• Author / Uploaded
• mohammed

Citation preview

ASly? Level

III Study Guide: Liqaid Penetrant

Testing Method, second edition Text Corrections The following text corrections apply to the first printing of kvel III Study Guidt: Liquid Penctrant Testing Metlnd, second. edition Subsequent printings of the document will incorporate the corrections ino the published text.

Prye2l:

3.1

Change question 3.1 to read: Two-basic properties of a liquid that control its penetrating capability are: contact angle and viscosity. contact angle and capillary action. surface tension and contact angle. capillary action and surface tension.

a. b. c. d.

Answer: c.

Page

44: Delete question 6.6.

Page 5E: Change question 8.5 to read: 8.15 Which of the following combinations of physical properties of a liquid has the most

effect on its penetrating properties? Vaoor nressure and boilins ooint. Flash point.and bulk density. Capillarity ggl wet ability*nd*urfaeetensien. Specific gravity and viscosity.

a. b. c. d.

Answer: c.

Catalog #2255R 8 January 2004

lv Thixotropic Penetrant

DilutionExpansionDevelopers PlasticFilmDevelopers Chapter2-ReviewQuestions Chapter3 - Mechanismof PenetrationrEmulsificationandDevelopment

Penetration WettingAbility

Contact Angle Capillary Action Effect of Temperature

Emulsification. LipophilicEmulsifierAction HydrophilicRemoverAction SolventRemoval.MethodC Developer Action Chapter3 -ReviewQuestions

Chapter4 - BasicPenetrantProcessing Precleaningof Parts Effect of Surface Contaminants

ContaminantsWithinDiscontinuities Contaminants CleaningMethods PenetrantApplication Application by Immersion Application by Spraying ApplicationbyBrushing PenetrantDwell FactorsthatlnfluenceDwellTime VoidSize PenetrantMaterial TypeofDiscontinuity PenetrantViscosity Cleanliness of the Discontinuity . . Types of Dwell Removal of Surface Penetrant FactorslnfluencingRemovability PartSurfaceCondition PartShapeorGeometry DiscontinuitySizeandShape PenetrantRemovalProcesses SprayRinse Recommended Rinsing Procedure PostemulsificationProcesses LipophilicMethod HydrophilicMethod Effectof Typesof

.r4

....14

.....14 ....15

.,,...,I7 . . .17

......11 .17 .17

.t7

.....18

......19 ......19 ......20 20

....21

.,..23

......23

. . . .23

.......23

.....23 ....23

.....24 . . .24 . . . .24

,

,

....25

....25 .......25 .......25

,

.....25

.......25

....25

. . .25 . ... . .25 . . . .26

.......26 .......26 ......26 .......26 ......26

|

I

r

|

....21 . . .27

......28 .....28 ....28

|

I I

t I

r

\

gg' ' ' 99" ' gS' ' ' gg' ' ' v9"' v9' ' ' g9''' tg" ' ss €S"' 6V' LV' LV' LV'

Lt' vv' zv' OV

ZV'

w' w' w' IV'

lueudrnbg,fteuorl4g luerudrnbg elqeuod sl€lret€IN pue luerudrnbg tuur1eued ecueuolulel I puu 3u4se; Jo ,(cuenberg Io4uoJ ssecord

selquue ssecoJd

slou€d lseJ pue spr€puEls slerretel l]uuJleuodecueroJe{ 3ur1se; eJuerruopad

.::.::.::::.,:{",

ssecordro

^\erAIsAo IorluoJ sserord - g raldeq3

- reldeq3 suo4sen| ^\erleg 1 poqlelN ]u?J13u3d Jo uoDceles

:::::r:':T::t**,:X',Tff#*f n}$ffi ,Tiil";:*ffiitrfi":ii,.-,

: . .

::.:::::

:.

suorlsen| A\erAeU - 9 "re1duq3 Surlq8rl : . . . : . . . . : . . . . : : . . . : : . . . . 1,""_**"i,""1';:iilH#r'u" '

'

::::::::::::::::::::

tc' 9t'

tueurdrnbg tse; f.reuoquts lueurdrnbg tsel elquuod

: li'::'i:".1'",*ffiffiflfiff'Jii,ou"o, suorlsen| rvrerleg - g reldeq3 suon?crpuJ ;o Surproceg urJelrJJ uorlceleg puu acuuldeccy suorlecrpul lus^olau Jo uonunle^g serlrnunuocsr(l suor]scrpul lu?Aoleu suorlucrpul lue^eleJuoN suo4eslpq eslsd suorlecrpul 5o uor1e1erfue1u1 uo4cedsulnrorteAJes qO

9E'

9E' 9E' 9E' 9E

9€' 9g' sg'

uopenle^g pu€ uop€lerdralul'uogleedsul - g reldeq3

It

Iu^orue11 luurleued pedderlug

0E' 6Z'

suo4sen| A\erAeU - 7 reldeq3 suud Jo luetuluer1 uorlcedsurlso4

IE' 0g'

'

67',

.:

6Z' 6Z' 6Z' 6T' 8Z'

Ielotueg redole,req 8uruee1c1so4

. . . : . . . : . . . : .suudJo uo4cedsul IIolr\cI redoleneq

: . . : . . : : . .uolrucllddvredoleres sued Jo 8ur,fuq sseJoJd Je^orusl{

luo^los

'-il

vl Automated Equipment

.56 .56

Lighting Chapter8 -ReviewQuestions

Chapter9 - Safety, Health andDisposal GeneralSafetyPrecautions ...

....57

..

Flammability.. DermatologicalConsiderations RespiratoryConsiderations PhysiologicalEffectsof UltravioletRadiation Disposal of Penetrant Materials Chapter9 -ReviewQuestions Chapter L0 - Test Procedure ControllingliquidPenetrantTests Standards Specifications ReferenceDocumentsSection MaterialsSection EquipmentSection PersonnelQualificationSection ProcessControlSection WrittenProcedure WrittenPractices Chapter 10 - Review Questions

.......61 ...61

.....61 ...64

......64 .......64

. . .64

....66 . . .67

.....61 ......61 .......67 ......67 ......67 .....67 .....67 ......61 .....67

Appendix 1 - SampleSpecification-PenetrantTestingProcess Appendix l-ReviewQuestions

Appendix2 -Answers to Review

Questions

....67 . . .69

.....71 ...77

......79

'uollelruoJul sql peer,{11ryerec pue eprn8 fpnls eqt lnoq8norq} ue^r,r8 secuereger cryrceds oql elou o1 luegodurr sr lr ueql 'poolsrepun ,(1ree1c lou Jo Areu sr leq] uorleuuoJur Jelunocue no'{ 31 'E 'slcsJ pue froeqi;o ,ftoruaru rno,{ qse4er pzn eprn8 '(pn1s eql ut uoll€uuoJul eq] Jo ,laerneJ srqJ 'uoqces leql ur pelueserd uoqeruJoJur eql ,(pn1s ,(11n;erec no,{ terp pe1se38ns sl lr 'lFcrJJrp eq ol eprn? fpnls eql Jo uoqces uregec e ur suorJsanb pu$ no( g1 'Z 'uoqeurrusxo III Ie^eT e ssud o1 ,!gqe rno,{ go Joluorpur 'elenbepe sr poqleur ?uqse1 ]uerleued pFbII eql Jo uorsueqerduroc uE se el,res IIr^\ suo4senb

rno.( ;r

eql

ouruualap o1 eprn8 ,{pn1s eql ur uorlcos qcue Jo pue eql le suorlsenb eq} A\erAeU 'I :ecuenbes 3urmo11o; oql epnlcur le8rur eprn8 ,{pn1s slql Jo esn pcrdfl

y

'luuol€ur

eql Jo uorsueqerdruoc Sururur-relep JoJ {J?urqoueq e se elJas ol uorlJes qc€e Jo pue eql le olqelrele ore suorlsenb 11 1e.te1 pcgd,(; 'xr eSud uo punoJ eq uec eprn8 ,tpn1s sql ul pesn secuoroJer oql Jo ?ur1s11 V 'peurelqo eq uec uoqeuJoJur pelelep eJeq.r 'pellc oJe secuoJaJoJ cr;rceds 'eprn8 ,(pn1s s1q1 uy 'uolJeurumxe 11I IeAeT 1ecrd,{1 u ssed

o1

,{resseceu uorlsuuoJur eql Jo IIe uruluo3 lou seop ll esnsceq 'rvrer,rer e su ,{po eprnS ,{pn1s srql esn plnoqs oleprpueo eql'poqleur Buqse] enllcrulsepuou qoee ur suer€ roleur tueserd ol pepuelur eJE 1eql Io souas e perederd seq 'cul '3u4se; elrlJrulsepuoN JoJ .ftercog uecueruv oql

lll

saplng Kpn$

IeAoT

ru

pAaT

pJoA{eJod

IIA

_._-_il

uoqourutoxg luo4auad publT ro{ anpotd propuDls 'LIII g hIISV f, acuoroJall '9 ' ecedsorev uorlerrJrceds wgz-slNv l€Irelew fl oJuoJaJoll 's ' I00Z'cul'8uqse1 elrlcru]sepuoN rog ,fiercog ueoueruv arll :HO 'snqtunloC 'uoqrpe IO1Z'VI1J-JNS 'oN nurDrd papuauuoray ( otuoJaJou 'v 'LL6I zul '8uqse1 elrlcru]sepuoN JoJ ,(1ercog uecuetuv eql :HO (snqurnloJ 'uoqrpe qunoJ 'Z-7-LJ'1un4aua4 prybl7 5looqpuDH Sutumtl utoorssol)'scrureu.{q IBraueC J aJuoroJoll '€ '966I 'cq '8ur1se; alqcrulsepuoN JoJ ,fiercog uecuetuv eql :HO 'snqulnlo3 'ffa7 suounn1ddy pun sa1dtcuu4 'etuteg 'ueASIog Suturotl tuooJSSDIJ y :3u4sa1 luDuauad p1nby7 {o fl aJualeJeu (, ' 6661 :q'3ur1se1 elrlcrulsepuoN (snqunloJ '3ut1sa1ruDrpuad p?nbn'7 eurnlon :uoqlpe roy ,$erco5 uecuoluv elll :HO prrql'\ooqpunp ?u\sa1 ailPn4sapuol*r 'roltpe 'elootr41 'g >1cped :Jollpa Iecluqoq ''V IeoN 'Kcer1

veruoreJeu :ere eprn8 ,(pn1s srqt dole,rep ol pesn socueJeJeJ

'I

eql

seJueJeJeu

XI

-*.t

esrc3eq pepr^ord sl elq4 srr{I'sdnorS leul8uo eql Jo SuDSrl B sl I'I elqel 'tu?Ieued ,qr^rlrsues qSrq BDIn'gIA dnorD pu€ '^(lr.^.r1rsues q8rq '1tr1n dnorg olur pephrpqns sB^\ 1n dnorg ueqrrr peJJncco uoqeu8rsep ur e8uuqc Jerpoue 'Zg6I uI 'peppe s?,t.'slue4eued 1n dnorg pe8ulcud IosoJee go Su4srsuoc

'IIA dnorg 'dnor8 qlueles ?

'V96I uI'sdnot? K1tutolxrs su pelsq eJe^\ slerreleru gEISZ-I-1gyg'uorlecr;rceds

lue4eued'eruq ]eqt

ty'

,ftelUp eql pe^\olloJ s?q sleuel€tu lue4eued ;o uorleu8rsep Jo uorlecrJrsselc 'SS6I ruoJd

slBlrelBtr l luerlauad Jo uollBculssBlJ

c

esueJeJed

g ecueJaJeu

v

ecueJa.]eu

'cu1 '?uqse; o^r]srulsepuoN JoJ ,fierco5 uscueIuv eql ruoJJ olq"lls^B VI-)J-JNS 'oN nq)otd papuaunuoraa

ur pepelep ere ecueuedxe pu? Surure4 leuuosred JoJ sluerueJrnber pepueurruoceg 'suorluJrpur luer1eued luelFseJ ;o uoqelerd-relur uo pespq suorsrJep peserqun pue luepuedepur 'luelsrsuoc go elqedec puu 'lenel,q111qeqer pu€ uor]Jelep permber eql l€ eouulr8rn qtr.,n ru;ogred o] pe1elrlotu 'suoqecrpur luellnseJ puu Surssecord luelsrsuoc ol ue1e 'sdels Surssecord 1enlcu eqt Surur.rogred ur perrnber se pecueuedxa puu peure4 'sdels Surssecord perrnber eq1

ruro;red ol peggunb ,{1p1ueru pue ,{1ecrs,(qd

'g 'V

'suoqeJrpur go uorlelerd-relq eq] uo possq suorsroep Sunleur;o elqedec aq lsrur feql lnq 'sc4suelce;eqc eseql e^eq 1snru,{po lou suoqecrpur 8ur1en1e,te rog elqrsuodseJ slenphrpul'suoq"u"a, Surssecord

Jo slceJJe Ielueurlep oql Jo erE^\e eq oslB plnoqs ,{eq;'slueruertnber Surssecord eq1 ur pecueuedxe pue peurer1 eq oslu ]snru suonecrpur Surlenlene pue Sururuexe JoJ elqrsuodser spnprlrpul

'suoqelrel Surssecord Jo slcoJJe lelueluulep eql Jo amA\B eq lsnlu pue sluerueJrnber Surssecord ur ecueuedxe euros elpq lsilu 'peurerl aq lsnru sged eql Surssecord ro; elqrsuodser sr orll\ roleredo oql'qlooq uoqcedsur ged eql Surururuxe ,(q ,{1ereu Surssecord Jo sseuelrlceJJe eql euruuelep o1elqrssod eq1 ut

s,{elrp }ou sr ll 1eq} sl ssecord eq1 Surlecqduoc Jeqund 'st1nseJ ?ur,ire,r ecnpord uec ped eq1 ;o

uorJaurruexe ro redole,tep go uoqecqddu luer1eued

ec€pns sseoxe Jo IelorueJ 'uorlecqdde lue4eued Supnp suoqerrel Surssecord lq8qs dren'enqdecep sr ssecord eql Jo ,(lrcrtdrurs luerudde eql

'Surlsel

luerleued elq?rleJ rog luegodurr ere ecueuuoy.red

w ecuefiecxe pu" 11D{s 'uorlecgqen} 'pecnpord suorlecrpur go .fiFre,tes puu esn€c eql ]erfuelur or{^\ esoql pue sdels Surssecord snorrel eq} ru.ro;red og.{. Ieuuosred eqt uo ,tpretuFd luepuedep sr Surlsel luerleued plnb{ Jo sseccns eql

sluarua.Irnbou louuosJod

'E

v

'z

'I

:eq o1 perrnbeJ eJB uorleurruexe pue Surssacord eql Sunu:o;ted leuuosred eqt 'Surlsel tuerleued pFbll elqeller rod 'roleredo eql uo tuepuedep ,ty1u1o1sr 3uqsel eql ur ecuepguoc pue yo .Qq1qe11er eql 'tsq eqt;o ,{1qenb eqt go (procer lueueru.red ou) ecuepr,re eyqr8u4 ou sr ereql'ged oqt pernpord oqurr role,redo eql e{[un'f1u?e1ur puu ecuup8r,r'e8pel,rourl'gnls s.roleredo eql uo luepuedep ,(U?1q sr ssacord luu4eued eq1

esueJeJeu

'.{llecrurouoce pue,(lprdeJ ser}muquocsrp ecu3:ns Jeqlo pue surees 'sde1 'r{1rso.rod'slcerc olecol o] sr Surtsel tue4euad plnbl go e.rrlcelqo eql 'ecepns eq1 ol uado eJB luql serlrnuquocsry ecepnsqns ed,Q prol sIeeAeJ oslu poqlaru eql'sluueleru snoroduou ur seqrnuquocsrp ecupns esodxe pue lcelep o1 peu8rsep ernpecord Suqsel enrlorulsepuou Iecrrxeqc pcrs,{qd e se peurJep sr poqleu Suqsel lue4eued prnbq eq1

Euglsel

luBrlouod plnbll Jo ,,lrararo^o

uollrnporlul I rolduqJ

--*-il

there are a number of outdated process specifications still in use with these designations. By 1980, it became apparent that additional designations were necessary to include: 1. types ofpenetrant dye, 2. methods of removal, 3. penetrant sensitivities 4. forms of developers, and 5. classes of solvent removers. The MIL-I-25135D revision, released in June 1985, incorporated these designations. A subsequent revision, MIL-I-25 1 35E, was released in June 1989. A consensus document (SAE/AMS) superseded MIJ--I-25I35E in August 1996, however, the designations are identical. The

revisions also eliminate the family group (penetrant, emulsifier and developer) and substitute the system concept for postemulsifiable penetrants. The system concept is based on the fact that manufacturers formulate their penetrants and emulsifiers/removers to be used together. The use

Table

of one manufacturer's penetrant with another manufacturer's lipophilic emulsifi er or hydrophilic remover may not produce optimal results. Therefore, a manufacturer's penetrant and emulsifier/remover are considered to be a system and the components are not interchangeable from manufacturer to manufacturer. Developers and solvent removers are not part of the system and, therefore, any qualified material may be used. However, because each manufacturer has its own proprietary formula, the specification prohibits the mixing or combining of developers or solvent removers of different manufacturers. Table 1.2 rs a listing of material designations and their descriptions.

Advantages and Capabilities of Liquid Penetrant Testing Liquid penetrant testing offers a number of advantages and capabilities when compared to other nondestructive testing methods. Some advantages are that:

1.1: MIL-l-25135E family group classifications

MIL.I.25135E Designation

Materials/Family Description Remover

Penetrant Group I

Developer

solvent removable, visible dye

solvent

dry, wet, or nonaqueous (wet)

Group

II

postemulsifiable, visible dye

emulsifier

dry, wet, or nonaqueous (wet)

Group

III

water washable, visible dye

none

dry, wet, or nonaqueous (wet)

Group IV

water washable,

none

dry, wet, or nonaqueous (wet)

medium sensitivity, postemulsifiable

emulsifier

dry, wet, or nonaqueous (wet)

high sensitivity, postemulsifiable fluorescent

emulsifier

dry, wet, or nonaqueous (wet)

Group VI A

high sensitivity, postemulsifiable, fluorescent

hydrophilic

dry, water soluble or nonaqueous (wet)

Group VI B

ultra high sensitivity, postemulsifiable

hydrophilic

dry, water soluble or nonaqueous (wet)

high sensitivity, solvent removable, fluorescent

solventremover

nonaqueous (wet)

fluorescent Group V Group

Group

VI

VII

'spunoduoc pelEuuolqc uo u?q eql ot enp Z66I ul A9EISZ{-TInI urory potelep se.& JeAOrueJ lue^los uo4?crTdds crJrceds reloruer luellos (elqeuruug) peluueSopquou reloruer luellos (elqeururuguou) peleueSoluq

(I) ssBIJ*

(g) sse13 (7) sse13 *(1) ssu13

-redolarrep pepuadsns relel,\

s:qlJqd

€ Ie^aT,{11rrp1sue5

,(lrrulrsues qErq

t IoA{t,$r'r,r1rsue5

flr,r4rsues qErq elln

I IoAe'I,{1mqrsue5 Zfi le^e-I,fir,rqrsueg

&u.ursues A\ol er1ln

Z1r,lsTf,lt,tqrsueg

,{lrrrqrsues Iurruou

3:PoqtrolAl

rrfrqdAdil,:.siqurgls

sod

g,.,rloql3sitr

1ed,(;

luu4eued e'(p luecserong

g1ed,{1 g ed,(1

(apour lenp) luerleued e,(p luocsoJong prru olqrsr^ luerleued e,{p elqrsrn

uogleuBgseq uo11d1.rrsaq

wgz-swY

??gz-SINV u! pouleluoc suolleu6lsop pup

:epnlcur aruog 'Suqsel tuereued prnbq q1rm pelercossu suoqelFull Jo Jaqrunu e eJE eJeql

3upsol

luBJlauad plnbla Jo suoIlBlFuIT g

v

souoEelec :z'! olqel

pue snoxoJ ?urpnlcur sleuoleru;o ,t1eue,r opra\ B uo pesn eq uur Suqsq luu4eued plnbl :potsol oq o] eJB sped 3o eurnlol e?m1e eJeq,/v\ peleluoln€ eq ,(psue uuc pue 'prder pue eldurrs ,t1e,nr1u1er sr ssecord eq] l,$rnuquocslp eqt Jo ql8ual aleurrxo.rdde pue

uorlelueuo'uorleco1 uo uoq?rruoJur Surpr^Lord gud eql Jo ecsJJns eq] uo serlmurluocsrp re,Lo ,(11cerrp peurJoJ eJu suorlBcrpur luerleued

esueJeJeu ecueJeJeu

'rrocuoc Jo serlrnunuocsrp e3.re1 Surlecrpur elrqt\ sorlrnuDuocsrp lurluenbesuocur '1erus ;o uorsserddns 3uuro11e elqrssod eJe serlrlrlrsues Jo e8uer e - sernpecord Surssecord pue slerJel€ru Jo uoqceles ,(q peuun oq uuc .fir,rqrsuas ssecord eql '9 pue iscqseld 3o sed,! ,{ueru pue ssel?'slueruec'scrru€Jec'spleur snorreJuou

's

'b

,E

laes o1 JersBe

ureql ?u14eur 'suorlecrpur Jo ezrs eql segru8uur lnopeelq lue.Deued eql pue soqrnuquoosrp lerus f.re.r, ]3elop uec Surlsq luerleued pFbll iedeqs xelduroc B eABq ,(eur lcelqo eq1 q8noqt uene uorluredo euo ur ece;-rns JorJeJxe eJrlue oql Surunuexe sr Surlsel luerleued p1nbl

;o elqedec

'7

.I

e

--.il

l. liquid

2.

-).

penetrant testing will not reveal discontinuities that are not open to the surface - subsurface discontinuities cannot be detected by penetrant testing; the part surface and the interior of any discontinuities must be clean and free of contaminants, soils and moisture - materials on the surface of the part, at the discontinuity edges or inside the discontinuity can interfere

with the penetrant entering and filling the discontinuity void; porous materials, materials with interconnecting subsurface networks or materials with seeped in penetrant that is not removed during postcleaning, cannot be inspected by the liquid penetrant testing process

4.

5.

-

the penetrant

will enter the pores

and

migrate through the network, producing an overall fluorescence or color background that would mask any discontinuities; penetrants usually contain petroleum based liquids that can soften, craze or attack some nonmetallic materials such as some plastic and rubber compounds; and penetrants, emulsifiers and developers all contain chemicals that have good wetting and detergent properties, however, they can dissolve and remove the natural oils from human tissue if they come into contact with and remain on skin surfaces for any length of

time. This causes drying and cracking, which are sources for secondary infections. Reference

A

Reference B

L

'oslec

'oruI

'q

uB Jo

'qg

:JO

'JerJrslnue pue luerleued 'p :edolenep pue luerleued 'c 'redole,Lep pue JelorueJ

luellos luer1eued 'q

q

Slsrsuor urelsr{s e'ldacuoc wals(s eql

'e

luu4eued

'redo1e.l,ep pue JogrsFure

g'I

'u

'lJolop oJ Jersee lr SuDIeu 'dlmuquocsrp oq] Jo ezrs lueredde eql segru8eur lnopeelq lu?4oued uorlBcrpu

'ped eql

?uqsq

'p

:edole.tepBul(1dde'c

6'I

'q,02 'p 'q 9I 'r 'Llz,r 'q

'lueJleued

?ur,tourerq

'lue.rleuedSur,(1dde'e :Jo

oql 0]

sJeJeJ

poqleu

poqlaw IIUoI uoIlBcIJISSels erII

v'I

'E

e,(p 'p 'JOrJrSInUe '3

'luerleued eqt ur :sr

il

IeAe'I ol uonecgruec

loeJrp JoJ perrnber srnoq Sururerl Jo requnu eW'V12J-JNS o1 Surproccy

'Ie^orueJ 'q

'redolelep

8'I

'redolezrep snoenbeuou

oql ol

e Sursn petsot ore sluurlouad q poqteyq 'p :edolenep elqnlos JeleA,\ e Sursn palso] ere slue4eued 3 poqte6 'c :edolenep f,rp u Sursn pelsel eJe slue4eued g poqlepq 'redolenep 1em e ?ursn pelso] eJe sluer1eued y poqle6 'e

iluerleued

1

1es

'per;qenb eJe sluueleur luereued uer{r!\

sJeJeJ

'e

eql

ad& ussq uorlecrJrss?lc

edfl

:3o

EI

:edole,Lep pue JelorueJ lue^Ios ']uurleued go

ed,t1

'p

:edolenep pue luer1eued go ed,{1 'poqleur

lelorueg

'c

'redole,rep pu€ JerJISInue',(1t,rr1rsues luer1eued go ed,{1 'poqleur lelotueg 'q 'redole,rep pue JelorueryJorJrslruue

ed.{1 e 8ur,fiqunb

uorsnord eq] ere qlrt\ pa]sq ere feqt

'.{11rrr1rsues '}uerleued 3o

JoJ sluerueJrnber

leqd[ 'suorsrnord

edr(;

'e

13urmo11o; oq] Jo qcrq,r epnlcur sdnot? Jo uoqecrJrss€lJ poposJedns eq;

L't

Z'I

'snoenbeuog 'p 'elqrpuedsns

'elqnlos

'sseco.rd Ieorrueqc leoru€qoaru e 'p 'ssecord Iecrruoqo lecrs,tqd e 'c 'ssecord Iecruzqceu 1ecrs,(qd e 'q 'ssecord crleuSeruorcela ue 'e

retelvt'J relqv[ 'q

'repmod

f.rq

'e

ip rrrroJ sr lsqrvl 'ruro; ,{q pa1s11 eJe uorlecrJrceds ,trulqrru eql ur sredololec

:se pourJap sr Surlsq luerleued

9'I

plnblT

I'I

suollseno 1llel^eu

I relder{J -=il

t I

) I

1.10

The ultimate reliability and confidence in liquid penetrant testing is based on the: a.

b. c. d.

penetrant material. developer material. quality of the part. operator of the process.

1.11 Military

specifications for penetrants list penetrants by systems. Which of the following systems is the most sensitive? a.

b. c.

d.

l.I2

Type Type Type Type

I, I, I, I,

Method A,level ll2. Method A and B, level 2. Method C,level2. Method C, level4.

The groups listed in the military specifications have five levels of sensitivity. The lowest sensitivity level is: a.

b. c. d.

level Il2. level 1. level 3. level4.

,n

'f)sodsre puD tlqoaH '&a!ts'6 rold€qJ ees 'uorluuuoJur eJoru Jod 'leeqs 313p {}3J€s sleuoleru eql elupdn ]silrr JoJnlceJnusur eql 'epeul sI sleueleru ur e3ueqc e Je.{euerlryy spaLls DID(I &a{oS sIDuapW'(3) uorlces '002I'016I UdJ 6Z qlr^\ eoueproccu ur pemderd (SCStl$ ]eeqs BtBp .Qe;us sluueleu e ur pelsq eq lsnu uoIleuLIoJuI srql 'uorl€lilruoJ sll ul pesn Ieueleur gsee Jo sorlsuelcuJeqc snopJezeq oql oulJep pue .{;quept o1 JeJnlcsJnueu eql selnber A\el leJeped 'sredole,l'ep prre sJeIJISIruue'sluer1eued Surpunodruoc uI pesn Fuelelu qcee Jo scllsuelceJBqc snopmzeq elqrssod eql Jo esn€oaq urecuoc e sr ,$e;eg

sJIlslJalJBJBrIJ snopJBzBH g

v

ocueJeJeu eJueJeJeu

'Jrxoluou

eq

'L

prrs

lou '9

ipud eqt eper8ep esllnJeqlo Jo epoJroc'qc1e

iece.pns ged

eq] uo pa.iKeIA ueg^l sluIIJ ulql Jo serlrluenb il€rus ut lse4uoJ ro fllpqtsr,t q8rq e,req 'S lpe,toruer ueeq seq luerleuod oJsJJns sseoxe eql JeUe ,$rnu4uocsrp eql uro4 Suqrxe 3o elqedec eq 'V

:ped eql Jo aceyns

eql uo ]uerleued ssecxe Jo IuAoIrIoJ 8q;np sarlmurluocsrp ur umrusJ pue IeAoIueJ JSISoJ ilerus ,{re,r eq,(eru ,{eqt q8noql ue,re s8uruedo ece3:ns 8uryU pue Suuelue;o elqedec lspleu uo{uuroc eJolu

qAIq B;o lueruernber oql qlrl\ lcrguoc ol spuol sq1 ',fig1qe lue^los qSIq e o^eq lsruu luu4eued eql'uorlnlos luerleued aql olul e{p eqt ldecce o; 'punorSlcuq eJEJJns eql pue uoll€clpur eql ueoA\leq lse4uoc .,(resseceu eql epltord o1 sdleq uollnlos luerleued oqt ol peppe efq 'punorS{ceq ecuyns eql pue uorlecrpur ]uurleued eql ueet\teq lseruoc .ro ,$qrqrsr. eql sr ecuepodurr lenbe;o lueurelnber Jeqlouv'lue4eued oce3:ns sseoxe eql eAoIueJ ol olqe eq ol peeu aq] qll^\ slclguoc stql's8uruedo eJepns il€rus ro iq?D ureluoc ]eql spro^ ilg pue elereued ro relue o1 ,figqu eql sI slueluertnber Jo ls1 eq] uo q8rg 'slueurermber Suqcrguoc luenber; pue snoJorunu oql Jo osneceq sseco;d xeldruoc B sr luu4oued pmbrl B Jo uorlelruruod

sollJodord luBrlauod g esueJeJeu

'sl€uel"ru lue;leued Jo qcleq Sururocur qcee Jo ecuerruo;red eqt ,{;ue,r .,(1eur1nor sresn .{uetr41 'ecueru.royed Jraql ocnpeJ uec leql sleueletu luerleued Suunlcegnueu pue Surpunodruoc ur suoqrpuoc pue sJolceJ,{ueur eru ereq;'tcnpord elqeldeccu u? ur ]InseJ uuc ecrlcerd Surpunodruoc pue uorl€Inuuo; 'spueleru mer luur?uo fpo Suqsq eq; 'eyquldecce eqt teqt saterrpur

eq

ily( uoqulilruoJ luenbesqns teq]

'I

orues eql5o lcnpord Jo seqcleq

eelueJen? 1ou soop ls{ slcnpord eql 'vrgz'swY-gvs-Tdo

peggenb oql uo Ieueteru e yo Suqsq

',E

eq '7,

oqlJo seseJrns 3ql 1e^\ o] elqe oq lsnlu lI polset eq o1 ped eq] Jo oceJJns eq] rolo JIeslI Surlnqlrrslp ,{pe.l,e pue ,{1q1oorus;o elqedec eq

:lSmU lUUrleued

oql'ecueruJoyed elqeldeom JoJ,{resseceu eluos oJe eJeql selrsrnbererd eJe leql leluotuepunJ e eprnord IIII\ leq] leAe.4AoH 'lcnpord 'irolce;sqes eueluc Jo los e Jou lue4euod ppbl u Surlepuro; JoJ elru pexrJ e JaIDIau sI sJoql "(1eleunpogu11 's1ue1 uedo ur e8erols erur18uo1 ro; ele.r uorlerodele ./y\ol ,(1e'rqeler e pue s4ue1 uedo 96 'turod qseg ur esn slr lruued ol'(Co 002)

']sq slcnpoJd per;rrcnb p uo polsrl ere elqeldecce oq ol punoJ slegeletr tr 'ocuerluo3:od s.leueleur pJepuels eouoJeJeJ oql peeoxe ro lenbe lsmu par;rrcnb eq ol legeleur eql'pereduoc eJe sllnser oql pue suollrpuoc erues eql repun fysnoeuullnlurs pessecord oJe lerJeleru pJepuels ecueJeJeJ eql pue perJrpnb eq o1 Ieueteru

aql'alr]€reduoc

e.re

(,{1pqe.a.orueJ pue,{}rsuelur luecseJong tlr,ttltsues) slueuerrnbeJ lsel aql;o ,(uery sptupuDls acuan{at se peleu8rsep ere sergedord pelueuncop ile,l.r qlr^\ slonpord prcreunuoJ 'slc€4uoc d.re11pru uo posn eq o1 slcnpord lue4eued IIe Jo uolterglenb t tEZ-l--llytr,(lreuuo;) ttgZ-SWV

sernber

(S

3ups11 spnpord paUIIBnO

J.

sepredord puB slBIrelBIAI Z rcfieTqJ

____il

Corrosive Properties

Fluorescent Dyes

Penetrants, emulsifiers and developers must not react with metals to cause pitting, etching, cracking or tarnishing. Complicating this requirement is the fact that many of the parts tested by the penetrant method are subsequently subjected to varying temperatures. There may be no chemical attack at room temperature, but if traces of penetrant are left on the part and it is subjected to elevated temperatures, then pitting, intergranular corrosion or stress corrosion may occur. A1l penetrant materials must be subjected to three corrosion tests: moderate temperature corrosion, high temperature stress corrosion and high temperature corrosion of nickel based alloys. Corrosion testing of penetrant materials is detailed in SAE-AMS-2644

Some minerals and chemical compounds have the ability to emit visible light when exposed to short wavelength energy (X-rays, ultraviolet light). This property of converting short wavelength energy to visible light is termedfluorescence; materials with this property are calledfluorescent. The mechanism of fluorescence involves the atomic structure of the fluorescent material and the energy level and quantity of the exciting radiation. A material will fluoresce only if it has a specific atomic structure. The energy holding the electrons in orbit in the outer shells must be low and there must be a vacant space in the outermost ring. When a photon of short wavelength radiation impacts a fluorescent material, some of the photon's energy is transferred to an electron in the outer ring, displacing it from its normal shell to the next higher ring. This is an abnormal or unbalanced condition; the displaced electron quickly returns to its normal shell. In returning to equilibrium, the electron releases the excess energy as electromagnetic radiation. Fluorescent penetrant dyes are designed to fluoresce when exposed to 365 nm wavelength ultraviolet light. The released energy always has a longer wavelength than the exciting radiation. The released energy in fluorescent materials has a wavelength of 400 nm to 700 nm, which is in the visible light range. The wavelength of released energy depends on the type of dye used. Fluorescent penetrant dyes are usually in the range of 475 nm to 575 nm, which is in the visible spectrum of green to yellow.

