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.ASNT

Third Edition

Rodiogrophic Testing Method =-

o

Levels l, ll ond lll Review Questions Book A

NASNT

Third Edition

Rodiogrophic Testing Method =-

o

Levels l, ll ond lll Review Questions Book A

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Third Edition

Ro,Ciogrophic Testing Method ,"'.. tevels l, ll ond lll Review euestions - Book A ''.-";.,'.. "".. aL

ta., t".,.a-,.

The Americon Society for ' Nondestructive Testino, Inc.

copyright

@ 2014

by The Americon Society for Nondestructive Testing.

The Americon society for Nondestructive Testing.,lnc. (ASNT) is not responsible for the herein Published

outhenticity or occurocy of inforn-: opinions ond stotements do not necessoriiy retr.ciiir. opinion of ASNT. products or services thot ore o: or mentioned do not corry the endorsement or recommendotion of ASNT. No port of lhis publicotion moy be reproduced or tronsmitled in ony form, by meons elecironic or mechonicol includjno or othe'*ise' wiihout the expressed prior written permission of The Rmerton iocietv for Nondesrruci, t??lJ,i;Littrding IRRsP' NDr Hondbook' rhe NDr Technicion ond www'osnt.org lnc' ACCP' ASNI Leve/ ltl study Guide, Moteriols Evoluotion, ore trodemorks of The Americon society for Nondeslructive itonaesrrucilve resling Hondbook,Reseorch ln Nondeslructi, Evoluotion ond RNDE ore regisiered trodemorks of The Americo;i;;i.l;

for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Third Edition first printing I 2/ I 4 e-book 12/14

:'J:t%ll,I:'iT,l'r1ojJHSiiJ;:;Jo, o'

obioined rrom ASNT's websire, www osni ors. E-books conroin or correcrions

ISBN: 978-1-5Zt tZ-335-5 (print) ISBN: 9/B- t -52 1 1 7 -336-2 (e_book)

Printed in the United Stotes of Americo Published by:

The.Americon Society for Nondestructive Tesiing, lnc. l7l I Arlingote Lone Columbus, OH 43228-OSi 8 www.osnt.org Edited by: Cynthio M. Leemon, Educotionol Moieriols Supervisor

Assisied by: Bob Conklin, Educotionoi rr,toieriols Ediior

Joy Grimm, production Monoger Tim Jones, Senior

Monoger of publicotions

ASNT Mission Stotemeni: ASNT exists to creote o sofer

ii

world by promoting the profession ond technologies of nondestructive lestino.

:

a ffiffiffiffiffiffi Acknowledgments lnlroduction .. . References level l-ReviewQuestions Answers level ll- ReviewQuestions Answers Level lll- Review Questions Answers FigureSources

.. ...iv .. ... ...v

... ...vi .....1 .....10

.........1I . .

...

.25

.... . .. .27 .

.. ..54

........55

,

rf il

(

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. is grateful for the volunteer contributions, technical expertise, knowledge and dedication of the following individuals who have helped make this work possible.

Technicol Reviewers

- FMC Technologies Galip Buyukyildirim - Kuzguncuk Mah Icadiye Cad Chinam Dwarikanath Patra - PSL Limited Claudia Kropas-Hughes - Air Force Trey Gordon - Boeing Scott McCldn - US Arm1., Picatinny Arsenal David Savoy - Versa Integrity Group Bahman Zoofan - Amerapex Corporation Edward i. Briggs

Publicotion Review Commitlee Glenn M. Light, Chair - Southwest Research Institute Martin T. Anderson - Alaska Technical Training Joseph L. Mackin

iv

-

Reel Group

o Kffiffiffiffie#ffiKKffiru Purpose This book was previously published as Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC--IA (QdvA Book): Radiographic Testing. This is an update of previous editions prepared by members of ASNT's Penetrating Radiation Committee. As with other books in the ASNT Questions & Answers series, this book is intended to provide candidates studying for qualifying examinations with sample Level I, II, and III questions. The questions are similar to the types of questions one might encounter on a certification examination and should be used for review and for practice examinations only. Though this book is intended to cover the body of knowledge in ANSI/ASNT CP-105: ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel (2011), it is not intended to comprehensively cover all possible technical issues that may appear on a certification exam.

Whot ls New The main changes between the second and third editions are that the references have been updated, many questions have been updated, and every question is multiple choice with four unique answers to more closely match the ASNT exam format.

Additionol Informotion Because ASNT is an International System of Units (SI) publisher, throughout the text both SI and imperial units are used. Level I and Level II questions use imperial units first. Level III questions use SI units first. For simplicity, many equations in this book use 25 mm equals 1 in. Where SI units are not used in the original text of a standard or code, conversions to SI

units were not made. All figures are from ASNT sources unless otherwise indicated.

