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TOPIC 1: FORMULAE, EQUATIONS AND AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE

Question number

Answer

1

A (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

2(a)

Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2

Ignore state symbols, if given

(1)

2(b)

1.90/ 65 = 0.029 moles

2.9 x 10-2 mole

(1)

2(c)

0.029 moles

2.9 x 10^-2 moles

(1)

2(d)

(65 + 35.5 + 35.5) x 0.029 = 3.944 g

Allow 3.95 g

(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 4 marks) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

3(a)

0.50 × 50 ÷ 1000 = 0.025 mol (1)

2.5  10–2 mol

(1)

3(b)

0.025 ÷ 2 = 0.0125 mol (1)

1.25  10–2 mol

(1)

3(c)

excess = 0.0125 × 1.2 = 0.015 (1) molar mass of CuO = 63.5 + 16.0 = 79.5

(2)

mass = 0.015 × 79.5 = 1.19(25) g (1) 3(d)

63.5 + (2 × 35.5) + (2 × 18.0) = 170.5 (1)

(1)

3(e)

expected yield = 0.0125 × 170.5 = 2.13 (1)

2.13125

% yield = (1.81 ÷ 2.13) × 100 = 85.0% (1)

84.9% if 2.13125 used

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(2)

42

(Total for Question 3 = 7 marks) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

4(a)

Simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound

(1)

4(b)

O = 100 – 30.4 = 69.6% (1)

(3)

N: 30.4 ÷ 14.0 = 2.17 O: 69.6 ÷ 16.0 = 4.35 (1) N: 1

O: 2

NO2 (1) 4(c)

factor = 92.0 ÷ 46.0 = 2

(1)

molecular formula is N2O4 (1)

(Total for Question 4 = 5 marks) Question number

Answer

5(a)

B (1)

5(b)

(Bright) Yellow

5(c)

0.04

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

Neither accept pale yellow nor cream

(1) (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 3 marks) TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT =20 MARKS

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43

TOPIC 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

Question number 1(a)

1(b)

Answer Subatomic particle

Position in the atom

Relative mass

Relative charge

proton

nucleus

1

+1

neutron

nucleus

1

0

electron

energy levels/shells

1 1840

–1

Additional guidance

Mark

Award one mark for each correct row.

(3)

Accept ‘Around the nucleus’.

The total number of protons and neutrons (in the nucleus) of an atom. (1)

(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks) Question number

Answer

2

C (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

3(a)

An explanation that makes reference to the following:

Do not accept answers given in terms of atomic (proton) number and mass

(2)

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44

3(b)

●

atoms with the same number of protons (and electrons) (1)

●

different number of neutrons (1)

(24  0.7895) + (25  0.0980) + (26  0.1125) (1) = 24.32

(1)

Or {(24 x 78.95) + (25 x 9.80) X (26 x 11.25)} / 100 = 24.32 3(c)

number. Correct answer, with no working shown, gains full marks.

(2)

Answer must be written to two decimal places.

C (1)

(1)

(Total for Question 3 = 5 marks)

Question number

Answer

4(a)

Additional guidance

Mark

Award one mark for each correct diagram.

(2)

s- orbital; look for 3-dimensional axes. Accept p-orbital ‘dumbell/lobes’ in any axial orientation. s-orbital (1) 4(b)

p-orbital (1)

The energy needed to remove an electron from mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of singly charged gaseous ions. (1)

Or other letter or chemical symbol State symbols must be correct

(2)

X(g) → X+(g) + e– (1)

(Total for Question 4 = 4 marks)

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45

Question number

Answer

5

C (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

6(a)

Decreases

No marks awarded for ‘decreases’.

(2)

An explanation that makes reference to the following (going down the group):

Both required for the marks.