Color The carrier or vehicle in liquid penetrant is practically colorless and transparent. This makes it very difficult to see when it is entrapped in small surface openings and voids. A dye or blend of dyes is dissolved in the vehicle to provide a high contrast, readily visible indication. Two types of dyes are usually used, visible or fluorescent.

Visible Dyes Visible dye penetrants, also called color contrast penetrants, are viewed under visible light and are available in red, orange or purple. The most frequently used dyes are red because they provide high contrast with the developer and many metallic surfaces. They are inexpensive and readily dissolve in the penetrant oil. When used with emulsifiers or solvents to remove the excess surface penetrant, the small amount of penetrant trapped in the surface discontinuity is diluted when it spreads through the developer. To compensate for this, the deepest shade of red and the highest concentration of dye that can be dissolved in the oil without precipitation is used. The red dyes are visible in very thin films, however, fluorescent dyes are visible in even thinner films. One of the basic reasons that a visible dye is considered to be less sensitive than a fluorescent dye is that fluorescent penetrants can locate an indication with a smaller, thinner volume of oil. The primary advantage of a visible penetrant is that it can be used with ordinary shop lighting and it can be applied from a small portable kit.

Viscosity Viscosity is a measure of a liquid's resistance to a change in physical shape. Viscosity varies widely

with temperature, decreasing when temperatures are raised and increasing when temperatures are

lowered. Viscosity is an important factor in the application process of both penetrant and lipophilic emulsifiers. Viscosity has no effect on penetrating ability; some very viscous fluids, such as molasses, have very good penetrating ability, while some low viscosity fluids, such as pure water, have very poor penetrating ability. From an application viewpoint, viscosity affects the rate of penetration and higher viscosity fluids require a longer penetration time. Viscosity also determines how much penetrant or emulsifier remains on the part surface at the end of the dwell time. High viscosity penetrants cling to the part surface and require increased effort in removal,

'slus4euod efp elqlsl^ o1Y\] {uo4 suortsclpq eq} Jo qderSoloqd 3 sr i'z orn8rc 'pJ€puuls eql ueql J31€oJ3 Jo ol Ienba suorlBcrpur ecnpoJd tsnru uorl"nle^o Jepun lueJlouod oql'peJBdruoc .,(II?nsrA oJ€ se^Ier{ o^\1 eql 'Surssecord reUV'palenle.re ?ureq sl leql leueletu eql qlr.,rA pessecord sl JI€q Jeqlo oql puu ure1s,{s lue4eued pJepuels ecueJeJeJ eqt qlr^\ passecord sr lcolq eqt Jo JI€H '$Irolq Iunurunle pelcerc prrueql uo suonecrpur;o uosueduroc IBnsIA eql uo spuedep lsel eql 'slueurertnbeJ {untuluftu umuec .&r.r.Drsues fq perysselc ol e^eq op

teolu '(eql '1e.ne1 ]ou er€ quurleued (11ed,(;) e.{p elqtst,t alltlly\.

'sged pelceJo eJrAJes lenlce pue sleued peIcuJO en8rle; elutueqe 'se1e1d unluoJqc Io{c1u poIJBJJ se qcns 'sleued lsel Jo ,fieuu'r e Sursn peuiro;red em sJsel uosuedruoc uo4nc{1nnbuou ' eJoJeJeqI' s crlsueJoeJuqo e JuurlrJoyed ruels f s luurleued Ieorluepr qlr. a $IceJJ en8qe; e1ec11dnp o1 elqrssod tou sr lI 'sleued lsel eql sulelur€ru pue fcue8e Sur.Qgunb eqt sr eorod rlv Sn eq; 'sleued tsel uo4nc{r1nnb p les euo ,(po sr eJaqJ 'IEuelsru pmpuels ecuoJaJoJ oql Jo esoql peecxe ro pnbe lsnlu sJoq{xnu o3ueurrunl 8ur11nser eql'pelunleno oq ol ue]s^{s ]uerleued eql Sursn pessecorder pue peueelo ueql ere sleued eq; 'tuerudrnbe Surlsel eq] ezrprupuels ol Jeleuoloqd e Sursn peJns€eu sr suorleolpur ?uqpser eql Jo eJueurtunl eql 'rue1s,(s ]uer]eued pJepu€ls ecueroJer elqucqddu aql Sursn pessecord ]sJrJ eJ€ s>lceJc an8rle; pelereue8 ,,{.ro1eroqel '11urus fre,L ?urureluoc ,(o11e IeIJru pue runru€lq 3o sleued lse'L'I€LrelErx pJ€puels osusJeJeJ pelseles eq] eql se^Io^ur 1erre1 ,{1r,Ar1rsues JoJ lssl eql JO esn

'q8rq er11n - t Ie^al flr.nrlrsues 'g puu 'qAH - € le^el flprrlrsues 'V 'luurrou - ZpLeI,fir,rrlrsues'E - I le^el ,{lr.l,rlrsues 'z - zfi le^q,{lrntlrsues 'I

Jo slruteq 'e8uer Surssecord pepuounuoceJ eql Jo eprslno se.rnluredruel o1 pesodxe ueq^\ sJorJrslnue puu slue4eued;o uorleredes ol eJu"lsrseJ eql ol s.re;er,$qrqels ernleredru eL' (gnlqD$ IDur aql Wr1!1^ pesnJuoc eq lou plnoqs pus uorlecrJrceds razvreu eq] Jo luoruerrnber e sr ,$grqels ernleredrue;

\

,t1pr11;sueg

'W1Z-SWy-SVS ul reedde 1se1,{1gtqels eq1

,(tryqufs alnluJedruo;

'slueruerrnber uorlecr;rceds oq] ol uoqecrylenb roJ poprurqns seldues Surlsel fq peu;guoc sr srqJ '(9. 00I pu€ 09) J. 8€ pu? 9I uee^Ueq sernteredruel ]e paJols sJour€luoo pesolc ,(1p3 u1 e3erols go

poped ree,{ euo e ;etJE slueuerrnber uorlecryrceds IIe leeru o1 pelnber eJ€ slerJeleru ]u?Ioued

,(filqets a8u.rolg

g

v

esueJeJeu e3ueJeJou

'sII'€tI UdJ qlrA\ ecuepJocse ur peloqel eq lsnlu lnq 'polcoJJe lou erc sJoureluoc losoJae ur pe8e>1ced sleueleru tue4eued '€6 C I IISV ecrlcerd prupuels qtrl\ ocuepJocJ€ ur peJns?olu sr lurod qselg 'iuerudrnbe puu suorlnzcerd lurceds lnoqlr^\ s1ue1 uedo ur pasn sprnbq elqeurur€U roJ (d" 002) J. g6 Jo

lurod qseg ruruururur

B peqsr1qelse

uorle4srufiupv

q1{eeg pue ,{1e;eg leuoqednccA aqt LL6I gg s" 1!\ol s€ se^i\r gL6I u1 'sree,t

uI'(d.09I) J.

I

eqi q8norql pe8ueqc elpq sluaruerrnber lurod qselg

'uorlnecerd .{1eyes e se lueuodrur sr }r lnq'}ue.rlaued e Jo acu€uro;red eqt loeJ;e lou seop lurod qseg

eql 'etuel; e Jo ecuesoJd eql ur ueqrvr elru8r

pFoc lr 1eq1 rode.r elquururug q8noue g3o se.t6 pFbII e qcrql\ 1e e;nleredrual eql sr lurod qselg

lulod qs€ld

g esueJeJeu

"nol 'rvro1 er11n

v

:sle^el Klrlrlrsues e,\rJ olur polJrsselc

ere (1 ed,{1) sruals,{s luu.rleued lueosoJonlC 'uorlecrpur elqeecrlou e ecnpord o1 a,{p q?noue

qlu,r flmurluoJsrp ot{} llxo pue Jelue lsnru luer}eued eq1 'punorS{cuq ec€;rns qll^\ tseruoo pue ,Qq1qe Suqe;]eued qloq so^Io^ur 11 's8uruedo ecegrns lq8rl'ilurus ,&e,r ruo"ty uorleolpur oIqISIA e ecnpord ol ,{lruqe aql se peulJep sr Kltd.111suas'trlsqelceteqc acueur-rogred luerleued e equcsep ol pesn uoq

'r$rsuelur luotseJonlJ s.luer1eued B uo s€q errueredruel lceJJe eqt ol sreJer,firyqe1s IeruJeql

eJueJeJeu

'paJo^rlop l?ueleru Jo

lol Jo qrl€q qcee uo pe.rrnber q'ob1I + ',{11socsr.t srql'rerJrslnure cqrqdodl pue tw4eued qcee

;o -,$rsocsrn Ieuruou eql elels lsmu JoJnlJeJnueu eq; 'r$rsocsrrr rog peJlnboJ enle^ Jos ou sI ereql '(d" g + 00I) J. Z4 g'LEIE 'gW C WISV

qlrl\ e3u€pJocce ur peJnsBe{u sr ,$rsocsrn'erurl IIe^\p JerJrslruue peseeJour ue ernber pue luu4eued olur esnJJrp ol .^\ols eru sJerJrslnue ,(lrsocsr,t q8r11 'serlmuquocsrp ,(uu pg ol ecegrns ged oql uo surerueJ luereued lueIOIJJnsuI leql ,{pernb os ged eq]

tuo{

urerp ,{eur sluerleued (,$1socsr,r

mo1) urqt f-ren 'sassol

lno Serp seseeJcul qclq^\

-E

10 Selection of the sensitivity level to be used depends on potential discontinuity size, width and

volume of the discontinuity, part size, shape, surface finish, residual stress and intended function of the part. The general rule is to use the lowest sensitivity that will reveal the possible discontinuities. Difficulties can arise if the sensitivity is either too low or too high. Low sensitivity levels may not reveal potentially harmful discontinuities, while a sensitivity level that is too high can result in a residual background that could obscure any discontinuity indications. Reference B

Fluorescent Intensity

Fluorescent intensity is the amount of visible light given off when fluorescent dye is exposed to ultraviolet light. There are a number of variables that influence fluorescent intensity. Some of these

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Standard Test Method for Comparing the s s of F luore s c ent P enetranls. Reference standard sensitivity level 4 penetrant is used as a baseline. A thin film is achieved by accurately diluting both the standard and material to be tested. Four small squares of filter paper are dipped into the diluted reference standard and four squares are dipped into the diluted test material. The samples are then dried. This produces a thin, uniform film of penetrant on the filter paper squares. The fluorescent intensity on both the reference standard and test material are measured using a fluorometer' For sensitivity level4 penetrant, the fluorescent intensity of the test material must be atleast95Vo of the intensity of the reference standard. Sensitivity levels 1/2, 1,2 and 3 penetrant are also compared against sensitivity level 4 reference standard penetrant. Sensitivity level ll2 must be at least 50Va, sensitivity level 1 must be 65%, sensitivity level2 must be 807o and sensitivity level 3 must be at least 90Vo of the intensity of the reference standard penetrant.

B ri ghtne

are:

the thickness of the penetrant film, the intensity of the ultraviolet light impinging on the surface, the amount or concentration of fluorescent dye in the penetrant, the capability of the dye to absorb ultraviolet

light (absorptivity), and the efficiency of the dye in converting the released electrons to visible light (quantum yield).

Variables that can be controlled by the operator are the intensity of the ultraviolet light impinging on the surface and the thickness of the penetrant film (emulsifying, washing and developing). The other variables are controlled by the penetrant manufacturer. Increasing the amount of dye in solution proportionally increases the fluorescent intensity. The absorptivity and quantum yield are characteristics of the dye system. These are controlled by the dye blends, because most penetrant systems contain a blended dye. An activator dye, which has an optimum absorptivity in the 365 nm wavelength region, may have a high quantum yield but not in the 475 to 575 nm range (yellow-green). A second dye can be selected that has a good absorptivity where the activator dye has its peak emission. The second dye, called a colorforming dye, will emit tn the 475 to 575 nm range. This interaction of different dye types is called cascading. Measurement of fluorescent intensity is performed in accordance with ASTM E 1135,

Reference A Reference B

Ultraviolet Stability The efficiency of fluorescent dyes in converting ultraviolet light to visible light is reduced by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light. The test for ultraviolet stability is performed in a manner similar to the test for fluorescent intensity (ASTM E 1135) with the following changes. No reference standard specimens are necessary. Ten

ecueJeJeJ eleudordde oql Jo slueueJnseeu

eqlJo luns eql ol pereduroo pue pelelot

eJe sluorueJnseeru

eq;

'1eued qo€e uo eperu oJE

sJuelueJnsseu ooJr1J 'lq8g telorne4ln ol esuodse-r

elqt8g8eu qlla 1q?q olqrsrl o1 esuodser crdoloqd JoJ palooJJoc sr lzql releu pcqdoolcele ue Sursn peJnseeu sr seldrues oql uo punorSlceq luecseJonlJ eq1 'Surssecord reryy'pelse] Sureq ue1s.{s eql uo Surpuedep 'fltq8qs .fte.r, redole.tep 8ur,(1dde pue 8ur.{pslnrue'8ur.,{rp'8urqse,r JoJ soJnpecoJd 'e13ue ee;8ep 0g e w elrqt\ uru 61 .{lelerurxordde JoJ ureJp ol uoq] 3urmo11e pue seldruus lsol oq] Surddrp Jo ]srsuoc ,(eq; 'eures oq] aJe stuer1eued (C poqlelnt) cqrqdorp,{q per;rslnurelsod pu€

(g poqle^) clpqdodl pegtslnuelsod '(y poqte6) olqer{selr\ rele.tr Sururerp

pue Surs.reruurl JoJ soJnpacoJd 'polso] eq o1 ruels,ts eql ur pessacord ere JnoJ pue uelsfs pJepu€ls ecueJeJoJ elqecqddz eql ur pessecord ere sleued eql Jo rnod

'w97,-sI/w-avs ul pell?lep

ere pesn

eq o1 snleredde Surqsu.r go ed,$ eql pue sleued eql Suqsq puu Surcnpord rog sernpecord 'suoqrpuoc pollor1uo3 f11n;erec repun ?u4sulg ll.r3 ,{q pecnpord e.re sleued lsel Ieels sse1urels lerced5

._ell

eleredes e se pelsel sr pue serlrnuquocsrp 1ur1ue1od eJncsqo uec 'punorS{ceq alrssacxe sesneJ qolq,!\'leurotuerrepun'sleued qloollls,tye,l,rleler

aqi uo

,t1p^ tltsues eseeJcap ilL{\ luuJ]oued pedderlue Jo IBAorueJ esneceq lsel ,fir.,rrlrsues erp SuFnp

pelsq sI IeAoIuoJJeAo JorJrslnue e^rlre eJoru elnber sged ace;rns qSnor elrq^\ 'perJrslnue qlootus 'lsel eql uo

e

.,{psee ere sged peurqcetu

lreJJe uB seq ruelr lsel eql go sseuq8noJ eceJrns oql 'luerleued s.JeJnJOEJnueu lueJeJJrp e uo flelenbepe rurogred lou ,(eru JeJruceJnueu euo ruo{ JerJrslruue puu urels,ts e se pelsel em sJerJrslnrue pue sluereued'ero;ereql'pesn eq ol luereued eqt

uo Surpuedep srarJrslnruo oql eleFuro; ,{gn;erec srerntceJnueu eql'(C pue g spoqtehD stuerteued po4e6) elqeqse^\ retu.i!\

'uorlceler JoJ osnec sr uorlerrlroJ runcs Jo uorlelrdrcerd ouorleredes Jo ecueprlo ,tuy',{11ensrn peurruexe ueql pue IooJ o} perrroll? 'uelo eql ruo4 pelo{xeJ sr Ieueleru eql'pouad oqt Jo pue eq] tV 'q. L rcJ (d" S + ZZD J" g + 0S Jo ernleredrue1 e le pour"lureur pue uelo uoqceluoo e ut peceld urnl ur sr luql qsrp uled Jeleuerp I€uruou ('ut O'E) urur 0SI perelocun ue ur eldrues -Jru 0S s Surceld sellonur oJrT {uel JoJ }sol eq; 'ecueruroped paper8ep ur llnseJ,(eql 'rncco suelqord uerl\\'Iuel eql uI ueeq seq ]r Jous I?lJel€tu eqlJo eceJJns eql uo Suruuog runos Jo uorlelrdrcerd 'uorleredes ur llnseJ ,(1pnsn sulelqo.rd eseql 'srorJrslruue clpqdodq pue slue4oued Supunodruoc uor{,ll. Jnoco uec suolqoJd 1eq1 elqrssod sr

e sr't(ltyqoqsom

11

eJIf {uBI 'seldrues pesodxeun oql JoJ e8e;ele eqt ot peredruoJ t pu€ g slelel flr,rqrsues roJ ob08 pue 'Z pue I 'Lfi s1e,re1 ,gr,rrlrsues toJ ob09 uuql ssel eq lou leqs seldues pesodxe eq1 ;o ,$tsuelut e?ere,ty'papuouruocer sr seldrues pesodxeun puu pesodxe ueoA,\leq 8urleu:e11y peJnseeu sr ,grsuelur luocsoronlJ aql'ernsodxe JoIJV'q I roJ (d.

'g€I I g WISV o1 Surprocce

V + LET) Jo Za VII rc uelo rle peep e ut pleq pue e1eld pleru ueolo e uo peceld aJe suerurJods e,tg Suorls

Surureurer

eql 'lueJrnc JrB pue leeq lq8q

ruory .,(une uorlecol e ur peceld ere suerurceds lsot eq] Jo e^rd 'pelsq eq ol lue4aued pelnpp olur peddrp eJp sueruroeds reded JetIIJ uel'pequcsep .(lsnornerd s1se1f1rpqe1s telorns4ln eql pue slsa] .,$rsuelur lueJSeJonIJ eql oi Jelrrurs sr ,{lqrqeis IeuJeql JoJ lsa] eql ']rmreued;o ecuecseJong eql ecnpeJ upr saJnJ€Jodruel pelerlelg

,{truqets IBrurerII

perJrslnruetsod pue (V

o1 elqecqddu ,(uedord uoururoc

'suerurceds pesodxeun

oql 'sueruroeds pesodxeun pue pesodxe uee^^$aq 3urleure11e 'SgII g WISV qtra\ ecueprooce ur JeJeruoJonlJ eql ur peJnseeu sr suerurceds eql Jo acueoseJong eql'porred emsodxe oql JegV'q I rog tq8q talorl€4ln zucli11ur 0S + zurcl1tru 008 ol pesodxa eJe suerurJeds enr; Surururuer eqJ JeA\€Jp ISep e se qcns ?eJe peue>lJep e ut poceld ueql ere suerurceds pelJp oql Jo onrd 'polso] eq ol Iuueleul poln[p oql olur peddtp oJe suolrrrreds reded relpg

ou A\oqs fieqs stuelouad y poqtolN ',ftesseceu sI uorleultueluoo Ja]€.t\ ?upr-ull'ero;ereq; 'uorleyn8eoc ro uorleredes '8uq1e8 esnec u?c suorlels qse,u lueceipe ruo{ uorleufiue]uoJ Jalelv\ JerJrslnue pue lueleued ;o sernlxrur pellor1uoc ore (V poqtery) stuerleued elqeqseA\ reled[

eql Jo ob09 pl[e I 'z s1a,re1 flr,rrlrsues '7 - zfi 'sseqqSrrq pue ? sle^el,tra,rlrsues 'I - €pe8ere,r.e peldecce runruru[u sonlel

,(lqrqe,rorueU

sE

ol poJJeJer ^(luounuoc

..,(1111qe,toureg

pesodxeun Jo ob1L :eJe

'obg ol dn suorlerluoouoJ Jele^\ le Suqeln8eoc ro ?urleredes '?uq1e8

eJuBJeIoI JelEAI

II *-!rltl

t2 standard. Penetrant systems should leave no more residual penetrant than the same sensitivity level reference standard.

viscosity emulsifiers diffuse more slowly than low viscosity emulsifiers. A highly active emulsifier with a low viscosity can be adjusted by blending it with a more viscous emulsifier to provide the

Emulsifier/Remover Properties

desired washing characteristics. Emulsifier stations are generally located next to the wash/rinse stations and water contamination from overspray or splashing can occur. As water is added to the emulsifier, the emulsifier gels, separates or coagulates. A specification requirement is that the emulsifier tolerate 5Vo water by weight without gelling, separating or coagulating and still be capable of passing the penetrant removability test. As parts are processed through the emulsifier, some of the surface penetrant dissolves in the

Petroleum based penetrants are not soluble in water, however, there are chemicals that will combine with the penetrants to form a mixture that can be removed with a water spray. These chemicals are called emulsifiers.

Emulsifier/removers are a complex mixture of chemicals. Ideally, during removal of surface penetrant, all excess surface penetrant should be removed from all surface areas (including fillets, corners and recesses) without removing penetrant entrapped in discontinuities. Formulating the ideal emulsifier mixture is a delicate balancing act. A mixture that is too aggressive will leave a clean surface but will also remove entrapped penetrant, while a low aggressive mixture will leave an excessive background. Each manufacturer has its own formulation for penetrants and the emulsifiers must be formulated for that specific penetrant (except for solvent removers). Emulsifiers from one manufacturer may not perform satisfactorily on a different manufacturer's penetrant. Generally,

emulsifiers are tested for sensitivity and removability during the penetrant tests. Water washable or selfemulsifiable penetrants (Method A) contain emulsifier as an integral part of their formulation. Adding a lipophilic emulsifier to a postemulsifiable penetrant will not produce a satisfactory water washable penetrant. Because water washable penetrants already contain an emulsifier, they are susceptible to water contamination. A specification requirement is that water washable penetrants tolerate atleast 57o water addition without gelling, separating or coagulating. They must also meet the requirement for tank life without separation of emulsifier from the penetrant.

Lipophilic emulsifier (Method B) is a type of liquid soap that will diffuse into the penetrant, producing a mixture that can be removed with a water spray. These emulsifiers are required to be a distinctly different color from the penetrant. The three properties of lipophilic emulsifiers that control the washing characteristics are activity, viscosity and water tolerance. These properties are factored against the characteristics ofthe oil based penetrant. If a penetrant is highly resistant to water, an emulsifier with a high activity is needed. The rate of diffusion of the emulsifier into the penetrant depends on the viscosity of the emulsifier. High

emulsifier. Because Method B emulsifiers are 1007o soluble in penetrant, a gradual buildup of penetrant slows the emulsification rate. With continued buildup, the emulsifier begins to function as a penetrant. Method B emulsifiers must tolerate at least one part penetrant to four parts emulsifier and still pass the removability test. Method B emulsifiers are supplied in the ready-to-use form and do not require further

mixing. Hydrophilic emulsifiers are often called removers to differentiate them from lipophilic emulsifiers. They consist of a mixture of chemicals called surfactants. Surfactants are supplied as concentrated liquids and are mixed with water either before or during the removal process. The concentrate is required to contain a maximum of 5Vo water.

Developer Properties Developers assist in the withdrawal of entrapped penetrant from discontinuities and provide contrast between an indication and the part background. They must provide a smooth even coating covering the entire surface to be tested. Their sensitivity and removability are tested using reference standard materials and are compared only to the developer action of the material being tested. Dry powder (Form a) and nonaqueous developers are supplied in the ready-to-use form. Water soluble (Form b) and water suspended (Form c) developers are supplied as concentrates to be mixed with water according to the manufacturer's instructions. No form of developers shall contain compounds of hexavalent chromium. Developers for Type I penetrants (fluorescent) must not exhibit any green, yellow or orange fluorescence and fluorescence of other colors shall not be greater than that of the reference standard

f

ur Ie8 Jo pllos e se ofp oq] 8uq€lrdrceJd'solerod€Ae

luallos ellelo^ oql 'ila^\p luerleued eql Suunq

'serlrnurluoosrp oo€;rns .{ue srelue pue ?urqsn-rq ,(q seere ileurs ol pelldde sl luerleued oql 'lue^Ios eplelo^ Surle4eued fgSlq e ur pellosslp sg;nlsafp elqrsr^ Jo JuecseJonu Joqlro Jo uor]?4uecuoc qAIq e ureluoc sluerleued eseql 'serlrnuquocsrp '11eurs ol elrlrsuas fleue4xe em .{eqi

lq8rl

esneceq srunuauad uounlosil qByT se ol peJJeJeJ .,{luoururoc oJe s}ue4eued uorlelrdrcerd e,{q

sluels.ds luBrleued

uollulldlrerd e.d(

'uorsorroc sse4s pue lueuolprJqure ueSorp,{q 'uorsouoc relnuerSrelur ur 8ur11nseJ sseJls I€nprseJ Jepun Jo/puu sa:nleredruel pele^ele le pesn ere sfo11e ogl ueqa\ pel€Jelerce sr sseuelrsoJJoc sql'llnseJ .(eru uorsorroc'sfo11e unruelq pue s,(o1p lleqoc 'sfo11e Ie{rru q8rq's1ee1s sselurels sllrueJsns qlrA\ lceluos olur eruos pu? pezruor eJe ouuolqo pue JnJIns;o serl4uenb IIBrus ueqr\\

suelsds luBJlouad eulJolqJ ,Ilof puB JnJInS rllol g scuoroJod

'sps3q plot\ olerpeuDelur pue souq rrreols alrl epnlcur s1ue4eued ernleredurel q8gq ro3 suorlecrlddy'sernlereduel eseql le IJnc Jo leed p.Lr s.redole,rep pJupuels esneoaq perJrpou eq lsnru radole.rep snoenbuuou eqJ '(d. 0g€) J. LLI Jo e8uer eq] ur sr gue4eued ernleredruel q81q rog tp41reddn eql 'ernleredruel Surleredo peJrsop aql ls uorl€Jode,te lsrseJ pue

pFbll urerxer ol pelrelas eJe slue.{los pue solcrqe^ eql ']uereued erruereduro] qAFI u 8ur1e1mu;o; uI 'slql ueql req8rq sernle.redruel1u uorleper8ep ]€eq ]srseJ teqt se,(p elqrsh pue luocsoJong ere ereql'(9" OZt) J. 6t sI sruels.{s luerleued pJepuels JoJ lrrurl reddn pepueuruocor aql

SIBITOIBI I

luBrleuad ernlBJaduol qSlH g ocuoJoJod

v

scueJeJeu

v

eJuoroJod

'8ur.ueqc Jo ecueprlo e^eel Jo lr^u? eq] Jolocsrp 'luooJ peue{Jep e ur qseg elqrsr^ e ro uorsoldxo elqrpnu ue esnec III^\ tl 'elqqedruoc ue8,{xo plnbl ]ou sr leuo1eru oql JI 'lueruuoJrl.ue ue8.{xo uB qlr^\ lceluoc ur olrq^\ IurJeletu eql uo lq8ra,l u Surddorp sallolur slerJepu elqrleduroc ue3-,(xo prnbq;og lsel eql '8uruee1c

fq

pe.toruer

Jou eJE pue pedde4ue euocoq senprseJ Surlsel eJeq,ll. seJeJJns 8u1r(eg Jo seeJe pesseceJ 'socrlorJ uleluoc teqt sued pedeqs xeldruoc pue soqquoss€ qlra poJelunosue eJe serlFcrJJrc 'pe^orueJ sr onprseJ Suqsq luerleued Jo seJE4 IIe qcrq. a uror; sged palquessesrp eldrurs "ro; rualqord Surlsel e Jo qcnru ool lou sr eJeqJ 'uorleJqrl ro lcedrur '1coqs ol pelcelqns ueq.4l Jo IelJeleru olqqsnquoc e qllA\ lsBluoJ olur e{uoc ,(eqt ueqm fle,trsoldxe ,(eq; 'e,,qcea"r ,(llucnueqc ,(1erue4xe ue?fxo snoasu8 pue ue3,(xo pInbIT lJ€eJ uec

'suoqecrJrceds uorlereue8 ren od eql Jo ]sour Surleeur spueleru eprnord uec orepro lurceds uo 's.relnlce;nueru luer1eue4 '1ru41 reddn 3ql lseel l€ lserrr IIr,i!\ slBrJe]elu IercJermuoc Surlsrxe eqt;o ,(ue6 'srunrurxeur eql se tq8re11l Kq o51 o1 obg'1 uroq,frceds sepoc relroq pue JeolcnN'rnJlns pue seprrolqr roJ stru4l elqe^l'olle eqt ?uru.recuoc uorurdo Jo ecuaJoJJrp elquJeprsuoo u sr eJeql rnJlns puu saplrolqJ uo slrruq :r;rceds ol"InurroJ u€ql JoqluJ slsel eseql ldeccu o1 peer8e eleq sJeJnlJuJnueru eur8ue 1e! pue erue4Jre lsotr tr 'ssers paurelsns repun fole Ielt1u lsso Jo ernluredurel q8rq er1ln pue arnleredruel q8rq'ern1e-redural eleJeporu l€ uorsouoc o1 ,$qrqrldessns JoJ slsel IeJsAes leelu lsnru tsq slcnpord per;qenb aql uo pelsl slerJelel4tr 'slse] uorsoiloc uo ^,{1ar op ,teqt lnq lua}uoo JnJIns

Jo sepuolq3 uo slrxll les ]ou op suoqecr;rceds snsuesuoc pue ,fue1rpu eql'sleueleur a\EJ

eql ur slunorue ocu4 ur lsrxe op feql 1nq surels,(s luerleued ol Ierluesse lou eJe euuolqc puu JnJInS

e.re

sluBrlauad alqltBdruoJ ue8.dxg 'sqderSered 3urmo1o3 eqt ur poqucsop eJe slurJeleru esod;nd prceds esoq] Jo eruos 'W1Z-SWy-SVS fq poroloc ]ou ere,(eqt'e8esn pelrjull rreq] Jo osnecag 'sesod:nd pue suorlecqdde

lerceds roJ pelelruruoJ

aff sleFeletu eseqJ

'poqlrcsep ^(ysnor.terd esoql ruo4 lueJeJJrp eJe leql slerJoleu luurleued Jo Jequmu e eJe eJeqJ

slBIrotBtrAI osodrnd IBIrads g ecueJeJeu

'eruq per;rceds u ro; Suqpes JeUe Sursredsrper;o elqudec eq osle lsnru redole,rep pepuedsns Jele1ysecuelsqns 8ur1e1dep.re.,{ey euozo I sselJ fue ureluoc ]ou rcqs sredole,rep lue^los 'pesn oq o] luerleued eql qtl^\ tserluoc poo8 epnord leqs (efp elqrsr.t) sluerleued 1 ed,{g.ro; sredole'req'redo1e,r.ep

€I

--=If,

t4 the discontinuity. After removal of the excess surface penetrant, a two-step developer is used. The first developer is a solvent that redissolves the penetrant, expands its volume and extracts it from the discontinuity. The indication can be increased by applying additional layers ofthe solvent developer. When the indication reaches the desired size, a plastic developer is applied as a top coat. This freezes the indication and allows it to be removed or stripped from the part surface for a permanent record.

Reversed Fluorescence Method The reversed fluorescence method is similar to that of a photographic negative of the standard fluorescent penetrant. The penetrant, similar to standard visible dye penetrant, is applied to the surface of the part. After a dwell period, the excess surface penetrant is removed in the standard manner. Under ultraviolet light a special developer powder containing a low intensity fluorescing dye is applied by spraying. The entire part surface will fluoresce except where an entrapment is present. The penetrant will quench the developer fluorescence and the indication appears as a dark line where the penetrant bleedout occurs.

Plastic Film Developers Plastic film developers are either one-part or two-part developer systems. One-part plastic film developers consist of a variety of organic or resin polymers dispersed or dissolved in a volatile solvent. In some cases, a powder is added to scatter the light and add contrast to the indication. Because adsorption/absorption is not involved, the indication does not spread and the resolution is high. In two-part developers, the first part consists of, or is similar to, a solvent suspended developer or a dilution expansion developer that forms the indication. The second part is then sprayed on, stopping the developer action, freezing the indication and forming a clear plastic layer that can be peeled from the part surface to form a permanent record of the indication. Reference A Reference B

Thixotropic Penetrant A thixotropic material is one that changes form or structure as a function of time or shear stress. A thixotropic penetrant is applied as a solid or gel that changes to a liquid after application. One example is a high temperature penetrant in the form of a crayon or stick that is used to test welds before they are cooled. Reference B

Dilution Expansion Developers Dilution expansion developers do not use the conventional blotter adsorption/absorption action. Powder or pigment particles are not required in dilution expansion developers and may even interfere with the action. In dilution expansion developers, the small film of penetrant that exudes from an entrapment is diluted and its volume is expanded into the liquid developer layer. Because no pigment particles are used, the resolution of the

resulting indication is improved. Reference A Reference B

nil

'q

'obr'0 'obr}'o

'3

'o/o0'I

'p

'obr'l

'e

ilu€4eued eql Jo e8etuaJJed ]eqd\ ol pelrurrl eq ]ueluoJ JnJIns l3q1 pepueuruocsJ ueuo sr 1I

'obl't 'obj'l

'obl'0 'obrj'0

6'7,

'Iunruelrl

',Qt,tur8

'f1rsocsr.,

'uorsual ece.+Jns 'q

:3rD ol pelelor

>1urs

y

g'z

'luurleued

'e

eq1

go

,firsocsm

'utu 'uru

L'Z

n'z

'B

t'z

gzL 'p gzg 'c

'c

'q

:sr ltrue sluerleued lueJseJong lsoru

leql

Joloc eql go qt8uele,r.em elerurxordde eql 'uru 99€;o ql8ue1e.te,tr' e le .{8reue uoloqd qJosqe sluerleued ur pesn se,{p luecseronlg

'e

eql

'o^oq"cpuee

z'z

'3

'e^oqe eql Jo II" 'p 'uollEcrpur

9'7,

ue >{seru uec punor8lceq e1rq.,r,r poo8 e eprlord ot lsoo redole.r.ep {clqt 'e,{e eql :na:4te

€

'q

oi lqBI

'c

lr-ure lou seop e,(p elqrsr^ e 'q 'rulrJ ploqserq]

Je)cql e speeu e,(p elqrsl. per e

pe11o4uoc sr uorlerodene

eql ']ue4eued e;o

cr;rceds 'p

'{tllpelo't 't 'r$tsocsr,l, 'e

'c

'p 'q 'E

sr ,{uedo.rd sql '{ue1 oq} Jo ruouoq oqt oj srte1|le ilr,&\ uorlBurrueluoc JeleA\ leql os JoIEA\ ueql re1q311 eq lsnu lue4eued

ilwJleued

eql o8sluarred leq,/y\ ol pelgrrll eq lu3]uo3 Jo aprrolqJ leql papueruruoceJ ueuo sr lI

'lue4eued eql uorlJe 8ur11ervrp Jo 'luer1aued eqt Jo .{tr1rlelo,\ 'c ']uurleued oql Jo uorsue] oJsJJns 'q

'o^oq? c pue q qlog 'e '3^oqe eql Jo IIV 'p 'sleals srlruelsnv 'c

'sfolle Ie{cru qArH 'q

:eq] sr uorlu-rleued Jo olBJ eql sloJ]uor leql '(uedord eqJ

arnJlns

pue ouuolqJ Ielol 'suor epuolq3 qlrA\ slqrleduoc 1ou sr Surru,olloJ 3q1Jo qcrQ\\

'utu 929 'q 'wu gzv 'e

',$lter8 clJlcods 'p

'f,trpelo't qseg

'lurod

:sr.,(lqrqerurueg a]Bnlele ol lse] lsoq

'pueletu ]ue.rleued e Jo esn oJES oql lcudrur

teql stuo^los pu€ s1o;o sedfi eqt pue suoqrecorp,{q;o ,{gedo.rd e sr ,gryqeuuelC '.&r,r.er8 cr;rceds 'p 'uorsueJ e3BFns '3

'flrsocsrl

'f11p1eyo,r 'e

:fq Jo oler

'e

slcedse fleyes

pue Jluouooo eql sB IIoA\ se flrsocsr'r eql loeJJe uec lue;leued e Jo uorl€Jodu,re prdeg

:esnecaq sluerleued er{p luecserong lsour g',2

se elrlrsues se

lou sr luerleued ertp elqrsrrr

y

t'z

suorlseno ^lal^eu Z rcfiWqJ SI

t6

2.10

Many specifications, including AMS-2644' require corrosion tests of penetrant materials with:

a. b. c. d. e. 2.lI

aluminum. magnesium. steel.

all ofthe above. both a and b above.

