________________________ out. is Sue waiting? S h e __________________________________________________________ did you get up early? Y o u ____________________________________________________ is Paul working so hard? H e ___________________ do you w ant to leave now? W e ________________ did they tell me som ething I already know? They .

34 5 Write some t hings t hat you (or your f riends or family) have t o do or h ad t o d o . 1. (every day) / h a v e to d riv e 50 m iles to w o rk e v e r y day.______________________ (every d a y )_________ 3. (yesterday)__________ 4. (to m o rro w )_________ 5. (last w e e k )__________ 6. (when I was younger) 2

Would you like . .. ?

I'd like

W ould you lik e . . . ? = Do you w a n t. . . ?

Would yo a niora nf

We use W ould you lik e . . . ? to offer things: ■ A: W ould you lik e some coffee? B: No, thank you. ■ A: W ould you lik e a piece of candy? B: Yes, thanks. ■ A: W hich w ou ld you like, tea or coffee? B: Tea, please.

We use W ould you lik e to . . . ? to invite somebody: ■ W ould you lik e to go for a walk? ■ A: W ould you lik e to have dinner w ith us on Sunday? B: Yes, F d love to. (= I w ould love to have dinner w ith you) ■ W hat w o u ld you lik e to do tonight? Fd lik e . . . is a polite way to say “I w ant.” (Fd like = I w o u ld like) ■ I’m thirsty. F d lik e a drink. ■ (in a tourist office) F d lik e some inform ation about hotels, please. ■ I’m feeling tired. F d lik e to stay hom e tonight. W ould you lik e . . . ? and D o you lik e . . . ? W ould you lik e . . . ? / I’d lik e . . .

D o you lik e . . . ? / 1 lik e . . . Do you like coffee? Yes, I do.

Would you like some now? No, t hank you

W ould you lik e some coffee? = Do you w ant some coffee? ■ A: W ould you lik e to go to the movies tonight? (= do you w ant to go tonight?) B: Yes, I’d love to.

D o you lik e coffee? = Do you think coffee is good? ■ A: D o you lik e to go to the movies? (in general) B: Yes, I go to the movies a lot.

M F d lik e an orange, please.

■ I lik e oranges, (in general)

(= can I have an orange?) ■ W hat w o u ld you lik e to do next weekend?

like t o do and like -ing — Unit 53

I w ould do somet hing if .

■ W hat do you lik e to do on weekends?

— Unit 101

Exercises 35.1 What are t he people in t he pictures saying? Use W oul d y o u l i k e . . . ?

: 5.2 What do you say to Sue in t hese sit uat ions? Use W oul d y o u l i k e t o . . . ? 1. You w ant to go to the movies tonight. Perhaps Sue will go w ith you. (go) You say: W ould y o u like to g o to th e m o vies tonic/ht?______________________________ 2. You w ant to play tennis tom orrow. Perhaps Sue will play, too. (play) You say:___________________________________________________________________________ 3. You have an extra ticket for a concert next week. Perhaps Sue will come, (come) You say:___________________________________________________________________________ 4. It’s raining and Sue is going out. She doesn’t have an umbrella, but you have one. (borrow) You say:___________________________________________________________________________

35.3 Which is right? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

“Do you like / W ould you like a piece o f candy?” “Yes, thanks.” (Would you like is right) “Do you like / W ould you like bananas?” “Yes, I love them .” “Do you like / W ould you like some ice cream?” “No, thank you.” “W hat do you like / would you like to drink?” “A glass of water, please.” “Do you like / W ould you like to go out for a walk?” “N o t now. Maybe later.” I like / I’d like tomatoes, but I don’t eat them very often. W hat tim e do you like / w ould you like to have dinner tonight? “Do you like / W ould you like som ething to eat?” “N o, thanks. I’m not hungry.” “Do you like / W ould you like your new job?” “Yes, I’m enjoying it.” I’m tired. I like / I’d like to go to bed now. “I like / I’d like a sandwich, please.” “Sure. W hat kind of sandwich?” “W hat kind o f music do you like / would you like?” “All kinds.”

UNI T

36

I'd r at h er . . .

No, thanks.

I'd rather sit on the floor.

Ann likes to sit on the floor. She doesn’t w ant to sit on a chair. So she says: I’d rather sit on the floor. (= I would prefer to sit on the floor.) Pd rather . . . = I w o u ld rather . . . I w o u ld rather do som ething = I would prefer to do something: Positive

Negative

I’d rather (I w o u ld rather)

do stay have be

Pd rather n ot (I w ou ld rather not)

Question do stay have be

w ou ld you rather

I don’t really w ant to go out. Pd rather stay home. (= I’d prefer to stay home) “Should we go now?” “No, not yet. Pd rather w ait until later.” I’d like to go now, but Tom w ou ld rather w ait until later. I don’t like to be late. Pd rather be early. I’m feeling tired. Pd rather n ot go o u t tonight. (= I’d prefer not to go out) Sue is feeling tired. She’d rather n o t go ou t tonight. W e’re not hungry. W e’d rather n o t eat yet. “W ould you like to go out tonight?” “Pd rather n ot.” (= I’d rather not go out) “W ould you rather have milk or juice?” “Juice, please.” W hich w o u ld you rather do - go to the movies or watch a DVD at home? We say “Pd rather do something” (not to do something): ■ Pd rather sit on the floor. (not I’d rather to sit) ■ Sue w ou ld rather not go out. (not w ould rather not to go) B ut we say “Pd prefer to do som ething”: ■ Pd prefer to sit on the floor. ■ Sue w ou ld prefer not to go out. You can say “Pd rather . . . than . . . ”: ■ Pd rather go out than stay home. ■ Pd rather have a dog than a cat. ■ W e’d rather go to the movies than watch a DVD at home. ■ Pd rather be at hom e right now than here.

72

do . . . ? stay . .. ? have . . . ? be . . . ?