● ● 6(b)

the energy of the subshell from which the electron is removed increases (1) the atomic radius increases and the amount of shielding increases (1)

B (1)

(1)

(Total for Question 6 = 3 marks)

Question number

Answer

7

D (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

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46

Question number

Answer

8

A (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark) TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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47

TOPIC 3: BONDING AND STRUCTURE

Question number

Answer

1

A(1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

2(a)

A (1)

(1)

2(b)

D (1)

(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 2 marks) Question number

Answer

3 Substance

Formula

Structure

Solubility

ammonia

NH3

simple covalent

soluble

C

macromolecular (giant covalent)

insoluble

giant ionic

soluble

giant metallic

soluble

graphite potassium chloride

KCl

calcium

Ca

Additional guidance

Mark

1 mark for each correct line.

(4)

(Total for Question 3 = 4 marks)

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48

Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

4

Electrostatic forces of attraction (1) between:

Accept: sea of electrons/mobile electrons

(3)

●

positive (magnesium) ions (1)

●

and delocalised electrons (1)

(Total for Question 4 = 3 marks) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

5(a)

Dative covalent bond/coordinate bond (1) Lone pair of electrons on N in ammonia (1)

Mark (3)

Shared with vacant orbital on H+ ion (1) 5(b)

Tetrahedral (1)

(2)

109.5° (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 5 marks) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

6(a)

CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl (1)

Ignore state symbols.

(1)

6(b)

Both molecules contain polar bonds but the bond polarities cancel in tetrachloromethane. (1)

6(c)

Answer describes one of these methods for a maximum of three marks:

(1) If the answer involves solubility, check that the observations match the choice of

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(3)

49

Testing solubility in a polar solvent, e.g. ●

add to a polar solvent (1)

● ●

if the polar solvent is named correctly (1) correct observation, e.g. miscible/dissolves/no separate layers (1)

solvent used.

Testing solubility in a non-polar solvent, e.g. ● add to a non-polar solvent (1) ●

if the non-polar solvent is named correctly (1)

●

correct observation – e.g. immiscible/does not dissolve / two separate layers (1)

Testing a stream of liquid with a charged rod, e.g. ● ●

charge a rod or balloon (1) pass a stream of each liquid past the charged object (1)

●

correct observation – e.g. deflected if polar/not deflected if nonpolar (1)

(Total for Question 6 = 5 marks) TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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50

TOPIC 4: INTRODUCTORY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND ALKANES

Question number

Answer

1

D (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

2

A (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

3(a)

(Free) radical substitution (1)

3(b)

Br2 → 2•Br (1)

3(c)

C2H6 + •Br → •CH2CH3 + HBr (1)

Mark (1)

Br2 → •Br + •Br

(1) (2)

•CH2CH3 + Br2 → CH3CH2Br + •Br (1) 3(d)

(Termination step between two radicals)

Correct equation required for one mark.

(1)

•CH2CH3 + •CH2CH3 → C4H10 (1) 3(e)

(Fractional) distillation (1)

(1)

(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)

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51

Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

4(a)

Contains only hydrogen (H) and carbon(C) (1)

(1)

4(b)

CnH2n+2 (1)

(1)

4(c)(i)

Same number of atoms of each element but arranged differently in space. (1)

4(c)(ii)

Isomer 1: 2-methylpentane (1) Isomer 2: 2,2-dimethylbutane (1)

4(c)(iii)

One of the following:

Other equivalent wording acceptable

Mark

(1) (2)

All bonds must be shown in full.

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(1)

52

(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

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53

Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

5(a)

C12H26 → C8H18 + 2C2H4 (1)

(1)

5(b)

Homolytic fission (1)

(1)

5(c)

Reforming (1)

(1)

5(d)

Mark

(1)

(1)

(Total for Question 5 = 4 marks) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

6(a)

2C8H18 + 17O2 = 8C + 8CO2 + 18H2O

Equation must be correctly balanced

(1)

6(b)

Hydrogen / H2 (1)

(1)

(Total for Question 6 = 2 marks) TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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54

TOPIC 5: ALKENES

Question number

Answer

1

C (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

2

Chloroethene

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

3

C (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

4(a)

E-3-methylpent-2-ene (1)

4(b)

Add bromine water/bromine solution. (1)

(1)

Both observations needed for the second mark:

Accept: add acidified potassium manganate(VII)