Activity, viscosity and water tolerance are the three ProPerties of:

a. b. c. d. 2.12

lipophilic emulsifiers. postemulsified Penetrants. hydrophilic emulsifiers. wet develoPers.

Viscosity is measured with

a. b. c. d. 2.13

Viscosity. Capillary action. FluorescentintensitY. Contamination resistance.

Evaporation of volatile constituents of

liquid penetrant processing materials will result in:

a. b. c. d. 2.I5

viscometer. hydrometer. surface diffractometer. Cleveland open cup.

Which of the following properties of a fluorescent dye penetrant is the most important?

a. b. c. d. 2.14

a:

increasedviscositY. changes in fluorescence. higher developer concentration. all of the above.

Which of the following developers is purchased as a dry Powder?

a. b. c. d.

Dry develoPer. Water suspended develoPer. Water soluble develoPer. All of the above.

il

'pesn poqleiu eqt pu€ lue4ouod Jo ed& oqt qll^r selre^ slusJ]eued

uo eJnleJod{uel Jo l3eJJo eql ernlBredrual Jo lJeJJg

g ecuoJoJau

v g esuorsJeu 'eqn] eql epISuI

Ia^el pmbr1 pue elSue ]celuor uee^\leq drqsuorleyer aql salursnllt 7'g ern?rg 'pesserdep sr IoAeI eql pue pre,ru.^\op e8pe prnbq eql se.rrnc e13ue lcetuor qSIq eql'seer8ap 96 ue{}'re}eer8 sr e13ue lJeluoc eql ueqa sJnJco srql Jo osJeAeJ eql 'prnb1 eprslno eql qlr.la lenel sureueJ eqnl eqt ur prnbq;o

Ie^el eql pue peerds lou soop plnbl eql 'sear8ep 96 seqceo:dde e13uu lceluoc aql ueqdt'eqnl eq] ur esu ol pmbrl eql Sursnec pue eore pepe.r\ eql ol prnbrl aqnl eqt ol eJeqpe ol Ieuoqrppe 3uqce"41u

II€.4A

plnbl oqt sesner plnbl eq] Jo uorsuel ocEJJns eqJ 'llellr eqnt eqt dn onrn3 ol prnb11 eql 3o e8pe eq1

sesn€c e13ue lceluoJ .,r.rol oql 'plnb1 eql Jo uorsuel eceJJns puu e13ue lceluoc 1y\ol eql Jo osn€Jeq sesu eqnl eql eprsur le.tel prnbq eql'oqnl aq] ste.l.r plnb{ 3ql uel{rv['aqru oql s}e,r,r pmbq eql ssapn Jncco lou IIr^\ esrJ plnbl eql'eqn1 Jeleruerp il"{us e ur prnbq e esrJ eqt .{q pelu4suouap sr uoqce fmlgde3 Jo 'serlrnurluossrp ruo4 lrxo puB ,ft1ue lue.qeued qloq JoJ elqrsuodser sr uorlre fte111de3

eq] eAolu

o1

ecuoJsJau

'ocuyns pr1os eql relo prnbq pepoou {Jo,,!\ eql op o1 peseeleJ sr eeJe eeuere;yrp ,{8reue eqt 'eceg.relur

tpn rad G,sl" - 9{,)

se8-pqos roud eqt seceldsrp puu ereJrns pqos aql JeAo spuerds prnbq se 'uorlrpuoc srql Jepun 7Sl,

< 9Sl,

-

uorJrpuoc Burpeerds

:,{lqenbeur aqt

fq

poiuJrpur se TSrt 'ecu3uelur

prnbq-pqos eqt 3o f?reue eoeJrns eq] peecxe '9'$, 'ece;lelur se8-prlos eqt;o fS.reue oJBJJns eq] leql serrnber orpJrns prTos aqt uo prnbrl eqt;o Surpeerds JoJ uorlrpuoc 'luerorJJns lou ]nq '.,(resseceu

y

'ecepolur se3-p11os eqt 3o .{8reue orBJJns eq1

sr

9Sl,

'ocBFelur

pmbq-pqos eqt go ,(?reue eJeJrns eql

sr

7sL

'a3eIelur

se8-prnbq eqt;o ,(8reue eJe3:ns eql sr 7L 'pqos ueelr B uo pmbq go ,t1g1qe 3ur11e.Lr eq1 sr ?sS :eJeq^l

uollrv,{le111du3

(7fl,+4)_esf=zss

',{tmqe

?urlle,l pue e13ue lcsluoc ueo,^aleq drqsuoqeler

eq1

s^\oqs 1'g ern8rg'pellolur eJB seceJJns usolc pue pmbq ernd ueq,Lr seer8ep Z€I sl ssey8 pue ,{-rncreur uee,la'leq e13ue eql pue lseer8ep 06 sr rellrs pu€ rel",r, ueel\leq e1?ue eql lseelSep g f1-lueu sr sse13 pue Jele,ll ueon\loq e13ue eq; 'pe1o,4a eq ol eJuelsqns eql qlr^\ ,{.re,L osle ilm e13ue }Je]uo3 er{I 'finqe 3ur11ern, oql sourrrrJelep e1?ue ]c€luoc eqJ 'e13ue lceluoc oql rellerus eql ',(l11qe 8urpe.ro. eql req8rq eql 'I"uorUodord .(lesrenur e.re prnbq-p{os pue se?-prnbg eqt uee^\leq e13ue lculuoc pue ,{1qrqe Surpam eq;

eFuV lreluoJ

:uorlenbe ue ,{q pesse-rdxe eq ueo ece3:ns

plos e re.to peerds

o1 prnbq e yo ,{1qrqe eql ,(tUlqV 3u911a11

'ruan$aot Sutpnatds to Kltpqo Suutam eq] se ol peJloJeJ sr oce3:ns eql re.to peerds o1 ,gryqe eq; 'ece;rns eql luor ,(pe,re pue ged oql JeAo peerds ,tptoorus o1 luerleued eql serrnber srql 'lueurder]ue lueleued e se ereql ureruoJ puu serlmurluocsrp aql Jeluo o1 lue.rleued eqt;o ,tlqrqe eql uo puedep serlrnuquoosrp oc€Jrns Jo uorloelop roJ slsq lue4eued pFblT

uorleJlauad

lueIudoleAo( puB uollBrlJrslnlufl 'uollBrleued Jo rusluBrlJetr^l reldeqJ E

LI

---"il

18 Generally speaking, satisfactory performance from

penetrants can be achieved between a low iemp"ratore of 4 'C (40 'F) and a high temperature

of 38 "C (100 "F). Temperatures below 4 "C (40 "F) have noticeable effects. The viscosity of the penetrant will increase and slow the capillary action of the penetrant. Or, using Method C, an inspector might iinO thut the aerosol containers may not produce a

The heating of parts to increase sensitivity is not recommended. The advantages that might be gained by heating a part are offset by the Iisadvantages of heat on the carefully compounded penetrants in use todaY. Reference A Reference B

spray. -

Emulsification

and reduce the effectiveness of the test.

small globules. Depending on the droplet size,

At part temperatures above 49 "C (120'F), the evapoiation of lighter constituents can affect the color intensity or the fluorescence of the penetrant

Oil and water are mutually insoluble; however, if a very small amount of oil is added to water and the mixture is violently shaken, the oil will form

Figure 3.1: Relationship between contact angle and wetting ability ContactAngle 0

Liquid 0 Greater than 90' Very Poor Wetting

0 Equals 90o

Poor Wetting

0 Less Than

90'

Good Wetting

Figure 3.2: RelationshiP between contact angle and liquid level inside a small diameter tube Capillary Thbes

0 Greater than 90' Results in DePression

(Very Poor Wetting)

0 Equals 90" Results in neither Rise nor Depression

0 Less than 90' Results in CapillarY Rise

(Good Wetting)

(Poor Wetting)

,m

erBFns uBolJ

sur8eg uorsnJJlq

luurleued,{1ddy

regrEnrug dlddy

e1o1dtuo3 uolsnJJIO

esulu

sra4rslnue c;1;qdodll lo uollce lo uslueqca111; :g.g e.rn611 pesodxe flmeu oqt ql!ry\ lJEluoJ olur eruoc oJ JelorueJ qso4,rolle o] pu" luu4eued peceldsrp eql elorueJ o1 pe.nnber sr uor1u1r8e eruog 'pesodxe sauoceq 1I llun po^Io^ur lou sr ec€JJns eqt A\oleq lsnllue4eued eqt puu e3€JJns pesodxe eql le eceld so>l"l uorlJe IEAorueJ IIV Jncco lou ssop uorsnJJrp pue lue4eued ur elqrcsrururr sr JelorrreJ cqrqdo"rpfq

torJrslnua cqrqdodq e{l1un'1ue4eued ecqrns Sururerue; eql qll^\ Sururqtuocal ruo4 luerleued eq1 sluelerd pu€ eceyns eql tuoq luerleuad go ,$rluenb Iurus e qlr. a seurquoc JelorxeJ eqt ur lue?e ecelns eql'sse:ord lelorxeJ eql ?uunp Jo eArJJ?

eql sesneJ ocsJJelul eql ]u uopolu Jelnselotu eqJ 'lsJrJ le peleredes ur€{rreJ sprnbq eql 'dol uo pere,{e1 sr JeJe./y\ ureld pue Jeureluos e ur peceld sr uorlnlos lles e ueq^\ 'eldruexe Jod 'seJnleJedurel reqSrq pue uorle4u33uo3 peseeJcur qlr^\ seseeJJur uorsnJJrp Jo eler aql 'lnoqSnoJql rruoJrun eruooeq.{geque,te pue Jeqlo qffio elur1eued o1 rueql s, Aolle uoqour Jelnceloru rteql'lessen erues eql ur peceld ere ,(lecrureqc lJeeJ lou op leql sprnbq elqrcsru o1vr1 uerl1!\.uouolu Iuopu€J Jrer{] Jo ssneceq solnsslour ;o Surxrru eql sr uorsnJJrq'uorsn{{rp pelpt ssecord e q8norql $IJo.^\ JerJrslnue cpqdodrl

uollrv raurslnrufl rlllqdodlT

eJoJeq Jeqlrs J3]€.4A qlla\ pexrttl 3ft pue ale4ueJuos e su peqddns ere ,(eq; 'sgnlco{tns pell€c slpcrrueqc Jo eJnlxnrJ € sr Jenoruor rryqdo_rpr(g

g ocueJeJeu

uollJv reaoruau rlllqdoJp,{H g

e3ueJeJou ecueJaJou

v

osueJeJeu 'eceJJns

ssecord I€AorueJ oql ur pesn sJorJrslruue ;o sed,fi o^\l eJe a;eq; ',{erds Jele^{ e qlrt\ polorueJ eq uec eJnlxlu eql 'JerJrslnue ue qlrlr peuqruoo sr lue4eued peseq unolo4ed e uer1,q 'sJerJrslnrua pue slue4eued qlr.Lr esec eql sl sIqJ 'oJnlxrru olqerJrslnruo,{psee ue uuoJ o} pue slro qll.4d xIIu o1 fi111qe aqt o^€q leql spcruleqo ureueo eJe oJeqJ 'uolslnwa ue poil€c sr sJnlxllu srql 'ecueruedde .{4rur ro ,(pno1c e eJnlxrru eql 8ur,rr8 'uorsuedsns ur uretueJ p,Lr s1e1do.rp llerus aseql

ssecord uorsnJJrp srql 'lue4eued eql olur sosnJJrp JerJrslruxe eql pu€ JerJrslnrue eql olul sesnJJrp luerleued eql 'JerJrslnua pue luer1eued;o es€J eql uI 'uorler1uoJuoc urroJrun Jo sr prnbq go ,{1r1uenb eJrlue eql uaqlt runuqqrnbe seqcueJ uorlnlos oql ',t1en1ue,ng 'Jaqlo qoee otur esnJJrp ro eler8rur 1lu spmbq eqt 'erur];o poFed e reAO 'xru o] sprnbq

ged e uo4 luerleued Sur,rorue.r ur uorJ3e Jo seporu lueJoJJrp,{lerque eleq sesseJord cqrqdorp,(q pue cqrqdodll' 4llqdotpKq pw c111t7dod11

'sJerJrslnue cgqdodq

v

Jo uorlce Jo rusrueqcou eql selsrsnlll E'€ ern3rg 'JerJrslnrue go reful e qll^\ peJoloo sr leql luerleued perJrslnuelsod;o Suxnu eqt JoJ elqrsuodse-r sr

-

6t

---qI

20

Figure 3.4. Mechanism of action of hydrophilic emulsifiers

Apply Penetrant

ot .--f dp

Prerinse

Nz2* Clean Surface

Rinse

Detergent Action Ends penetrant. Figure 3.4 illustrates the mechanism action of hydrophilic emulsification.

Detergent Action Begins

p

of

Reference A Reference B

2. 3.

Solvent Removal, Method C

and the transfer of at least some of this penetrant to the surface, increasing the effective size of the surface film of penetrant exuded from the penetrant entrapment, and increasing the contrast between the indication and the background.

A1l oil based penetrants are soluble in a large number of organic liquids. The most commonly used are color contrast, Type II and postemulsified Type I. Because chlorinated hydrocarbons are no longer available, the solvents are usually volatile mixtures of aliphatic petroleum or alcohols. The mechanism of removal is through solvent and dilution action. Some petroleum distillates contain slowly evaporating oils; however, when used as a penetrant remover, this does not affect its exit from

Developer action is a combination of solvency effect, adsorption and absorption. Adsorption is the surrounding of the developer particles by adhesion, which coats the surface of the particles. Absorption is the assimilation of penetrant into the bulk of the particles. As the thin layer of exuded penetrant is

discontinuities.

Developers also increase contrast for observing penetrant indications. Under ultraviolet light, the developer appears blue-black, whereas the entrapped penetrant fluoresces yellow-green. Visible dye developers provide a dull white background for viewing red indications. Developers also reduce light reflection from shiny surfaces of test parts, which can lessen eye fatigue.

Reference B

Developer Action The basic function of all developers is to improve the visibility of penetrant indications. The improvement in visibility is achieved through a number of mechanisms, including:

1.

aiding in the extraction of the penetrant from an entrapment below the part surface

adsorbed/absorbed, surface tension draws additional penetrant from the entrapment, which enlarges both the thickness of the surface penetrant

layer and its size.

Reference

A

Reference B

T

'q puE e qloq 'p 'flrsocsr.t s1r 'c lreluoJ slrq

'e13ue

'uorsua] e3BIns

slr

'e

:,{q pe11o4uoc sr ,,tlrnurluocsrp e relue ol luerleued eqt go ,trlpqe eql

6'E

'eruq ?urqse^.lt. JeJe.{\ 'p 'arur1 8ur,,(rp 'O 'eur18urle4eued 'q 'srurluorleJrJrslnua'u :eql Sudren ,(q rol pelesueduroc eq uuc uoqerleued Jo olBJ eql

8'€

'1se1,{1q1q4s}ueJSeJonU'p '1se1 ,$r,rrltSues 'o luecseJonu 'q

'e^oqe oql Jo IIe .tuerleued;o eddt eqt 'sernpecord Surssecord eql 'flrnurluocsrp eq] Jo ed,! puu ezrs oql 'tuerteuad eqt go ,{l1pqe4eued eqt

'e .p .J

'q 'e

'1se1 ,{1rsue1ur

'lsel

qS?A\

Je]€^Ar.e

:

opnlcil r{cuercg;e 1uerude.4ue,(lrnurluocsrp eql ecuengul teqt sergadoJd 'uoqecrpur

:aqt ,(q pernsueru lseq sr ,{cuerci;;e luerude4ue ,Lre1g L'E 'e^oq? 3qt Jo 'r{lrsocsr.t

IIe

elqrsh e urJoJ puu ,(lrnurluocsrp E Jalue ol lue4aued e;o ,{11pqe eql seqrJosep l"ql turq e sr.,(cuercrgge lueurde4ue.,raeld

'p

eq1 'c

IO

lculuoo

oql

'Irerr pelg urp '3uo1 'q '{ceJJ 3uo1 'eprm 'e :e rn tselseJ sr uorlru

g't

,fue111de3

66 67

tt

'p 'o

'seer8ep g 'q 'seer8ep 91 'e 1(lsnoeueluods

'se1?ue ]oeluoc

'sseuq8no;

eq1 sr e13ue

'e

eql

yE

'{oeJJ 1!\ollpqs 'epl,&\ 'p 'IJBJJ upelJ 'eurJ 'J

r"",ttrT:"r"#:::il] ': :8ur1cege ,{lqrssod pue {oer3 eqt Sqpy .{11errcd,(q aler uoqe.qeued eql ecuengur uuc >lceJc e uI

'seer8ep 'seer8ep

'erul eJe s^oqe eql Jo euoN 'e 'sleleru II€ JoJ erues oql sr e13ue loetuoJ oql 'p

'e13ue lJeluoc eq] eruengur lou soop sseuq8nor oJuJJns aqJ 'c

alurleued ilqs pue eleq u€c lue.rleued u 1eq1 el8ue ]cutuoc lseq8rq oql sr lerlry\

lueJeJJrp e^eq uec qsrurJ r{}oolus erues eql qlr^\ sl€u3l€ru lueJe.Jlrc 'q

'uorsuel eJEFns pue uorlce ,ftepdec 'e13uu ]oeluoc pue uorsual ecelns 'uor]JB ,{reildec pue e13ue lc?luo3 'flrsocsr'r pue e13ue lceluoc

eceJJns erues oq] 8ur.l.uq slerJeleur

ile uo erues

6erul sr 8umro11og eql Jo qcrqr\\ 'lelJolerrr pqos e uo or€Jrelu eJeJJns plnbl -JIe oql le peJnseeu sr e13ue loeluoc

g'g

z'E

'p 'J

'q 'e

:em flqrqedec Surle4eued sll Io4uor teqt prnbrl e go sergedord 1e;e.r,e5

I'€

Suollsen| zltelAeU rerdeqJ E

rc

--t

)) 3.10

Lipophilic emulsifiers have limited water tolerance. Excessive water can reduce their activity, change their viscosity and change their appearance. What is the tolerance percentage by volume of water to emulsifier?

a. b. c. d. 3.11

b. c. d. e. 3.13

3.16

t0%.

expansion ofthe developer in a crack. provision of a uniform film surface for a contrasting background. dissolution of the penetrant in the

Nonaqueous developer forms an indication

by:

in an open tank?

38'C (100'F). 93'C (200'F). 100 "C (212"F).

200

"c (392"F).

draw a sufficient amount of penetrant from a discontinuity to form an indication. expand the width of the indication to make it detectable by the eYe. increase the apparent intensity of the indications. all of the above. only a and b above.

b.

dry developer. water suspended developer.

c. d.

nonaqueous developer. plastic film developer.

Which developer is not recommended with a water washable penetrant?

a. b. c. d.

capillary action.

discontinuity.

5Va.

The most sensitive developer is: a.

3.14

d.

The primary requirement of a developer is to form an indication. The primary duty of developer action is to:

a.

a. b. c.

IVa.

used

3.I2

The primary developing action associated with dry developer is:

ZVo.

Many penetrants are oil based and flammable. What is the OSHA requirement for the minimum flash point of a penetrant

a. b. c. d.

3.15

Dry developer. Plastic

film developer.

Solvent suspended developer. Water soluble developer.

a. b. c. d.

forming capillaries for the penetrant. expanding the penetrant in the crack. providing a uniform white coating. all ofthe above.

I€crueqceu esuelul 'elqrssod Je^,eueq^\ pepro^e eq plnoqs 8uqse1 lue;]eued eJoJeq sessecord Surueelc Iecrueqcew

's,{o11e snoJreJ

luo4 elecs e^orueJ

o1 Surueelc prce ue ,{q pemo11ol slro pue seseer8 enorueJ o1 Sunreelc eulle>lle se qons 'pesn eq lsmu senbruqcal Suruuelc e1dr11nu'sasec eruos u1 'sJolceJ Jo Jeqrunu e fq pecuengur sr slueurruuluoc Jo IelorueJ JoJ sessoooJd Surueelc Jo uortceles

'senbruqc4 Suruealc

IsCrueqceu pue Fcrrueqc uoruruoc oql Jo aruos ts14Z'V puu I't selqul 'sessecord Iecrueqc pue Iecrueqceu olur pephrp eJB sossoooJd ?uruee13

'Surlsel luerleued ro; sgud Suuederd ur ,t1e,trsn1cxe

pesn ssecord Surueelc lerceds ou sr oJeql 'Suqured pue ?urleydo4oele s? qcns sluo{xleo4 eceJrns ro; sgud 3o uorlurederd eql Supnp pasn esoql sE erues oql aJe sessecord ?uruzelc eq; 'sluaurur€luoc;o sed.ft IF aloruoJ pm enbruqcel

:?urpnycur operelunocue eq ,teur leql slu€ufius]uoc Jo Jeqrunu e eJe oJeql

sluuulrusluoJ Jo sodAf,

'7,

pue'pro^,r, l1urus ,tpea4B uB esnpeJ

.E

',!gyqrsr,t Jo eouecseJong ocnpoJ puu lue4eued Jo erunlo^ IIBr.us eql ur se,(p eql {ceDe uec ',ft]ue luurleued

reqlre

1ue,ne.rd

:streJJe

fl v

ecuereJeu esuoroJau

',fipurluocsrp

spoqtelN 3uIuee13 eJueJeJeu

Jo ecnpeJ

IIrl\ pue uorlureued eql qlra\ eJe3:elut 'I

esJelpe 3urmo11o; eql ecnpord uuc ,(1e1e1duroc 1r IIIJ tou op l€ql ,{lrnurluocstp B eplsu slueurueluoJ 'rruoJ lou IIr,i!\ suorlssrpu pue ,{4ue lue4aued 1ue,rerd,$purluocsrp eq] IIIJ luq] slusurueluoJ

sopFulluorslo uIqtIA\ EueulruBluoJ Jo lraJJfl

ey8urs oN 'elqulre^u senbruqcel Surueelc Jo Jeqrunu ere eJeql 'pasn sr enbruqcel redordurr uB Jr Jn3Jo " uec e8eruep snoues esneoeq enbruqc4 Sutueelc e Suqceles ueq,/v\ pesl3Jexa eq lsnu uoqneJ

g ecueJeJeu

v

's3ur1eoc

redruq Jo eprxo >1oe1q's?u4eoc uorsJeAuoo elsruoJqc 'eleqdsoqd su qons slueru1eo4 acepns '6 pue iqsq lue.rleued snor,r.e;d uroq senprseJ '8 lquecgqnl

aql IIIJ pue relue o1,(1ryqe s.luerleued eql ornpeJ osle Suruedo aql ol luec?fpe ere 1nq ?uruedo oce3:ns oql a?puq lou op l"ql slueurueluoJ 'uor]?3rpur oql Jo ozrs eq] ur esBeJcep B ur sllnseJ Suruedo eoepns eql ur uor]JnpeJ ,(uy'suoqecpul ruJoJ ol seqrnuquocsrp ruoq lrxe pue Joluo lsilu lue4ouod 'suoDecrpur Jo uorlBruJoJ eql ecnpeJ ro ]ue,terd serlmurluocsrp go Suruedo eoqJns sql e?puq Jo JeAoJ ]Bql slu€urruuluoJ

'splueurepuqt Surueelc

,{lpcrueqc Jaglo Jo saqDIIe 'sprce 3uo4s '9 lrele,l yo uorlerode^te

slueulruBluoJ eJBJrns Jo IJOJJfl

Surg;nq ro Surmerp 'Sunurog '8urqs11od 'L isuaSoleq ?urpnlcur senprseJ enrJce

JeuB uel senprsoJ Jeqlo Jo selurp,tq telem 's ls8urleoe errrlcelord crue8ro pue lurud 'v isenprser xng plel( pue Ieleu plol\ 'slcnpord uorsor:oc 'seprxo '1sru'e1ecs 'co :Ios pleq fpq8u Jeqlo pu€ qsrrrel 'uoqtuc '7,

lsluenlrlsuoc crueS.ro Surureluoc sprnbq Jaqlo prrs slro

Surlucuqnl ro ?uturqceru 'Sunuroy 'e'rrlerrreserd

'I

Jo ere1're oq o1 uercruqcel 8uqse1 elrlcrulsepuou eql JoJ luuuodurr sr 11 'ssecord lue4eued clseq eql Jo ued eq ol peJeprsuoo ]ou sr Surueelcerd epqql '8uru"rog ruo{ Iueq} }ue,terd pue suorls3lpul Jo ezls oql eJnpeJ uec 'serlrnurluoosrp uglllv\ Jo eJ€;lns eql uo reqlre 'spueluru u8rerog 'sJueurruuluoc pu? slros ruo4 ee4 puE uBelc eJ€ pelsal eq 01 sged eqt ueqm ,(1uo elqelleJ sr 3uqs4 ]u?4eued

slrBd Jo SuluBolrard

Eulssecord luurleued JIsBfl

t reldBqJ

EZ

24 processes, such as peening or grit blasting, deform the surface of the part and smear or close surface

openings. Blasting with organic media, for example plastic beads or walnut shells, tends to leave very fine particles from the media entrapped in discontinuities, reducing the void volume. Some of the factors that must be considered are:

1. 2.

J. 4.

the types of soil or contaminants to be removed, the composition or alloy of the test object, the availability of cleaning equipment, and the cost and time factors.

Table 4.1: Mechanical Cleaning Processes Abrasive Blasting aluminum oxide

Table 4.2= Chemical Cleaning Processes

Penetrant Application Penetrant can be applied by immersion (dipping), spraying, brushing or swabbing and pouring. The method to be used depends on the size, shape and configuration ofthe part to be tested, the accessibility of the area to be tested and the availability of test equipment. There are specific conditions that must be met for each technique. The recommended operating temperature range for application of conventional penetrants is 4-49 "C (40-l2O "F). Operation below 4 "C (40 "F) can result in unsatisfactory tests.

Application by Immersion Immersion (dipping) is the preferred technique of applying penetrant when the entire surface of the part will be tested. The technique is limited by the size of the penetrant container. There are a few conditions that must be observed. When batch processing a number of parts, they must be separated from each other during the immersion and dwell periods. Complex shaped parts containing convex or reentrant surfaces can trap air bubbles during the immersion, preventing the penetrant from contacting the surfaces. Complex shaped parts should be inverted or turned over while being immersed to dislodge any air bubbles. Precautions must be taken when immersing parts containing air cooling, oil passages and blind holes. During immersion, the passages fill with penetrant that will bleed out during development and obscure any discontinuities in the area. Air or oil passages and blind holes should be plugged or stopped off with corks or wax plugs before penetrant immersion.

Application by Spraying There are several types of spray applications, including air or pressure spray, electrostatic spray and aerosol spray.

vapor degreasing*

*Since the ban on production of halogenated hydrocarbons, vapor degreasing is being phased out.

Penetrants, emulsifiers and developers may be applied by any of several handheld, semiautomated and automated spray techniques. Spray application is especially suitable for parts that are too large to be immersed, parts that are moved on conveyor

lines and for testing only a portion or local area of a large part or component. Automated systems and portable field systems also use spray application. When applying penetrant by the spray technique, only a thin film or layer that completely covers the area to be tested is required. Spray application has two distinct advantages over the immersion

rDrA\ ecuouedxe lsed uo poseq eJ? seluq ilo.,tap

lsotr tr 'serurl ile. ap ureJp luu4eued uuoJlun SurDes selucqdruoc sorlrnurluooslp luor; lrxe pue ,fi1ue luerleued Surcuengur sJolc€J Jo Jaqunu eql 'iler!\p uolsJelulul eql qllA\ ueql peJrnbeJ sr JerJrslnrus ssel 'ued eqt uo .re,(e1 lue4eued Jeuuql e qllA{ 'puu pesner pw polcelloo eq uuo ped eqt;;o ?urumrp ]uereued eql '11eA\p uorsJeluurl ueql pcnuouoce sJolu osle sI Ile1!\p ureJCI 'uolleclpur eql;o flqrqtst.n' oql secueque uorlurueouoc a,{p pesuerJul eql'seqlnuquocslp ur pedderlue I€lreleru efp eqt Jo uoqerueouoo eql sesBeJJuI I{CIqr\\ 'elutodurre spo re1q8g eql '11o1vrp urerp Suung 'spo ,irueq pue 1q8r1;o ernlxrru s sr tuereued llo,l\p eql ?uunp

'Ieueletu ,(lrsocsrn a\ol

B

'pacnpeJ sr uoqerodule ueqt\ (,$rsocsr,n

relrol

fle,llo Jo sed.(L

'uoqecrpul eIqISrA ssel pu?

ll

'plo^. eq] sp;,(1pr1.red

Jo leql ueql Joa\ols qcnur

qAIq B Jo eleJ 1v\og eqJ sr luerleued 'firsocsrn f11socsp1

lu€rlaued

,$tsorod ro sdel ueql relq?r1 eJe s>lcuJJ an8rle; pue "fi1sorod ueqt relq?r1 ere sdzl l?uruedo ece3"lns aq] Jo WpIl!\ aql uI JeJJIp solJlnuquocsrp;o sed,{1 snouun eql

dlpupuocslq

Jo

ad{L

'sluerleued snoLIeA

;o ,fitsocsr,t pue uolsue1 ecelns 'e1?ue lc?luoc ur sasuoraJJrp Jo esneseq sl sHI 'eulq Ilea\p lceJJu ,(eru luerleued eql go ,(1r,rr1rsues pue ed,fi eql

IBIralBI tr luerleuad

"qI'potred

Jnooo leql uorlrsoduroc luu4eued ur se?ueqc eq] ',ftoeql Jo osneceq sr eJueuiloJued pe,tordrur eq1 srql pe,rordsrp slueruuedxe froleroqul'JoAeA\oH suq) ,{1rsee eJour s^\og lue4eued 1uq1 f.roeqt eql uo peseq s",^d, Jelleq slq] Jo cr3o1 eq1 'llea\p ul€rp ueql eAIlISues eJolu SBly\ IIeA\p uoISJeIuuI }?q] pe^alioq su.ry\ ]r ',(1uur?u6 'uleJp ol pe^\olle pue lue4eued eql luo4 pa^olueJ sI lI'peleo3,{1e1elduoc sr ped eql Jo eJeyns eql scuo '11emp urerp ur seeJeql\ luerleued aql ut pe3reluqns suluuloJ pelse] Sureq ued eql 'ilo1y\p uoISJoIuuII q 'uIBJp pue uorsJelrrtul IIeA\p Jo sed,$ o.lq eJe eJeql

-

'slFSeJ eql e.tordrur Ilr,ta lue4ouad ^&ntlrsues reqStq € pue erull ile^\p peseeJcul qlog 'uol]€clpul eql3o Alqtqrstn eql se,rordurl qJlqlY\ 'luurleued ernd qlr.t pecelder sl pue -,firnurluocsrp eql ruo4 sepnxe eJn1xrru eql

'sSuruedo

^\orreu

qlL A esoql uuqt .{yprder

eroru sSuruedo ece;rns apIA\ qlIA\ splon sIIIJ pue sJolue luurleued oql 'pIoA oql Jo eumlo,r. ro qtdep pue Suruedo oceJrns eqt Jo qlpra\ oql uo spuedep

prol e IilJ pue Jeluo ol perrnber eruq llelrrp eql azls ploa ',$lnuquocsrp eql Jo sseuqu?elJ eql puu flrsocsn luu4eued'.firnurluocsrp

;o

ed.Q eql '1eue1eu luerleued'ezrs prol epnlJul prol eoe.Fns E IIIJ pu€ relue ot lue4eued eql

JoJ eruq

go 43ue1 eql eJuengul luql srol3eJ eql flellAo aJuanuul lBql srolrBd

etull

'Ie,4.OIu3J

sll plun ]uurleued eqt Jo uoll€oqdde lurlrur eql uloJl peJnseolu sr lI 'splo^ ,{uu p3 puB Jelue o] luurleued eql JoJ ,ftesseceu sI IIo^\p lue4eued

Iloaro luBrlouod

'arurl lle,llp eJorrr qtld[ 'uoq"clpul InJosn e ecnpo.rd lou ^(eru lnq ocseJong ilP\ pourJoJ uolleclpur eql

'pexr-ur fpe.re eJe Iros pus luereuod eq]'eurrl iloqs e uI 'luu4auad pue 1ros eql uool\]eq sur8eq ssecord uorsnJJlp y 'do1s ueql pue eceds luece'r fue 1p; p.Lr luer1eued eql'lueJaJJIp sI uoDenlts eql 'luerleued m alqnlos sI leql IIos € qlIA\ pe1pl ,(1pr1red fpo ere selllnulJuocslp uol4,{t'sellrnuquocsrp qcns lcelop louuuo luerleued esneceq uoqlpuoo srql e,,rordurl lou ilI1y\ ourq Iloa\p Sutsuercul

Jell€rus e ecnpord III^\

3 g

o3ueJeJeu eJuoJeJeu

'peleoc sI ruecuoc Jo eeJ€ eql fpo pue pello4uoc eq u€o luerleued Jo lueruoceld puu lunoruu eql leql sr ?urqsruq .{q uorlucqddu pezqecol;o se?eluenpu II€us lsel ol ,(puenber;

eql 'eceJJns

uud

e;o

seeJu

lsoru pasn sr ?urqsruq'Jerte.tto11 'Jeuleluoc e ruor; lr ?urrnod uole Jo Surdtm '8urqsruq ,(q sacepns e3re1 o1pe11ddu eq uec luer1eued

Sugqsnrg .dq uopecnddV

'uolleclpul

ue ecnpord lou Iros olqnlosul eW JI ilI1y\ pu? uorlerleued 1e 1ue'rerd ilLt\ IIos elqnlosul 'pe^lo^ur 1ros Jo Jo IInJ sI leql .(lrnu4uocsrp V lunoru€ pue ed,fi eqt,{q palceJJe sI erull IIo^\C

dlpugluocslq eql Jo sseullueelJ

'.(]rsocsr^L aql JeA\oI eql 'eJnleJeduel eql req?rq eqt ernleredruel .{q pelcege flectlsurp sr .fitsorsrn

-

'1no ?urp su

luerleued Jo lunotuu lequ€]sqns u selolueJ 3u11ood 'uorlucrldde uoISJeIrluI uI'pocnpeJ sr serlr,tec ued lue4eued;o 3u11ood puu peqdde sr luurleued u1

ssel osn€ceq Iecltuouoce eJolu sI

11

enbtuqcel

-

sz

-\f

26 similar parts, materials and potential discontinuities. MIL-STD-6866 and

ASTM E 1417, Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination, require a minimum of 10 min dwell time. This is usually increased when tight discontinuities and discontinuities containing soluble soils are suspected. Reference A Reference B Reference F

Removal of Surface Penetrant After the penetrant dwell, the excess surface penetrant must be removed to provide a surface with a relatively clean background. Removal of the excess surface penetrant is a critical step in the process. Except for automated processes, it is highly dependent on the skill and knowledge of the operator. Underremoval leaves excess penetrant on the part surface, which produces a residual background that may obscure or mask valid indications. Overremoval will remove some or all of the penetrant trapped in discontinuities, resulting in an indication with reduced visibility or complete failure to form an indication.