UNI T

Exercises 36.1 Look at t he pict ures and complet e B's sent ences. Use 1.

A Would you like to sit here?

36

r a t h er . . . . B

No, thanks. I d r a th e r s i t on the floor.

2. Don't you want to watch TV?

3. Would you like some tea?

4. Should we go out now?

until it stops raining.

35.2 Complet e t hese quest ions. Use w ou l d y o u r a t h er . . . . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Do you w ant to go out, or w o u ld y o u r a th e r s ta y home? Should we have dinner now, o r __________________________ later? W ould you like a glass of juice, o r __________________________ water? Do you w ant to go to the movies, o r __________________________ TV? Should we call your brother tonight, or . tom orrow m orning?

3 Complet e t he sent ences wit h a verb. Somet imes you need t o. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I’d rather s ta y hom e tonight. I’d prefer not to g o out. Should we walk hom e, or w ould you ra th e r _______________ a taxi? Do you w ant me to come w ith you, or w ould you p re fe r_______________ alone? Mary doesn’t w ant to go to college. She’d rather . a job. “Can I help you w ith your suitcase?” “No, thank you. I’d ra th e r_________ . it myself.” I’d rather n o t _______________him. I’d p re fe r him a letter.

.4 Answer t hese quest ions about yourself . Use I ' d r a t h er . . . t han. 1. W hich w ould you prefer to be - a bus driver or an airplane pilot? I d r a t h e r b e a b u s d r i v er t han an a i r p l a n e pi l ot .____________________ 2. W hich w ould you prefer to be - a journalist or a school teacher? 3. W here would you prefer to live - in a big city or a small town? 4. W hich w ould you prefer to have - a small house or a big one? 5. W hich w ould you prefer to study - electronics or philosophy? 6. W hich w ould you prefer to w atch - a soccer game or a movie?

73

UNI T 1

Do t his!

Don' t do t hat !

Let's do t his!

7

W e use c o m e /lo o k /g o /w a it /d o /b e , etc. w hen we tell somebody to do something: ■ “C o m e here and lo o k at this.” “W hat is it?” ■ I don’t w ant to talk to you. G o away! ■ I’m not ready yet. Please w ait for me. ■ Please be quiet. I’m working. also ■ Bye! Have a good trip! / H ave a nice time! / H ave a good flight! / H ave fun! (= I hope you have a good trip, etc.) ■ “H ave some candy.” “Oh, thanks.” (= would you like some candy?) We use d o n ’t . . . w hen we tell somebody not to do something: ■ Be careful! D o n ’t fall. ■ Please d o n ’t go. Stay here w ith me. ■ Be here on time. D o n ’t be late. You can say L et’s . . . w hen you w ant people to do things w ith you. (let’s = let us) ■ It’s a nice day. L et’s go out. (= you and I can go out) ■ Com e on! L et’s dance. (= you and I can dance) ■ Are you ready? L et’s go. ■ L et’s have fish for dinner tonight. ■ A: Should we go out tonight? B: No, I’m tired. L et’s stay home. The negative is L et’s n o t . . . : ■ It’s cold. L et’s n ot go out. Let’s stay home. ■ L et’s n ot have fish for dinner tonight. Let’s have chicken. I’m tired o f arguing. L et’s n ot do it any more.

Exer cises 37.1

u r

Look at t he pictures. What are t he people saying? Some sent ences are positive (buy!com e, etc.) and some are negat ive (d on ' t b u y / d on ' t com e, etc.). Use t hese verbs: be

buy

co m e

d r in k

drop

forget

have

sit

sleep

sm ile

37.2 Complet e t he sent ences. Use l et ' s wit h: go for a sw im

go to a restaurant

take th e bus

w a it a little

w atch T V

SL __________ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Would you like to play tennis? Do you want to walk home? Shall I put a CD on? Should we have dinner at home? Would you like to go now?

v

No, No, No, No, No,

l et ' s go f o r a sw i m ______________________

3 7 3 Answ er wit h No, d o n ' t . . . or No, l et ' s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Shall I wait for you? Should we go home now? Shall we go out? Do you want me to close the window? Should I call you tonight? Do you think we should wait for Andy? Do you want me to turn on the light? Should we take a taxi?

___________________________ No, don t w a i t f o r me.________ No, l e t s n o t go h om e yet ._____

t here is t here are

T here’s a m an on the roof.

T here’s a train at 10:30.

There are seven days in a week.

Singular there is . . . is there . . . ? there is n o t . . .

,JM L

fm m

(there’s) (there isn ’t or th ere’s not)

T here’s a big tree in the yard. T here’s nothing on TV tonight. A: Do you have any money? B: Yes, th ere’s some in my wallet. A: Excuse me, is there a hotel near here? B: Yes, there is. / No, there isn ’t. We can’t go skiing. There isn ’t any snow.

Plural there are . . . are there . . . ? there are n o t . . .

(there aren’t)

I

M llM

There are some big trees in the yard. There are a lot o f accidents on this road. A: Are there any restaurants near here? B: Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t. This restaurant is very quiet. T here aren’t many people here. H ow many players are there on a soccer team? There are 11 players on a soccer team.

There is and it is there is

it is

T here’s a book on the table. (not It’s a book on the table.)

I like this book . It’s interesting, (it = this book)

Compare: ■ “W hat’s that noise?” “It’s a train.” (it = that noise) T here’s a train at 10:30. It’s a fast train. (It = the 10:30 train) ■

T here’s a lot o f salt in this soup. I don’t like this soup. It’s too salty, (it = this soup)

t here w as / w ere / has been, et c. — Unit 39

it and t here — Unit 40

some and any — Unit 77

U N I

Exercises

j 3.1 Springf ield is a small t own. Look at t he informat ion in t he box and writ e sent ences about Springf ield wit h There i s/ are or There i sn' t / aren' t . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

a golf course? any restaurants? a hospital? a swim m ing pool? any movie theaters? a university? any big hotels?