Recommended References

Reference G

The follou,ing references u,ere used in formulating the questions contained in this book.

Becker, WT. and R.]. Shipteir Metals Handbook,ninth edi_ tion, rVorudeslructive Inspection and euality Control, \rolume 1

Reference A

1. Metals Park,

OH: American Societl, for Nttetals. 2002.

Bossi, R.H., F.A. Iddings, and G.C. Wheeler, tech. ecls., p.O. Moore, ed., Nondestructite Testing Handbook, third edition:

Additionol References

4, Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2002.

The follor,ving references are listed it Cp- j05-20 j1 as recommencled references but rvere not used in building this book. These references may be useful for additional study oi the radiographic testing method.

\blume

Reference

B

Staton. l. Radiographic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP Series). Columbus, OH: American Societl, for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.

Reference C ASNT Level

III

Study Guide: Radiographic Testirtg Methort.

Columbus, OH: Anterican Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2014.

Reference

D

McCain, D., ASNT Study Guide: Industrial Radiography Radiatiorr Safety. Colttmbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2009.

Reference

E

'

Radiographl, in Modern Industry, fourth edition. Rochester, NY Eastman Kodak Co. http://wr,r,rv.kodak.com/eknec/ documents/87/0900688a802b3c87/Racliography-in-

Modern-h-rdustrv.pdf. 1 980.

Reference

F

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, \rolume 03.03. Nondestructiye Testing. "standard Guide fbr Radiographic Examinationi' Standard ASTM E 94, and "stanclard practice for Design, Nlanufacture, and _Nlaterial Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image euality Indicators (Iei) Used for Radiologyi' Standard ASTN,i E 1025. philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Nlaterials. l.atest edition. (Reference numbers alier the questions contain

Materials and Processes for ND'l' Tbclmology. Columbus, OH: American Society lor Nondestructive Testing, inc. i981. McGuire, S.A. and C.A. Peabody. Working Safely in Radiography. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2004.

(

Mix,

P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training Guide, second edition. New york: /ohn Wiley & Sons. 2005.

Nondestructive Eyaluation and euality Control: ASM Handbook, Voiume 17. Metals park, OH: ASM

International.

1

989.

Schneerr-ran, l.G. Industri al X-ray Interpretation Evanston, IL: Intex Publishing Co. 1985.

Taylor, ].L., ecl., Basic Metallurgy Jbr l'{on-Destructiye Testing, revised edition. Essex, England: WH. Houldershaw, Ltd. (Britlsh Institute of Nondestructive Testing). 19gg. Thielsch, H. Defects and Failures in pressure Vessels and Piping. Nerv lbrk R.E. Krieger publishing. 1977. W'elding Inspection Handbook. Miami, FL: American

Welding Society. Latesr edition.

the standard number. Example: F.E94.)

a L

D

Reference Codes Each question in this book is followed by letter(s) and page number(s) indicating the specific recommended reference where the answer may be found. For example:

7.

Co-60 used in nondeslructive testing emits:

iffi$tstlii:.:ia;}:i:*::ilriiiri*

. :, ..::,tir,.:::at,rfdlt!..a.':l: g,rAaut!a,ar5. ::ilil*.:i!i::,alf $::$ii:f:il# ,lilf "''

'.i.11,.:i1i$.,,,,.

:.::,::,t,,

:.'. :':),,.1: tt:,| r:,ii:,r:r,_:l .r lli:i|:..1:::,li :i:r.!::

,,

'

.":

'Si*$if$ffi

In this example, the letter'A' refers to Reference A in the list above and 44,74-75 arc the specific pages in Reference A where the answer to the question is located.

Reference Usoge ReferenceATolol =210 Level Level Level

I (48) II (80)

III

Reference D Toiol = Level Level Level

11

I (5) II (0)

III

(6)

,I!tys.i,l,:',ii:i::i::,1]::ri*],r:ll,,r,;ai:.jii:llii:it:::,ilr::l:r:::,::iiir1:ri'i'i:j.ii;i

il;:A; ii::i::jiiij:,+ri.rii:if!f.:ii,.*ili a:.:: .::.