Factors Influencing Removability The main factors that influence removability are the part surface condition, the part shape or geometry and the discontinuity size and shape.

Part Surface Condition Part surface condition has a major effect on removability. Penetrant is so easily removed from smooth polished surfaces that special procedures may be required to prevent overremoval. Rough surfaces reduce removability by retaining penetrant in the indentations or recesses. Rough surfaces also reduce the mechanical force of the water spray. It is not always possible to produce a background free surface on rough parts. A completely clean surface may remove some or all of the peneffant trapped in discontinuities. A compromise is necessary; the wash or emulsification time must be shortened leaving some residual background. The intent is to leave a background surface that allows valid indications visible through the background.

Part Shape or Geometry Part shape or geometry affects the removability by reducing the mechanical force of the wash water spray. When the part geometry restricts the water from directly striking the surface penetrant

layer, the removal time is increased because of the reduction in mechanical force of the spray. Also, the thickness of the penetrant layer is usually greater in recessed areas. This occurs because the penetrant drains from higher points down to lower areas. Accessibility and layer thickness complement each other, further compounding the difficulties encountered during removal.

Discontinuity Size and Shape Discontinuity size and shape complicate the removal process. Deep discontinuities with a nuurow opening require a long penetrant dwell time and provide a large reservoir to hold entrapped penetrant. During the removal process, the narrow opening restricts diffusion of emulsifier into the entrapped penetrant and also reduces the mechanical force of the spray rinse on the entrapped penetrant surface. Narrow, deep discontinuities produce highly visible indications with minimal removal problems. Narrow, shallow discontinuities present a slightly bigger challenge when they must be detected because they do not have a large reservoir to hold entrapped penetrant. The visibility of an indication depends on the amount of penetrant exuding from the discontinuity after excess penetrant removal. Removal of any entrapped penetrant from narrow, shallow discontinuities will reduce an already faint indication. In addition, any background fluorescence will tend to obscure the faint indication. Broad, shallow discontinuities present the most demanding case of penetrant removal. A discontinuity is considered to be broad and shallow when the surface opening is equal to or greater than the discontinuity depth. With broad, shallow discontinuities, the surface opening does not reduce the mechanical force of the water spraying, but it does restrict the emulsifier diffusion rate. Exercise extreme care if broad, shallow discontinuities are to be detected.

Penetrant Removal Processes Generally, the term washing is used to define the removal of water washable penetrant and the term rinsing is used to define the removal of Method B and Method D penetrant. Often, the terms are used interchangeably and this is the case in this study guide. Washing or rinsing is performed in a stationary tank or booth equipped with a hose, a nozzle and a drain. In the case of fluorescent penetrant, an ultraviolet light is essential.

(

clpqdotp {"9 ) uoun c{t sprua1s o 4 {o a suuts o d 'oloqu qder8ured sauqapmg

f)nuag eql ut peqrJosep se peqsrlduocce sr Sursuuer4 'elrsseoxe sr erurJ ferds eqt;r ro q8rq ool sr oJnluJedruq Jelel\ Jo ernsserd re1e,r eql JI JncJo ,teu Sursuue,to 'lelerr\oH 'Ie^orrraJ elelduroc slsrseJ luerleued poseq Iro oql esneceq uelqord e lou sr ?ursulreng 'eJuyns ped eqt uo luurleued;o re,(e1 urqt e ,(1uo Sur,Leey luerleued eceglns elqeJeprsuoc selorueJ Sursurrer4 - poqlary ( clyqdotpKg ) uotpcr{rs1nwalso d uo asuuard 'peilets eq .{eru IelorueJ eq} 'uud oJrluo eql 8uq1e,ur reuv 'uorsnJJrp uoDecrJrslnua eql Jo uoDce eql sdols srq; 'I€AoruaJ rog preSer ]noqlra\ pepe^\ eq lsnur gud eJrlue eql 'peqceer sr eurl uorlecrJrsliluo eql ueqlr leql sI uorlerJeA;o lurod euo er{J 'eloqe qder8emd saffipplng lorauag et;pt ur peqrrcsep se peqsgdurocce sr enbruqcel (c11qdodg)

-

uorlecrJrslnuelsod eql ur Sursuu .ro ?urqse7y1 poqta W ( c111t1dod1l pa{rs1nwa1s o 4 lo 3 ursuty ]snlu elurl 'palloJluos

,(1eso1c eq

'qse,i!\Jo^o o1 ,(see eq lerJrslnue ue sureluot '(uru ll lue.rleued eqt osneJoq - uo4necerd euo qlr,r qder?ered eloqe oql ur pequcsep sB peqsqdruocce sr sluu4eued elqeqsu.,ta Jale,ln Jo Sursurr .ro Surqseuvr

oql-

ruDrpuad aIqDqsD L np114to 3u1su1y 'AJessacou

eq r(eu ocuoJseJong punorSlcuq eruos 'sged ece3rns q8nor ur pelJelep eq lsnu serlmuquo3srp il€rus ueqrql'ueJe peue{Jep ,(pq8qs e q pu" lq8g telor,tu4ln repun peur-ro;,red eq plnoqs Sursuu luu4aued ]uecseJonlC 'peqceeJ sr Ie,^.el punorSlcuq elquldecce ue eouo dols ppoqs Sursug ro 3uqsu11 'sseuq8nor eoepns ged eqr pu€ posn uorleurqruoJ JerJrslnue luerleued eql uo spuedep eurl qsei6 'se3uJiJns poqsea ,(ysnor,rerd reno Surpuerds ruoq lue4eued pe,rourer eql slue,rerd srr{J 'pre, Aumop sserSord pue ged eqt go do1 eq1 te uets pFoqs ?urqse16'(lsd Of) eil9LZ poorxo lou plnoqs ernsserd Jal€1V[ ',(lngsseccns posn eru (C. 00I-09) J. 8€-0I ;o sernleraduot ro]E \ ',(erds esreoc pedeqs ueJ E qlr^\ peqsqdruocce ]seq sr ?ursuu ro 3urqse7y1 - sauuapmg luauag 'sqder8emd 8ur.tro11og sril ur poqussep sP slu€u?A oA\] Jo euo seq ed,$ cgrcads qoeo .re'reru.o11 'sluerleued 3o sed,{1 1e

ur ,{urds eql ?uDe4uecuoc

,,(q

eleJ le,torueJ eseeJcur

,(lteer8 socuelsrp uoqs ']eru oJs suorleuuq euos 1eql peprnord pelerolol eq uec e8uer epl!\ e ilecrluc ool s elzzou pue eceyns ged lou uoe^\leq aJuolsrcl u0d-oraFzoN ecuelsrp oql -

'e^rlcoJJe lsour

sr seer?ep gL-gV Jo e13ue ue ',{11ereueg 1cedrur go lurod eql lu ,t8;eue eln11 sr ereqt 'seerSep 67-91 '1e11ered ol esolc sr ,terds eql uee{\'Ieloruer pu? uoqc? Surqqn-rcs pecnpeJ sr lFseJ eql ',{1rco1e.r, secnper pue sleldorp eq} sue^p qolqr!\ ',(urds Sunuocuo oJur punoqeJ pm sleldorp ,(erds

eql 'seer8ep 06-08 Jo se18ue lV'eruq IBAorueJ eql uo lceJJe ou Jo ollll qlurr e?uer epr.r e Je^o peLrEA. eq ,(eur ,{erds

eqt;o

e13ue

eq1- a13uy {ntdg

'G. OOt-Og) J. 8g-0I sr rele^r osuu ro3 e?uer ernleredurq pepueuluoceJ eql'peseeJJur sr eJsJ Is^orueJ eql pu? Jo.rol sr ,'$lsocsn eql 'sernleredruel req8rq ly 'permber sr eruq IEAoruoJ re8uol s 'eJoJeJeqI 'Je,r\oIS sr eJeJ IelorueJ pue ,{lrsocsr,r req8rq e s?q eJnlxrur ro lue4eued pes€q Io eql'seJnleJeduel remol lV'IelorueJ luerleued ece3:ns Jo elBJ eql slceJJe Jo]BA\ asuu oql Jo ornleredurq eq;-- arnrutadual raru '(tsd Ot) e&gLZ paecxa tou plnoqs ^ ernsserd Jelelypesn ,(11e.raue8 sr '(rsd g€-0I)

e;pl WZ-691noqe 'arnssard euq IeruroN 'lunorueJ JoJ sselesn sr qcrqa\ '?o; e olur relezn egl ezrruole ilL& oJnssoJd errrssecxe ore,telro11 'l?,rorueJ speeds pue f1rco1e,r eql seffiaJcur ernsserd Jele^\ eql Sursuercul 'ernsserd Jele^\ eql Jo uoqcunJ e st ,{erds eql;o ,ftrcole1- alnssard nw1l4 'pesn eJe 'e1qe1sn[pe

-roluredo lou er€ rlclqlrr 'esofund siql JoJ peu8rsep seIZZoN 'lulorueJ leuqdo sepr,rord ezrs leldorp 3sJ€oc qlr^\ ou Jo eIilII v'IoJluoc Ipus "em e ,t1uo sJeloc l1 pue sdorp ernssord oql esneceq elq?Jrsap lou sr JeleA\ Jo rueo4s pllos v 'le^orueJ ou ro oIDII qlra\ lsrur u eq IIr^\ IFSoJ eq] 'lerus JI 'aoJoJ lurruuqceru req8rq e ecnpord Jeq]re Sursuercul 'lcudun 1e f1rco1e,t pue

sr leldorp aq] 11r,&\

(ssuru) ezrs leldotp ,tq peurur:e1ep sr ecJoJ lcedrul 'luerleued oou3:ns eql uo 8ur?urdun sleldorp relem oql Jo eJJoJ IuJruuqceu eql uo spuedep luerloued ecepns ssacxo Jo leloruog - azls nldotq rapAy

'ecuelsrp yed-oyelzzou'S puu'e13uu ,(urds 'V 'ernleredruel JoIBA\'€ 'ernsserd telerrrZ Jol"l\ Jo ezrs 'I

uI eJnpaJord 3u1su1g pepuouruoJeg

JoJ Julrrurs sr e;npecord Sursuu eq]'IeJeueA

'l€AorrreJ Jo elEJ rruoJrun e epr.tord pue elqeldecce e.ru ('ur VZ-g) trrc Ig-gl Jo secuelsrp ,(lensn 'crJsJJe seuoseq le^oruoJ 'ses?c qloq uI '€eJ€ peDe.,lA eql Jo azrs puu IBAorueJ Jo et€J erp eseeJcep seJuelsrp ?uo1 'ueru Iprus €

'qe1do"rp

:eJE sJolcEJ roleru eql Jo eruos 'qsu,{\ Jo esuu ,(erds ocuenlJur leq] sJol3EJ Jo Jeqrunu u eJB eJeql

asulu.derdS

LC

-"*'r!.!n

28 Method - The part should be immediately washed or flooded with clean water. This stops any further detergent action of the hydrophilic remover. Postrinsing is then accomplished as described earlier.

Postemulsification Processes There are two techniques of changing the oil based, postemulsifiable penetrant into a mixture that can be rinsed from the part surface by a water

B (lipophilic) and Method (hydrophilic). D Lipophilic comes from the Greek word lipos for fat or oil whereas hydro means water. The suffix philic means an affinity for or loving. Hence lipophilic means oil loving whereas hydrophilic is water loving. The two techniques have completely different mechanisms in converting the oil based penetrant into a mixture spray. They are Method

that can be washed. Reference A Reference B

Lipophilic Method Lipophilic emulsifier is applied by immersion to prevent mechanically mixing emulsifier into the penetrant. In some automatic installations, the emulsifier is applied as a fog or mist. The mechanism of lipophilic emulsification is by diffusion. Molecules of emulsifier enter into the penetrant layer while at the same time molecules of penetrant enter the emulsifier layer. Emulsifier dwell time allows the process to continue and, if left long enough, the entire mixture will be made up of equal parts of developer and emulsifier. The emulsifier dwell should continue only until the emulsified mixture just reaches the part surface without diffusing into any entrapped penetrant. Emulsification time is critical and must be carefully controlled for reproducible results. Diffusion is stopped by spraying the part as described in the preceding paragraphs.

Hydrophilic Method Hydrophilic emulsifier or remover is a water based solution. Because postemulsifiable penetrant is incompatible with water, prerinsing before application of remover is recommended. While not essential, prerinsing removes 60-807o of the surface layer of penetrant, which greatly reduces contamination of the emulsifier. It also provides an even layer of surface penetrant. Following the prerinse, hydrophilic emulsifier or remover is applied by immersion or spray. The

mechanism between immersion and spray is

slightly different. Immersion hydrophilic emulsifiers are strictly detergents or surfactants that react with a particle of emulsifier, surround particles of penetrant and remove them from the penetrant layer. The concentration of immersion removers is usually 5-35Vo by volume, depending on the manufacturer's directions for mixing. A slight agitation is necessary to remove the colloidal suspension of penetrant-emulsifier from the surface and to expose fresh penetrant. Agitation is done by gently moving the submerged part in the remover or by an air manifold in the bottom of the tank. The amount of air is very small, just enough to cause a slight bubbling. If the remover starts to foam, the air pressure is too high and must be reduced.

Spray hydrophilic emulsifiers work in a combination of chemical and mechanical action. A much lower concentration of emulsifier is used because the spraying increases the quantity of emulsifier striking the penetrant layer. Concentration of spray removers is usually 0.5-IVo by volume; however, up to 5Vo may be used. Immediately following the remover, a fresh water rinse of the entire parl is required. This stops the action of any remover remaining on the part. Reference A Reference B

Solvent Remover Process Most solvent removers are packaged in aerosol containers though bulk containers are also available. Caution must be used when removing excess surface penetrant with solvent removers because improper procedures seriously degrade the process. Removers should never be sprayed or flowed onto the part because excessive solvent will remove or dilute entrapped penetrant, which degrades the testing process. The recommended procedure after penetrant dwell is to initially wipe the surface of the part with a clean, dry cloth or paper towel. This removes the major porlion of penetrant from the surface of the part. Do not simply scrub back and forth over the area because this spreads the penetrant and makes the task more difficult. The proper procedure is to make only a single pass, then fold the cloth or towel to provide a clean surface for each succeeding wipe. When the surface penetrant has been reduced to a minimum with dry rags or towels, any residual

--.*.'r'!rt.$4lIl

eq] Sulrnp ued eqt otuo peluq are foq] osneceq o.{orueJ ol llnsrJJrp eff sJedole,{ep snosnbu led! 'lsersEo oql sr sJedole^ep ftp Jo le^olual eql 'pasn s€.^\ rodole^ep qorq^\ uo .{IaAreI spuedep redols^op oql Jo Ie^olueu 'uolsoJloc esnec puu eJnlsloru qJosq" uec feql esnuseq u?d eql luoJJ peAoIUeJ eq plnoqs sJodole^ep 'secuelsul lsoru uI

I?^otuau redoleae0 'uo>lel eq plnoqs etep leoluqcel penordde o1 ?urprocce ueelclsod

ol suollneoerd lerceds

'slcnpord eseql Sursn uoq1\. 'slelelu luaJeJJIp uo slceJJe I€luerulrap eAEq uec slcnpord JnJIns pue ue8oleq uruluoc teql sredole^ep pue sluureued ',{-rnfq snoues elqrssod pue oJIJ u uI }lnsor plnoc pud e ueelclsod o] oJnIreJ eql 'surolsds ue?,(xo pFbll qlle\ lceluoJ uI eq ilIA\ teqt sued Jod 'stlnsor I€]uoululep ,fue'r erreq uuc Ued u uuelclsod o1 eJnIrBJ aql 'reelcnu se qcns 'seuJsnpul eruos uI 'poueolJ eq pFoqs 1r 'osn eJr^Jes s,ued eql ro ssecord Suunlcegnueur luenbesqns e qll^\ eJeJJeluI

1p.r redoye,rop pue luerleued oql JI 'peleer pue pewelc eq ]snlu uolsoJIoc .{q pelce;;e eq IIII!\ teqt sued 'lse] eq] rege gud eqi Jo esn eqt uo peseq eq uec Surueelclsod JoJ peeu aql Surunureleq suoqce Surueelclsod redord ]eI{^\

.4

'perrnber eru ou>I ol ro}cedsur

eql;o flpqrsuodser eqt sI tI

'permber uego

sr lsol lueJleued eql rege sged 3o Surueelc eq1

slrBd Jo SuIuBaIJlsod g esueJeJeu

v

ocuereJeu 's

o aJap oJe suorleJrpur

qslq^\ eurrurelep ol pesn euoluc eql pue po,\Jesqo oq uec ]Eql suoqeclpul Jo sed,t eqt 'ssecotd

luerleued eql 'osn s,lred eql puelsJepun lsruu srolcedsul 'rolcedsur oql Jo ecuarladxe pue ,$nqu eq] uo luepuedep dle8rel sr lsel eql Jo oluoclno eql'suorlrpuoo I?epr qlIA\ uolg'JueluuoJllue lsol pu€ suoqrpuoo ?ullq?q toarroc eql Jepun ued eqi elJesqo o] rolcedsur oq] roJ lueuodurr

'redole,tep lelll € Jod 'pesn Sureq redole,l,ep go ed,$ oql uo spuedep sur8eq aurD IIo.4Ap redole.l,ep eql qclq,lr ]e turod eqJ 'urlu 0I Jo urnururrr e sr oruq le,tnp redole^ep eql',{11ecrd,{1 'perrnber sr oIUIJ IIeA\p e 'redole,rep eqt Jo uoqecqdde eql reryy

Ile,ll0 rodoloaao

g eJuaJeJod

v

esuoJoJeu

'pesn redole.tep eqt uo Surpuedep f.rerr, lpuvr enbruqcel uorlecgddu eq; 'ssecord 8u1ftp eqt reUB peqdde eru sredole.rep snoenbeuou pue ,{-rp pue ssecord Supttp oqt eroJeq pelldde sr radole.tep ]e^\ V 'pesn ed.{1 oql uo spuedep redolenep oql Jo uolteolldde eq;

uollsrllddy redoloaa0

g esueJaJeu .ssecord eql

;o ,$r,tqrsuas eql ecnpal uu3 leql eer- pezrle}ol € uI lueq epr,r.ord feql esneceq sJolr{olq JI" urre.tA qlL4A pesn eq osle lsnru uoIlnEJ 'sredole.tep snoenbu 8ur.&p JoJ pepuouuoceJ eJe sJe.,taolq JIe uu?/v! 'suorlels elqupod ur seeJe pezlTecol 8ur,fup rog ro suelo JoJ e3.ru1 oo1 sued uo pesn uego eJ€ sJe^\olq Jre uuelv['sredole,rep snoenbe 8ur,ftp JoJ pesn eq o13uo1ool sa>Iel enbruqcq sql t1ens11 :re eqt go .{lpyunq pue ern}eredruq eq} uo spuedep rre IIqs ur 8ur.{.rp ro; perrnber elull Jo rp8uel eql 'suelo SurlelncrrceJ Jo sJe,l.rolq JI€ urlul\ 'rre 1p1s Jo luorqus Sursn,tq peqsqduocc" eq uec 8ur,ftq 'redolanep aql Jo uoq€cqddu rege peup eru

sged eqt 'sradole.tep snoenbe pepuedsns JeJe^\ Jo olqnlos rele,l Sursn ueq,t's;edole,tep reptrod .{rp ro snoenbeuou 8ur,{1dde oJoJeq pelJp eq lsnru sued eql 'luur1eued ece;.rns ssocxe Jo IeAo{ueJ JoUV

sued 1o Eup(rq

g ecueJeJou

v

esueJeJsu

sr 11 'ssecord eql uI IecIlIJc sr dels uoqcedsur

aql

'polenle^e puB ps^Jesqo eJB suorluslpul

ge 'ssecord eqt;o ged uorlcedsut eqt SuFnq

uollJedsuI g scuaJeJeu 'uorlucqddu 1u sur8eq sredolenep snoenbeuou pue ,ftp JoJ eIuI] [e,!\C ',ftp sr redole,tep oq] se uoos su sur8eq eurq [et\p eqt

'luereued Jo eJB4 ou Jo aIDII sr oreql Iqun ernpo3ord srql leeder '3ur eql uo lue4eued Jo eceJl B u€q] oJolu sI ereqt;1 'edruvr

luellos IEUIJ oql rege le^\ot ro ?er oql Jo eoe;.lns eql eurruexa 'os1y'1u,Lotuore,{o luerrerd ol seSels Surdmr pulJ pu€ etelpeuuelur eql Surrnp slue4eued 1ed,(l qllA\ pesn eq plnoqs lq8g telone.tlln uV'luellos qlIA\ (pe]Ernlus 1ou) peuelslour IeA\o1 Jo

qlolc qs34 e qll^\ pe^oureJ s1 luerleued

67,

'@#

30 drying process. Nonaqueous developer is normally not difficult to remove because it is usually used in small areas. As a general rule, the longer a developer remains on a part the more difficult it is to remove.

Entrapped Penetrant Removal Some parts, such as those used in liquid oxygen systems, require total penetrant removal. Penetrant removal after the completion of a test can be

accomplished by hot tank cleaning. This technique is one of the more effective. Ultrasonic cleaning has been found to also be effective in removing entrapped penetrant.

Postinspection Tfeatment of Parts Penetrant testing usually leaves the part's surface clean and exposed. The exposed surface of the part is often susceptible to corrosion. All efforts should be made to protect the part after the peneffant test. The next use of the part must be considered when selecting a technique to protect it. The

application of some protective substance could interfere with the part's use or the next manufacturing stage. To protect steel parts, a commercial corrosion preventive compound is applied and to protect magnesium parts a sodium chromate treatment is often used. Reference

A

Reference B

's^oqeqpusurluo 'e^oqe erD Jo IIe

'lue4eued eql 1(q eceJrns lcelqo lse] eql Jo 8uqle.4A Surcnper olur luer1eued

'e 'p '3

',fipu4uocsry eql

eq1

go ,fulue ?uqculser

'q

'suorleJrpul r[roJ

ol ]uerleued oql Jo tno peelq Suqcuiser

'v

:(q 8ur1sq luerleued lce;ye ueturcads lsel € Jo eceJJns aq] uo slros

6'V

'.(e;ds 1ue,l1os € qlr.4t ac€JJns oql qsnlC 'p 'qlolr peuedruep lue^los 'ueolc e qtr^r qruJS 'qloI3 peuedurup luellos 'u€elc e qtrzvr edr16 'q 'qlolc eeq lurl 'u?elc e qlrrr edr16 'e

eJuBlsrseJ l€r{A\ Je}l?ru

.SJSIXS

lou ssop

1I

'p

'scu?lsrseJ,ro.I 'J 'q

'ocueJsrseJ

unrpoy[

'ecuelsrser

q?r11

'e

6eJuulsrseJ lecr4cele Jo lelel leq.{\ o^€q sleuoluru 1uu't1eued 1eq1 serrnber 8ur,{erds crlelsor1cele'sroleledo un? furds pnuetu rog f1e;es eprnord o1

9'V

'(tsd Ot) e4;,,gLZ 'p '(tsd Og) e4;', L1T, 'r '(lsd OZ) eil{ 8€i 'q '(tsd Ot) u4>t 69 'e :peecxe lou lsntu ernsserd

JeieA{ egl 'ere3:ns qsel\ eqt urory ('ur 71) ruc 0€ pleq sI elzzou.{erds eq;'sJarJrslnrue pue slu€4eued;o se4tedord Surqsuurr

eql el?nl?Ae ol pesn sI ]sel qse^\ Jolu,i!\ eqJ

v'v

'seceJJns snorod ro q8nor ol pellddu sr luerleued elrlrsuos {UBU e uoq,la enoruar ol pruq slp 'erup uoqucrJrslruue o^rssecxe uu slee^eJ '3 'peqs?,{aJoAo

ianbruqcq JelorueJ lue,tlos eql ur sJeloruar Sursn ueq,A\ pepueulrrooeJ 1ou sr sdels 3urmo1o3 eql Jo qrre\\

'q

'lSOl eJu€J3lol Jel?,4d eql 'lse1 eoueJolol luurleuad eql

'p

'ecueFq,fi1.r,r1ce pue fltsocsi,^ 'tsat ,{lryquqsu^\ Jel€, (\ eql

Jou s€.4d, gud eqt lpqi selecrpurq 'uorlucrpul eql Jo lseJluos eql secnpoJ '2

8'V

:ll leq]

sr ecuecseJong punorSlceq

el]l11 e

Sur.teq;o

e?e1ue,r.pe

'un8 pnolJ lsnp crlelsorlcela - pezprnu 'peq 'pnolr tsnp

oql 'pelreJeJ

.E

ouo

L'V

'p

frp

enbruqcel uorlecgdde el,rlrsues lsoiu

roJ

eql

'3

z'v

'e^oqu c pue u ,{1uo 'e 'e^oqe aql Jo IIe 'p '3ur1sq luerleued;o

'q ,e

se qlSuerls

IInJ ]B pesn are srerJrslmue cqrqdodrl

t',

e 'p 3 'r e 'q

.UOISJEUIUII 'E

:.{q palecrpur lsoq sr JerJrslnue ue Jo ecueuuoyed 11ere,to eqJ

:sr;edo1e.r,ep

'uFu 0z-9 'ulru 9-z

'uFu E-I 'uFu €-9'0

enbruqcel eqt 'c eqi 'q eq] 'e

'fcuercr;;e firnurluocsrp lueruder1ue ''trnurluocsrp eql Jo ezrs

:sr 'sseuq8noJ ecepns oql uo ?urpuedep'Juerleued .(]r,r.rlrsues unrpeur E JoJ erur] IleA\p JsrJrslntue

popueruuocoJ

:uo g',V

eql

spuedep uorlpcrpu luerleued E ;o ezrs

Iv

suollseno A{el^eu

v rcfieqJ I€

32

4.IO

One surface condition that is not classified as a soil is:

a. b. c. d. 4.lI

4.17

abrasion. solvent. etching.

a. b. c. d.

When dipping hot parts, the maximum temperature of a penetrant in a tank should

a. 32'C (90'F). b. 38 "C (100 "F). c. 50'C (120'F). d. 57'C (135'F) 4.18

vapor degreasing.

The penetrant application technique that provides the greatest sensitivity is:

a.

to keep the part continuously submerged in the penetrant during the

b.

to dip the part into the penetrant for a short time and then remove and drain

steel.

c.

aluminum. titanium.

all ofthe above. bandcabove.

Intergranular stress, fretting and exfoliation

d. 4.19

dwell time.

for the remainder of the dwell time. to apply the penetrant with a brush and continue applying penetrant to keep the surface fluid. all of the above.

When using a higher viscosity penetrant, what adjustment should be made in the

dwell time? oxidation. corrosion. erosion. fatigue.

a. b.

To detect cracks under corrosion:

c.

a.

d.

the surface should be scrubbed with detergent.

b.

the corrosion deposits should be ground

c. d.

the surface should be solvent cleaned. the surface corrosion deposits should be selectively removed by chemicals in a process similar to etching. is impossible.

e.

Analyze the soil chemically to determine its constituents. Call in a consultant. Grind the soil off and pickle the metal. Burn the soil off and pickle the metal. None of the above.

be:

ultrasonic degreasing.

are terms related to:

4.I5

b. c. d. e.

scale.

etching. abrasive cleaning. salt bath descaling.

A certain soil on the surface of a service part cannot be removed by normal cleaning techniques. What steps should be taken to find other cleaning techniques?

a.

The metal that will smear with machining and grinding is:

a. b. c. d. e. 4.I4

smeared metal from machining or polishing. lubricating oil.

The cleaning technique recommended to remove paint and varnish before penetrant testing is:

a. b. c. d. 4.I3

residue from previous penetrant tests.

One cleaning technique used to remove smeared metal is:

a. b. c. d. 4.12

4.16

away.

Viscosity does not influence dwell time.

Higher viscosity requires an increase in

dwell time. Higher viscosity requires a decrease in dwell time. None of the above.

'un8 cr]elso.D3ele

u€

'p

Jre pe]33q 'c 'urq drp 3 'q roqueqc 8oJ B 'e

:qlr1( sr JossecoJd rrlBruolne uorlJnpoJd q?Iq 3 ur Jedolo^op ,irp 8ur,(1dde go enbruqc4 lseq eql 'e^oqe eqt Jo

IIe

0€'v

'p

e

'?ur8?o;

'3^oq3 eql Jo ouoN 'e 'euqosec 'p euelfqteorogcl{ 'c

'loqo3lv 'q 'uqtqde51 'e ;sue8o1uq

'ued eql oluo radole.Lep eqt Surrrrog '3 '8uilerds 'q 'Surururp pue Surddrp

ureluoc sluellos Surmogog eql Jo

'e

qlur

aceJlrns oql

qs?a

'p

'?ur,(erds

6Z'n

'p 'c

'p 'c

:edole,rep olqnlos Jele,rt 'redolerrep ,{:p

qcrr.1!\ ,Z'V

'JeAOrueJ qlr&\

poleJnl€s 8er e

:fq sr redolelep 1em 8ur,t1ddu rog enbruqcal lseq eql 'paq pezrpmu

'Sur,terds 'q 'Surddrp 'e

,tq ecu;;ns eql JJo luurleued eql qsng 'c 'JeAOruoJ qlr^\ peleJues Suqemol qlm punorS{c"q eql eloruor pue Sullenol qlrm snldrns eql;go adr,n 'q 'JalorueJ qlmr peuedurep 8ur1elro1 qlv*r punor8{oeq eql oloruer pue Suqenol qlrA\ ocepns le^\ eq1 edvrra

:,(q perrdde eq plnoqs redole,rep pepuedsns lueAIoS gZ'V

'q

'redolelep papuedsns rele.rrr :edole,rep pepuadsns luellos

:ol

3 po{lehi elorueJ

o1 ernpecord redord

sr

eq1

EZ'V

'sJe^orueJ 'p 'sredole,rep 'c 'srelJrslnue 'q 'slue4aued 'e

'e :SI

olorrreJ o] lsersue eql sr leql redole.Lep

eq;

'q

'reqrueqc 3og eql

't

'e^oqe eql Jo IIV 'Suqsnq '3o; crlelsorlcole uV

LZ'V

:go sed'$ ere

cllqdodg pue clpqdorp,(11 ZZ'V

'Suvrrog 'p '?urddrp 'O '3uqsruq 'q

'e

'p

'Sur,terds

'e

,e

'?urddrq

apesn eq uuo suorpcrldde 8uuro11og oqt Jo qcrq^\ tedole,rep ,ftp Surfldde uee1[ 9Z'n

'ed\99'977,'p .BilI9€'SIZ 'J

:r(q sr lue.rleued ecegtns elotuoJ ol JeIJISInUe 8ur,(1dde go enbruqcel rood y

'e^oqecpu€q

IZ'V

'e

'$lcuJc .relnuer8relul lcolep o] 'p '$lJeJc uorsoJIor ssa4s JoJ lsel q 'J 'uoqcnusuoJ

'edTv8'902 'q 'BdJt 9t'96I

'€

Surppnq uo sluouplol\ lsel '$IJeJc en8rleg lcalep

ol ol

'q 'e

:sr rsd 69

;o luele.trnbe culoru oql 'ed{ 69'9 = rsd 1 JI '(Bill) spcsedoprl ur porns€eru sr urels^,(s ouleru eql ur eJnsserd

re1e11

SZ'V

eq;

:sr slue;leued elqrsrl ;o uorlecqdde alqulrns lsoru ',ftr,tqrsuos ,&\ol o,4.3q slueloued elqrsrn 1Z'n

€€

34

4.3I

The best technique for applying solvent suspended developers is by:

a. b. c. d. 4.32

dipping. brushing.

flowing on. spraying.