No Yes (a lot) Yes No Yes (two) No No

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

There is n 't a g o lf course. There a re a lo t o f restau ran ts.

.2 Write sent ences about your t ow n (or a t own t hat you know). Use There i s/ are or There i sn ' t / a r en ' t . 1.

There a re a fe w restau ran ts.___________________________

2.

There s a b ig p ark.

3.

4. 5. 6.

33 3 Write t h er e i s / t h er e i sn ' t / i s t h er e or t h er e are / t h er e a r en ' t / ar e t h er e. 1. Springfield isn’t an old town. There a re n t any old buildings. 2. L o o k !____________________ a photograph o f your brother in the newspaper! 3. “Excuse m e ,____________________ a bank near here?” “Yes, at the end o f the block.” . five people in my family: my parents, my two sisters, and me. 4. 5. ‘H ow many students .____________________ in the class?” “Tw enty.” ________________ m uch traffic. 6. The road is usually very q u ie t.. _ a bus from dow ntow n to the airport?” “Yes, every 20 m inutes.” _ any problem s?” “N o, everything is O K .” 9. . now here to sit d o w n .____________________ any chairs.

: = 4 Write sent ences wit h There are . . . . Choose from t he boxes. five seven eigh t

tw enty-six th irty fifty

letters days players days planets states

S eptem ber the U n ited States a basketball team

the solar system a w eek the E nglish alphabet

1. There a re s e v e n d a ys in a week._________________________________________________ 2. 3. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 6 . ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

33 5 Write t her e' s / i s t h er e or i t ' s / i s i t . 1. “

There's

a flight at 10:30.”

“

Is i t

a nonstop flight?” too expensive. som ething in my eye.” “W hat’s wrong?” “_________ . yours < . a red car outside your h o u se .. ____________anything good on TV tonight?” “Y es,. “W hat’s that building?” “_____________ a school.” . a restaurant in this hotel?” “No, I’m afraid not.”

2 . I’m not going to buy this sh irt..

3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

a movie at 8:00.”

t here w as/ w ere t here w ill be

t here has/ have been

T here was / there w ere (past)

T here is a train every hour. The time now is 11:15. T here was a train at 11:00.

Com pare: there w a s/w ere (past) ■ T here was a good nature program on TV last night. ■ W e stayed at a very big hotel. T here w ere 1,250 rooms. ■ Were there any phone messages for me yesterday? ■ I was hungry w hen I got home, but there w asn ’t anything to eat.

there is/a re (present) ■ T here is a good nature program on TV tonight. ■ We are staying at a very big hotel. T here are 1,250 rooms. ■ Are there any phone messages for me this m orning? ■ I’m hungry, but there isn ’t anything to eat.

T here has been / there have been (present perfect) ■ Look! T here’s been an accident. (there’s been = there has been) ■ This road is very dangerous. T here have b een many accidents on it. Com pare there was (past): ■ T here was an accident last night. (not There has been an accident last night.) For simple past and present perfect, see U nit 21.

T here w ill be Do you think there w ill be a lot o f people at the party on Saturday? The m anager of the company is leaving, so there w ill be a new m anager soon. I’m going out o f town tom orrow. I’m packing my things today because there w o n ’t be tim e tomorrow. (there w o n ’t be = there w ill n ot be)

w as/ w ere — Unit 10

has/ have been — Unit s 16-17

t here and it — Unit s 38, 40

som e and any — Unit 77

w ill

Unit 28

t here is/ are -

Unit 38

U N I

Exercises 1 Look at t he t w o pictures. Now t he room is empty, but w hat was in t he room last w eek? Choose from t he box and writ e sent ences wit h There w as . . . or There w er e . . . . an arm ch air som e b ooks

a carpet -a-etoek-

som e flo w e rs th ree p ictu res

a sofa a sm a ll table

list week

L

Th er e w a s a d o ck

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

. on the wall near the window. . on the floor. . on the wall near the door. . in the m iddle o f the room. . on the table. . on the shelves. . in the corner near the door. opposite the armchair.

Write t h er e w as / t h er e w a sn ' t / w as t h er e or t h er e w er e / t h er e w er en ' t / w er e t her e. 1. I was hungry, but t h er e w a sn ’t anything to eat. 2. W er e t h er e any phone messages for me yesterday? 3. I opened the envelope, but it was em p ty .____________________ nothing in it. 4. “We stayed at a very nice hotel.” “R eally?____________________ a swim m ing pool?” 5. “D id you buy any cherries?” “N o ,____________________ any at the store.” 6. The wallet was em p ty .____________________any m oney in it. 7. “____________________ many people at the m eeting?” “No, very few.” 8 . We didn’t visit the m u se u m .____________________ enough time. 9. I’m sorry I’m la te .. . a lot o f traffic. 10. T w enty years ago _ . many tourists here. N ow there are a lot.

3 r 3 Write t h er e + i s / are / w as / w er e / has b een / have b een / w i l l be. 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 10.

a good program on TV last night. ___________________ 24 hours in a day. ___________________ a party at w ork last Friday, but I didn’t go. W here can I buy a newspaper?” “________________ a drugstore at the end o f the block.” W hy are the police outside the bank?” “____________________ a robbery.” W hen we got to the theater, . a long line outside, somebody at the airport to m eet you. W hen you arrive to m o rro w ,. Ten years a g o ___ 500 children in the school. N ow . m ore than a thousand. Last week I w ent back to the tow n w here I was born. It’s very different now. ____________________ a lot o f changes. I think everything will be OK. I don’t th in k ____________________ any problems. Th er e w a s

We use it for tim e/day/distance/w eather: time W hat time is it? I t ’s half past 10. m I t ’s late. ■ I t ’s tim e to go home.

W hat day is it? It’s Thursday. It’s M arch 16th. It was my birthday yesterday.