ReferenceClolol =33 I (5) II (5) III (23)

Level Level Level

(82)

ReferenceETolol =168 Level Level Level

I (38)

II (34) III (96)

ReferenceFTolol =15 Level Level Level

I (3) II (3)

III

(9)

ReferenceGTolol =5 Level Level Level

I (0) II (5) III (0)

ReferenceBTotol =27 Level Level Level

I (6) II (8) III (13)

) vil

,

I,.

fl:j'iu,,'{' i;,,;,,,i,,,,, ,ji,

Review Questions Although there may be other reasons for using calcium tungstate screens in industrial radiography, they are most often used to:

5.

a. 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) b. 0.002 in. (0.051 mm) c. 0.005 in. (0.127 mm) d. 0.010 in. (0.254 mm)

a. improve definition and resolution in radiographic images.

b. improve contrast in radiographic images. c. decrease exposure time. d. make fiims respond to multimillion volt

r

radiation.

6.

t 2.

,;

An excellent radiograph is obtained under given conditions of exposure with the film located at a distance of 36 in. (914.4 mm) from the target of the X-ray tube. If the film ls now placed only 18 in. (457.2 mm) from the target, and all exposure

& 1d? 7.

4.44

ime' E

*.

8.

An excellent radiograph is obtained under given exposure conditions with a tube current of 5 mA and an exposure time of 12 min. If other conditions are

a. 24 min b. 12 min c. 6 min 4.

3

.f{.1 *,$

9.

[.{? In film radiography, image quallty indicators (IQIs) are usually placed:

I

Three liquids which are essential to process an exposed film properly are:

a. stop bath, acetic acid, and water. b. developer, stop bath, and HrO2. c. deveioper, fixer, and water. d. acetic acid, fixer, and stop bath.

min

a. between the intensifying screen and the film. b. on the source side ofthe test object. c. on the film side ofthe test object. d. between the operator and the radiation source.

?4 7i

A densitometer is an instrumerit for measuring:

a. X-ray intensity. b. film density. c. density of a material. d. tube current.

not changed, what exposure time would be required if the X-ray tube current could be raised to 10 mA?

d

Co-60 used in nondestructive testing emits:

a. alpha particles. b. neutrons. c. gamma rays. d. X-rays.

a. unchanged. b. longer by approximately 80%. c. shorter by approximately 55%. d. only about 25% as long as the original exposure J.

ilfl:5

The penetrating ability of an X-ray beam is governed by:

a. kilovoltage. b. time. c. milliamperage. d. source-to-film distance

conditions except time are held constant, the new exposure time will be:

I

When radiographing to the 2-2T quality level, an ASTM IQI for 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) thick 2024 aluminum alioy has a thickness of:

10.

The two most common causes for excessively high-density radiographs are:

a. insufficient washing and overdevelopment. b. contaminated fixer and insufficient washing. c. overexposure and contaminated fixer. d. overexposure and overdevelopment. A.141,243 1

11.

t7.

The time required for one-half of the atoms in a particular sample of radioactive material to disintegrate is called:

applied to the entire body in a short period of time?

*.?.1: lj. i * &.d3

18.

What does R/h refer to?

When doing gamma-ray radiography with high-intensity emitters, the sources are best handled:

a. directly by personnel

a. Radiation limits for humans. b. Roentgen per hour. c. X-rays per hour. d. Radiation in hYdrogen.

b.

c.

D"83 13.

d.

19.

a. b.

17*

The term used to exPress the number of curies (becquerels) ofradioactivity per ounce or gram of

permanentlY.

d. 20.

uneven development or streaking could occur'

The selection of the proper type of film to be used for the X-ray examination of a particular part depends on:

A"4S$

a. the thickness ofthe Part. b. the material of the sPecimen. c. the voltage range of the available X-ray machine' d. quality of radiograph or exposure time'

a. curie (becquerel). b. roentgen (sievert). c. half-life.

n ya

d' Mev'

2L.

A.Br. q2

may have a cumulative effect which must be considered. u'iIl be beneficial since they build up an

a

half-life of:

,9'?4

immunitY to radiation Poisoning.

c. will have no effect on human beings' d. will have only a short-term effect on human

A Co-60 source has

a. 1.2 years. b. 6 months. c. 5.27 years. d. 74.3 days.

Exposure to X-raYs or gamma raYS:

tissues.

condition over the

r"8).1*l:

The unit of measurement used for the output of a gamma-ray source is the:

b.

the radiograph may not show proper contrast' it will be impossible to fix the radiograph

entire radiograPh'

a. decay. b. emissivitY. c. specific activitY. d. source outPut.

a.

is placed in a developer solution and allowed

.. th... will be a general fogglng

source weight is:

16.

If a film

to develop without anY agitation: 4.',! 51.

15.

by the same methods used for low-intensity emitters. p,.s{J

a. contrast. b. sensitivity. c. density. d. resolution. t4.

equipped with special

protective clothing' by remote handling equiPment. directly by personnel with special protective clothing except when radiographs are being made.