Lipophilic and hydrophilic emulsifiers should be applied by:

a. b. c. d. 4.33

dipping. spraying.

flowing on. any ofthe above.

Prior to penetrant testing of turbine blades, the carbon and oxidized metal must be removed from the blades. This is done by:

a. b. c. d.

grinding and sanding. chemical strippers. liquids honing.

all ofthe above.

feru ,(lrsorod ecuyrns Jourru se qcns ,{lrnurluocsrp e fulsnpur auo ur esnecoq lueuodur sl sHI 'slcaJep ile lou lnq 'solrnuDuocsrp oJ? sorlrnurluocsrp

oJ€ suorlecrpu lu€AeIoJ II€ l€ql olou o] ]ueuodrur sr 11 '1md e Jo ao€3:ns oql ur sarlmuquocsrp ,{q pesnec eJe ]eql esoq] eJE suoqecrpur luB^eleu

suoIlBJIpuI luB^aleu J

esueJsJeu

g eJueJeJeu

v

ecueJeJeu

'uoDPclpul luB^eloJ € lssru lou op ,{eqt teqt eJnsua 01 suorlucrpu esaql euru?xe .{11n;erec lsnru rolcedsur eql 'suorl€crpur esleJ rpyYr sV'q8nor sr uoqrpuoc ec€3"rns eql eJeq^\ sged paplem uo punoJ uego eJ€ suorlecrpur luelelaJuoN 'uud € Jo suorlJes peilrJ sserd ol$ 3o uorlcunl eql le lnopeelq luereued eq] eq plno^\ uoqecrpw ]u?^.eleJuou e 3o eldurexe uy'ged eql go ,{lqrqeaornres oql ol Ieluoruulop lou eJe pue uorlernSr;uoc ged ro serluupSerrr ecelns .{q pesnec aJe suoqecrpur }ueleleJuoN

suoIlBJIpuI luBAoIaJuoN g eJuoJeJeu

J

ecueJeJeu

'Ioluos ssecord pooS qlrm pelue,r.erd eq ueo suorlzcrpur esluJ lsolN 'uorleJrpur lu€AeleJ e Surlseur sr uo4ecrpu eq] Jeqleqt\ Surunurelep sr suorluJrpur

osleJ qlr/r\ urelqord snoues lsoru eql'8urlsel lq8g telor,re4ln Sugnp {cerc u selqtuesar luql ued e uo lull Jo ecerd e sr uorlu3rpul osI€J lecrdfl y 'ssecord luerleued aq1 go slcedsu Jeqlo ro qlooq uorlcedsur oql ur ssauqueelc Jo 1ce1 'suorlrpuoc Surssecord rood ,{q pesneo oJe suolleclpw esled

suorlBrlpul oslBf, J

'ped eqt ,(q tou 'ssecord eql ,{q posnuJ em suorlBcrpur esled ilou eJe ,(eq;'8urqt erues eq] eq ol peJeprsuoc eJ? suorlscrpu lue^eleJuou pue suorleorpu eslu;'slueurncop ocuoJeJeJ eruos uI 'luoAaIaJ

ro luouaptuou 'as1o{ se porJrsszlc sr uoqecrpur eql leql eseqd srql le sI lI 'IeAoIueJ luerleued rood ,(q pesnuc uorle3rpur esleJ ? Jo {oEJJ e'flrsorod eq,(eur uorluJrpur eql'peururJelep eq lsmu uoDecrpul eql3o ,$ue,res eql pue ]nopeelq eql Jo osnec eql 'eseqd uor1e1erfuelur eqt 8uT-rng 'pelerd:elur sr lr 'peluJol sr uorluJrpur ue JaUV

suolleJlpul Jo uoll8lord.relul g ecueJeJeu

v

scueJeJeu

'seere 1q?q elrq^\ ur sasselSefe peJ elqelrns Surreem fq erurl uorleldepe lrep e,{e Jreq} ueuoqs u€c sJo}Jedsul 'uorlurpur lelorl.e4ln;o ecueserd oql ur ue>IJEp ,{eql esnuceq slsel lue4ouad luecsa.rong Sururroyed ueqm posn aq lou plnoqs sessulSefe elrlrsuesoloqd 'eere uoqcedsur peuelJep eql ot peredruoc eeJe lq811 olrq^\ eql Jo ,(lrsualur eql pue euol oIOSmu ede rerysrq .rolcedsur eql;o e?e eql uo spuedep lsnlpe o1 se,(a eql roJ selul lr eurl eql'eeJe peue{Jep eql ol ldupu ot se.{e rreql JoJ erurt A\oIIe lsnu eere 1q?q lelorlu4ln uB ol ueJB elrq,rn e ruoq Suro8 srolcedsul 1q311 'lcedsur o1 ft11qe s.rolcedsur ue uo Surreeq ]ceJrp slr Jo esnuceq uorlces srql ur peJeAoJ sr uorluldepe ryep 'ryawdmbg $aJ'g reldeq3 ur peJol,oo eq IIII!\ seqrsuelur 8urlq3[ rol stueruerrnbor eql olrqAyuorleldepe {rep sl Surlse} lue4eued luooseJong JoJ slueueJmber eql Surleeru Jo ued luupodrur

uorlucurceds lsel eql

]'ql

uV'leru ere slueruerrnbe.r ornsue

ttn-

trlJ,rro.rljlr.to.r,

lnopeolq luurleued rog 3ur1oo1 sr rolcedsur eq1'ssecord uorlcedsur4rorlelJesqo eqt Suunq

scuareJeu

g ecueJeJeu

v

uollra dsul/uorlB^ras

ocueJeJed

qo

uollBnIBAE puB uollBlerd.relul'uopcedsul g retdeqJ

st

36 be acceptable, yet in another industry, that same minor surface porosity may be cause for rejection and is, therefore, a defect. Generally speaking, relevant indications are divided into continuous line indications,

intermittent line indications and round or dot indications. Within these groups there are large, small, weak and diffused indications. Continuous line indications are discontinuities such as cracks, seams, cold shuts and forging laps. They can be jagged, like most cracks, or very straight, like a seam indication. The degree of bleedout depends on factors such as the width and depth of the indication and the penetrant and developer dwell times.

Intermittent line indications are caused by the same discontinuities as continuous line indications. The difference is that these indications have been affected by previous processing steps, inservice use or are partially subsurface. Therefore, they are not continuous lines. Round or dot indications are caused by porosity, pin holes, a porous surface or a coarse grain structure. Round indications also can be caused by crater cracks because they tend to trap large amounts of penetrant. A round indication becomes a linear indication when the length of the indication is more than three times the width. Reference A Reference B

Discontinuities Every nondestructive testing inspector must have a through knowledge of the different types of discontinuities that can be found in a part. This knowledge should include the part's material, manufacturing process, service use, the types of discontinuities likely to be found and the acceptance and rejection criteria for the part. An excellent glossary and definition of terms used in evaluating penetrant indications is contained in Reference A. Reference B contains definitions of some of the more common penetrant discontinuity indications. Reference C contains excellent photographs of some of the more common penetrant discontinuity indications inspectors will find in various parts.

Evaluation of Relevant Indications A relevant indication must be evaluated and determination made that it is either a harmless

discontinuity or a defect. While a discontinuity is an intemrption in the normal structure of the part, it may not be a defect. If during the evaluation phase it is determined that the discontinuity interferes with the serviceability of the part or it does not meet the acceptance and rejection criteria, the discontinuity is then classified as a defect.

Acceptance and Rejection Criteria The parameters for acceptance and rejection of penetrant indications varies widely between industries. It is important that inspectors understand the criteria that are being used during a test. If the test is being performed under a contract, then the contracting agency must determine the

specifications for acceptance and rejection of penetrant indications. General criteria for the acceptance and rejection of parts include the:

1. part's material, 2. part's configuration, 3. part's use, 4. known stress factors, 5. location and number of penetrant indications, 6.

and

part's failure history.

While there may be other factors, the above list is a starting point for establishing the accept/reject evaluation criteria for penetrant indications. Often, extensive research by strength and design engineering personnel is required to develop

evaluation criteria. Reference

A

Recording of Indications Inspectors are often required to record a penetrant indication. The techniques used are sketching, photographing the indication, transfer of the indication to transparent tape and using special wax and plastic film developers. Reference A Reference C

'slop lqSuq Jo euq 'uorlecrpur ueer?-a\olle,( lq8rrq 'uorlecrpur eurJ puu dreqs 'punor

'uorlsclpul ellq^\-enlq'euq

e e e e

'rololuqlrl^tr 'p

'JolououeN 'c 'JeleuroJcrw 'q

'uorls8uy

'E

'p

'c 'q 'e

eluerueJcul lseuoqs eql seq q1?ue1e,rem Jo slrun 8urmo11oy eqt Jo qcrqr\\ 'sql?uelenem puu sJoloc snou?A 3o s,(er 3o dn epeu sr 1q311 g's

:sB peA\eIA eq

,{1e1r11sour plno,tr

{J?rc lueluleer l€eq V

e

'slods ]uecseJong Jo euq

€

'slods ;o Jolsnlc

0I'S

'p

'lods lpus euo 'c 'eull rq8uq epIA E 'q

'.ruc716rl gggg 'p '.urc716rl 6671 'c '.ruc66rl996 'q '.urc716d

eql

^{oq

'B

'B

tq311

'ruu

6'9

06€

ggz

'tJru

glg

'uru 'ruu

'q

v'9

'p

'c

99€ 'q 'e

:go qt8uele.tulr\ u ]a uorssrursue4 >1ued e seq lq?11 rode,r .,{-rncreru ernsserd qBH eW Jo luoq ur pesn retlg eql

'e

eql

gg1

:sr suor]?crpu eurJ ,fte,r.;o uoqcelep eql telor,ru4ln eql

ro; .{.russeceu,Qrsuelur

:sr {ceJc

peluurrueluoc ro lq8q u lueserder ,(1e>p1 lsolu plno^\ leql suoqecrpur luecseJonu erLL 'e^oqe oql Jo IIe 'p ',$lnurluocsrp eql Jo uorleool eql 'c 'r$rnurluocslp eql Jo scrlsuelcsJuqc puE ozrs 'peruJoJ sem ,{}muquocslp eql

€'E

'.urc716r1gg71 'p

:uo spuedep ,(trnurluocsrp e go figlqetcetep

'xl000I

8'E

'uoq?crpul goqs llolpqs 'p 'uoqecrpur 3uo1 'eur; 'c 'uolleclpur poqs'eprzvrq 'uoqeclpul goqs 'eurg 'e

'xt .XI

006 OO8

'c

'q 'E

;,{1rsue1ur

teqa\ Jo lqSg e1rq,r qlrA\ peleururnll oq plnoqs slue.neued elqrsh 'seqrnurluocsrp Iecrluc ro; ?ur1se1 ueq^{ s}lnseJ }seq Jod

:B SI EES

ol lsersee eql sr l€ql uoqscrpu IIsIus oIIJ

L'S

'.urc716r1gggy 'p '.ruc716r1 'O 9697 '7tuc716d 9661 'q

'.ruc716r1666

'E

puilou JoJ ompns lsel eql lB tq8rl lelornu4ln popuouuoceJ eql

:sr Surlsel ^,{lrsue}ur

9'9

z'9

'tq3q rodun -,{rncreure tqSl Perer;ul 'P 'lq8q tuecsepuB3ul 'c 'lq?rl lelol^?4ln 'q tq?g luecserong 'e :,{q peleururnl11 oq plnoqs sluerleued ]uecseJong JoJ uorlels qs€A\ oql

I'S

suollsen} /reIAeU retder{J E

LE

38

5.11

A cold shut in a casting would be observed

5.16

AS:

a. b. c.

a line of dots. a group ofdots. a continuous line;

remained submerged for 30 min and were then put on a drain rack. The operator processed one before going home; no indications were found. The next morning, the penetrant on the second part was dry and the part had to be redipped to wash it. Solvent suspended developer was used on the second one (as it was on the first); however, this fitting showed a group of very fine indications on each side of the bottom clevis holes. The indications are most likely:

nrrrow and not

jagged.

d. 5.12

an intermittent line.

Forging laps can be partially welded along their length. In some instances, they can be full of scale and at other times they are deep and tight. Which of the following indications is probably not from a forging lap?

a. b. c. d. 5.13

a. b. c. d.

A wavy, intermittent line of bright dots. A short, sharp, fine indication. A curved, bright line. An intermittent line, somewhat fuzzy and dull.

5.I7 Around group ofdot-type indications is detected in a casting. The discontinuity is probably

Two forged aircraft wing attach fittings were submerged in a tank containing Type I, Method B, level 3 penetrant; they

a:

fatigue cracks. stress corrosion cracks. grinding checks.

forging laps.

Stress corrosion appears as very fine, sharp, jagged indications. It is also common for a number of small, sharp, parallel indications to be found. If stress corrosion is suspected,

which of the following developers should be used?

b.

quench crack. misrun.

L.

hot tear.

d.

gas porosity.

a. b. c. d.

a.

5.I4

Grinding burns are usually observed

a. b. c. d. 5.15

as:

an area of short and long parallel sharp indications. an area of fine cracks that are bright and run in all directions. a few very short, fine, dim indications.

all ofthe above.

5.18

Dry powder developer. Water suspended developer. Solvent suspended developer. Water soluble developer.

During the testing of turbine blades, the inspector wiped the indications off the leading edge and reapplied the developer. Some of the small indications did not reappear whereas some of the larger indications did. What is the proper evaluation?

An aircraft landing gear part was tested with a Type I, Method B, level2 penetrant; no indications were detected. Later, the rod was retested with a Type I, Method D, level 3 penetrant using solvent suspended developer from a spray can. Many fine, dim indications were scattered over all the part. These indications could be caused by:

a. b. c. d.

fatigue cracks. grinding cracks. cracks normally found in hard chrome plate. stress corrosion.

a. b. c. d.

The indications were irrelevant. The indications were false. The indications were fine, shallow, tight cracks that held a very small amount of penetrant. The wrong developer was used.

'lII?J]eued

'luu4eued elqlsn elqeqsea\ Jele.,$. 'q 'lue.rleued ]ueJsoJong elqeqse.tr Jo}BA\ 'E

luo^los

]l

i

JeIJISInuo clpqdorp,{q pue ]uereued petysynurelsod 'p 1uerleued alcrged perelllJ 'c

:ur punor?>1ceq

'e

luecseJonu uoqeclJlslnluelsod'p ']ueJ]eued elqrsr^ uol]sclJlslruuelsod'J 'lrl?4eued luocseJong olq?qs€,/y\ Jote./vrq 'lu€Jtaued luesseJonlJ pe^olueJ

eqt ocnpeJ ol pesn enbruqcel e sr

Suqlerrrer4

EZ'g

:sr sSullssJ

uo esn ot tu€4euedJo ed& lseq 'e^oqe oql Jo

aql

II3

67'9

'p

'e

'e

;.QlnuquocsrP 8Z'g

E Jo esnec pue ed,fi eql elBnFAo o] pesn eq ueo uolleolpur ]uerleued luecseJonlJ e Jo scnsuelcuregr 3urto11o; eqt Jo qclq

\

'p

'per;rcedsun

'E

ge1

'pes?eJcul

ZZ'g

'p

'E

LT,'g

:8ureq,{puenber; ere

'3ur1se3

luollos

:edo1e,r.ep

IIV

'ecuelsrsJed 'p

'edeqs pu€

pios

v

y

'o^oqe eq] Jo

'uorl?JoT 'c ezIS 'q 'sseqq?ug 'e

',!tso.rod 'c 'q

'slnqs

'sJeal loq

:lcelep ueo sluer1eued 'Suqsec puES A\eJ B uI 'tnqs ploc

',{1rsoro4 '3

'e8u4ugqg 'q :e8uuls

'pe8ueqc 1ou 'c 'pes?eJcep 'q

1^,tlrnurluocsrp

qcr-I{r\\

?urlsec e lou sr 3umro11o; eql Jo

'3upie16

'p

0L6I ocurs penssr suorlecr;rceds leulsnpur pue .'ftelqr-ur ur sluerueJrnber,firsuelul IqAIT IZ'S

'Sur8rog 'c '?ut1ee41ee11 'q 'e

/,s{ulau JoJ poq}elu uortecuqeJ e tou sI ?ut,,uo11oy aqt Jo qtlqr!\ 9Z'9

'o^oq€ eql Jo IIV 'o 'ed,$ redole^ep eql 'p 'ernpecord Surssecord eq1 'J 'rue1s.(s

e,(p eqf pu€ luulouod.lo 'redo1e,tep pepuedsns

:edola,rep 'redolenep elqnlos

'p

edfi eq; 'q

Surueelcer4

.B

,{rp 'c

crlseld 'q Jele,l\ 'e

euorlecrpu uB Jo oJuelsrsred eql secuengur suortlpuor 8ulano11o; eql Jo qcll{r\\ 0Z'g

.(uy

:sI suol]sclpur lue4eued SuI1JII roJ tseq sI l€qt redole,rep

eq1

gz'g

'c 'q

'8uqcie1s

',{le>III se^\ e^oqe eqr;o 'pereeddesrp

peq pue .redole,rep Jo ]eoc eql olur

'p

'edel qlrm uorlurrpw eqt 3un3u 'uorlecqder

'e

',tqder8oloqd

eq;

ptp rolcedsut

eql oql

,tlere1e1tno pelq p€q uoqeclpul 'lue^eleJJr uorlscrpq sE,&\

'p

'c 'q

'.{11et1tur uo4eclpul

u3 oos

:sr uorlunlJoJul lsour eq] seprtord teqt poqleu Sutprocar eql

'luupodrur sr uoll€4snlp pue uolleluoruncop JoJ suolleorpur luerlaued Surproceg

VZ';

,{11eer 1ou

.(l

'E

tfq A, 'punoJ eq tou plnoc uoq€rrpu eql 'Jelsl sJnoq IeJeAeS 'Suqsel rolel JoJ eprse ged eql les rolcedsut eql pu" pelcelep sel\ uoqecrpul elqIsIA eurg .{ren y

a

t

6I'9

6E

40

5.30

Which of the following is not a welding discontinuity?

a. b. c. d. 5.31

Longitudinal crack.

Which of the following is not found in forged metal?

a. b. c. d. e. 5.32

Slag inclusion. Lack of root penetration. Cold shut.

Inclusions. Die tears. Lack of fusion. Laps. Chevron cracks.

Unless a forging is pickled, penetrants may

not detect:

a. b. c. d. 5.33

inclusions. laminations. bursts.

quench cracks.

Machining will not smear:

a. b: c. d. e.

aluminum. brass. steel.

titanium.

all of the above can be smeared.

edfl

']se] eqt roJ pesn redole^ep Jo 'v pue 'uorlecrldde luerleuad go enbruqcel 'E 'lsel eql JoJ pesn eq ol enbruqcel luer1eued 'Z 'pa1s4 eq ot sued eqt Jo ezrs 'I :eq1 ,(q peuruuolep sr luerudrnbe oql Jo lueue?ue.ue pue ezrs oql 'pesn enbruqcel

luurleued oql JoJ uorlels .,tresseceu e sruJoJ ]run eql yo ged qc€g 'slrunqns Jelnpou pexrS;o dn eperu sr ]ueurdrnbe ,(reuorlels asodrnd IEJeueC 'uoqels ureJp pue >1uel drp 3 s3 pesn eq ,{eru uoDels luerleued eql 'eldruexe rog 'sasodrnd lenp JoJ pesn eJe suorlels Fnprlrpur 'uoUO 'lrun erue4 e18urs e ur suoqels ,(resseceu eql ile suruluoc lueudrnbe ,{-reuoqels geug 'lrun eql esnoq IIr^\ leql {UrcBJ eql Jo ezrs eql pu€ pesseco.rd eq IIII\\ 1eq1 sged lseiletus eql Jo erunlo^ eqt ro sued 1se3.re1 oql Jo azrs eqt fq peuuuelep sr uorlels qcue Jo 1nofe1 pue ezrs oql 'suoqels uorlcedsur pue dole,rep',trp'qselr'lue4eued eqt ,(1uo e^eq plno, a redolenep ,trp Sursn ruals.(s elqeqse, A Jelp,4l B 'ecuelsur Jod 'pJSn enbruqcel eql JoJ dn 1es pue peuruluocJles eq o1 peuSrsep e;e ,(eq; 'uoqecol euo ur peleredo pue pelquesse eq o1 peu3rsep eJe slrun ,{reuorlels 'saqdrur etueu eq] sV'socrnep Sulpueq errnber ter{t sued ssecord o1 peu8rsep qrun e3.ru1 .{-re,r ol sged leus ssecord ol peu8rsep slrun Iptus ,{1enqe1er uror; se8uer ]ueurdrnbe lsel ,treuorlels esod:nd IeJeuoC

luorudlnbg NeI z(reuope15 J

1'9 ernSrg 'lq8g lelorne4ln ue pue redoye.l,ep E 'JolorueJ luollos e '1ue4eued luacseJong se.rrnber IPI eql '8uqsq luerleued luecsoronlJ rod 'pesn st lq8q doqs ro lq8rlqsug e 'pepeeu sr 8urtq8[ plueruelddns ;1 'redole,rep B pue renorueJ lue^los e 'luerlaued aqt sureluoJ lq luereued e,{p elqrsrn crsuq V 'ruelsfs 8uqse1 luerleued Jnuouoco lsoru pue eldrurs tsorrr oql sr lueurdrnbe 1se1 elqegod 'sged >1ceqc lods oi peeu e sr eJeql uoql6

luaudFbg lsa'[ elqBuod 'esn

ecueJeJeu

g ecueJeJeu

v

esueJeJeu

'Jeru eJs suoqrpuoJ tq8g luerquru -redord eq] luql eJnsue lsmu srolcedsq 'pepeeu suoqlpuoc peue{rup 3q} urBlur€u ot }lnclJJrp sI 1r sJoq^\ plelJ eql ur pasn ueuo ore slDI eseql'slry tuurteued luocsoJong ?ursn ueq,l suorlrpuoJ 3uqq3[ radord eq] Jo Io4uoc JoJ peeu eql sI ruelqo.rd puoces eqJ 'leuuosred pegrpnb.lepun ,(q pesn ueuo eJe ,{eqt teqt sr tsrrJ eql 'stq elqelrod Jo esn eq} qtl^\ pelercosse sruelqord prluelod o,/Kl eJB eJeql

'lPl

SuDset

]uerleued lueoseJonu elqupod yerrd,fi E s^i!\oqs

redo.rd Jleql pue tuerudrnbe go sed,$ lueJeJJrp eql puelsJepun leuuosred 11I Ia^aT l€ql tueuodur sr lr os secJnoseJ polsel\ pue uorlcnpord 1so1 ueeru uec luerudmbe 3o ed,$ 8uor,t egl Jo uonceles eqJ 'luerudrnbe 1sa1 pazqerceds

puu ,{muor1e1s 'elqepod olur papr^rp sr luerudrnbe lsal lu€4aue4'luerudrnbe,{-reuorlels xelduroc puu e8rel errnber,(eur queruelnbe; uorlcnpord qSrq epq,tr tueurdrnbe elqeuod eldurs qtrm laru eq ueuo ueo slueurerrnber uorlcnpord mo1 'slueurerrnber uorlcnpord pue crruouooe uo poseq ,(11eur-rou sr uoqceles luerudmbe ]sel

lu"4euod

luatudInbg lsa.L lusJlauad Jo Arora"Ioao

luetudlnbfl

lse.1

g relderlJ

w il

42 To further assist the inspector, additional equipment can be used with the stationary equipment. Hoists are used to raise and lower heavy parts and some tanks may incorporate lowering and lifting grilles for dipping large parts. Stationary systems also include devices and controls necessary for maintaining process control. Wash tanks require devices to control the water pressure and temperature whereas dryer stations require a thermostat to control the temperature of the dryer. Reference A Reference B Reference C

Automated Test Equipment Automated test equipment is designed to process large volumes of parts in short periods of time. While these units can have a high initial cost, their savings in hours and process control make them desirable. Versatility should be a primary consideration when selecting automated equipment. Often, automated systems are designed for one application that limits their value and often requires expensive modifications when adapting the equipment to other applications. Reference A Reference B

Equipment Selection The selection of penetrant testing equipment is not a simple task. The following factors must be considered in selecting equipment: 1. the type and size of parts to be tested, 2. the types and size of discontinuities sought during the test, 3. the factors that affect the production rate (for example, location of the operation within the manufacturing process), 4. the processing requirements, 5. safety and health code requirements,

6. 7. 8.

facility limitations,

personnel qualifications, and preventive maintenance requirements. By considering these factors, a good selection can be made that will meet the penetrant test requirements and save valuable resources. Reference

A

Lighting Lighting is essential when performing visible dye penetrant testing. A general rule is that as lighting levels increase, smaller discontinuities will be detected. For gross indications, an intensity level of 300-500 lx is sufficient. An intensity of 1000Ix is normally considered sufficient, however, in some cases, such as critical tests, a more intense light may be required. Ultraviolet light requirements for fluorescent penetrant indications should be specified in the standards or specifications controlling the testing process. Normally, an ultraviolet light intensity of 1000 pWcmz atthe normal working distance is sufficient. As the distance from the light and the part increases, the ultraviolet light intensity must increase. In addition, 20lx (2 ftc) is considered to be the maximum ambient white light during a fluorescent penetrant test. When a20lx (2 ftc) ambient white light level cannot be achieved, the inspector must consider moving the part or using a hood of dark material to shield out the white light. As the ambient white light intensity increases, the need for a higher intensity ultraviolet light also increases. There is a point where the ambient white light intensity will interfere with the test. At that point, the test should not be attempted until the required lighting conditions can be met. To ensure that all fluorescent penetrant is removed during the washing process, an ultraviolet light should be placed over the wash station. Inside the test booth there should be at least one ultraviolet light and one white light source. Cleanliness of lighting equipment is important. A dirty filter on an ultraviolet light will reduce the ultraviolet light intensity greatly. Line voltage is equally important in the operation of an ultraviolet light. A 10 V decrease in line voltage can decrease the ultraviolet light intensity by 10Vo or more. Ultraviolet lights used in the test booth must be checked for intensity and strength on a regular basis. The standard or specification covering the test should state the ultraviolet light intensity and the frequency for checking the intensity. Ultraviolet lights have the potential to cause serious health problems when not handled properly and carefully. The filter and light housing can become very hot with temperatures reaching 399 "C (750'F). Precautions should be taken to protect the inspector. In addition, when using a mercury vapor bulb, do not use the lamp as a source for white light or view the white light without the ultraviolet light filter installed. Use only approved ultraviolet lights in areas with

g ecueJeJeu

v

aJueJeJou

'uoD?rp?J lolor,/\?Iln Jo slceJJe lecrSolorsfqd eql SuruJa3uoc uoDelruoJur toJ lqsodsle puD qqDaH '&a{ns'6 reldeq3 ee5 'srode.t elq€ruureg

w

44

Chapter 6 Review Questions 6.1

The human eye does not respond the same to all colors in the visible light range. If all have the same intensity, the color that is easiest to detect is:

a. b. c. d. 6.2

whether the equipment should be stock

modular units or a specially designed automated penetrant processor?

a. b. c. d.

yellow-green. blue. purple.

When fluorescent penetrant is used without developer, the ultraviolet light intensity

a. b. c. d.

6.6

800 pWcmz.

6.7

solvent suspended developer.

water soluble developer.

Which of the following is not considered when evaluating fluorescent penetrant equipment for a specific facility?

a.

The size of the material and parts to be

b. c. d.

The production rate. The type of light in the room. The floor space needed for the equipment and material storage.

6.8

6.9

fluorescent light. ultraviolet light. incandescent light. infrared light. mercury vapor light.

For the best results, visible penetrant should be illuminated with white light of what intensity for critical seeing operations?

a. b. c. d.

tested.

750 prWcmz. 900 prWcmz. 3000 pWcm2. 5000 prWcmz.

The wash station for fluorescent penetrants should be illuminated by:

a. b. c. d. e.

dry developer. water suspended developer.

Optimum reproducibility. The production rate. The penetrant process that will be used. The type and capacity of the utilities in the proposed test area.

The ultraviolet light intensity necessary for the detection of very fine indications is:

a. b. c. d.

1200 pWcmz.

1500 pWcmz. 3000 pWcmz.

For dip tank applications, the developer that requires the least maintenance and quality testing is:

a. b. c. d. 6.4

Which of the following should have the least consideration when determining

red.

recommended at the test surface is:

6.3

6.5

800Ix. 900Ix. 1000 lx. 1200 PWcmz.

The wavelength unit with the shortest

increment is the: a.

b. c. d.

angstrom. micrometer. nanometer.

millimeter.

',terds Surqqruos InJeoroJ ',(erds >1suq esJ?oc ',(erds lgos esJeoJ ',terds gos eur;

fre.t

',te-rds 8u1qqrucs preq 'p ,(erds lsuq esJuoc 'J

'r{urds gos esJuoc 'q

''(e.rds gos eur;

r{rerre

:e eprno.rd ppoqs elzzou

qsea eql luu4eued elqBqset\ rele^\ e Joc 'uoqces eBeS e 'Jololuouueql e u e

'eAIe,/\ ro1e1n8er ernsserd

'e8e? emsserd

'p

'c 'q 'e

:,{q pe11o4uoc eq ppoqs

uo4els

qse.4a

eql le ernsserd Jelea\

eql

'pelnuqun 'p 'c 'q

'q9 'Llv 'qI

'e

:sr .{lsnonuquoc peleredo eq uec 1q8r1 lalor^eJ]In id 00I € teql orurt Iuilurxelu eql

'e

'yecueqds

'c 'q

'p

'poog pesncoyerd u

'e

'e^oqeppuBcrlloq

edft eqt 'tqBII ]elorlerln iA. 00I eqt uI

'JeAOrUeJ 1UOAIOS 'p

'redoye'rep pepuedsns luenlos 'c 'JerJrslruue 'q

'luerleued

'E

ueqr{\ 9I'9

'1ods pesnco;erd e 'punoJ pue 3uo1

:sr pasn qlnq

go

'lq8g rode'r .{-rncreru emsserd q8q 'p

'tq?1 ;ode,r unlpos 'c 1q311 luorserong 'q 'tq8q luecsepuurul 'e

:sr lq8g tolor^?rln A\ 00I ? ut pesn tq?111o ed.,(1 eql

'p

'c 'q

:e eprrr.ord plnoqs eIZzotJ eql 'Je^oruer ,turds € sB posn sr rerJrslnue cqrqdorpfq

:sr B

'e

lpl tuz;1eued elqegod

ur pepnlcur ,tlunsn lou sr l€gl I?Feleur

V

9V

-(lrnuquocsrp eql Jo ozrs eq] 'uoqrppe u1 'ged eq1 Jo slueruarrnber,{1e;us pue ,{1g1qe5eJ oql euruuo}ep 01 poJeprsuoc eq lsnru ,fiqecr1uc S1r tlrnurluocsrp go edft eql Sulraprsuoo uaqrt'luerleued elrlrsues ssel e ertnbeJ IIr^r uorlecrpur e8rel ,deep e elrgly\ luerleued ,$r.r.qrsues qSrq ,{.re,r e errnber Ilrlr\ >lcerc IIErus v'poreprsuoc oq lsilu polcelep eq o1 pelcedxa ,(lrnurluoosrp Jo ed,(1 eqg '3u11pueq lerceds errnber sged.(teeq esneceq rolJeJ e sr sued yo eq; 'sseco.rd pepl eqt lq8rem leus Jo speJpunq

eq,{eru Surlsq C poqle4'sped

oft eJeql;1'ssecord Ieepr oql eq,teru 1se1 lue4eued J poqlery e 'pe1s4 eq ol sped IIBrus 1r\oJ u ,{1uo ere eroql JI 'pesn eq III^\ leql sl€rre]?ru pw srnoq eql ?urleruqse ueq^\ peJoprsuoc eq pFoqs 1eq] sJolJ€J ere sged eqlJo ozrs pue 1q?rem leqrunu eq; 'qred Surssecord

uaq,,!\ Felop lsotu oql s,r\olle s,{e,r.p Suqsel doqg 'suorlrpuoc Fepr ueql ssel repun peurogred $ lr esnureq ssecord eql slr-urll leq'lteruos plelJ aql ur 8ur1se; 'ssecord uor]ooles eql ur uorlsJeprsuoc reqloue oq plnoqs SuqsqJo uoqecol oql 'que4eued JoJ sluorueJrnber lerceds

eneq ue8,{xo plnbl;o ecueserd eql ur ecrlJos ul sued 'ssecord ]uer1eued eqt ,(q pe?uruup eq ,(eur sged eruog 'sua8o1eq Jo rnJlns ureJuoc lou op l€ql slue.rleued Jo esn eql errnber 'urnruelr] pue lo{rru s€ qcns 's1e1eul uregoo Jo eperu sped 'uoqrppe u1 'senbruqcal lue4euad qlra\ pelsq eq lorrupc sno.rod,{re,r ere leql spuole6'uorleJoprsuoc d.reruud aqt eq plnoqs pe1se1 Sureq leFoteru eql 'ssecord SuDse] lue;leued plnbl eql ?uqceles ueq,4a pereprsuoc eq plnoqs leql sro]oeJ eq] Jo eruos eru 8urmo11og aql 'sseco.rd lue4eued rodord eql 8ur1ca1es ur pollolur sJolcEJ eql llu puelsropun lsnru.rotcedsur m IeAe.I eq] ereqar eem aqt sl slql 'rotcedsur 11I Ie^e.I e Jo uoqounJ e sr ped relncrged e ro; enbruqcel 3ur1se1 lue4eued ppbll redord eqt Jo uoqceles oql

poqlatr{ luBrlouod Jo uollrolos

JoJ poqleu ,fteuFd eql se ,(ueru fq pemer,r. illls sI 3ur1s4 tuur1eued plnbl te.r.ervro11 ',{111qe11er 3o eer8ep qBH € qlr^\ serlrnuquoosrp lletus .(1eure4xe lJolep ol elq€ ere ,(eq; 'sree,t eq1 reno penordrur e^Bq spoqlour 3ur1se1 elrlcrulsepuou

roqto eqt'Surtset lue4eued

plnbl e{[ ]snt

poqlantr

,trelueurolduroJ e sB lusJlouad 's1e8pnq petFuII pu€ seFpeqos uoqcnpord tqSp eql qtvtr peceJ uorlcnpord'uercruqcel Suqsal

uego

eJB sre8euuru

cqeuSeruorlcele 11 IeAeT e 8ur,firgec pue Sururerl ur Suqselur Jo onFA eql aes ,(eru 11 IeAeT e a1nL11I 'esuedxe pue eruq og] Jo uorlcer! e te 3ur1se1 luerleued prnbl ur il Ie^el e o] pegrTenb eq uec ueroruqcol erues oqt ueqtr 8uqse1 crlauSeruo4cele ur il Ie^eT e ol uersruqcel e ,fqenb ot .{euoru puu erurl Jo Ieep leer8 e JSeAur o1 re8euuru uoqcnpord e JoJ llnJrJJrp sr ]I 'pesn eq IIrAr poqleu 3ur1se1 elrlcru]sepuou leq^\ Surururrelep ur JotoeJ e sl sql 'sre?eueru ,{ueur rog 'Surlsel elr}cru}sepuou Jo spoqleur Jeqto ol pereduoc pennber sJnoq ecueuedxe pue Sururerl rolcedsur Joa\ol eql sr Su4sel luerleued Jo emleeJ elqenp^ Jerllouv 'poqle{u 3ur1s4 plerg leer8 e lr se>1eru qcr,rll!\ terrr'od lecrJ]celo errnber s,,(en1e lou seop pue luerudrnbe lerceds ortnber lou saop luer1eued 'spoqleu Jeqlo eql re,to e8elue.tpe fruruud u suq

luerleued 'rolcuy e sr .(ruouoce

uoq^/K

tene't.oll

'senrnuquocsrp ocBJmsqns lcelep ol pesn,tleurlnor em Suqsq crqderSorper pue 8uqse1 Jruose4ll] 'lcelop uec ,{eq} serlrnurluocsrp ecupnsqns go qldep eql ur petrurr1 eJe Surlsel lueJJnJ .{ppe pue Suqsq elcqmd crleu8etrrg 'acepns eql ol uedo em tet4l serlrnunuoJslp ]relep