■ ■ ■ ■

I t ’s two miles from our house to downtown. H ow far is it from N ew York to Los Angeles? I t ’s a long way from here to the airport. W e can walk hom e. It isn’t far.

We use far in questions (is it far?) and negatives (it isn ’t far). In positive sentences, we use a lo n g w ay (it’s a lo n g way). ■ It’s raining. It isn’t raining. Is it snowing? ■ It rains a lot here. It didn’t rain yesterday. Does it snow very often? II I t ’s w a rm /h o t/c o ld /n ic e /c lo u d y /w in d y /su n n y /c le a r/ dry/hum id/foggy/dark, etc. ■ I t ’s a nice day today. C om pare it and there: ■ It rains a lot in the winter. It’s very rainy in the winter. T here is a lo t o f rain in the winter. ■ It was very w in d y yesterday. T here was a strong w in d yesterday. It’s nice to . . . , etc. It’s

easy / difficult / impossible / dangerous / safe expensive / interesting / nice / wonderful / terrible, etc.

to

■ It’s nice to see you again. ■ It’s impossible to understand her. ■ It wasn’t easy to fin d your house. D o n ’t forget it: ■ I t ’s raining again, (not Is raining again) ■ Is it true that you’re m oving to Dallas? (not Is true t h a t . • ) t h er e is -

Un it s 38- 39

U N I

Exercises -0.1 Write about t he weat her in t he pictures. Use It ' s .

Write i t i s (it's) or i s it. 1. W hat tim e /s i t ? We have to go now. . very late. 3. true that Bill can fly a helicopter? 4. “W hat d a y . . Wednesday.” today? Tuesday?” “N o ,. 5. __________10 kilom eters from dow ntow n to the airport. 6 . __________O K to call you at the office? 7. “Do you w ant to walk to the hotel?” “I don’t know. H ow far . __________ Lisa’s birthday today. She’s 27. 9. I don’t believe it ! __________ impossible.

2

m3

.

Writ e quest ions wit h H ow f ar . .. ? 1. 2. 3. 4.

(here / the station) (the hotel / the beach) (N ew York / W ashington) (your house / the airport)

H o w f a r i s i t f r om h er e t o t h e st a t i o n ? H ow

Write i t or t her e. 1. The w eather isn’t so nice today. i t ’s cloudy. Th er e was a strong w ind yesterday. _______ ’s hot in this room. O pen a window. . was a nice day yesterday. . was warm and sunny. __________was a storm last night. Did you hear it? I was afraid b ecau se__________ was very dark. __________’s often cold here, b u t ___________ isn’t m uch rain. __________’s a long way from here to the nearest gas station.

-I 5 Complet e t he sent ences. Choose from t he boxes. it’s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

easy d ifficu lt im p o ssib le

dangerous n ice interestin g

to

w ork in this office v isit d ifferen t places see you again

-get up-early go ou t alone m ake friends

If you go to bed late, i t ' s d i f f i cu l t t o c/ et up ea r l y in the m orning. Hello, J a n e . . H ow are you? ____________________________________. There is too m uch noise. Everybody is very nice at work. I like traveling.. at night. Some cities are not safe.

I am, I don' t , etc.

She isn’t tired, but he is. (he is = he is tired)

He likes tea, but she d o esn ’t. (she d oesn ’t = she doesn’t like tea)

In these examples, it is not necessary to repeat some words (“he is tired” “she doesn’t like tea”). You can use these verbs in the same way: a m /is /a r e w a s/w ere have/has d o /d o e s /d id can w ill m ig h t sh ould

■ I haven’t seen the movie, but my sister has. (= my sister has seen the movieji ■ A: Please help me. B: I’m sorry. I can’t. (= I can’t help you) ■ A: Are you tired? B: I was, but I’m n o t now. (— I was tired, but I’m not tired now) ■ A: Do you think Jane will call tonight?' B: She m igh t. (= she m ight call) ■ A: Are you going to study tonight? B: I should, but I probably w o n ’t. (= I should study, but I probably w on’t study)

You cannot use ’m / ’s / ’ve, etc. (shortforms) in this way.You m ust use a m /is/h a v e , etc.: ■ She isn’t tired, but he is. (n o t. . . but he’s) But you can use isn ’t / haven’t / w o n ’t, etc. (negative short forms): ■ My sister has seen the movie, but I haven’t. ■ “Are you and Jane working tom orrow ?” “Iam,but Jane isn ’t.” You can use I am / I’m not, etc. after ■ “Are you tired?” “Yes, I am. / ■ “W ill Bill be here tom orrow ?” ■ “Is there a bus to the airport?”

Yes and No: No, I’m n ot.” “Yes, he w ill. / No, he w o n ’t.” “Yes, there is. / No, there isn ’t.”

We use d o /d o e s for the simple present (see Units 6-7): ■ I don’t like hot weather, but Sue does. (= Sue likes hot weather) ■ Sue works hard, but I d o n ’t. (= I don’t w ork hard) ■ “D o you enjoy your work?” “Yes, I d o.” We use d id for the simple past (see U nit 12): ■ A: Did you and Chris like the movie? ■ B: I did, but Chris d id n ’t. (= I liked it, but Chris didn’t like it) ■ “I had a good tim e.” “I did, too.” (= I had a good time, too) ■ “Did it rain yesterday?” “N o, it d id n ’t.”

You have? / Have you?, et c. — Unit 42

so am I / neit her do I, et c. — Unit 43

U N I

Exercises t l 1 Complet e t hese sent ences. Use only one verb (i s/ have/ can, etc.) each time. 1. 2. 3.

Kate wasn’t hungry, but we w e r e I’m not m arried, but my b ro th e r Bill can’t help you, but I

. 4. I haven’t read the book, but Tom . . 5. Karen w on’t be here, but C h ris __ . 6. You w eren’t late, but I __________

2 Complet e t hese sent ences wit h a negative verb (i sn' t / haven' t / can' t , etc.). 1. My sister can play the piano, but I c a n t . 4. M ark has been to China, but I . 2. Sam is working today, but I ________________. 5. I’m ready to go, but Tom . 3. I was working, but my frie n d s . 6. I’ve seen the movie, but Kim .