● ●

If above, no change/stays purple. If above, goes colourless/brown with (a).

no change/stays orange-brown with cyclohexane becomes colourless with substance in (a) (1)

Mark

(2)

(Total for Question 4 = 3 marks)

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55

Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

5(a)

5(b)(i)

(1)

2-bromopropane (1)

5(b)(ii)

5(b)(iii)

Mark

●

Arrow from C=C bond to H on HBr and from H–Br bond to Br (1)

●

Correct structure of secondary carbocation (1)

●

Arrow from Br– ions towards the + on the carbocation (1)

Electrophilic addition (1)

Do not accept bromopropane.

(1)

The Br– does not need to have a lone pair of electrons but it must have a full negative charge.

(3)

Both words required for one mark.

(1)

(Total for Question 5 = 6 marks)

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56

Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

6(a)

Mark (4)

Polymer

Monomer

Polythene

Ethene (1)

Polypropylene

Propene (1)

PTFE (polytetrafluoroethene)

Tetrafluoroethene (1)

Polystyrene

Phenylethene (1)

(Total for Question 6 = 4 marks) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

7(a)

Advantage, one of:

Accept other sensible answers.

(2)

•

Energy production (1)

•

Little solid waste left after incineration (1)

Disadvantage, one of: •

Release of greenhouse gases (1)

•

Release of toxic gases (1)

•

Air pollution (1)

One advantage and one disadvantage must be given for both marks.

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57

7(b)

Recycling (1)

(2)

Biodegradation (1)

(Total for Question 7 = 4 marks) TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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58

TOPIC 6: ENERGETICS

Question number

Answer

1(a)

Heat energy change measured at constant pressure (1)

(1)

1(b)

Enthalpy change/energy change/heat change when one mole of a substance (1) is formed from its elements (1) at 298 K/25°C/a stated temperature and 100 kPa/1 atm pressure. (1)

(3)

1(c)

Both value and explanation required for one mark:

(1)

● ●

Additional guidance

Mark

0/zero because it is an element in its standard state / defined as 0 (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks) Question number

Answer

2(a)

∆rH = –1411 + (–286) – (–1560) (1) = –137 kJ mol

–1

(1)

Additional guidance

Mark

First mark can be gained from a correct cycle.

(2)

Both sign and value must be correct. 2(b)(i)

Enthalpy change when one mole of a covalent bond in the gaseous state is broken (1) averaged over a range of compounds. (1)

(2)

2(b)(ii)

bonds broken: (C=C + 4  C–H + H–H) = 612 + 1652 + 436 = 2700 (1)

(3)

bonds formed: (C–C + 6  C–H) = 347 + 2478 = 2825 (1) ∆rH = 2700 – 2825 = –125 kJ mol–1 (1)

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59

2(c)

Mean bond energies are not equal to the actual bond enthalpies for the reactants and product/vary with the environment. (1)

(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks) Question number

Answer

3

A (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

4(a)

0.72  60.0 = 0.012 mol (1)

1.2  10–2

(1)

4(b)

heat energy absorbed = 100  4.18  22.4 = 9363 J (1)

(1)

4(c)

energy absorbed = 9363  (1000  0.012) = 780 kJ mol–1 (1)

(2)

4(d) 4(e)

enthalpy change of combustion = –780 kJ mol–1 (1)

Accept: 4(b)  (1000  answer a(a))

% uncertainty = 100  (2020 – 780)  2020 = 61.4% (1)

Accept: 100  (2020 – answer 4(c))  2020

B (1)

(1) (1)

(Total for Question 4 = 6 marks) TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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60

TOPIC 7: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Question number

Answer

1

C (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

2(a)

C (1)

(1)

2(b)

B (1)

(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 2 marks) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

3(a)

London forces (1)

Accept: temporary dipole-induced dipole forces/dispersion forces Do not accept: dipole–dipole/permanent dipole–dipole

(1)

3(b)

There is a large difference in electronegativity between N and H (1)

Accept: N is very electronegative.