,(po uec Surlse] lue4eued ppblT 'petcetep eq uec 1eq1 flrnuquocsrp Jo ed,g eqt sr ocueJeJJrp ,ireruud eq] 'Surtse] elrlcrulsepuou Jo spoqleru Jeqlo qlvrr ?urlsel lue4eued ppbll ?uuedruoc uerl![

'1errr ,tleuoqdecxe

peu;o3rred seq lr '.{pedord pesn sr 3ur1se1 luurleued prnbq ueq,tr',grcedec sgl uI 'spoqlerrr reqlo eseql ,{q polcatep suor}ecrpur eceJJns 3ur,{;ue,t

spoqlol^J Eu11sa;

a^llrnrlsopuoN raqlo qll,ll persdruoJ Supso,l luBrlauod

poqletr{ 8upsel luBrleued plnbla eql Jo uollreles L refierltJ

LT

48 that can be allowed before the reliability and safety requirements are exceeded must be known and considered. The type and size of the discontinuity will also influence the penetrant dwell time. A small discontinuity normally results in longer penetrant dwell time. For instance, penetrant testing for stress corrosion cracking can require extended penetrant dwell time. The surface condition of the part also influences the selection process. On a very rough surface, a water washable penetrant with less sensitivity may be required. A rough part will also require special cleaning measures, thus increasing processing time and hours. An aircraft engine part with a smooth surface will require a high sensitivity, postemulsifiable penetrant. The end use of the part will also be a factor in determining the penetrant process to be used. Each industry has requirements for penetrant removal and sensitivity. Aircraft technicians are limited to fluorescent penetrants for detection of inservice discontinuities. The nuclear industry has unique testing requirements for penetrant testing. In some cases, color contrasting penetrants must be used where visibility is often a problem. The marine industry uses penetrant on many different metals and parts and, in many cases, a different class or severity level is used for each component. The selection of the developer is also an important step in selection of the proper process. While a nonaqueous solvent developer may have the highest sensitivity, it also has the highest cost and can be difficult to remove. As with penetrant selection, the number, size and condition of the pafis are factors in determining the type of developer. The entire selection process is invalid without acceptance and rejection criteria. It is important to match the penetrant process and materials to the acceptance and rejection criteria. Acceptance and rejection criteria are based on stress and fracture mechanics and engineering evaluations. These evaluations are designed to analyze the critical points of a material or part and provide accurate discontinuity tolerance data. Equipped with this data, the proper selection ofpenetrant, developer and process procedures can be made. Reference

A

'eurq 8ur^rp ?uo1e qlrtr radole,rep lezlr e ilue4eued elqeqsu^t rale^\ AI dno.rg 'p 'redole'rep Jo ]uoc f,reeq e pu? lu€4eued elqrsr,r 'c :edole,rep lel\ ur peddrp gud llue4eued lods sncsruoru il"tus 'q :edole,rep frp pe88og itue.neued e13ue lceluoc qBFI .,{lrsocsr,r

q8rq

'e

:u Sursn ,(q peurulqo oq ill.ll sllnseJ ]soq eql 'puno-r81ceq Jo lunorue e3re1 eqt Jo esneceq

$lceJc loelep ol lFcrJJrp fre,t uelgo sr esoq] olur Sururqcuur rege ll 'sprol lerrJelur .re,telroq lSuqsec,lo.eJ eql SuDsq luerleuad

ueq.{\ ruelqord ou flensn oJu serlrnuquocsrp eseql'flrsorod se8 pue e8eluuqsorcrur Jo lunollle elqeJoprsuos B e^eq .{ypru.rou runururnle pue runrseuSeru }seJ

9'L

'lueu4redep lured eql ol lr pues pue pud eqt ueelclsod pue lsq luu.rleued 'p 'luerqredep lured eql ol pues pue gud eql 1se1 luerleued 'c lI 'luerulredep lured eqt ol ]r pues pu? u€d eql lsel ]uerleued pue

ueelcud 'q

'luer4redep

lured eql ot ]r pues pue ged eqt ueelclsod pue lse1 luer1aued'ueelca.rd 'e

'l\ol

:eABq lsnlu uorsoJJoc sseJ]s JoJ slslrelelu eseql lsq 01 pesn sleuo]€Iu lueleued 'uorsoJJoc sso4s ol lcelqns ere (sernleredruel pe1e,re1e 1e) runruelp pu€ eseq le{cru '1ee1s sselurels crlrue}snv

'e

s,(o11e

'a^oqB eql Jo

9'L

.p .c

'$lceqJ Surssecord e'rordur

II€ 'p o1

'O

'Suunlcegnueu Suunp sorlrnurluocsrp luucgru8rs ]Jolep ol 'q

.q

eql

1se1 Sur.r,recer

.E

:,tq pelcegu eq ,figenb eql

1e,re1

:01

luerleued eql ur euuolqo ou oler{ 'p 'lueluoc ueSoleq pue JnJIns A\ol 'c

1a.Le1 'c 'redoyenep

'g poqlelN'g

'g poqlentr'€ IeAoI

e;o

sr ssecord luerJgJe lsoc pue luercgJo erurl lsotu oql 'Surlurud pue Sulzlpoue '8uruee1c rog lueruuedep lured eql ol lues Sureq eJoJeq yeuuosred ?urlsel elrlcrulsepuou ,(q pelsel luerleued eq ol sr luerupedep 8urp1e.r eql ruoq ped urnununp peplel\ V

.e^oqe p puP E qloq .e 'slBueluln

:edo1e,lep snoanbeuou pue g poqtory'ZIe^eI 'p 'redolenep ,,fip pue JelorueJ pelorueJ

luo^Ios qll^\

'tueluoc ueSopq pue rn;1ns q8rq 'q 'slurod qs€U 'e

pepuedsns luellos pue JelorueJ polorrreJ luellos qlr^\ lue4aued elqrsn 'q

:edolelep snoenbeuou qll,r\

ipesn eq pFoqs enbruqcel 1eq11 'parrnbeJ ueryo em q I Jo serut1 [o1y\p lller1ouad 'slcnpord uorsorroo ureluoc uego pue eurJ rtre,r, em s{33Jc uorsoroc sse4s

'sped;o Jeqrunu eql '.(lmuquocsrp to ed,t eql .leuo1uru yo ed,fi eql eql

'flrnurluocsrp oql Jo ezrs

]ou ilI,l\ lsal lue4aued

le sleuol€Iu

]celes

V'L

^\?J

01

e^rlJoJep ]no peea\

o1

'e

:sr Suqsq lue4eued luerue8eueru JoJ uo$eJ euo

suorlsano /llal^eu

L

rctdvT4J

6V

50

7.7

The first step in preparing a penetrant procedure is to determine:

a. c.

the smallest discontinuity a technique can detect. the size of discontinuities that are in the part. the size and type of discontinuities that

d.

it is necessary to detect. the cost of the test.

b.

7.8

A large tank has a welded liner on the inside surface and the welds must be tested for porosity and cracks. The tank has a number of openings in the top and bottom around which the liner is welded. The best approach is to use:

a. b. c. d. 7.9

Type

7.ll

Welds at construction sites are usually tested with:

a. b. c. d. 7.12

Liquid penetrant testing used for maintenance testing of cracks on aircraft must have the highest sensitivity. Which of the following penetrant techniques is the most sensitive?

a.

I,level2, Method D with water

spray.

visible penetrant with water spray. Type I, level2, Method D with wet towels to remove penetrant. Type I, level2, Method B with hydrophilic emulsifier and water spray.

b. c. d.

For production testing of forgings, the recommended penetrant technique is:

a. b. c. d. 1.10

solvent removed fluorescent penetrant. water washable fluorescent penetrant. postemulsification visible penetrant. postemulsification fluorescent penetrant.

7.I3

c. d.

test methods used. The most recommended

Type I, Method A, level 2 penetrant, solvent removed, solvent suspended developer. Type I, Method B, level 3 penetrant, solvent removed, solvent suspended developer. Type II, Method C penetrant, solvent removed, dry developer. Type I, Method B, level 2 penetrant, solvent removed, dry developer.

The first step in evaluating the use of penetrant on a plastic material is to:

a. b.

High integrity casting and forgings require high reliability in the penetrant material and

visible dye penetrant that is solvent removed. postemulsified penetrant with solvent suspended developer. water washable visible penetrant and dry developer. fluorescent penetrant that is solvent removed.

degrease the part.

check the compatibility of the penetrant test materials with the plastic. apply a water washable fluorescent penetrant. remove oxidation from the surface.

combination is:

a. b. c. d.

7.14 water washable fluorescent penetrant, level 3 penetrant, dry developer. postemulsification visible penetrant, solvent suspended developer. postemulsification fluorescent penetrant, level 2 penetrant, dry developer.

Which of the following nonmetallic items can be tested with penetrants?

a. b. c. d. e.

Distributor caps. Spark plug insulators. Nylon orthopedic implants. All of the above. Both b and c above

postemulsification fluorescent penetrant, level 3 penetrant, dry developer.

'*1!I

'3

q1r.tr

rna

'p

qlr^\

',(erds cqelso4oolo

'suelsrts ,(urds

'selzzou ^{erds ernsserd 's4ue1drp

qlul 'q qlvrre

:sr serlrleo Jouelur pue seduqs xeldruoc qtrm sged ile{us o} tuurlauad ro; qceordde Iecrruouoce ]sotu eql

?ur,(1dde

'enbpqcq luereued

perJrslnuetsod ,{lr.ttltsues q8tq y 'p 'enbruqcel lue4eued efp e1qrsr.r, 'uoqnloseJ qBIq V 'c 'enbruqcel elqeqse,{t rele,l '-(lr,tqrsues q?rq y 'q 'enbruqcel peloruoJ ]uollos tlrn4rsues qBIq

V

'e

eueJsJrB

oorlJesur JoJ pesn lsoru sI senbruqcel Sutlsel ]ue.rteued plnb11 3uuro11o; eqt Jo qclqr\\

IS

52

Ir.

J :: -:-:_:u g :I -:-:-.:x Y

::::-:-:U

's3ldtu"s e3u3J3_l:: :--_ ;-. -.*E1uo3 puE ep€J8op leql suoL::-_ I :_ s:-JruEXo eJe soJr^ep

--::::J ua.ra .(lqrssod pue Surlsel ecuetruoyed fpep :-:.'::r esn f.teeq qlr^\ sruelsfs tele,^aoq iSurlsel ::.:lru:oyred luenbe4 ertnber ]ou op uego pesn :J€ 1eq1 SruelsfS 'solre^ sessecord luurleued uo Surlsel ecueuuog.rad;o ,(cuenbe4 eql -

-

:

3u11sag eJuBruJoJJod

m,4A

pOl"uruI€luo-i :------ : ---:--ues puE SJouIuluO3

Jrlseld'sernleledruat'.:-.

- :.

--t:,r suorlrpuo] .ureql

epeJSop plno \1 -:,'- : - _ .-.f uoJ rrro4 pelseloJd oq lsnru saldulps 3l*:--:-:: :--r 's3sec qloq q .lda)i eq plnoqs Jedol:".:: :-'t -: :ldues € .lueleuod acueJsJeJ eqt - _ _ _ ::E uJ 'luEJleued ,rau eldlu€s ol pu€ 1L:--: -:: : _-- -Jo eJII eql JoJ pasn eq o1 lusrsrJJns aq : - _ l. :-jJlES oql Jo ozrs 3qJ 'sso3oJd Surlsat :-- -'. "--.!JJOU suorteorJrceds

esusrrrroped eqt st::'-

' -: --- - jEJlsued unoul

u -Jo

eldu"s ? sI Ju€Jlaua; ::- -.-< lo JJuJJOJaJ eqJ slBIJalBJ\ luErlauad eJuaJoJeu

v

eJueJo.+ou

'fpedord

::*?turpur oJE sleueleru lue4eued pue lueudrnbe aql leql oJnsuo ol uorlJe e,l,rsse"r33e o{Bl osle -sru tuerue8eue6'ssecord eqt puu :olcedsur eql :. :,-ueprJuoc Sururelurcu ur eloJ.roferu e ,(e1d uec s=d a.rqca;ep eldrues Jo esn oqt pue suoqenlule ...ds aurlnou 'luercrJJns oq lou ,{eiu I IoAe-I e sr ::':::dsur ue leql Suunsue ,(1ere141 'ssecord eql pue ::,:-':dsur aql Jo suoqenlele lo4uoc ,$rtenb ruroy.red ot sdels .{resseceu oql elel lsruu luerue8eueur 't\al lusJleued u .{lpqelleJ oq} urelurBru oI 3o 'eusJrJJ

rsat illrqeleeder pue z{lrrrrlrsues ureueJ s}oeru lr

JAIruil: :_..:: -t?\e eql uI

peSSACOJd

3q lsnrx sleued S-1.-,:- : -.: Ieued Jo Ued eq] uo uolleJlldde pue a6Ela -i .' : --: uorlEurureluoJ ruoJJ pelJeloJd eq tsnlu s3'i:. i .;;.r1a.r3p pue lu?4eued 'pelloJluos .i11r,::-. - - ::'Jusel Jql luql 3Jnsu3 ol uele] oq ]sn'.t- ::rt -:.,J.!\oH .ssUeIrUOIed ruots,{s .iu:-,-:,-: -:,: :nbruqcel poloJdde

pue pqu^ e

sr:r*.-.:- -_s-_:zdruo3'ruelsfs eql

JO eJUBrrrJOJJed --q:

-:.,:t ::?ur

sr uolleuruilelep

E pu€ peJedruot .r:--- ::: stlnseJ eql .oues eql eq plnoqs suorlrpuor --\ :_.: sures eql 1" Ieueleul luelouedJo eldues 'r:- :- ;sn ur u€ pu€ IerJeleur lue;1oued aldrues -"r-,'-]" : Surssecord sellolur qcolq Jo sleuEd 5- -- .' j tsat JJueuuoJJed 'Surlse] uosu::'- _ ' ,F ot s{Jolq Jo sleued Jo urJoJ eql ur spl"pL:-! )-rii-1 asn (Z) puu sllnsoJ elqeldecce pu? u.i. -:; -ti \\ isel eql Jo sllnssJ

-: ::r-Irpnb pue pe.Lordde aq III^\ ssecord luurleued aqg 'ssacord Suqsq pergrrcnb pue pe.l,ordde uE 3q tsnru eJeql toloedsur oq] o] uoqrppe

uI

.rolcedsur

eql 'oJoJeJeqI .}sel :qt,1o ,ftrpnb eql eunruetep ol llnrrJJrp uego sr tr

=.ql uo luepuedep sr ,{lqrqerlar

'p3tsat u3eq seq ged e regy 's1se1 luep8r.n ruoped 111 p3t€.\rlour pue porJrlBnb .{1p1 3q }snlx srolcedsul 'ssarotd Surlsel tuerleued aql pue rolcedsur eql uo tuepuadep sr Surlsel luerleued Jo ,fiUqeller aqJ 'sseco;d tuer1eued eql ftrTrqerlor pue ,t111enb Jo

aqt ur Ie^aI eouoprJuo3 qAIq E eJe loJluoc ssecord pooS;o stlnser eql ',ttnq€ller pue ,ftqrqu1eede"r qtr^\ uorlucrJrceds eql .{q pe"rrnber eJe leqt saurnurJuoosrp eql lcelap lrm sseco.rd luereued aqt leql eJnsuo ol sr IoJtuoJ ssecord Sunu.ro;red uoseeJ urerrr eql 'sernpeco:d eqt pue luarudrnbe

aql 'sl"ueleru aql sepnlJur ssecord lue4eued eql 'sllnseJ 1se1 leruqdo oJnsue o1 ssecord tue:laued u uo peuuoJred slceqc IoJluoo flrpnb ol pesn ruJel eql sr IoJ]uoc sseJoJd

s,{em ol\l ur pelelduc' .. S::tsal aJueuuoJJed 's1red Sursseto:d ::::::. ::tsol eJu?rrrJo.JJod aq

Jql oJ€druoc pu€ su?d :

-

Jo,J

IoJluoJ ssoJoJd Jo AtoraJaAO

leql sr turcJ. -*:-;odrur oqJ 'Urqs qcee

rue1s,{s oq}

.---t:-:l

u.\\orDl ssaJoJd

(I)

3q1 eurJsp

IorluoJ sseJord g rolderlJ

"_.-!t

54 Reference A Reference B Reference C

Standards and Test Panels Several different comparison test panels are in use today. Three commonly used panels are the cracked nickel-chromium plated panel, the penetrant system monitor panel and the quench cracked aluminum block. Each of these panels contains known discontinuities. The cracked nickel-chromium plated panel is a thick brass plate with a predetermined thickness of nickel plating on one side. The nickel plating is then plated with a very thin layer of chromium for protection. The panel is then stressloaded on one side, which produces fine cracks in the nickel plating. Two panels containing identical or nearly identical crack patterns are used to perform the checks. These panels can also be used to indicate penetrant process sensitivity. The cracked nickelchromium plated panel is normally the preferred technique for testing penetrant materials. The penetrant system monitor panel is made of stainless steel. One half of one side is chromium plated and the other half is grit blasted to a medium rough surface. The chromium plated strip contains five evenly spaced cracked centers that vary in size. Unlike other test panels used for performance tests, no two penetrant system monitor panels are exactly the same. The panels are normally supplied in pairs - one for the system check and the other for the reference standard. The grit blasted side can be used to verify the effectiveness of the penetrant removal process. Penetrant system monitor panels do not indicate penetrant process sensitivity, they are used to detect degradation in the system performance. Quench cracked aluminum blocks or panels are used to perform comparison tests of penetrants. An aluminum block is heated and then quenched to produce cracks. The block is then divided in half by a deep groove and in some cases the block is cut into two pieces. During the system performance test, the reference penetrant is placed on one section and the sample penetrant placed on the other. The block is then processed and the results are compared. Because of the large cracking that often results in these blocks, they are used for

low and medium sensitivity penetrants. Several precautions are necessary when using the above panels. The panels must be thoroughly cleaned after each use and in between uses they should be kept in a suitable solvent. Because they are testing panels, they should be handled very carefully. In addition, some specifications limit the number of times that a panel can be used.

Process Variables Penetrant processes variables must be checked and controlled if the penetrant process is to have acceptable reliability and repeatability. Three areas of variables are equipment, materials and process. The equipment variables are those items that can change or vary during the process. In the cleaning process, the variable is the automatic cleaning unit. In the penetrant line, the wash station water temperatute and pressure are variables. In the dry station, the variable is the dryer temperature. Ultraviolet lights are variables in the test booth because they can change in intensity if the line voltage drops. All of these variables must be checked and controlled regularly. Penetrant material variables are related to the individual materials that are used. These variables

include: l. penetrantcontamination. 2. water content for Method A penetrants,

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

penetrant separation, water tolerance, penetrant intensity, penetrant removability (Method A), and penetrant sensitivity.

For systems using emulsifier, the variables also include: 1. emulsifier contamination, 2. water content (lipophilic emulsifier), and 3. emulsifier concentration (hydrophilic emulsifier). For developers, the variables are: developercontamination, developer dryness (dry developer), dry developer air pressure, and wet developer concentration.

1. 2. 3. 4.

The process variables for manual systems primarily involve the operator. The operator must process parts in a standardized manner knowing that any variation to the process can cause serious degradation of test sensitivity. For automated systems, the process variables are the equipment, the personnel monitoring the equipment and the inspectors who test the parts. While there are many advantages associated with the use of automated systems, the advantages are lost if the variables are not controlled. Reference B

'uorl€3rJrslnrue Jo eruu eql Io4uoJ ,{1eso1c 01 ue>lel oq lsnru eruc 'pesn oJu suoqels JerJrslruue JI 'pouruluretu oq pFor{s Surlsel IIe Jo uoDeluetunJoc '?ur1sq .,{1rsue1ur luecseJonlJ pue 8uqsel lueluoc Jelent opnlcur u€3 slsel esoql '8uqse1 JoJ sauoleJoqel o] lues oq ]u€Jleued go seldurus 1uq1 errnber suo4ecrgrceds oruos 'pecelder eq lsruu lue4eued e qcrq,,rl. 1e lurod eql ourrrJelep luurleued ;o edft qcee roJ suoqecgrceds 'uorleurrueluoJ pue uorlurodene ol luerleued oqt slcelqns qolqa\ 'Juerleued eql ureluoc jeql $[uul esn surals,(s 1sop1 ',{1r,l,rlrsues eperSep uec o1

l"ql

sJoloeJ IuJa,^.es

lcelqns erz lueurdrnbe ,fteuor1e1s ur sluer1euod 'peJolsoJ 3J8

suoqecr;rceds ecueuuoJlred eyqeldecce plun ecrlJes ruo4 penoruoJ oq lsnru lsel eoueuuo3:ed ue1s,{s eqt ssed louuec ]Bql ruolsfs V'ernpecoJd eql pue lueurdrnbe eq] 'slprJeleru luerleued eql Jo {lr1rqerleJ pue flqunb eql SururruJelop JoJ luelrodrur sr lsel aoueuuoyed rue1s.{s aql 'sleueleur luurleued ocueJeJeJ pue leued pe>lceJc u qlr,r paur-royed dgeru.rou ]sel ecueuuoJred rue1s.,(s ? sepnlJur lueudrnbe ,{reuoqels Jo IoJluoc ssecord crseg 'sernpecord pue sleuoleru 'lueudrnbe eql Suqceqo JoJ slelJelur eruq ,{yceds ilr,4t suorlecrgrceds .(ueprg'ecueru.rogred rue1s.(s Sururuuelep rog ssecord aq] apnlcur plnoqs suorlecrgrceds 'uonrppe uI 'uoqels qcue Surlcaqc roJ sls{{Jeqr luellarxe pue JelJq suruluoc g ecueJoJeg 'ssecord luerleuad oql ur uoDels qcee go uoqcedsur ue sopnlcur luerudrnbe ,{-ruuorlels Jo Io4uoc ssecord eq;

luorudlnbfl .drBuolt?ls

g

v

eJuoJeJeu scueJeJeu

'ged eql JJo lusleued ssecxe eql edrl\ ueql pue qtolc eer luq e uo Jeueelo ,(erds o1 sr enbruqcel elqeldecce eql '€eJe lsel eqt oluo ,(pcerrp pe,{erds eq lou lsnlu lue4eued ssorxe elorueJ o] pesn ueqll teueelc e{I 'sued ueelcerd ol posn eq uec pu" anprseJ P e^eel lOU Op SJaUBoIC eSAqI 'Ja\Oruat/tauoalJ peleqel ere .(epo1 sreuuelc lsol{ .onprseJ Iro ue onuel IIy( pue e1e"r uorlurodele .&\oIS ,ftel e seq qclq,l\ 'JeloruoJ B se pe{Juru }ou sr pesn reueelcerd eql leql ernsue ol ue)pl eq plnoqs oreJ 'enprsor e 8ur.r.ue1 lnoqlrl\ ped eqt ueelcerd,(lelenbepe

ol alq€ eq lsruu ll 'ued u ueelcerd ol pesn sr Jeuuelc oql JI 'roueelc e ureluoc slH elqeuod esn ur qJl€q oql ruoJJluuetelu luerleued go eldues u^\orDl e lsure8e pe{caqc eq plnoqs ll 'pe^receJ sr qcleq ,\\eu E usqrv\

']l uo Jequnu qoleq € seq ueJ qcee ilueurdrnbe elqegod ur pesn,{lerurou eJe suuc IosoJeV 'ocueulroped leueleur r{;rre,L ol uoqeluoruncop

,(resseceu aql seqsr1qulso srql JepJo eseqcrnd eqt ur pelsenber oq plnoqs suorlecr;rcads ecueru_rogred 'ra.rnlcegnuetu eql ruoq sleuo1errr ]uer1eued Suuepro uer{rq! 'lpl }ue4euod eql go luerudrnbe peleroosse pue slerJeleru Suplceqc sellolur

lueudrnbe elqupod Jo Io4uoc ssecord

eq;

lueludlnbfl elqulrod ',{1r1rqeleeder pue,{lqrqeqer

qAIq WIr!\ slFser 1se1 ecnpo-rd louuuc rolcedsur ]seq eql 'pe1s4 pue poumlureur fpedord sr teql Ieuoleru pue lueudrnbe lnoqlqq'lo4uoJ ssecord Jo lueruale Ke>1 e sr sleuoluru puu luarudrnbe ]ue.rleued Jo eJueuelureru pue ?uqsel aq;

slslralBtr J

',{1rsue1ur uo slJeJJa olqeecrlou secnpord e?e11o,t ourl 1r\ol esneoeq pe{ceqc oq osle plnoqs e341o,r, oql . aol sr ,0rsuelur ]q?I ]elol^e4ln eql.il .,{Ep qcee pesn lsrrJ uoqa po>Ireqc eq o11q8q ]elorl€4ln eql errnber suorlecr;rceds,{ue;41'uoqecr;rceds elqecrlddu eqt tsure?e po{3eqc oq }snru .{1rsue1ur tq?rl lelorlerln eql'$Iourc elqrssod pue sseuqueelc sual roJ pa{caqc eq lsnru s1p1 elqegod luerleued luecserong ur lq8q telor^e4ln eql

'redo1e.r,ep

erou

8ur,{1ddu

eroJeq drp ot redole,lep eql 'Suruedduq ^{ollu go Surlsuru Luo4 srql lue.r,erd oI 'senrnu4uocsrp elqrssod e pue .,(1r,rr1rsuos Jo ssol B ur sllnsal qJIq,!\ 'pepeeu sr ueq] ]red e ol redole,,ep erou ,{1ddu o1 s.rolcedsur asneJ uec srq; 'r(plcrnb se elerodele ]ou seop qorql\ 'e1crqe.t e se luellos ppbll lueJeJJrp B esn A\ou sredoleneq 'ged eqt uo pe,{erds ererrr feqt se peup sredolenep 'lsed eql u1 'sree.{ oql JeAo pe8ueqc seq stDI luerleued ur redolenep eq;

puB luourdpbg fuErlouad Jo aruBualulBtr tr pue Eu$sal g ecuoJoJeu 'elrJ uo 1da>1pue potuerunoop eq

plnoqs sllnseJ pue fcuenber; 'luaurqsqduocce rreql 'slueruerrnbeJ eql 'lueurdrnbe oql Jo peolryol\ eq] uo pessq peqsllqBlse eq plnoqs sle^relur ruruuluru eql 'ecuuprn8 les ou sr oJeql;1 ',{cuenberg Jreql pue queuelnbeJ lo4uoc sseco.rd eql oluls ,{1eru;ou 11r.r\ sluerueer8e pnlce4uoc pue suorlecgrced5 'perutoyed ere leql seJnseeu Io4uoc ssecord eW qlll\ ,{cuenberg eql tsnipe ppoqs sroluredo 'peo11rom eures 'slolel eq] oleq sruels.{s me; ,{-rel ocus peoplroly\ seuzl lo4uoc ssecord go ,(cuenbe4 eq; ruelsfs ]ueJeJJIp eql Jo JolceJ B sr pue

seJnseeru

.dcuanbeJd IoJluoJ ssoJoJd

56 The drain station should not drain back into the emulsification tank because it will contaminate the emulsifier. Lipophilic emulsifier should be checked for contamination by a removability test. Hydrophilic remover concentration should be checked by either a refractometer test or colorimetry. Wash stations are often the most abused and neglected areas of the penetrant line. The wash station should be kept clean and free of excess penetrants. If fluorescent penetrants are used, the station should have an ultraviolet light to ensure the adequate removal of excess penetrant from parts. Water pressure and temperature must be monitored at all times. Excess water pressure or high water temperatures decrease the effectiveness and sensitivity of the testing process. Dryer stations must be kept clean and the proper temperature must be maintained. High temperatures cause excess evaporation of the penetrant and decreases fluorescent intensity, resulting in decreased inspection sensitivity. Test stations must be clean and free from penetrant materials. Visible dye penetrant test stations must have sufficient lighting. Fluorescent peneffant test stations must be darkened and have ultraviolet lights with the necessary intensity. Reference A Reference B Reference C

Automated Equipment Automated systems are designed to process large volumes of parts and require process controls like the other penetrant systems. Penetrant materials require sampling and checking on a regular basis. Performance checks are made by sending cracked test coupons through the system before and sometimes during the testing process. Even though the systems are automated, personnel must monitor the equipment for adequate penetrant application, washing, drying, developing and processed part inspection. Reference A Reference B

Lighting Confrol of lighting is a key part of the process control. To see faint indications with visible penetrants, adequate white light is required. Fluorescent penetrant systems require ultraviolet lights at the wash station and in the test booth.

Inside the test booth, the ultraviolet light must meet the intensity specifications. Ultraviolet lights normally produce higher intensities than the 1000 trrWcm2 at a distance of 38 cm (15 in.) that many specifications require; however, lights weaken as they age and a dirty lens or low line voltage can seriously lower intensity levels. Daily checks of ultraviolet light intensity is a necessity for adequate process control. For systems used during multiple 8 h shifts, ultraviolet lights should be checked at the start of each shift. The darkness of the fluorescent peneffant inspection area is important. Most specifications require no more that20 lx (2 ftc) of white light in the area. In addition, inspectors must allow their eyes to adjust when first entering the darkened test area. Normally, 5 min is enough time for the eye to adapt to a dark environment; however, some inspector's eyes may require more time. Tests should not start until the inspector's eyes have adapted to the darkened conditions. Reference A Reference B

',{1erlqce3ge

peqsqduocce eq louueo Surlcerce.r esneceq 'e^oqe agl Jo ouou seop

'{coIq eql Jo &r^usuos eqt ]ceJJe lou seop '{colq eql Jo f}rlqrsues seseeJcur '{colq eql Jo ,qr,r,Drsues 3q} sesBeJcep

'p

't 'q 'e

Jeureluoc eq] Jo uorsorJoc .p 'lueledord go e8e4eel .c e8erols .q 'suoqrpuoo

'orup

:sarup ooJql ueql eJoru

{colq lsol IunurunlB eq} Jo Ie1!\eueu 'e^oqBqpu€e{Doq

6'8

'e

:dq pelcege

lsoru eJe sJeureluoJ IosoJee ur lue4aued

'e

'etup

se

'q

'suoDrpuoc e8erols

.";,"s""1'"il1i:Jl;

'c

'Suqdrues

'p

'e^oqsqpueeqloq

'e

'p ,{-roleroqel eql se

'(1e,l,qcoJJe

]ce slBueleur eql Jsrlleq^,!\ aunlllolap

01

:,{q pesnec fle8rel sr e8erols Suunp lueflaued A\eu Jo uorleJouele6l

'q

'sl€rJeleu luerleued

E

s'8

'c

'I"AorueJJeAo lnoqlr^\ punorSlceq

ruilururru e seprnord urelsfs IBAoruaJ lue4eued eq] Jeqleqa\ eurrrJelep ol A\eu eql se IIaA\ s€ seqrnuquocsrp ]oelep ueJ pesn Sureq pueleur lue4eued eq] Joqleqa ourulretep ol

t'8

'1ue4eued e8erols go eldues .p 'pe^receJ ]sJg

sel\ lr ueqt\ ]ue4eusd esn ur go eldures .c 'e

:sr sleuelerrr lue4eued ocrlJasur Jo slsel lor1uor ,{1qenb Suqeur JoJ uoseeJ eql

1uerleued A\eu Jo

eldrues

.4ue1drp eq] tuo4 {uet luer1eued esn ur eql Jo eydrues

.q .e

8'8

'.(3o1ouqce1

pue sprBpuels roJ elnlqsul FuorleN aql 'ueds erurl e JeAo I€ueleru,treu B ',{cue3e 8ur.$genb pezrle4uoc

ro ]uerleued r" urrro;""tJltJlH

e

'p

'c 'q

:e sr eu{ lue4eued Sunlron qll'l\ ,gqlcey e 1e eldues oouaroJeJ V

:olcedsur

'p .J

.q .e

:,{q peunu-re1ep sr slor1uoo ssecord go ,{cuenber; eql

L'8

'e

:qlr^\ peuecuoc 9'8

sr 3ur1se1 luerleuedJo Io4uoc

g'8

eq1

,{q peuruuelep sI :o^oqB etD Jo ouou }I 'ssecord eql Jo peoplJol\ aql luertoued 'luerleued go ed,g eq1 .ued Jo ed,g eqt

.e

:ruo4 peurelqo sr prepu?]s uosr.redruoc eql 'slsel uosueduoc eJB slsel Io4uoc ,$lpnb lueJleued 'sesec lsoru u1 'suel sncsruelu 'p

'o^oqe eql Jo IIe .rolcedsur eq1 .ernpecord eq1 .luerudrnbe eq1

'{ouJc ua\ou{ e qtrm ued .J 'suerurceds e1eld eurorqJ pe>lceJo 'q

'{colq IunununlB pe>lcerJ

.sl€uelelu

:e sr luer1eued pesnun qse4 Jo eldrues e qlytr lue4eued eJr^Jesur Suueduoc ro; uerurceds 1se1 ,{lrrrrlrsues relndod }soru eqJ

eql

z'8

.e

.p

'c .q .2

^,(1ureu

sseoord I.g

suorlseno A{el^ou g reldBqJ LS

58

8.10

Quench cracked aluminum blocks are useful for comparing:

a. b. c. d. e. 8.11

d. 8.12

low sensitivity penetrant.