The ability to detect a small detail is called radiographic:

22.

I t

a. 0-25 R (0-250 mSv). b. 25-100 R (250-1000 mSv). c. 400-600 R (4000-6000 mSv). d. 600 R or more (6000 mSv or more)'

a. the inverse square law. b. a curie. c. a half-life. d. the exposure time. t2.

if

Which dose would be most dangerous, if not fatal,

X-ray tube current is controlled by the:

a. current passing through the filament' b. distance from the cathode to the anode' c. type of material used in the target' d. voltage and waveform applied to the X-ray tube' 3.;11; {.1.i.}

Review Questions

23.

28.

Lead tbil in direct contact with X-rav film:

a. intensifies

the scatter radiation more than the

primary radiation.

b. c. d.

decreases the contrast

ofthe radiographic

Primary radiation that strikes a film holder or cassette through a thin portion of the specimen causes scattering into the shador.r,s of the adjacent thicker portions, producing an effbct called:

image.

a. radiatjon imaging. b. spotting. c. undercut. d. unsharpness.

intensifies the primary radiation more than the scatter radiation. should not be used when gamma rays are emitted by the source ofradiation.

i.:

1^

Lead intensifying screens are usually mounted in pairs in rigid holders called:

29

a. primary scattering. b. undercut. c. reflectedscattering. d. backscattered radiation.

In order to decrease geometric unsharpness: 30.

b.

c. d.

should proceed from as small a focal spot as other considerations u.ill aliom radiation should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations u.ill allow. the film should be as fhr as possible from the object being radiographed. the distance from the anode to the material examined should be as smal1 as is practical.

Which of the following materials is suitable for use in containers used to mix processing solutions?

a. Stainless steel. b. Aluminum. c. Galvanlzed iron. d. Tln. i 'i i:4 31.

26.

Scattered radiatior.r caused by any material, such as a

or floor, on the film side of the specimen is referred to as:

a. radiation

,

Of the follou,ing, rvhich would be especially sensitive to injury by excesslve exposure to X-rays or gamma

As the kilovoltage applied to the X-ray tube ls raised:

rays?

X-rays of longer wavelength and more penetrating pol\rer are produced. X-rays of shorter tvavelength and more penetrating power are produced. c. X-rays of shorter rvavelength and less penetrating power are produced. d. X-rays oflonger rvavelength and less penetrating 32 power are produced.

a. White blood cel1s. b. Biood vessel ce1ls. c. Immature red blood cells. d. Digestive system lining cells.

a.

j.it, Film clverexposure from X-ray radiography may be caused by: a.

27.

In order to increase the intensity of X-radiation:

a. the tube current should be increased. b. the tube current should be decreased. c. the test specimen should be moved farther tiom

I

...1

u,al1

a. filrr-r racks. b. cassettes. c. emulsifiers. d. diaphragms. 25

1

the film.

d. a lower kilovoltage should

be applied to the tube.

lower kilovoltage radiations in the direct beam h-om the X-ray tube target. scatter radiation arising fron-r objects in the direct beam.

residual radiatior.r that exists for the first few minutes after the X-ray machine has been returned to the 'bff" position. d. high'speed films.

q te&-roi tno

Rodiogrophic Testing Meihod

JJ.

i

LEVEL

I

A general rule often employed for determining the

If

kilovoltage to be used when radiographing a part is

4

an exposure time of 60 s was necessary using a

that:

ft (1.2 m) source-to-film distance for a particular exposure, what time would be necessary if a 2 ft

a.

(0.6 m) source-to-film distance is used and all other variables remain the same?

the kilovoltage should be as high as other factors

will permit.

a. 120 s b. 30s

b. the kilovoltage should be as low as other factors will permit.

c. d.

the kilovoltage is alrvays a fixed value and cannot be changed. the kilovoltage is not an important variable and can be changed over a wide range without affecting the radiograph.

c.

15s

d. 240 s I 39.

a,3s

-i

'

One ofthe generai rules concerning the application of geometric principles of shadow formation to

radiography is: 34.

If

of lead 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) thick is placed in the path of a beam of radiation emanating from Co-60, it will reduce the dose rate at a given location

a.

by,

b.

a. one-third. b. one-quarter. c. one-half. d. three-quarters.

c.

a piece

d. &.1

35.

l;.?3-:3

offilm to light prior to development of the film wiil most likely result in: Excessive exposure

a. b. c.

a foggy film.

d.

yellow stain.