(3)

Permanent dipole N–H (1)

Do not accept: + and – on the wrong atoms, or idea of full charges

The lone pair of electrons on N attracts H/forms bonds with H (1) 3(c)

Intermolecular forces in ammonia are stronger than those in methane/ ammonia also has hydrogen bonding/ hydrogen bonds are stronger than London forces. (1)

(1)

(Total for Question 3 = 5 marks)

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61

Question number

Answer

4

Additional guidance

Mark

Accept ‘H’ bond between either ‘O’ and ‘H’ of H2S or ‘S’ and ‘H’ of H2O.

(2)

OR

(2)

(Total for Question 4 = 2 marks) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

5(a)(i)

London forces (1)

(1)

5(a)(ii)

London forces (1), hydrogen bonding and permanent dipole–dipole forces (1)

(2)

5(b)

Ethoxyethane: since there is no hydrogen bonding then there is no solubility in water. Forces of attraction are weak between water and

(4)

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Mark

62

ethoxyethane so no hydrogen bonding and polar molecule. The only forces of attraction between ethoxyethane molecules are London forces (1). These are very weak and therefore methane has a very low boiling temperature. This is because very little energy is required to overcome them (1). Butan-1-ol: In addition to London forces, butan-1-ol molecules have intermolecular permanent dipole–permanent dipole forces and hydrogen bonds. It can form hydrogen bonds with water and is therefore soluble in water (1). The hydrogen bonds are stronger than London forces. This means that the overall intermolecular attraction is greater in butan-1-ol than in ethoxyethane and therefore it has a higher boiling point(1).

(Total for Question 5 = 7 marks) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

6

Hydrogen bonding is present in all the alcohols. However, as chain length increases, London forces increase. (1) This means that the longer the chain, the greater the total intermolecular forces and therefore the more energy that is needed to separate the molecules. (1) This increases the boiling point. (1)

Mark (3)

(Total for Question 6 = 3 marks) TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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63

TOPIC 8: REDOX CHEMISTRY AND GROUPS 1, 2 AND 7

Question number

Answer

1

B (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

2

C (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

3

Chlorine is both (simultaneously) oxidised and reduced. (1) ● from 0 in Cl2 to –1 in HCl (1) ●

Additional guidance

Mark (3)

from 0 in Cl2 to +1 in HClO (1)

(Total for Question 3 = 3 marks)

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64

Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

4(a)

Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (1)

14/6/2/7

(1)

4(b)

Fe2+ → Fe3+ +e– (1)

4(c)

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+ (2)

(1) Award one mark for correct species on each side.

(2)

Award one mark for correct balancing.

(Total for Question 4 = 4 marks)

Question number

Answer

5

B (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

Question number

Answer

6(a)

Both correct colours required for one mark: ● ●

Additional guidance

calcium chloride – red/orange red/yellow red/brick red barium chloride – green/pale green/light green/apple green (1)

Mark (1)

Do not allow crimson. Do not allow blue-green.

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6(b)

Electrons absorb energy and are promoted into higher energy levels. (1)

Reject the idea of ionisation.

(2)

Add a few drops of hydrochloric acid, followed by a few drops of barium chloride solution. (1)

Accept nitric acid and barium nitrate solution.

(2)

Calcium sulfate will form a white precipitate (of barium sulfate) but calcium carbonate will not. (1) Or add a few drops of hydrochloric acid to calcium carbonate solution. (1) Effervescence will be seen with calcium carbonate solution(1)

Accept ‘bubbles’.

Light is emitted when the electrons return (to their ground states). (1) 6(c)

No reaction with calcium sulphate.

(Total for Question 6 = 5 marks) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

7(a)

2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2 (1)

Accept balanced multiples or fractions of these equations.

(2)

2Mg(NO3)2 → 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2 (1)

Ignore state symbols, if given.

(Total for Question 7 = 2 marks)

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66

Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

8(a)

Chlorine acts as an oxidising agent because it gains electrons (from magnesium). (1)

Both oxidising agent and correct explanation are required for one mark.

(1)

8(b)

3Cl2 + 6NaOH → 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O (1)

3/6/5/–/3 Accept correct multiples or fractions.