Which of the following combinations of physical properties of a liquid has the most effect on its penetrating properties?

a. b. c.

medium sensitivity penetrant. high sensitivity penetrant. all of the above. both a and b.

Cracked chrome plated panels are usually processed in pairs to:

a. b. c.

8.15

d. 8.16

verify performance results. verify that the panels are identical. compare the in use and reference verify the testing process.

d. e.

The penetrant system monitor is designed

Surface tension and contact angle.

Capillarity, wet ability and surface tension.

Specific gravity and viscosity.

A drop test for comparing surface tension is influenced by:

a. b. c.

penetrants.

Wet ability and surface tension.

the size of the drop. the roughness ofthe surface. the temperature of the liquid and test surface.

all ofthe above. both b and c above.

to be used:

a. b. c. d. 8.13

8.17 for daily performance monitoring. as a substitute for the cracked chrome plated panel. to compare material performance.

For evaluating background after a water wash test, what type of ultraviolet light

a.

b. c. d.

8.I4

a. b. c. d.

to indicate sensitivity.

should be used?

When the contact angle of penetrant on aluminum is compared to the contact angle of penetrant on stainless steel and chrome plate, the contact angle on aluminum is:

8.18

Incandescent lamps. Tubular BLB fluorescent lamps. 100 W ultraviolet light lamp.

Appropriate white light.

In the water tolerance sensitivity test, the

no water dilution. 5Vo water dilution. the same water dilution as in the test

d.

20Vo water

not a function of the type of material.

Scratches on a smooth surface cause a drop of penetrant to spread:

a. b. c.

faster.

d.

more slowly

standard penetrant sample should contain:

a. b. c.

larger. smaller. the same.

slower.

to the nearest scratch and then stop spreading.

if

the penetrant is of high

viscosity.

8.19

In a capillary tube test of a penetrant, the surface of the penetrant in the capillary tube:

sample.

dilution.

a.

b. c. d.

should should should cannot

be flat.

be a positive meniscus. be a negative meniscus. be determined with this test.

'ecueuedxe ruou esn o] eJnpoJoJd ol JolJadsur eql SuurnbeJ 'p

luq1Y\ 1!\orDl

'pelsel eq

o1

tol qc?e qlr^{ ernpecoJd lsel e Surceld 'O 'gud cr;rceds e qlr^\ pesn oq ol sernpacord uo leuuosred Suryeuq 'q 'enbruqcal;o ed,fi qcee qtr^\ pesn om leql qrud yo 1s11 e Suqeu 'e :,(q pe;nsue lseq sr Ior1uoo enbruqcel

'slueruerrnber r$qrqeqer pue,{lrlrlrsues uer{r11 0g'g

'{uel

luoreJJrp qlr^\ suelr Burlsel

'e^oqB eqt Jo

IIV

tr

.stq8II

sy

',fi11qe1e,l 'e '^(lrsocsra, 'p '.Qp,er8 cr;rceds 'c ',g1suep 'q

y

:seJnsseru releruorp,(q

'e

'erquredruel

sz'\

dlp e ur redolenep elqnlos rel€Arp 'gooq,(erds e ur redole.l,ep lerrilJ 'reqruuqc 8oy e ur.redole,r,ep

d.rp 'q

'{uel drp e ur redolelep lelvr 'e

'e

',(reurqcuru IIe Jo eorreueluretr 'p 'eeJu aql Jo sseurluBelJ 'c

uorlcedsur go ,$rsuelur 1o 3up1ceq3 'q 'se8e8 pue sluerun4sur Jo uorleJqll€J 'e elor1uoo ur sr ssecord lue4eued eql teql oJnsuo ol pepeeu sr esla leqn 'slrpne ernpecord puu loJtuoc sleuoleru luerleued 'suorlecr;r1enb leuuosred o1 uorlrppe u1

:sr,$qrce; Surlsq luerleued uorlcnpord qBH u ur pesn ueq.^a $lceqc Io4uoc &[enb lse&\al eql sernber leql redole,rep eqM'g 'sJerJrslnue

cpudorpfq o1,(1dde lou seop 'e 'relea\ objg-Et sl 'p 'Jelu1!\ obEE-jT st

'rel?^\ objz-gI sI 'Jel€a\ obL-g sl

6z'8

'e^oq€ c pue B qloq 'e 'e^oq? eql Jo II3 'p 'slueruerrnber ssecord eqt 8ur,{grceds 'O

'J 'q 'e

:sJerJrsliluo

cqqdorpfq Jo eruerolot rete^\

'poued trpne eqt Suruegoqs 'q 'poued lo4uoc ssecord eq] Surueuoqs 'e

eql

EZ'g

:eleuorp.{q ezeegr}uu u€ 'p 'lsel ecueJelol JoIBA\ eql .c .]so] eql 'q eql 'v

:,(q pe8ueqr aq pFoqs sernpecord llpnu pu? Io4uoc ssecord oqJ 'es€eJrur slueruerrnber ^,firlqrsues

'1se1

{?eJq Jele^\ euel,(x 96 CI I 1ISV

8Z'8 :,(q peurur.relep eq u?c JerJrslnue

'e^oqecpueeqloq

'o

'e^oqB eq] Jo IIB 'luaudolenep enbruqcel uorluclldde

ro luerleued

B ur

'p 'c

]ueluoc Jepa\

'rolu.reduroc

'q

ZZ'g

dlrsuelur'O

'JoleruoJonu 'q 'releruo4ceds

'e

erLL

y

oleJnorv

releruolrsuepoloqd 'p

'uorsrrtredns

pue uorlceles leuuosred InJomc 'Ior1uoJ sseco.rd

:sr sessecord Suqse] lue.rleued yo ,gqenb IIeroAo eq1 3u111o4uoc roJ ernpecord ]seq

]uecseJonu eJnsesru LZ'B

'pelcelep 3q ol sged eql ur sarlrnurluocsry 11e Jo ob00l 'p 'elqrcnpo.rdeJ eq ol slsel tue4eued eqt 'c 'slueruerrnber

01

lq8[

9Z'B

'e

:e pallec sr ,(1rsue1ur pesn ]uelurulsul

eql

lz'g

']uer1eued e,(p elqrsr,t e ur uorler1ueJuoc e,(p eql ur suor]€uel secnpord 11 'p ']uer1eued luecsoJong

'c 'q

e ur ^,$rsuelur eql secuenlJur 1I 'uoqe.qeued Jo oler eq] secuengq 1I .]ceJJe ou seq 1I

lueruure,toS ]eeru o] sernpecord aql 'q 'telu eq o1 seFpeqcs II3 'e :serrnber lsel luer1eued e1qe11er

,e

ttuurleued e 3o sergedord Suqerleued eql uo e.neq ^{lrsocsrl seop lceJJe lerl{\ 0Z'8

6S

60 8.31

To best determine whether a penetrant facility is being operated properly, a customer or manager should: a.

check all of the records of the facility.

b.

perform periodic unannounced audits

c.

of the facility. issue directives to specify how the test

d.

8.32

must be performed. personally inspect the facility on a specific day once a week.

Quality control of aerosol penetrant cans that are in long term storage requires the cans to be: a.

b.

shaken every 6 months. weighed after 2 y from the date of

manufacture. c. d.

used before 2y or discarded. left alone because there are no requirements for long storage because penetrants in aerosol containers have an

infinite shelf life.

'posn plnoqs slq?Il ]eIoI^e4In pe^ordde ^,{po 'eldruexo roJ sllor IsnJ gercrru uedo 'lueserd eJu serunJ elqeurureg eJa,tr\ ssoJe Jeeu Jo uI peuuo;-red oJe slsq luereued ]uocseJong ueqrq! 'JeuleJuoc lelelu e ut 3o pesodsry eq pFoqs ]uerleued eql Jo lenotuer eql pu€ Surueelclsod 'Surueelcerd JoJ pasn sreded pue sQloIJ 'suorle.redo ?urpuu? pue

Surple,l se qcns e{uBU Jo seJJnos punoJe ferds lou o(I 'slJnpord esaqt qllrn Surferds ueq^\ pepeeu sI eJBc eruerxg 'slutod qseg A\oI ,fte,r qlrm selJrqel plnbl eluq uec sredole.tep luellos snoenbeuo5l 'sre,{-rp uI sleuelBru elqllsnqluoJ esn lou ppoqs Ieuuosred 'sged ?urfup ro; peuSrsep eJ€ sauq lue4eued .{.reuoDe}s uo srerfuq 'sJerJrslnrua ?uuols pue Sursn ueq.^\ suoqnecerd eql ,l.rou>I pue leeqs 31ep ,$e;es 'sluur}eued se Ieuel€ru eq] {raqc plnoqs srolcedsul spJuzeq eluss eID go ,{ueur lueserd sJeIJrsInIug 'slueurerrnber ,Qe;es f.russaceu oql e^Josqo pu€ luurleued eq13o lurod qseg eq] A\ouX 'uoq€IDuel letceds lnoqlrl\ sluel uedo ur sprnbq JoJ G" 002) Jo €6 sB lurod qseg luruuluru eq] poqsllqelse aleq suollulnSer (yg59) uoqe4srupupy qlFeH pue ,te1e5 puorlednccg 'oceJJns luerleued plnb11 eq] oloqu {ue} eql uI elsrluecuoJ uec s{uel uedo ur }uerleued uror; sroden

'prezzq,ftltqeunueg

e lue^te.rd o] ue{B} ere sdels ,{resseceu eql eru feql sl€Ireletu 11u ]€ql ernsue pue qllA\ ?ulqrom eq] A\ou>I lsnru s.rolcedsur 'ero;ereqJ, 'peseeJcur re8uep eqJ 'eeJB peuguoo Ileus sr oJIJ ";o 3 ur pesn eJe sleueletu aseql Jr 'uorlrppu q 'pJEZ€q ,tlryqerurueg egl ses€eJ:ul qclq^\ '1srur eug e ur pe,(erds em ,{eql opesn ete sl€ue}?ru eseql ueq&\

'(g. OU) Jo g se ,{\ol sB lurod qseg e eABq ueo popnlcu sleueleur aql Jo otuos 'snore8uep ,{re^n qll^\ slH lue.rleuad elqeuod

eq uB3 sueo IosoJee

'eJg uo q4Bc ^(psee uuc IelJeleur oql leq] su?olu requnu lurod qssu 1y\ol v 'lurod qs€u aql Surpnlcut IeuelBlu teql Jo scllsuelseJ?qc pue dne4eru Ieoflueqc eqt Surpreser €]3p sumluoc leaqs elep ,{1e3es ielJoleru eql'lu€4oued luecsarong JoJ leeqs elep

,fie;es Ielreleur u;o seSed en Z'6 pue I'6 sern8rg 'Jernlc€Jnueu eql ruo4 leoqs e13p ,$eJes FIrelEIu e ,(q peruedurocce eJe 3ur1s4 luerleued plnb11 ur pesn eJe leq] sleuelelu 11y 'uorlru8r Jo e3Jnos e o1 pesodxe JI JIe eq] ur eltu8r ilIA\ uoll€4uecuoJ luercrJJns ur srode,t eq] qoII{A\ 1e ernleredruel

lse^\ol aqt sr prnbq e;o lurod qsBIJ

eql

,$111qeuIuBId J

ecueJeJel{

g eJueJeJou

v

eJueJeJou

',(pedord sle&\ol sreded

pw sqtolc Surdm pesnJo esodsrp

'91

pu€

'slsel luer1eued Sururrogred ueqrrr elorus lou op 'ZI

'sleulEluoc

'II IosoJeB ro; enbruqcel lesodsrp redord eql a\oDI 'eate 1er41JoJ selru ,$e;es aqt Surrrol\ eql a\oIDI '0I olJesqo pus lueluuolnue 'suuc losolae ?ursn ero;eq ,(erds go uoDceJlp eql a\oDI '6 'sleorrueqc Surxrur ro ?urppe ueqm Surqlolc ea,qcelord redord reervr '8 'srolcedsur eq] Jo qceer ,{see

ullllff\

sr reqsrn8urlxe oJrJ e ems eq 'L ,9 ',{pedord slcefqo,fueeq UII

'leeJ eql lcelord ol seoqs fleges reem 's 'seere peur;uoc ur sIBLrelEIu ]uerleued o] ernsodxe ]r-urll Jo

plo^e

't

'elqrssod se uoos se uDIS JJo sleuelzlu tuerleued

ueelc '€

'sleueletu luerleued Jo sluellos Surueelc gll^\ pel€Jn]€s seuocaq ?urqtolc ;r,(lelerperurur e?ueqc puu sleueleru luerleued Jo eeq Surqlolc deel '7 'sleueleur ]uerleued

1e

8ur,{erds ueql( uoqcelord ece; pue a,te esn 'I :ol eJe secqcerd,fie;es lereueS ouros 'seruq ile secrlcerd,$e;es preue8 elJesqo s,(emp plnoqs

IeuuosJed',(Fedord peru.roJred ueqrvr ssecord oIqEIIeJ pue aJes e sr ?urlsol luu4eued plnbl-I

suollnBJoJd dloJBS IBJOUOC

odle;ug IBsodsI( puu tIlIBeH 6 roldsqJ

T9

62

Figure 9.1: Page 1 of a manufacturer materials safety data sheet (From Magnaf lux Corporation)

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET 1. I

2.

Company: MAGNAFLUXo Address: 3624 Wost Laka Av€nu6. Glenview, lllinois 60O25 Talephone No.: 847-657-5300 (off-Hour Em6rgency Number - CHEMTREC - t-8oo.42+93oo). hoduct Use: Fluoroscont inspsction pengtrant Packages: 1 gsllon cans, 5 gsllon peils, 20 gallon and 55 gallon drums, aerosole. NFPA Rating: Hoalth 1, Flammability 't, (Asrosol Flsmmabilitv 4), Rsactivity O PIN: None Revision Date: May 2, 1996 HAZARDOUSINGREDIENTS

hatdiat

lp6trol.uml liodcryl ciph.ryl ph.sph6r! Crlid oil l3obutrn. lprop.llanl)

% 3060 3G6C, lG30 30

Vtt.hyt.

Whir. mindd oil

3.

PEilETMNT ZL.27A

ZYGLOO

IDENTIFICATION

CrS

t

!LV.

gO42-47.S not.vjl.

2s7at-21-s

r,or

!v!it.

SOOI-79.4 not.vdl.

75-2A-S

not

rv.it.

EL not.vil. not lvrit. noi.v.il, t OOO ppm

LD_" !v.il. 1S.8 o/ks ld.tkltl not.v.il. nol rvil. noi

LCr"

not.vril. ,a n1ii.fflj6,,, not not rylil.

dil,

HAZARDSIDENTIFICATION EMERGENCY OVERVIEW

Bland. oily liquid which mry irrir.tc thc gkin and cycr. Diflicult to ignhc, but will burn vigorouely, if engulfod in firc. Acrcd is .nromcly fllmmrbL. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS Skin Contact: Can irritate by removing natural skin oils on long or rop€ated oxposures.

Eyes: lnhalation: lngestion:

May causo irritation. Not significsnt at room temperatures. When heatod or sprayed, ZL-27 A vspora may caus6 dizzinass and nausea. Not significant in small (mouthful) amounts. Medical conditions known to be aggravated by axposure to product: None

4.

FIRST AID Skin Contact:

Wash off with soap and water. Uso soothing lotion. Rinse carelully under uppet and lowor oyolids using plonty of wat6r. Remove to fresh air if dizzy or nausoated. 0o not induce vomiting. Accid6ntsl ingestion of a small mouthlul is not 6xpoct6d to causs significant harm. NOTE: ln all sovere cases, contact physician immediatsly. Local tolsphono opsrator6 can furnish numbor of regional poison control cent€r.

Eyes: lnhalation: lngestion:

5,

FIRE HAZARD

Conditions of

flammability:

Hash point: Flammable limits in

air:

Extinguishing media: Special fire fighting procadures:

prcducts: hazdrds:

Hazardous combustion Unusual fire

6.

Bulk; Hoating above 2OOoF (93oC) in prosonco of ignition sources. A6rosol: Spraying near flamss or arcs will ignito th6 spray mist. Min. 2OC, F (93" C) (penrky-Maaens clored cup) 1 % to 696 Carbon dioxide, foam Koop contain6rs cool with w6tor spray, Do not spray watc. diroctly on burning ZL-27 A. lt may float and spresd the fire. Smoko, soot, oxidos of carbon and nitrogen. Aorosol cans may burst st temporaturos ov€r 13OoF(S4oC) and spray cont€nts into a lir6.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Mop up or sweep up with absorb€nt. (For disposal, see Section

1

3.)

7.

Avoid broathing sprsy mist. Avoid eye contact. Avoid repeated or prolongod skin contact. Store away from h6at source,

8.

EXPOSURECONTROLS/PERSONALPROTECTION Contrcls: Nono, unlass sppliod 8s spray. Use wh6ro vontilation will carry spray mist away trom occupied areas. Personal prctection: Woar safoty glassos to prot8ct €yss. Waar nitrile rubbor glovos if hand exposuro is unavoidablo.

Rospirator with filtor if sprayod in enclosed, unvontilatsd space.

Page 1 o{ 2|ZL-27A1

'!ilr

COA

'soulpseq 9

!

tslplcods sgcrues lecluqcel .lruzel€z

LZ-12:t Z

:Aq

l

to Z ebBa

pele(h4

:aepasadns uolsl^sg

ii6lFfilffi-

6luelper0u! onBuoder oN

polcglser tou

i6Eo-tEV

'e

L'Z

lqEuusl,,slosote v i656iEV

pelelJlser lou

'6lan, fuBpuoces olu!

ABU €Jnsssrd tode^

l! puen usJ oqm relpuBr{ elsea ol pues

llnq,sol 8ll 'llo peuulls eq uBc

:8

t8 uutcas

.ilt

'gr

37ar wvs

:vtcalc

:wst

suoN euoN euoN 'euoN tn€

UOIN|

AUOIV]nO]U .9t :dnote dutlled

:.0N uolle3ltrlutpl :uo,s!A!P Jo

s*P

pJe2AH

:eueu aulddlqsndotd

lsl.ueg :90l,Il :dnug 6u?pq!

xoPul

euo1 gUON euoN 'euoN

:.oN uoq?Jt!,ruePl :uolsl^tp to ssei9 PnzeH :eueu 8ulddtqs ndot4

liiiE

petculser

lo-3AeV-

rpooC rnor.oueo lo fq.I :VlVt

:dnug Outrred

:.oN uoqec4lluePl :UO|S!A|P tO

S*lC PtezeH

lsdou

:euteu Dulddtqs

tol-z(l

€uoN loN

uJc 6? :IOO.3.n NOtrvruodst{wl

:regunN

elsBA snoPlezeq e

Alduf

uo{ ll lduexe

N

'v lrer.lc

s6/oti8 Pelsp sosl

I uo[3es :]reuqqs

oulsn lo uolldecxe eql qIA stueue'nbeJ (BpsuB3' SlhlH/V\ reou ol pejederd ueeq seq SOSI I stql :.toll :|ePauec) s*p st$t!]/A sz-o'9€'v :tosoiev'82-o :ltn8 : 9 9 uoltlsodud elutollpo lsll s!ql. uo ouqlou suleluo3

elqsuodel loN 'fuolue^ul VOSI u! pstsll ere sluslperout llv

NO|.I' os6 t Nn 6

su3sN3dstc 'losou3v

095 tNn 's'o'u

9UON

euoN

o-nuo Alqpou.ttuoc JeunauoC

euoN euoN gUON lou 'euoN m€

qqsl rl3lrersfl rmpr.zeH

'lssodslp eloleq susc losoreB

'suoll3llsel

'tt

et*M vd? 's.n

:wcg

Jo e}steulou! ,elssm Allo snoprazBq_uou e sV

'reledeP euozo ua lou 3! luelpdord uoqJscoJp^r{ eql piJs

]€lea uo sfsou fl .Vl.Z-.tZ uo olqelF^e s! elsp

oN

lVCrOOloCl'zL

NO|IVh|UOJNt

'sl€ll€leu reqlo qlla slcelle ilxol clls!6isu^s ro 'uollsz!t!su98 u116 'a!cru96Elnu 'Altctue60teJel 'Allclxol e^llcnpordor aovs ot puno, ueeq lcu e^sq sluelperaJ! cql ,uolleuolu! elqelp^. ol oulproocv lsru Allo ro, cu/6u S 'Hlg3V ro'drN 'cuvl'vHso qrlm pelsll euetoulcjso pelredsns ro uaoui ou suleluoo

: ( ePauec t uolteu oy! sl w rlll^ :enp^ l,ut, Plo.leJw :bp!u.Aot4creC

ilorrvnuolNt lvctoo]ocrxor '! 'BernlBre.hlel uoFenquoc ot pe}3eq l! uo(U8c lo 8eplxo

euoN ,loos :qtnpord euoil

I

:rlt!^lracea uoltlsoduocap sop)e.el{ :AtlllgltecLuocut

EFPTS

'ol

(3

o

:ilnssud tod?A

tz) I oo4 @ uuot.o >:ltn8

96.O (losore3 u! g60€) euoN

:AJBuop Jode\

PrlneN %o

:acueJeeddV

plnbll Al!o ueeJg elqrAn6oN J!9 Ueql JslAaeH

:JoPO

lopo pllhl

:etsJ uollalode&f

lc6t7'lJosL O lsdog :tosorev

(98-O

:Hd :h!l!gn!os reteAt :Att^.!O .ds/Atlsw? :glltelo^ lrecJod

nISV) (00SeZ)loS9t'utfl

:ll@gl ,ulocl aultloq p,tlut silr$ldoud 'tvctSAHd

uloll)

(uo;1erodo3 xnllsu6e1l\

laaqs elPp

^loles

lElloleu Jolnlcelnueu e lo z o6ed :z'6 eJnolJ

g9

64 Reference A Reference B Reference C

All penetrant materials should be stored in areas away from sources of flame and heat. Storage areas should be well ventilated or approved flammable materials storage lockers. Reference A Reference C

Dermatological Considerations When used according to the manufacturer's recommendations, penetrant materials normally do not pose any health problems. However, there have been some cases where people have developed skin irritations and allergies from penetrant materials. In most cases, skin irritation is a form of dermatitis that most commonly appears on the hands and arms. In more severe cases, personnel have had to refrain from doing penetrant work. Rubber gloves may prevent most skin irritations. Another condition associated with penetrant testing is the drying out of the hands from the continual exposure to penefant and cleaning materials. The use of nonaqueous solvent cleaner on cloths or paper towels, without wearing protective gloves, is a primary cause of this condition. These materials remove the natural oils from the skin resulting in drying and cracking. Wearing rubber gloves will prevent this problem and the application of hand lotion often will remoisturize the skin. Reference A Reference B Reference C

Respiratory Considerations Respiratory equipment is not usually required for penetrant testing as long as adequate ventilation is maintained. The fumes and vapors from penetrant and associated materials can cause headaches, nausea and/or tightness or pain in the chest. However, these problems are almost always resolved by increasing the ventilation in the work area. It is important for personnel to avoid working with penetrant materials in closed areas for extended periods. OSHA has specific rules that must be followed when working in confined areas. Personnel working with dry developers must be careful. Dry developers are powders with very small particle size that can easily become airborne. Operators should ensure that dry developers are applied under hood equipment and/or adequately

ventilated work areas.

Physiological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation Hard ultraviolet radiation (4 nm to 280 nm) is used to sterilize and disinfect materials and surfaces. Ultraviolet radiation from 280 nm to 320 nm will redden the skin in the same way a sunburn does.

Ultraviolet light radiation from properly filtered lights peaks at about 365 nm. Serious effects from ultraviolet radiation occur at below 320 nm. It is important to note that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that personnel working with ultraviolet light between 315 nm and 400 nm limit the exposure oftheir eyes and unprotected skin to 1000 pWcm2. Personnel who use ultraviolet lights to perform tests should consider wearing yellow glasses to

block ultraviolet light from their eyes. These glasses should be used only by personnel who perform penetrant tests with fluorescent penetrant that glows in the green-yellow range. Reference A Reference B Reference C

Disposal of Penetrant Materials Supervisory personnel should routinely verify

compliance with federal, state and local regarding atmospheric, water and land pollution. Most state and local codes will not permit the disposal of these materials into their sewer systems because these chemicals kill the bacteria used by the sewer treatment facilities to treat waste water. These facilities go to great lengths to protect and grow the bacteria to remove harmful toxins from waste water. Effluent penetrant waste should be collected and treated to meet federal, state and local codes and regulations. This can be very expensive; the best way to reduce this cost is to control the amount of penetrant materials used. Penetrant material usage can be controlled by the following: 1.

2.

using application techniques such as electrostatic spray equipment that limit the amount of penetrant used on each part; allowing increased penetrant drain times;

Y ecueJeJeu 'sFuelBru Irs.qeued Jo luerulseJl puB Ioluoc eq] SurpreSeJ suorl8lnSeJ pue sA\?I 'sepo3 [BJol pu? e]?]s 'leJepeJ feqo pue A\ouX 'JueruuoJrlue eq1 Surlcelord ur lserelu lerceds e elsl plnoqs leuuosred 1y 'sluerleued eyqeperSeporq Sursn .V pue iuorlels Surqse,r eq] ur pesneJ oq uec JaleA\ aql 'e,rrpeg;e os sr luerudrnbe srql JoFA\ elsea\ eq] ruo4 JegrsFrue pu? Jo eruos

-

lue4eued saleredes leqt luerudrnbe ur Surlse.tur

E

s9

66

Chapter 9

Review Questions 9.1

The flash point of a liquid is the:

b.

c. d.

9.6

lowest temperature at which vapors will ignite in the air if exposed to a

a.

flame. highest temperature at which vapors will ignite in the air if exposed to a

b.

flame. lowest concentration of vapors that will ignite in the air if exposed to a flame. highest concentration of vapors that will ignite in the air if exposed to a flame.

c.

The minimum flash point for penetrant in open tanks as established by OSHA

d. 9.8

Caution must be used when applying some nonaqueous type developers because of:

9.4

there are no hazards associated with nonaqueous developers.

9.9

materials is:

a. b. c. d. e. 9.5

headaches. nausea.

tightness or pain in chest. both a and b above.

all ofthe above.

The wavelength at which ultraviolet light is hazardous to humans is:

a. b. c. d.

280-380 nm. 320 nm and below. 320 nm and above. 360 nm and above.

9.10

both b and c above.

reverse osmosis. absorption materials. activated carbon.

all ofthe above.

Properly formulated penetrant effluent will:

a. b. c. d.

A health hazard that results from the concentrated exposure to the fumes and vapors from penetrants and associated

makes the water toxic. leaves an oil slick on the water. can deplete some of the oxygen supply in the water.

Water washable penetrants can be removed from water by:

a. b. c. d.

their possible flammability. their possible toxic solvents. both a and b above.

having it processed by a licensed chemical company because it is classified as a hazardous chemical.

A problem caused by some penetrant waste materials in sewage and streams is that it:

a. b. c.

a. 63 "C (150'F). b. 93'C (200'F). c. I2I"C (250'F). d. r49 "c (300'F).

a. b. c. d.

mixing it with water before discharging it into the sewers. collecting and treating it before disposal.

d.

regulations is:

9.3

discharging it into the sewers because

is water washable.

9.7

9.2

Effluent from a water washable penetrant system can be disposed of by:

sink in a tank of water. mix with the water in a tank. float on the water in a tank. layer in the water in a tank.

One of the most important features of new slow solubility penetrants is that they:

a. b. c. d.

mix completely with water. disperse in water and undergo emulsifi cation rapidly. disperse in water and undergo emulsification slowly. disperse in water and do not undergo emulsification.

',fuen pm ecqcerd uellua\ € ur peurcluoc Iwlap ro qldep eql 'tsol tue4eued eqt Jo ecu€rrrroped eqt uo ecueprn8 cgrceds epra.ord secrlce.rd ueilu1[

luereued IIB l€ql errnber,(eru,tueduroo eq] 'eldurexe Jod 'eJnpecoJd eqt go uoqces ]ueuncop luereued ecueJeJeJ oql ur pels11 eJB uor]BcrJrceds

eql ol elqecllddu

e.ru

11V

uolpes querunro(I aruereJeu

sorllrBrd uolllr1!\

w poureluoc

sr uoq€cgrceds aldrues

'slueuerrnber ernpecord

n{ ac4tot4 propuDts

slueurerrnbe.r eql leeru secrlcurd

y

uegui.\'S

pue'lo4uoo ssecord ', 'uorlecgqenb leuuosred'E lueurdrnbe '7,

ornpecord ue$Fil\

se

tldde o1 perrnber lueudrnba eq; uollras luatudlnbfl

']uelllncop esusJeJal Jo ecJnos palsq aq plnolr\ pJupuels sql os 'uotloututnxg ruD4auad p?nbn

1WISVJo

leqt stueuncop eq]

'1 xrpueddy

',{lenrlcegge }set }uer1oued ptnb11

e urogred ol pepeeu sr empecord uellu,/v\ e 'es?c Jeqlre q 'letrordde JoJ eJnpecoJd ueuu,tl B lrluqns Jolcsluocqns eql eABq ro ued e ro; arnpaco.rd uellIJA\ aql qs{q?}se ,teur ro}ceJluoc eruud y

'sredolelep cgrceds ro senbruqcel Surueelcerd elqeldecce se qcns 'pesn eq ol slueruerrnber prceds ,{ue sure}uoc uoqcas srql'uorlrppe q'1s41 13q1 roJ eueluc elqetdecce oql pue sleue]Bru eq] uo peruro;:ed aq lsntu ]eq] ,tue ser;rceds uoqces lo4uoc ssecord eq; s1se1

uolpes lo4uoc sserord

'sleueleurz

'slueurncop ecueJeJeJ'I :suoqces 3urmo11o; eql uruluoc IIr^\ uorlecrgrceds eql',(geruroN'slueunJop Ienlcer1uoo rog Surseqcmd pue lueua?eueru'Suueeur?ue ,{q pesn Iool e sr uorlecrgrceds oql'sseJord cgneds e ro3,{uedruoc e ,(q uellua\ sr uoqecgrceds

y

suoll€rulrads

'68I-dJ to VI-)J-JNS 'oN arurord papuauuozaa

qcns luerunoop d.r1snput peqsllqqse ue ol uollulr\ ,(11eu.rou

sr uoqces uorleclylenb leuuosred eq; uopres uollergllBno leuuosred

'pelou eq osp IIrA\ sluerueJrnber luerudrnbe prceds ,(uy 'uoqces sgl uI petsq sr ged eqr ]sel pus doye,rep ',(Jp 'elourer

'pelou eq feru sluuelurrr Surueelc lztceds ,tue pue uorlJes sgl ul pepnlcu osl? eJB sredole,rep elquldeccy 1uerleued arl] Jo Ie^eI ,firnrlrsues pue enbruqcel'edd] eql epnlcur,(eru q 'ernpecord eqt uuog.red ol pesn eq u?c t€ql sleuelulu luurlaued oq] ser{srTq"lse

uollces slerJelelu eql uoltres sIBIrolBtr [

B s€

'LM

'.Qg1qe1eede.r ]sot qslqelse sempecord ueuu&\ 'uoqrppu q 'pelv\olloJ lou eJe sernpecord pue senbruqcel tse] redord Jr potroJJs oq u"r f11gqeler pue fig1en| 'sernpecord ue1lut\ o1 peru:ogred aq slse1 lue:leued luql ernber spJepusls ,(uu6 'spJupu€ls go seldruexe ere uouourwDxg tuDuau?d pybl7 nt antcu1 prvpuots 'LIII g, y{ISV prre ruDuaua4 pmbrT 'uopcadsul '9989-CIS-T11 tr'stueurerrnber ernpecord uegu \ pu€ sluerueJrnber 1se1 'suorlecr;qenb

rolcedsur'sleueleul luerleued lueurdrnbe rog eueluc seurJep lI 'poqleur Suqsq enr]rrulsopuou e JoJ secqc?rd peldecce ,{lpreue8 sazrwDpurns pve lueluncop ecueJeJeJ 3 sr pJBpIIels v

sloJluot

13q1

sprBpuBls

'sluerunJop eseq] Jo 11e lerd.relur o1 pennber ere leuuosJod g 1ele1 'secrlcerd uepr:At pIIE suorlucgrceds 'spJepu€ls eJB slsel luerleued IoruoJ IBLII

ueilu/l\;o sed,fi eeJql eql slso.L

slueuncop

luBrloued plnblf Eu11o.r1uo3

ernpeJoJd lse.[

0I rolduqJ L9

68 Some written practices are very specific and are written for one kind of test object, whereas others are general and cover many different parts. Often, a company will require a subcontractor to provide a written practice for a specific pafi. In this case,

will be written to the company's specification document. A written practice should contain, at the minimum, the following: 1. penetrant materials to be used,

the written practice

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

details of precleaning the part, complete processing parameters, inspection and evaluation requirements, specific information of part to be inspected, acceptance/rejection criteria and postcleaning procedures.