41 3 Complet e t hese sent ences wit h do/ does/ di d or don' t / doesn ' t / di dn' t . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I don’t like hot weather, but Sue does . Sue likes hot weather, but I d o n t . My m other wears glasses, but my fa th e r_______________ . You don’t know Paul very well, but I _______________ . I didn’t enjoy the party, but my frie n d s_______________ . I don’t watch TV m uch, but P e te r_______________ . Kate lives in Canada, but her parents _ You had breakfast this m orning, but I

41 4 Complet e t he sent ences. Writ e about yourself and ot her people. 1. I didn’t g o o u t la st n ig h t b u t m y frien d s did.________________ 2. I lik e ________________________________, b u t . 3. I don’t ______________________________ , b u t . 4. I’m ______________________________________ 5. I haven’t .

5 Put in a verb, positive or negat ive. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

“Are you tired?” “I w a s earlier, but I’m not now.” Steve is happy today, but h e _______________ yesterday. The stores aren’t open yet, but the post office . I don’t have a telescope, but I know somebody w ho . I w ould like to help you, but I’m sorry I . I don’t usually drive to work, but I _______________ yesterday. A: Have you ever been to Costa Rica? B: No, but S an dra_______________ . She w ent there on vacation last year. “Do you and Luke watch TV a lot?” “I _______________ , but Luke doesn’t.” I’ve been invited to Sam’s wedding, but K a te _______________ . “Do you think Sarah will pass her driving test?” “Yes, I’m sure s h e _________ “Are you going out tonight?” “I _______________ . I don’t know for sure.”

-1.6 Answer t hese quest ions about yourself . Use Yes, I h a ve. / No, I' m n o t , etc. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Are you Brazilian? No, I'm not.___________________________ Do you have a car?_______________ ________________________________________ Do you feel OK?_________________ ________________________________________ Is it snowing?____________________ ________________________________________ Are you hungry?_________________ ____________________________________ ___ Do you like classical music?_______ ________________________________________ W ill you be in Boston tom orrow? ________________________________________ Have you ever broken your arm? ________________________________________ Did you buy anything yesterday? ________________________________________ W ere you asleep at 3:00 a.m.? ________________________________________

UNI T

42

You have?

Have you? You are? Are you?, etc. I'm w riting a book.

I've bought a new car.

I don't like George.

You are? W hat about?

You don't? Why not?

You can say you have? / it is? / he can’t?, etc. to show that you are interested or surprised: ■ “Y ou’re late.” “I am? I’m sorry.” ■ “I was sick last w eek.” “You were? I didn’t know that.” ■ “It’s raining again.” “It is? It was sunny 10 m inutes ago.” ■ “T here’s a letter for you.” “T here is? W here is it?” ■ “B ill can’t drive.” “H e can’t? I didn’t know that.” ■ “I’m n o t hungry.” “You aren’t? I am.” M “Sue isn ’t at work today.” “She isn ’t? Is she sick?” Use d o /d o e s for the simple present and d id for the simple past: ■ “I speak four languages.” “You do? W hich ones?” ■ “T im d o esn ’t eat m eat.” “H e d o esn ’t? Does he eat fish?” ■ “N ic o le g o t m arried last w eek.” “She did? Really?” Tag questions You can use have you? / is it? / can’t she?, etc. at the end o f a sentence.

It's a nice day, isn't it? :cy >

These “mini questions” are tag questions.

Positive sentence —►Negative tag question It’s a nice day, Sally lives in Portland, You closed the window, T hose shoes are nice, T om w ill be here soon, _Y \

Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes,

it’s perfect. that’s right. I think so. very nice. probably.

Negative sentence —►Positive tag question

That isn ’t your car, You haven’t m et my mother, Sally d o esn ’t go out m uch, You w o n ’t be late,

84

isn ’t it? d o esn ’t she? d id n ’t you? aren’t they? w o n ’t he?

I am , I d o n ' t , et c. — Un it 41

is it? have you? does she? w ill you?

No, No, No, No,

it’s my m other’s. I haven’t. she doesn’t. I’m never late.

Yes, it's perfect.

UNI T

Exercises 1 Answer wit h You d o ? / Sh e d o esn ' t ? / They di d?, etc. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I speak four languages. I work in a bank. I didn’t go to w ork yesterday. Jane doesn’t like me. You look tired. Kate called me last night.

W hich ones? I w ork in a bank, too. W ere you sick? W hy not? I feel fine. W hat did she say?

You do

-2 2 Answer wit h You h a v e? / You h a v en ' t ? / Sh e d i d ? / Sh e d i d n ' t ?, etc. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

I’ve bought a new car. Tim doesn’t eat meat. I’ve lost my key. Sue can’t drive. I was born in Italy. I didn’t sleep well last night. T here’s a football game on TV tonight. I’m not happy. I saw Paula last week. M aria works in a factory. I w on’t be here next week. The clock isn’t working.

You h a v e H e d oesn t

W hat kind is it? Does he eat fish? W hen did you have it last? She should learn. I didn’t know that. Was the bed uncom fortable? Are you going to watch it? W hy not? H ow is she? W hat kind of factory? W here will you be? It was w orking yesterday.

X2 3 Complet e t hese sent ences wit h a t ag quest ion (i sn ' t i t ? / h a v en ' t y o u ?, etc.). 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

It’s a nice dav. These flowers are nice, Jane was at the party, You’ve been to Chile, You speak Thai, Bill looks tired, You’ll help me,

isn t i t

P P P P P P P

J

Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes,

it’s beautiful. w hat kind are they? but I didn’t speak to her. many times. but not very well. he works very hard. of course I will.