(1)

Ignore state symbols, if present. 8(c)

Both observations required for one mark: ● colourless/ pale brown to (dark) brown ●

(1)

(top layer) is purple/ violet (1)

(Total for Question 8 = 3 marks) TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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67

TOPIC 9: INTRODUCTION TO KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA

Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

1(a)

It is a substance that speeds up/ changes rate of reaction (1)

Mark (2)

without being used up/chemically changed. (1) 1(b)

Minimum energy (1) (that colliding particles must have) for a reaction to happen (1)

(2)

1(c)

Catalyst provides an alternative reaction route/pathway (1) with a lower activation energy. (1)

(2)

(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks) Question number

Answer

2(a)(i)

Peak of the curve indicated (1)

2(a)(ii)

Second line should have these features:

2(b)

Additional guidance

●

starts at origin with peak displaced to the right (1)

●

peak lower than the original (1)

At higher temperatures: ● ●

reactant particles have more energy/move faster (1) more molecules have the activation energy or more (1)

Mark (1)

Lines must only cross once and must not touch the horizontal axis.

(2)

Check that the areas under the curves are approximately the same. Accept: greater rate/frequency of collisions Accept: greater proportion/fraction of molecules

(2)

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

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Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

3

Line with a lower peak (1)

Line should be at the same heights as (1) the reactants and products in the original.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

4

Rate of forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction. (1)

Reject any idea that the reactions stop at equilibrium.

(2)

Concentrations remain constant. (1)

Reject any idea that the concentrations are the same as each other.

(Total for Question 4 = 2 marks) Question number

Answer

5

D (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

6(a)

Homogeneous because all the reactants and products are in the same state/phase. (1)

No marks awarded if the answer is ‘heterogeneous’.

(1)

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69

6(b)

iron (1)

(1)

6(c)(i)

The equilibrium shifts in the direction of the fewest molecules/moles of gas. (1)

(1)

6(c)(ii)

Any two sensible and relevant suggestions for 1 mark each, for example:

(2)

● ●

strong equipment/containers needed high maintenance costs

●

a lot of energy needed to pump the gases to a high pressure

●

high insurance costs

(Total for Question 6 = 5 marks) TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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70

TOPIC 10: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HALOGENOALKANES, ALCOHOLS AND SPECTRA Question number

Answer

1

A (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

2(a)

Phosphoric Acid (1) Heating (1)

(2)

2(b)(i)

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + PCl5 (1) → CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + HCl + POCl3 (1)

(2)

2(b)(ii)

Phosphoryl chloride (1)

(2)

Hydrogen chloride (1) 2(b)(iii)

Electrophilic addition (1)

Both words required for one mark.

(1)

(Total for Question 5 = 7 marks)

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71

Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

3(a)

CH3CH2CH2OH + [O] → CH3CH2CHO + H2O (1)

Do not accept: CH3CH2COH as the product

(1)

3(b)

Add Fehling’s solution or Benedict’s solution (and heat). (1) Both observations needed for the second mark:

Accept: add Tollens’ reagent.

(2)

●

no change/ stays blue with product from propan-1-ol

If above, no change/ stays colourless.

●

red/ orange/ brown precipitate with product from propan-2-ol (1)

If above, silver mirror/ black precipitate forms.

(Total for Question 3 = 3 marks) Question number

Answer

4

A (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark) Question number

Answer

5

D (1)

Additional guidance

Mark (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

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72

Question number

Answer

Additional guidance

Mark

6(a)

C (1)

(1)

6(b)

B (1)

(1)

(Total for Question 6 = 2 marks) Question number

Answer

7(a)

60 (1)

(1)

7(b)

ethanoic acid (1) CH3COOH (1)

(2)

7(c) 7(d)

CH3+ (1)

Additional guidance

Mark

Accept the displayed formula. Must have the positive charge for the mark.

O–H group (1)

(1) (1)

(Total for Question 7 = 5 marks) TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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73

© Pearson Education Ltd 2018. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.

74