Many times, inspection personnel will find that testing documentation is a combination of the specification and written practice. This is acceptable and, in some cases, can be a more cost effective way to control penetrant tests. An example of a combined specification and written practice is the way one aircraft manufacturer combined the documents. The combined document was placed in the general section of the aircraft maintenance manual. Whenever a part in other areas of the manual required a penetrant test, the inspector was referred to this document. This simplified the process and was more cost effective. Reference

A

Reference F

':^oqe ern Jo euou 'p ecqcerd ueilLrlr\ e 'c 'prBpu?ls peqsllq€]se w 'q 'uorlecr;rceds ssecord e 'e :ol slsel luerleued truo;red ,{11eru:ou 'p

euoN

V

plno/y\ JeJnlc?JnuBlu B JoJ Jolc€Iuocqns

'e^oq? eq] Jo 'acqcerd

z'0r

uegulrr B esn 'c esll 'q esn 'e

'uorlecrgrceds ssecord e

'pJBpuBls UoDIJA\ peqsqqelse uB

ilueruertnber lsel luereued e Surlueueldrur

;o enbruqcel l?lr1snpur uouruoJ e sr lerlq[

I'OI

suollseno /lle$eu

0I relduqJ 69

70

'flrsuelur tq8g telonerln Jo luelueJnseeur roJ pesn eq II?qs slrun IS 'c

'(lsd .g +) ed{ g€ + sl se8e8 ernsse.rd 3o fcerncce turuuluq4l'(9. S +)

J" 8'Z 4 sr se8e8 ernleredruel;o .{curncce ruruulur6'pesn aq o} eSuer ?uqeredo aq] JoJ uolleluerurulsur ernsserd pue ernleredruel ,!qre3 'q ' V661. I-O' 9Z TSSN/ISNV red pele.rqlpc aq 11€qs luerudrnbe luorueJns€elu pue sJeloru 'se8e8 11V '?

'luerudrnbe

Jo uoIlBJqIIsc pu8

uolle.IJlueS

z',

pueluru luerleued eql roJ elg€]rns eq 'c puB poAIo^uI sleuelelu pue ssecord eql JoJ uollelquel elenbepe plm eJ€s epr,tord Pue suoqeredo pollo'r1uoJ 'ttuo;run lrurred 'q 'sged puu sleueleru uoqcedsur eql o] uolleulru€luo3 Jeglo pue lsnp .re1um ezlurunu '€ :llla\ leql Jeuueru e ur pe8uam pue poloru]suoJ eq

geqs lueudrnba luurleued

eq;

-

IBJaueC

lV

uoltces luerudrnbg O'V

',(1dde leqs psodord ro; lsenber Jo splq JoJ uollelllur Jo

elpp oql uo ]3oJJe uI onssr eql'poleJrpul esll\Jeqlo ssepn'uleJsq per;rceds lualxe eql 01 uor]ectyceds slq] Jo ,{-rolsrq B rruoJ sluelunJop pocueJeJeJ

oql

z'7,

'fhgz SWV uorloc{tcadg puawry acodsony EVS DPun pa{t1nnj usnpot4 {o 1s17 sonPord p a{r1nnj - E-V79Z-SWV-SVS-'IdO luD4auad 'sIDuapW uoqcadsul - SgI9Z-I--11W uouounaoxg luD4auad pryb?1 n{ actlcu4 - Llil g WISV suouDuru,roxg a Npnus apuo 71 t o{ K?oloutuual prDpuots - 9IEI A INISV to{ poqta74 $a1'ua7Kxg prybn qiltut slarawry {o K4llqynduq - ZI;Z C WISV spnpold runaptlad uI nply tof 1sa1{o poqta7ty - S6 C WISV VT-JJ-JNS 'oN arlpDrd papuzruuo)2u - INsv v66r-t-0v92 uorprqqDJ to{ ptnpunlS InuouDN uDruaMV

'suorlcedsur luerteued II3 JoJ pesn eq iluqs sleuelslu luerleued ro; ldecuoc urels.,{s eql 'p

- -ISJN/ISNV :uleJoql

peryceds ]uolxe eql ol uol]Bor;rceds srq] Jo ued e uLIoJ 'lesodord ro; ]senber ro splq JoJ uorlelr^ul Jo olep eql uo lceJJe ur enssr eq] Jo 'slueuncop SurnoIIoJ eql lZ sluerunJocl ecueJeJeu

'lcnpord

qcee JoJ sleeqs elup ,fieges lelrotelu 'J epr.tord IIEqs JeJn]ouJnueu 'suoqcrulsur Surxrur pue suorler1ueouoc redolerrep lo.&\'serup Ile. ap JerJrslruro pepuou[uoceJ q]r,e\

oql

reseqcrnd oql qsr-urnJ lleqs sleueleur lue4euedJo roJnlouJnueur eqJ 'q 'uorlcedsur luer1eued

TOT E-W}7-SWV-AVS-TdO ur esrod JIV oql ,(q Suqsq ro3 pe,rordde Jo polsq sFus]Bru ,{po esn 'e sleue]?l tr tue4euod I'E uorlres sI€Iral€I I 0'g

'suorlredsur FurJ puu ssecordur ol elqecqdde er€ uol]eoglceds srql ur paqucsep sessecord uorlcedsur luerleued eql'slelJeleru snoroduou ;o uorlcedsur luurleued JoJ sluelueJrnber tunrurugr oql seqsqqelso uorlecr;rceds

sHI - edocg

o'z

I'I

uorlucr;rceds ssetoJd ?utlse; lllereued

'JuI'SulrnlJBJnuBHI ZAX

sserord 8q1se.[ lusrleued

- uollBcglceds eldurBs

I xrpueddv

v

72

4.3

4.4

d. Lux (1x) shall be used for

e. Inspection stations should

measurement of visible light. Removal Station a. The removal station shall be equipped with a water pressure gage, water temperature gage and spray nozzles that produce a coarse spray that is cone shaped or fan shaped. b. Maximum water pressure allowed is 276Wa (40 psi). c. Water temperature shall be between 10 and 38 "C (50 and 100 "F). d. ultraviolet light intensity at the rinse station shall be 1000 pWcmz and a maximum of 100 lx of ambient white light at the parts surface. Developer Station a. Dry developer stations shall be equipped with a system to inject dry air into the chamber and disperse the particles. b. Aqueous suspendible developers shall be equipped with a system to keep the developer agitated and maintain the developer materials in

equipped with ventilation systems. Portable Kits a. ultraviolet lights used in portable kits shall have a minimum intensity of 1000 pWcmz atthe working surface of the part being inspected. b. Portable kits shall maintain the system concept for penetrants and developers.

4.7

5.0

Personnel Qualification Section 5.1 The training, qualification and certification of personnel performing penetrant operations and inspections for acceptance/rejection shall be in accordance with ASNZ R e c ommende d

Practice No. SNT-TC- 1A. 6.0

Process Control Section

6.1

Quality Checks

a. The following

tests of penetrant materials used in open tanks shall be made, in accordance with AMS 2644, on a monthly 1. penetrant intensity,

suspension.

4.5

Dryer Station a. Dryers shall be equipped with a temperature control and a monitoring

2. sensitivity, 3. water content (Method A only), 4. lipophilic emulsifier water content

device.

b.

c.

4.6

lr

and

Thermostatic controlling devices shall be calibrated per 4.2. Dryer temperatures shall not exceed

5. hydrophilic remover concentration. b.

72'C (160'F) in the area of the component. Recommended dryer temperature is 49'C (120 "F). Inspection Station a. The area shall be kept clean and free of contaminating products and clutter. b. ultraviolet lights used in the inspection station shall have a minimum intensity of 1000 FWcm2 at the working surface of the part being inspected. c. Ambient light in the inspection station during fluorescent penetrant inspection shall not exceed 20 lx. d. White light used in the inspection station for interpretation and evaluation of visible penetrant indications shall have a minimum intensity of 1000Ix.

be

Dry developers shall be checked daily for caking and penetrant contamination.

c. Wet developers shall be checked

daily for penetrant contamination and wetting ability and weekly for concentration. d.

e.

ultraviolet light intensities shall be checked at the beginning of each shift and after bulb replacement. Ambient light intensities shall be checked weekly.

f. White light inspection intensities shall be checked at the beginning of each shift and after bulb replacement. o b.

6.2

System performance checks shall be made daily.

Process Limitations a. Do not use form a or b developers with Type II penetrant systems. b. Do not use Type II penetrants for final acceptance inspection of

'elqeqsBA\ Jels1!\ lue4eued aql JepueJ o1 peJlnbeJ eluq ruruulullu oql eq iluqs etuq IIe^\p relJrslnug 'z

'pesn eq lou fl€qs Surferds

ro Surqsrug'lueuoduroc eq1 oluo Sur.tog ro Suunod'?urddrp

,{q peqdde eq ill,t\ JeIJISInUg 'I ]ue.qeued

clpqdodrl tergrspruelsod'g poqlontr'c .JL'9

ur petyceds se oq IIBqs Ie^otuo6 'Z 'pesn eq ,{eur qsurvr ^(erds crluruolne Jo l?nuetu

V 'I

lu€Ieued 3lq?qs? (\ rele/![ 'v poqlentr 'q '1q8q lelone4ln Jepun PeAo{ueJ stue.rtoued 1 ed,t1 'elqeldecce oq IIBTIs st punorS>1ceq Jo lunorue 11erus V'pessecoJdar eq [eqs peqse^\Je^o

Sureq go pelcedsns slueuoduro3 'Iuruulurru e ol s]ueuodruoc go Surqsem deey - IeJoueC '€ Is^orueu ]u€4oued

'q I eq Ileqs uolsoJroc repuer?re1ur JoJ

L'9

uotlucrlddV

'8uruee1c l€clueqcetu Jo Iec[ueqc '1ue,t1os Jeuu peup pu? pesuu ,{g?noroql eq rcqs slueuoduro3 'e 'e1up SuueeurSue

penordde red peqsqdruocce eq dpo ileqs slueuoduoc go 3uq4g 'p 'peFes serlrnulluocslp ecEJJns pue ssecord eql ,(q peueed lou sr I€lalu eql Jo ecepns eql31 3u4se1q e,lrserqu fq peqsqdruocce eq,tpo leqs Surueelc i8Jrueqcew'su€eru Isclruoqc Jo ]ua^los ,(q peueelc oq IIPqs sesBJJns 'c 'suollecrpul luB^eleJuou acnpord Jo serllnulluoJslp lselu ppolY\ leq] slueullu€]uoJ Jeqlo pue ulp 'tuIIJ,(po 'qsru.re,t eur8ue '?ur1e1d 'uoq.rec 'lured 'eseelS 're]leds '1eueleru peJ?eus 'se8pe

elqeclldde qlIA\ eruepJocoe uI pelse] luerleued eq ol slueuodruoc 1e ueelJ 'e

'uorsoJJo J repuer8relur

III^/Y\

Jeqlee-T'sunq'xng Surple,l'e1ecs 'lsru ,{ue Jo ee4 eq Ileqs seceJrns 'q 'suo4eclJlcods ssecord

er[q ile^\p tue4eued unullurtrltr 'q

uel$ Joqlo sollrnulluocslp roJ ulul sI eq II€qs eluq ile/Y\p luerloued ruruuluilu eq1's8urrrrerp Suueeur8ue uo pel€olpur ssepfl 'e elurl IIe^\c lueJlsued 'frp ot pea\olle eq lou 1lvrr lueuoduot eq] Jo ecByns oql uo lue.rleued eq; 'luerleued eql go Surlood pro,re ol ^{russeceu 'eruq Jr pelBlor eq IFqs sued Ilea\p luereued Suunp luerleued

slueuodruo3;o Sutueelcer4 V'9

'uorlcatord pue Sutuueyclsod '1 puu uoqcedsul '9

9'9

'Ilo,l\p redole.tep '9 'pesn

radole.tep ad,tt uo Surpuedep uorlecqdde redole,rep pue ,tJp 't 'I{su^\/[eloruer luurleued' g 'llo^\p pue uolleclldde luerleued '7 '?uruuelcerd '1 :eq ileqs ecuenbes uorlcedsur I€uJoN 'q 'secuenbos

ur pesJormur urBIueJ lou ileqs sued 'e 'Surtrog ro Suunod'8urqsruq 'Surferds 'Surddrp ,{q peqdde eq il€qs luerleued;o

penordde pue peqsrTqslse

^\oIIoJ [eqs suolleJedo uor]cedsur ]ueleuad '3

'P

'e?uur ernluredtuel ruilulx€ru eql o,{oq"

lu"reued

peleeqe.rd eq ]ou IIBqs slueuodruo3

'uorlecqdde tuerloued roJ ({" 0II pue 0S) J" €t pue 0I uoeluoq

eq IFqs JIs ]uelqrue pue lue4eued

lueuodtuoc etp Jo emlsJeduel 'c 's,(o1u lunullunle uo pesn eq ru^\ (I poqlentr ro g poqlentr 'q 'I'IV elqel ut pol"clpur slueuodtuoc otll JoJ pesn oq

selll^Illsues pue

sluerleued 3urmo11o; eq1'sSurrrrerp Suueeur?ue uo pel€clpur ssopll 'e uorlecqddy pue uorlcelos luereuod

9'9

.ro3

uorlcedsul suorleredg;o ecuenbeS

E9

'peru:ogred ueeq eleq selllnulluocslp ece;.tns ecnpord ro esodxa plnoo leql suorleredo IIe lllun peuuo;red eq ]ou 'a fieqs stueuoduoc;o uoqcedsur l?uld 'ZI;T, A INISV red esn eJoJeq ,tlr,rqrsues lcedur JoJ polse] eq plnoqs sleueleru ]uerleued 'trlue] Jo seuq ue8,(xo ?u4cedsur uoqrvt 'P 'suorlcedsur eclnJesur IIB ro; pennber sr redole.tep Jo asn oql '3 's8uvrrerp Sugeeur8ue uo per;rceds se ldecxe slueuoduroc ecudsoree

EL

74

Table A1.1 : Penetrant selection Type

Sensitivity Level

I

I

Castings, other than precision.

I

2

All materials not otherwise

MateriaUComponent

covered by

this table.

I

J

Aluminum alloys.

I

3

Method C for suspected localized damage or rework.

il

N/A

Minimum time will be determined by experimentation on a test component.

3. Maximum dwell time is 3 min for Type I penetrants and 30 s for Type II penetrants. 4. Emulsifier action shall be stopped by water immersion or quick water spray of the entire component. 5. Rinse of the component shall be performed as specified in 6.7f d. Method C, Solvent Removal 1. Type I and II penetrants shall be removed by first using a clean, dry, lint free cloth or towel to remove excess penetrant. The remaining background penetrant shall be removed, under appropriate lighting, by wiping with a clean, lint free cloth or towel dampened with solvent. Repeat until all excess penetrant is removed. 2. In no manner will penetrant be removed by spraying or flushing the surface of the component with solvent. e. Method D, Postemulsifier, Hydrophilic Penetrant 1. Prerinse the component with a water spray for the time necessary to remove the bulk of the excess penetrant. Water spray shall be in accordance with 6.7f. Maximum

Ground handling or support equipment and tooling. prerinse time is 90 s for any one atea. 2. Hydrophilic remover may be

applied by immersion, flowing or spraying. If a spray rinse is used, do not exceed recommended limits for remover concentration. Spray rinse parameters Ne in 6.7f . J. Remover dwell time will be determined by experimenting on test components. The dwell time will be the minimum time necessary to produce an acceptable background. Dwell

4.

time will not exceed 2 min. Final rinse will be performed

as

specified in 6.7f . f. Rinsing

1. Removal stations shall conform to 4.3.

2. Hydro

air nozzles are permitted only with Type I, level 1 sensitivity penetrants. Maximum air pressure is I72 kPa (25 psi).

will be a coarse spray that is cone shaped or fan shaped. Spray nozzles will held about 30 cm (L2 in.) from the part. 4. Rinse water contaminants that may leave residue on the component after drying are not acceptable. Filtering of water may be required. 3. Rinse spray

:pesn eq ol slsrlolelu ]uer1euod

;o Klr.r4rsues pue enbruqcel'eddl eq] 'q lpesn eq o1 sernpecord pue sleuel€{u aql epnlsur plnoqs suorle.redo Sutueelcerd 'e :

uollsrruoJur 3umo11o3

eql lseel lu ulsluoc 1pm sernpecord uepuln 11y'elqeldecce sr slueuodruoc JslT-tuls

ro; ecrlcerd ueguA\ preueS

V'uoDetrJrceds srq] 3o s1ueruarmber

eq] sloeru l€tp aJnpesord uenrr,t. e ol Surprocce suorlcedsur ]uerleued IuJoJJed Z'L 'Surlsel

]uerleued ur 1'g red pelJruer III Ie^e'I e ,{q pe.,rordde puu Suqum ut eq Ilsqs slueuoduoc ro; sernpecord uolllJ/Vt I L lueurernbeg eJnpetord ue$l{y\ 0'L 'pepoou se pelcelord pue Surueelc Jeu€ pelJp oq u,v\ slueuodtuo3 'g

'sredolelep lellr oAoIueJ

ot pesn eq,(eur Surqqrucs pIIW 'z 'sleuoleru ]ue.qeued ile eAoIueJ

o] luellos Jo qse^\ rele,l reqlle .{q peueelclsod eq pA\ s1ueuodruo3 '1 3uruee1c1so4 'empecord ue1ua\ eql ut pepnloul pus pelcedsur lueuodruoc qc€e JoJ pepr,ro.rd eq il1lv\ elep Suueeur8ue red eueluc uoqceler pue ecueldelly 'L 'ecuo pelltu.red st redole,rep fluo snoenbeuou ;o uotlecqdde pue uoqutrpul uu Jo Ie^oueu '9

|

'e1up Suueeur?ue

red slueruerrnber uoqectyceds leeru slueuodtuoc ;t euruuolep ol suoll€3lpul Jo uollsnl?.{e pue uolleloJd;e1ut ruo;.le4 '9 'suoq?clpur elenlene ro lerd:elur o] posn eq.{eu sregru8elAl 'f1e1e1duroc queuodruoc lcedsul'7 'sluouodruoc uoqcedsur oJoJeq Jnoco

'g'Vq

eperu eq tou il"qs lueuodruoc

orll Jo uoqredsur

pug tenemoll

'f,rp se uoos sl redola.tep 11 pue ur8eq

se 'pepueururoceJ sI

,(eu slueuodruoc Jo uorlledsul '1 uo4enle,4.grrtloqcedsul'l 'Surleoc ruJoJlun lq?g u ecnpord ol Jeuueru e ug lueuodruo3 eql oluo pe,(erds eq ill,ll redo1e.r.e6 ',(1tue1cg;ns pelelr?e ro ue{€qs oq IIBqs srouletuoJ 'Sur,terds ,(q pelldde ere sredole.l,ep snoenbeuoN '9

'lueuodruoc eql luo4 peuIBJp seq redolenep ssecxe

rege flelerpeurun sped,ftq 'elqeldecce lou sI uo 3uqsrug 'Surferds pue Surnog'Surddtp fq peqddu eq '(eur sredole,rep elqrpuadsns pue elqnlos snoenby '7 'lueuodruoc Surddq .{pue8 dq penorusr eq ,(eru redole'rep ,{-rp ssecxg '3ur33og ro Surlsnp 'Surddrp pelldde eq,{eu sredole,rep ,ftC 'g '(q ',ftp pue wd eql uo st redole,Lap ueqm su6eq eturl IIe^\p redole,req 'uoqcedsur IBug roJ ur-ul 0I ueql ssel lou lnq 'eurr1 garrrp lue4aued eql Jo Jpq eq ruA\ setuq llolr\p redoleneg '7 :edolenap snoonbeuou ro ,ftp;o uorlecqdde ero;eq PeuP ,(ialeldruoc oq ilpl. slueuodruo3 '1 ?urdole,teq 'q 'suor]res Ja>lclql qlrm slueuoduoc qll^\ pexru eq lou ileqs suoqJes slueuoduto3 '9 ssoJo urql qlr&\

o1

'3uilry

Supnp pFbll;o Surlood pro.l'e sged 'perrnber JI 'S

pelelor eq

l11rrr

'q I sI3qdry ernleredruel runrurx€W

rrrooJ JoJ eruq 8ur,ftp

't

'pessecorder eq IIBqs u1ru 0€ teql re8uol ro; sre,trp uI uel sued 'urju 0g poecxe lou fiuqs sre,ftp le Surlelncrrc roJ'olurt aulP iuruurxel4l '€

ol Suruotlrpuoc {JBp JoJ ur-ur S lseel le A{olle il?qs suoqlpuoc srolcedsul 'g

peue>IJep ur Sunlror*r

pegrceds

.{,rp sr ecepns eql se uoos se re,fup eql uro4 penorrroJ eq Iluqs queuodtuo3 '7

se suoqrpuoc 8ur1q?g eteudordde pue redord eql ur peqsrldtuocce eq 11eqs slueuoduroc;o uorlcedsul '7 'pesdele seq eruD ge.tp redolenep oql plun

'9't

ol uuoJuoc [L{\ suoqels

,ftC 't

8ur,ftq '3

ct

76 c. detailed procedures on the

application and dwell time of penetrants, the removal of the penetrant, drying parameters, developer and application technique, developer dwell time, inspection and evaluation requirements and postcleaning of components; d. inspection and evaluation criteria

will

include areas of high interest on each component and acceptable and rejectable criteria based on engineering data. Allowable limits mechanical evaluation should be

of

included; postcleaning operations should include the materials and procedures to be used; and documentation requirements for each inspection.

hrtli

'Llz

'qI

'uru 'uFu

0g

0I

'p

'c 'q 'e

eql

:sr peJrnboJ etull [e/$p ]ueJ]euad oql'uoneclJltods eql o] SuIpJoJcV'Suqcerc

uorsoJf,oc sserls Surneq 3o palcedsns st SuDse] luerleued ?uurnber lueuodruoc eug

'pesn eJe c pue e fPo 'posn eJ? e.^.oq? eID Jo IIe 'pesn sI redole,raP ,ftP 'pesn sI redole.tep snoenbeuou 'pesn sr redole,rep larn snoenbe

6'V

'o

'p

'c 'q 'e

e;o

,(curncce

8'V

't-lT9:-Sl\t--TVS-Tdo'p

;.iI:II^IJSV VI-f,J-INS

'3

'q

't66i--.-: rJZ -IS]NIISNV'e .

r:;lc:nba

Jo uolleJqll€c

SJe.\o-- 1-r;:--r{-1p aJueJaJoJ qoIIL

A.

V'V

'peuruued eJE SemP:l-:; :.rt'rq€ eqi Jo ouoN 'o 'tq311 telor.rrritl :s;:t.Irr ol arnsodxe ,{q pe?reqr aq u:t r::lauad luooseJonld 'P 'luerauaC i ::r[TsluoJ qll. a pexr-ur eq .ieu l-t:up.J e^Illsues eJolu V '3 '(1. >;: ir: 0sI) 3. l0I pu? 99 uee.\uac p:::eq:rd aq ,(eu sued eq1 'q '(d" ost) J" 99

or :ueqn{ pennber sy re.{rp e 'sged ilerus Jod '1ueuru.re,Lo? IeJePod'P 'JeJnl3€Jnueruluerleued'c 'JolcB4uosqns 'q 'Jolceluoc eruud 'e

p::e:q;:j :q

.ieru lue4eued

eq;

l.tuer;ua; :n lo uoqecqdde ero;eq aq

al{l

:q

:eql ,{q pepr.tord er€ sleeqs elep ,$e;es lelJe}entr

L'Y _Io

'perrnber lou sr uoIleJqIIsS 'P

'e

euop

.ilu

1'

5u: no11o; eql Jo qoltl/!\ 'ssecold '!1.t":lISII3s eql ocuequo ol JepJo uI

€'V

',{gtuoru lseel }V 'p 'rollpnv ocueJnssV,{11pn}

iq S:-riu r ur pelsenber JoAeueI{rK '3 'paqsqdurocoe sr slsuoleru r:.lLr3;uEqc aielduroc e Je,{ouoq/v[ 'q 'peeu

or Sum:o::e ilecrpoued pepueuuocoJ i-.qr :parnber lou eJe slset ,$rpnO '2

*;

3l '?;""q1+l$" '(J. 8'z +) g. s +

:;

'u

lpannber s1ue1 uedo ur sl€ueleru ru-enauad uo lsel d111enb ecllJesur eJe ueLL{\

:sr e8e?

ernleredure]

urnululu eql

9'Y

ae.r8ep cr;rceds ?uueeur8ue

ue

'P

'lueurertnber ear8ep urruulx€ru e 'c 'lueruelnber eer8ep e?ere.te ue 'q 'lueurelnber eer8ep runlulurru e 'u : soqsqqulsa uorlecr;tceds ssecord eq1'?ur1se1 luerleued

01

elqe^\oilv

7'Y

'lueruerrnbe.r

'E-nv97,-St1{-V-flVS-Tdo'p .LWI g hIISV 'C .gIEI g INISV 'q .V661-I-OV9ZTSJN/ISNV'E :w esoql pelcr4seJ eJB sleueletu luerleued

rog I'V

E'Y

suollseno

^{eFau I xrpueddv

LL

78

A.10

According to the specification, which of the following reference documents is used for qualification of testing personnel?

a. b. c. d. A.11

A.l4

a. b. c. d. e.

ATA Specification 105. SNT-TC-1A.

MIL-STD-4108. ISO 9712.

Your company has entered into a contract to produce components for XYZ

A.15

Manufacturing. A requirement of the contract is to use this specification for penetrant testing of the components. The date of the contract is January l, 1996; components were not produced and tested until June 1996. The Specification was originally approved for use in January 1980. It was superseded and revised in May 1985 as the B Revision, again inApril 1992 as the C Revision and also in August 1996 as the D Revision. Which revision is in effect for the purpose of your company's contractual requirement?

According to the specification, Type penetrant can be used with: Form a developer. Form b developer. Form c developer. both a and b above. both b and c above.

According to the specification, Type II penetrants can be used for final acceptance inspection of aerospace components.

a. b. A.16

II

True False

The system concept for penetrant materials is required for:

a. b. c. d. e.

water washable penetrants.

postemulsifier penetrants. solvent removed penetrants.

all penetrants. The system concept does not have to be used.

a.

b. c. d. e.

The original January 1980 version. Revision B. Revision C. Revision D. Any of the above, according to your

A.I7

components shall be accomplished:

a. b. c. d.

preference.

A.l2

Emulsifier dwell time shall be:

a. b. c. d. A.13

as recommended by the penetrant

material manufacturer. as specified in Table 1 of the Specification. determined experimentally on each part.

controlled by use of a stopwatch.

According to the specification, etching of

A.18

per engineering data. according to MIL-STD-6869. according to the Level IIL Etching of parts is not permitted.

The maximum lipophilic emulsifier dwell time for Type I penetrants is:

a. b. c. d.

30 s.

1min. 2 min. 3 min,

According to the specification, specifying acceptance criteria is the responsibility of:

a. b. c. d.

the Level

III.

Quality assurance personnel. engineering personnel. the Federal government.

m

g acueJeJeu 'p

g

9T'E

g

ecueJe.Jeu ,E

SI'E

g eJueJeJou 'p

v

v VT'E

esueJeJeu

'c

fl EI'E

g osueJeJeu 'p

v

eJuereJeu 'p

9r'z

esueJoJeu

'p ecueJeJeu '3

n|z EI'Z

g ecueJeJeu

v I

g ecueJeJeu

zrz

6'E

ecueJeJeu

8'€

II'Z v

c'c

ecuaJeJeu 'e

ecueJeJeu 'e

^au 'p

ZI'I I

I'I

ecuereJell

OI'I

'e

6',2

ecuaJeJeu

'q

8'7

'q

L'Z

g ecueJeJeu 'p

9'Z

g eJueJeJeu 'p

9'Z

g eJusJeJeu 'q

v'z

g ecueJeJeu 'p

EZ

aJueJeJeu

'e

'p

0r'z

g ecueJeJeu

eJueJeJau

'c

c

esueJeJeu .J

g eJueJeJeu

seoueJeJeu

'q

9't s't

g ecuaJeJou 'p

v'E

g

'c

'q

z'E

J

,e

g

eJuoJeJeu 'e

I'€

g osuoJeJeu 'p

0r'€

ocueJeJeu

v

'p

v

'q

g 'V

'p

L'E

g ecueJeJsu

eJueJeJeu

'p

g

ecueJeJeu

'q ecueJeJeu 'e

v

.?

ZI'E

ecuoreJeu

'q

g ecueroJeu 'c

v v

g ecueroJou '3

v v

eJueJoJou

v

g ecueJsJeu 'q

z'z

g ecueJeJeu

g ecueJaJeu 'p

g ocuoJaJau 'c I'€ rotdsqJ

€

v

ecuoJeJeu

.C

I raldBqJ

z retdBqJ

I'I

r'7,

suollseno Are$eu ol srearsuY Z xrpueddV

6L

80

4.2t

Chapter 4

4.1

d.

4.3 4.4

A A

a.

A

a.

4.t3

4.18

A

h

4.33

5.I9 5.20

5.1

A

5.2

A

5.3

5.4

b.

A

5.5

5.22 5.23

5.6

5.24 A

a.

c.

Reference B

b.

A

A, B

c.

A

e.

a.

e.

A

c.

Reference

A

a.

Reference C

5.25

Reference B

b.

c.

Reference

A

d.

Reference

A

Reference B

A

b.

Reference

A

5.2I A

c.

Reference

c.

Reference B

b.

Reference

b.

Reference

Chapter 5

A

c.

References

A

A

d.

Reference

5.18

b,

Reference

c.

Reference

5.17

d.

d.

Reference B

Reference C

Reference B

4.20

4.32

a.

Reference

4.19

A

d.

Reference

5.16 A

d.

b.

Reference B

Reference B

b.

Reference

4.I7

4.3r

d.

Reference

4.16

A

A

a.

Reference

b.

Reference

4.r5

4.30

A

Reference B

5.15

b.

c.

Reference B

5.r4

b.

A

Reference B

5.13

c.

A

c.

Reference

5.r2

e.

Reference

a.

Reference

4.14

4.29

b.

Reference

A

Reference B

d.

Reference

4.r2

4.28

d.

Reference

4.II

4.27

c.

Reference B

4.r0

5.11

b.

a.

Reference

Reference B

Reference B

4.9

4.26

A

Reference B

Reference B

4.8

4.25

A

Reference

5.10

c.

d.

Reference

5.9

a.

Reference

References A, B

4.7

4.24

d.

Reference

4.6

4.23

Reference

Reference B

4.5

5.8

b.

Reference B

b.

Reference

4.22

b.

Reference B

Reference B

d.

Reference

5.7

Reference B

Reference B

4.2

b.

b.

Reference

5.26

A

b.

Reference

A

g ecueJeJeu

v

'e

8I'8

v

eJueJeJeu

'q

Lt'g

g eJueJeJeu

'p

acueJeJeu

v

'p

v

acueJeJeu

vI'L

e3usJeJeu

v

'q

g ecueJeJeu

v

v

'e

zr'g

0r'9 6'9

ecueJaJou

'c

g.g

e3ueJeJeu

'q

L'9

eJueJeJou

'r

9'9

esueJeJeu

'r

s'9

ecueJeJeu

'3

L'L

g ecueJeJau

acueJeJou

g eJueJeJeu

v

.E II'L

ecueJeJeu

UT'L

v 6'L

ecueJeJau

8'L

acueJeJeu

.3

0I'8

.e

9'L

V'g

g erueJeJeu

seJueJeJeu

v 9'L

sJueJeJeu

'p

v

v v'L

ecueJeJeu

v

Eg

ecueJeJeu

'p

z'9

aJuaJeJeu

'q

g

I'9

raldBqJ

E.L

ecueJeJeu

'c

E'8

v

v z'L

eJueJeJeu

.P

r'8

v I'L

I rold8rlJ

v

t'8

v

muereJeu

'p

z'8

v

v 9I'9

ecueJeJeu

'c

I'8

raldErlJ

v 9I'g

g eJueJeJeu

'q

v vl'g

g ecueJeJeu

'p

9t'L

scueraJau

'q

EI'L

g ecusJeJeu

eJuaJeJeu

v

'p

esueJeJeu

'p

Zr'8

v

'e

II'g v

.E

6'g

g 'v

'e

8'8

v

'8

.q

9'8

ecueJeJeu

'p II'9

v

'e

7,r'L

secueJeJau

9I'8

v nl'g

ecueJeJeu

'r tI'8

g ecueJeJeu

'e s|L

.q

9r'8

g'v

g ecueJeJeu

'r

g ecueJeJeu

'e

v

v

'E

g ecueJeJeu

'c

g ecueJeJeu

'e

v

'e

g e3ueJaJeu

'p

g ecueJeJeu

'e

Y ocueJeJeu

'e

v

'3

Y ocueJeJeu

'p

g ecueroJeu

'c

g ecusJeJou

'r

g ecueJeJeu

'e

g

g ecueJe.Iau

'p

v Er'9

ocueJeJeu

'e

g€'g

eJueJeJeu

'e

zEg

ecueJeJeu

'c

I

t's

esueJeJeu

'c

0€'g

ecueJeJeu

'q

6z's

eJuereJeu

'p

8z's

ocueJeJou

'e

Lz'g

I8

82

8.19

9.6

c.

Reference B

8.20

9.7

b.

Reference B

8.2t

Reference

8.22

A

b.

Reference B

8.25

Reference B

8.26

c.

Reference

8.27

d.

8.28

d.

Reference B

8.29

e.

Reference

8.30

c.

Reference

8.31

A

b.

Reference

8.32

A

A

b.

Reference

A

9.I 9.2

a.

Appendix

A.1 A.2 A.3 4A A.5 ,4'.6 4.7 A.8 A.9

a.

d. e. a.

d. a.

c.

d. c.

b. c.

b.

A.13

c.

A.l4

c.

A.15

b.

c.

A

e.

Reference

9.5

Reference A

c.

A

A

b.

Reference B

A

c.

A.l2

Reference

9.4

b. Reference

Reference B Reference

9.3

I0.2

A.10 A.11

Chapter 9

A

Chapter 10

A

Reference B

A

d.

Reference

10.1

c.

A

c.

Reference

9.10

e.

Reference

8.24

A

A

d.

Reference

9.9

a.

Reference

8.23

A

A

d.

Reference

9.8

b.

c.

Reference

4.16 A.I7 A.18

d. a.

d.

I