M2A Complet e t hese sent ences wit h a t ag quest ion, positive (i s i t ? / do y o u ?, etc.) or negative (i sn ' t i t ? / d o n ' t y o u ?, etc.). 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

You haven’t eaten yet, You aren’t tired, Lisa is a very nice person, You can play the piano, You don’t know M ike’s sister, Sarah w ent to college, The movie wasn’t very good, Anna lives near you, You w on’t tell anybody what I said,

ha ve' vou

? p p p p p p p p

No, I’m not hungry. No, I feel fine. Yes, everybody likes her. Yes, but I’m not very good. No, I’ve never m et her. Yes, she studied psychology. No, it was terrible. Yes, ju st a few blocks away. No, o f course not.

U N I T

t oo/ eit her

so am I / neit her do lf etc.

Too and eith er

■ 11■

I'm happy,

j

I'm not happy.

I'm happy, too.

Ifm not happy, either.

W e use to o and eith er at the end o f a sentence. We use eith er after a negative verb: ■ A: I’m not happy. B: Pm n o t happy, either. (not I’m n o t . . ., too.) m A: I can’t cook. B: I can’t, either, (not I can’t, too) m Bill doesn’t watch TV. He d o esn ’t read newspapers, either.

We use to o after a positive verb: ■ A: I’m happy. B: Pm happy, too. ■ A: I liked the movie. B: I lik ed it, too. ■ Jane is a doctor. Her husband is a doctor, too.

so am I / n eith er do I, etc. I'm happy.

so

n eith er So am I.

so am 1 = 1 am, too so have 1 = 1 have, too (etc.): ■ A: I’m working. B: So am I. (= I’m working, too) ■ A: I was late for w ork today. B: So was Sam . (= Sam was late, too) ■ A: I w ork in a bank. B: So do I. ■ A: We w en t to the movies last night. B: You did? So d id w e. ■ A: I’d like to go to Australia. B: So w o u ld I.

a m /is /a r e w a s/w er e . . . d o /d o e s . . . did . . . h ave/h as . . . can . . . w ill. . . sh ould . . .

n eith er n eith er ■ A: B: ■ A: B: ■ A: B: ■ A: B:

Neither am I.

am I = I’m not, either can 1 = 1 can’t, either (etc.): I haven’t been to China. N eith er have I. (= I haven’t, either) Kate can’t cook. N eith er can T om . (= Tom can’t, either) I w o n ’t (= will not) be here tom orrow. N eith er w ill I. I never go to the movies. N eith er do I.

Rem em ber: So am I (not So I am), N either have I (not N either I have).

I am, I don' t , et c. — Unit 41

I'm not happy.

U N I

Exercises -3.1 Writ e t oo or ei t h er . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I’m happy, too_________ I’m not h u n g ry ,__________ I’m going o u t,___________ It rained on Sunday,______ She can’t ride a bicycle,___ I don’t like to go shopping, H er father is a teach er,___

I’m happy. I’m not hungry. I’m going out. It rained on Saturday. Jenny can’t drive a car. I don’t like to go shopping. Linda’s m other is a teacher.

-3 2 Answer wit h So . . . I (So am I / So do ! / So can /, etc.). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I w ent to bed late last night. I’m thirsty. I’ve already read this book. I need a vacation. I’ll be late tomorrow. I was very tired this m orning.

Answer wit h N ei t h er . . . I. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

I can’t go to the party. I didn’t call Alex last night. I haven’t eaten lunch yet. I’m not going out tonight. I don’t know w hat to do.

-3 3 You are t alking to Maria. Writ e sent ences about yourself . Where possible, use So . . . i or N ei t h er . . . I. Look at t hese examples caref ully:

I'm tired today.

You :an answer:

So am /

OR

I'm not.

I d o n't wo rk hard.

You :an answer:

N e ith e r do i

OR

/ do.

Maria 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

I’m studying English. I can ride a bicycle. I’m not American. I like to cook. I don’t like cold weather. I slept well last night. I’ve never been to India. I don’t use my phone much. I’m going out tom orrow night. I wasn’t sick last week. I didn’t w atch TV last night. I go to the movies a lot.

You

U N I T

44

A

B

isn' t , haven' t , don' t , et c. (negat ives) _________________________________________________________ We use n o t (n’t) in negative sentences: Positive

Negative

am is are was were have has will can could should would m ust

am n o t (’m not) is n o t (isn’t or’s not) are n o t (aren’t or ’re not) was n o t (w asn’t) w ere n ot (w eren’t) have n o t (haven’t) has n o t (hasn’t) w ill n o t (w on ’t) can n ot (can’t) co u ld n o t (co u ld n ’t) sh ould n ot (sh ou ld n ’t) w o u ld n ot (w ou ld n ’t) m u st n ot

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

P m n o t tired. It isn ’t (or It’s not) raining. They aren’t (or They’re not) here. Brian w asn ’t hungry. The stores w eren ’t open. I haven’t finished my work. Sue hasn’t been to Mexico. We w o n ’t be here tomorrow. George can’t drive. I c o u ld n ’t sleep last night. You sh o u ld n ’t work so hard. I w o u ld n ’t like to be an actor. They m u st n o t have a car.

d o n ’t / d oesn ’t / d id n ’t I/w e /y o u /th e y h e /s h e /it

Simple present negative Simple past negative

I/they/he/she, etc. Positive

do n o t (d o n ’t) does n o t (d o esn ’t)

w o r k /liv e /g o , etc.

did not (didn’t)

Negative I d o n ’t w an t to go out. They d o n ’t w ork hard. Liz d o esn ’t play the guitar. My father d o esn ’t lik e his job. I d id n ’t get up early this m orning. They d id n ’t w ork hard yesterday. We d id n ’t play tennis. Diane d id n ’t have dinner w ith us.