40.

improveddefinition.

a. a reference plate. b. a lead screen. c. an image quality indicator d. an illuminator.

:.i:

Reticulation resulting in a puckered or net-like film surface is probably caused by: a.

I

As a check on the adequacy ofthe radiographic technique, it is customary to place a standard test piece on the source side of the specimen. This standard test piece is called:

streaks.

.: i ;J. 36.

3;

the X-rays should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations will allow the film should be as far as possible from the object being radiographed. the distance between the anode and the material examined should always be as great as possible. as far as the shape of the specimen will allow, the plane of the maximum interest should be perpendicular to the plane of the film.

crimping film after

exposure.

(IQI).

, :,r? :l41.

sudden extreme temperature change while processing in the developer. c. water or developer on unprocessed film.

An IQI is used to indicate the:

b.

d.

a. size of discontinuities in a part. b. density of the film. c. amount of film contrast. d. sensitivity ofthe radiographic technique.

excessive object-to-fi1m distance. .*..t44

fr.?* J/.

Frilling or loosening of the emulsion from the base of the film is most likely caused by:

42.

a. water or developer on unprocessed film. b. Iow temperature of processing solutions. c. developer solution contamination. d. warm or exhausted fixer solution.

A fluorescent intensifying screen will: a.

b. c.

F

tn?

emit light that may lessen the necessary exposure. result in reticulation. decrease the graininess of the image when using gamma rays. increase the definition in a

i:.**,

4

I

radiograph. !**

Review Questions

The three main steps in processing a radiograph are:

{)43

48.

a. developing, frilling, and fixation. b. developing, fixation, and washing. c. exposure, developing, and fixation. d. developing, reticulating, and fixation.

developer is to:

a. disperse unexposed

b. prevent frilling. c. dislodge any air bubbles clinging to the emulsion. d. secure uniformity of development over the whole

Kilovoltage, exposure time, and source-to-film distance are three of the most important X-ray exposure factors that can be controlled. A fourth such exposure factor is:

a. focal point size. b. temperature. c. filament-to-focalspotdistance. d. miiliamperage.

area of the fiim. ,&.:*$ 49.

When the minute silver grains on which the X-ray film image is formed group together in relatively large masses, they produce a visual impression called:

The activity ofthe developer solution is stabilized by:

a. constantly agitating it. b. heating processing solutions. c. avoiding contamination from d. adding replenisher.

A.1$* 45.

silver grains on the film

surface.

A.::* 44.

When manually processing films, the purpose for abruptly tapping the hangers against the side ofthe tank after the films have been lowered into the

the wash bath. &.14?

50.

The purpose of fixation is:

a. to carry away and diffuse fixer from the film. b. to leave the developed silver as a Permanent

a. air bells. b. graininess. c. reticulation. d. frilling.

image.

c. to deactivate the develoPment. d. to transform the exposed silver halide crystal

to

metallic crystal. 46.

Static marks, which are black tree-iike or circuiar marks on a radiograph, are often caused by:

,q.?:s 51.

a.

film being bent when inserted in a cassette or

Water spots on films can be minimizedby:

a. the rapid drying of wet fiim. b. using a wetting agent solution. c. using a fresh fker solution. d. cascading water during the rinse cycle.

holder.

b. foreign material or dirt embedded in screens. c. scratches on lead foil screens. d. improper film handling techniques.

&

4/.

The purpose of agitating an X-ray fiim during development is to:

a. b.

protect the film from excessive pressure. renew the developer at the surface of the film.

c.

disperse unexposed silver grains on the film surface.

d.

preventreticulation.

52.

1114

The small area in the X-ray tube from which the radiation emanates is called the:

a. diaphragm. b. focal spot. c. focusing cup. d. cathode. A.S*

Rodiogrophic Testing Method

53.

i

LEVEL

I

The radiation quality of a gamma-ray source is:

58.

a. determined by the size of the focai spot. b. determined by the isotope involved. c. varied by the operator. d. greater inlr-192 than in Co-60.

The exposure ofpersonnel to X-radiation and gamma radiation can be measured by means of:

a. geiger-miiller counters. b. radiationdetectors. c. ionizationchambers. d. thermoluminescent dosimeters

*.i4

(TLDs).

*.ts 54.

The radiation intensity of a radioisotope: 59.

a. increases with time. b. decreases with time. c. is not affected as time elapses. d. increases with tube current mA.

Assuming that a good radiograph is obtained at a setting of 10 mA in 40 s, how much time would be necessary to obtain one equivalent radiograph ifthe milliamperage is changed to 5 mA (all other conditions remaining constant)?

a.

55.

a. 37 B