I w ant to go out. They w ork hard. Liz plays the guitar. My father lik es his job. I g o t up early this m orning. They w ork ed hard yesterday. W e played tennis. Diane had dinner w ith us. D o n ’t . . .

D o n ’t look ! D o n ’t w ait for me.

L ook! W ait for me.

Sometimes do is the m ain verb (don ’t do / d oesn ’t do / d id n ’t do): D o something! Sue does a lot on weekends. I did what you said.

simple present negat ive — Unit 6 W hy isn' t / don' t . . . ? — Unit 45

— -►

D o n ’t do anything! Sue d oesn ’t do m uch on weekends. I d id n ’t do w hat you said.

simple past negat ive — Unit 12

don' t look / don' t w ait , et c. — Unit 37

UNI T

Exercises

44

Make t hese sent ences negative. 1. H e’s gone out. H e h a sn 't gone out. 2. They’re m arrie d .___________________ 3. I’ve had d in n er.____________________ L2

4. It’s cold today. _ 5. W e’ll be late. _ 6. You should g o ..

Make t hese sent ences negative. Use d on ' t ! d oesn ' t ! d i d n ' t . 1. 2. 3.

She saw me. S h e didn 'ts e e me. I like ch eese.________________________ They u n d ersto o d ._________

Make t hese sent ences negative. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

She can swim. She can > swim . T hey’ve arriv ed .___ I w ent to the bank. _ H e speaks Jap an ese.. We were angry.____

4. He lives here. _ 5. Go aw ay!______ 6. I did the dish es..

6.

H e’ll be happy.___ 7. Call me to n ig h t.__ 8 . It rained yesterday. 9. I could hear th e m .. 10. I believe y o u ..

- T4 Complet e t hese sent ences wit h a negat ive verb (i sn ' t ! h a ven ' t ! d on ' t , etc.). 1. They aren’t rich. They

have m uch money. “N o, thank you. I _______________hungry.’ I _______________find my glasses. Have you seen them? S teve_______________ use e-mail much. H e’d rather talk on the phone. W e can walk to the station from here. I t _______________very far. “W here’s Jane?” “I _______________ know._I _______________ seen her today.” . fall! Be careful! like the movie very much. W e w ent to the movies last night. I . . been to South Korea. I’ve been to Japan many times, but I ___________ J u lia _______________ be here tomorrow. She’ll be out of town. “W ho broke that w indow?” “N ot me. I _______________ do it. We didn’t see w hat happened. W e _____________ looking at the time. Lisa bought a new coat a few days ago, but s h e __ ___________ w orn it yet. Y o u _______________ drive so fast. It’s dangerous. don t

2 . “W ould you like som ething to eat?”

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

.

10

11.

12.

13. 14.

-4,5 You ask Gary some quest ions. He answers " Yes" or " No." Writ e sent ences about Gary, positive or negative.

You Are you married? Do you live in Los Angeles? W ere you born in Los Angeles? Do you like Los Angeles? W ould you like to live someplace else? Can you drive? Have you traveled abroad? Do you read the newspaper? Are you interested in politics? Do you usually watch TV at night? D id you watch TV last night? Did you go out last night?

% No. Yes. No. No. Yes. Yes. No. No. No. Yes. No. Yes.

i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Gary H e isn t m arried. H e liv e s in L o s Angeles.

89

?

is i t . . . ? have you (quest ions 1)

do t hey . . . ? , etc.

You are eating. W hat are you eating?

Are you eating?

In questions, the first verb (is/are/h ave, etc.) is before the subject: Question

Postive

verb + subject

subject + verb I That seat She David You They Paula

am late. is free. was angry. has gone. have been to Japan. w ill be here soon. can swim.

—►

Am Is W hy was -* W here has H ave -► —► W h en w ill -* Can

I late? that seat free? she angry? D avid gone? you been to Japan? th ey be here? Paula swim?

Rem em ber: the subject is after the first verb. ■ W here has D avid gone? (not W here has gone David?) ■ Are th ose p eo p le waiting for something? (not Are waiting . . . ?) ■ W h en was the telep h o n e invented? (not W hen was invented . . . ?) do . . . ? / does . . . ? / did . . . ? Simple present questions Simple past questions

do does

I/w e /y o u /th e y h e /s h e /it

did

I/they/he/she, etc. Question

Positive They w ork hard. You w atch television. Chris has a car. She gets up early. They w orked hard. You had dinner. She g o t up early.

w o r k /liv e /g o , etc. . . . ?

D o they w ork hard? -► H ow often do you w atch television? -► D oes Chris have a car? —► W hat time does she get up? D id they w ork hard? —► W hat d id you have for dinner? W hat tim e did she get up?

Sometimes do is the main verb (do you do / did he do, etc.): ■ W hat do you usually do on weekends? ■ “W hat does your brother do?” “H e works in a bank.” ■ “I broke my finger last w eek.” “H ow did you do that?” (not H ow did you that?) Why ■ ■ ■

is n ’t . . . ? / W hy d o n ’t . . . ?, etc. (Why + negative): W h ere’s John? W hy isn ’t he here? (not W hy he isn’t here?) W hy can’t Paula come to the m eeting tom orrow? (not W hy Paula can’t . . . ?) W hy d id n ’t you call me last night?

simple present quest ions — Unit 7 w hat / w hich/ how — Unit s 48-49

simple past quest ions — Unit 12

quest ions 2-3 — Unit s 46-47

U N I

Exercises -5 1 Write quest ions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

I can swim. I work hard. I was late this m orning. I’ve seen that movie. I’ll be here tomorrow. I’m going out tonight. I like my job. I live near here. I enjoyed the movie. I had a good vacation.

(and you?) (and Jack?) (and you?) (and Kate?) (and you?) (and Paul?) (and you?) (and Nicole?) (and you?) (and you?)

Ca n y o u sw i m ? D o es Ja ck w o r k h a r d ?

- 5 2 You are talking to a f riend about driving. Writ e t he full quest ions.

£

You 1.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

(have / a car?) D o y o u h a v e a c a r ? (use / a lo t? )____ .it. (use / yesterday?) (enjoy driving?) (a good driver?) (ever / have / an accident?)

Yes, I do. Yes, almost every day. Yes, to go to work. N o t very much. I think I am. N o, never.

3 Make quest ions wit h t hese words. Put t he words in t he right order. 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9.

10.

has / gone / w here / David?) W h er e h a s D a v i d g o n e? w orking / Rachel / is / today?) Is D a ch e / w o r k i n g t o d a y ? the children / w hat / are / doing?) W h a t. m ade / is / how / cheese?) to the party / coming / is / your sister?) you / the truth / tell / don’t / w h y ? )___ your guests / have / yet / arrived?)____ leave / w hat time / your plane / does?) _ to work / Jenny / why / go / didn’t? ) __ your car / in the accident / was / damaged?)

K5L4 Complet e t he quest ions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

I want to go out. Kate and Paul aren’t going to the party. I’m reading. Sue went to bed early. My parents are going on vacation. I saw Tom a few days ago. I can’t come to the party. Tina has moved. I need some money. Angela doesn’t like me. It rains sometimes. I did the shopping.

W here do you w a n t t o a o ? W hv a r en t t h ey q oi n a ? W hat W hat tim e W hen W here W hy W here H ow m uch W hy H ow often W hen V

Who saw you? (quest ions 2)

Who did you see?

Sylvia saw Paul. W ho saw Paul? Sylvia. (Sylvia saw him.) W ho did Sylvia see? Paul. (She saw Paul.)

Sylvia

Paul Object

Subject

Sylvia saw som ebody.

Somebody saw Paul. W ho saw Paul?

W ho did Sylvia see?

Sylvia. (Sylvia saw him.)

Paul. (She saw Paul.)

w h o is the subject Paul is the object

w h o is the object Sylvia is the subject

In these questions, w h o /w h a t is the subject: ■ W ho lives in this house? (= somebody lives in it - who?) (not W ho does live?) ■ W hat happened? (= som ething happened - what?) (not W hat did happen?) ■ W hat’s happening? (W hat’s = W hat is) ■ W h o’s g o t my keys? (W ho’s = W ho has) In these questions, w h o /w h a t is the object: ■ W ho did you m eet yesterday? (= you m et somebody - who?) ■ W hat did Paul say? (= Paul said som ething - what?) ■ W ho are you calling? ■ W hat was Sylvia wearing? Com pare: ■ George likes oranges. ■ Jane w on a new car.

—► W ho lik es oranges? - George. W hat does George like? - Oranges. —► W ho w o n a new c a r? -Ja n e . W hat did Jane win? - A new car.

Use w h o for people (somebody). Use w hat for things, ideas, etc. (something): ■ W ho is your favorite singer? ■ W hat is your favorite song?

quest ions — Unit s 45, 47

w hat / w hich/ how — Unit 48

Exercises -5.1

u n i

44

Make quest ions wit h w h o or w hat . In t hese quest ions, w h o/ w h a t is t he subject . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Somebody broke the window. Something fell off the shelf. Somebody wants to see you. Somebody took my umbrella. Something made me sick. Somebody is coming.

-5.2 Make quest ions wit h w h o or w h a t (subject or object). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

I bought something. Somebody lives in this house. I called somebody. Something happened last night. Somebody knows the answer. Somebody did the dishes. Jane did something. Something woke me up. Somebody saw the accident. I saw somebody. Somebody has my pen. This w ord means something.

-6.3 You w ant t he missing inf ormat ion (XXXXX). Writ e quest ions wit h w h o or w hat . 1.

I lost XXXXX yesterday, but fortunately XXXXX found it and gave it back to me.

2.

XXXXX called me last night. She w anted XXXXX.

3.

I needed some advice, so I asked XXXXX. He said XXXXX.

4.

I hear that XXXXX got m arried last week. XXXXX told me.

5.

I m et XXXXX on my way hom e tonight. She told me XXXXX.

6.

Steve and I played tennis yesterday. XXXXX won. After the game, we XXXXX.

7.

It was my birthday last week and I got some presents. XXXXX gave me a book, and C atherine gave me XXXXX.

W h a t d i d y o u l o se? W ho f o u n d i t ?

W ho _ W h a t.

93

Who is she t alking t o ?

W hat is it like?

(questions 3)

Julia is talking to somebody. W ho is she talking to?

Ju li a

In questions beginning W ho . . . ? ' / W h a t. . . ? / W here . . . ? / W hich . . . ?, prepositions (to /fr o m /w ith , etc.) usually go at the end: ■ “W here are you from ?” “I’m from Thailand.” ■ “Jack was afraid.” “W hat was he afraid of?” ■ “W ho do these books belong to?” “They’re m ine.” ■ “Tom ’s father is in the hospital.” “W hich h osp ital is he in?” ■ “Kate is going on vacation.” “W ho w ith?” / “W ho is she going w ith?” ■ “Can we talk?”“Sure. W hat do you w ant to talk about?” W hat’s it like? / W hat are th ey like?, etc.

W hat’s it like? = W hat is it like? W hat’s it like? = tell me som ething about it - is it good or bad, big or small, old or new, etc.?

W hen we say “W hat is it like?,” lik e is a preposition. It is not the verb lik e (D o you lik e your new house?). A: T here’s a new restaurant near my house. B: W hat’s it like? Is it good? A: I don’t know. I haven’t eaten there yet. A: W hat’s your new teacher like? B: She’s very good. We learn a lot. A: I m et N icole’s parents yesterday. B: You did? W hat are they like? A: They’re very nice. A: Did you have a good vacation? W hat was the w eather like? B: It was great. It was sunny every day.

quest ions — Unit s 45-46

w hat / w hich/ how — Unit 48

preposit ions — Unit s 104-114

U N I T