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R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

APPLICATIONS ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE - SELECTION AND DESIGN

• Fasten an Attachment (Concrete, Steel, or Timber Element) to Concrete, e.g. – Precast element to precast element – Roof truss to tilt-up concrete wall – Steel column to concrete footing – Wood frame to concrete – Connections to concrete in general

Ronald A. Cook, Ph.D., P.E. Professor Department of Civil Engineering University of Florida

1

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

General Types of Anchors Covered by ACI 318-05

2

Overview:

Not Covered by ACI 318-05

• How today’s codes and standards work together for selection of anchors: – Design – Product Approval • Design and product approval considerations – Cast-in-Place – Post-Installed Mechanical – Bonded Cast-in-Place

Mechanical Undercut Expansion Screw

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Bonded Grouted Adhesive

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What “Design” and “Product Approval” Mean in Today’s Codes and Standards for Anchorage to Concrete

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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How Today’s Codes and Standards Work for Selection of Anchors: Design and Product Approval

• Design: – Based on Strength (LRFD) design concepts – No more “Allowable Load” Tables – Requires the expertise of a Professional Engineer

• Product Approval – Must be based on criteria that are “in-sync” with the design provisions University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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• Cast-in-place anchors • Post-installed mechanical anchors • Screw anchors • Bonded anchors – Adhesive anchors – Grouted anchors University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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1

R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

Design of CastCast-inin-Place Anchors

CastCast-inin-Place Anchors

hef

hef = Effective Embedment Depth

IBC 2006 §1912 7

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

IBC– IBC–2006 Provisions

ACI 318-05 §8.1.3

ACI 318-05 Appendix D 8

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

ACI 318318-05 Provisions • Appendices are generally not mandatory • ACI 318 Chapter 8 “Analysis and Design – General Considerations” §8.1.3 makes Appendix D mandatory: 8.1.3 — Anchors within the scope of Appendix D, Anchoring to Concrete, installed in concrete to transfer loads between connected elements shall be designed using Appendix D. 9

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Product Approval for CastCast-inin-Place Anchors

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

10

Product Approval for CastCast-inin-Place Anchors – ACI 318318-06 Appendix D

…

IBC 2006 §1912

ACI 318-05 §8.1.3

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

ACI 318-06 Appendix D §D.2.3 11

… Lot’s of text but basically any standard headed anchor or hooked anchor will meet these requirements University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

12

2

R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

CastCast-inin-Place Anchors: Effects of Cracking

PostPost-Installed Mechanical Anchors: Undercut Anchors Tensile Force

Headed Anchors Curves in uncracked and cracked concrete Pre-Drilled Undercut

13

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

PostPost-Installed Mechanical Anchors: TorqueTorque-Controlled Expansion Anchors

(1) Heavy Duty Sleeve Fastener

(2) Wedge Fastener

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Design of PostPost-Installed Mechanical Anchors

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

14

PostPost-Installed Mechanical Anchors: DisplacementDisplacement-Controlled Expansion Anchors

(1) Drop-In Fastener

ACI 318-05 §8.1.3

Anchor Sleeve

(3) Sleeve Fastener

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

IBC 2006 §1912

Cone

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

(2) Self-Drilling Fastener

(3) Stud Fastener

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

16

IBC– IBC–2006 Provisions

ACI 318-05 Appendix D 17

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

Product Approval for PostPostInstalled Mechanical Anchors

ACI 318318-05 Appendix D

D.2.3 — Headed …. Post-installed anchors that meet the assessment requirements of ACI 355.2 are included. The suitability of the post-installed anchor for use in concrete shall have been demonstrated by the ACI 355.2 prequalification tests.

IBC 2006 §1912

ACI 318-05 §3.8.6

ACI 318-06 Appendix D §D.2.3 19

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Product Approval for PostPost-Installed Mechanical Anchors: ACI 318318-06 Appendix D

• ACI 318 Chapter 3 “Materials” §3.8.6 makes ACI 355.2-04 mandatory: 3.8.6 — “Qualification of Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors in Concrete (ACI 355.204)” is declared to be part of this code as if fully set forth herein, for the purpose cited in Appendix D.

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Product Approval for PostPostInstalled Mechanical Anchors: How this is currently implemented

D.2.3 — … Post-installed anchors that meet the assessment requirements of ACI 355.2 are included. The suitability of the post-installed anchor for use in concrete shall have been demonstrated by the ACI 355.2 prequalification tests.

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

ICC ES Evaluation Report

ICC ES AC193

ACI 355.2-04 21

PostPost-Installed Mechanical Anchors: Screw Anchors (not specifically covered by ACI 318318-05)

23

ACI 355.2-04

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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Design of PostPost-Installed Screw Anchors

IBC 2006 §104.11 University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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ICC ES AC193

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

ACI 318-05 Appendix D 24

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R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

Product Approval of PostPostInstalled Screw Anchors

IBCIBC-2006 Provisions

ICC ES Evaluation Report

IBC 2006 §104.11 25

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

ICC ES AC193 26

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Bonded AnchorsAnchors- Adhesive and Grouted (not covered by ACI 318318-05)

ICCICC-ES Evaluation Reports “…having an evaluation report does not obligate the AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction) to approve the evaluated product. The report is simply technical evidence upon which the AHJ can approve the product if, on the job site, it is used within the report conditions. The approval decision lies with the AHJ.” Ref.: “Code Approval”; The Basics, The Subtleties, and The Abuses www.icc-es.org University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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Design and Product Approval of PostPost-Installed Adhesive Anchors

Adhesive Hole diameter ≤ 1.5 anchor diameter University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Grouted Unheaded

Headed

Hole diameter > 1.5 times anchor diameter

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Design and Product Approval of PostPost-Installed Grouted Anchors Currently not covered by ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria

IBC 2006 §104.11 University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

IBC-ES AC308 Design and Product Approval 29

§104 §104.11 University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

30

5

R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

ACI Consensus Standard Status on Bonded Anchors • Adhesive anchor design provisions have been balloted by ACI 318 Sub B • An adhesive anchor product approval standard is in the ACI 355 balloting process • Grouted anchors need to be included • The goal is to have ACI consensus standards issued by 2011. University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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Design and Product Approval of CastCast-inin-Place and PostPost-Installed Mechanical Anchors

• Screw anchors • Bonded anchors – Adhesive anchors – Grouted anchors University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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ACI 318318-05 APPENDIX D – ANCHORING TO CONCRETE • Developed by three ACI Committees (318, 349, and 355) over more than ten years

– Basic design considerations

• ACI 355.2-04 for Product Approval – Previously presented by John Silva

• Applies to cast-in-place and postinstalled mechanical anchors (some limitations) 33

What is included and not included in ACI 318318-05 Appendix D D.2.2 - SCOPE

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

34

D.3.5 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS • Code formulas are valid for:

• Included: – Cast-in-Place Anchors – Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors

– fc′ ≤ 10,000 psi for cast-in anchors – fc′ ≤ 8000 psi for post-Installed

• Excluded: – Specialty Inserts – Through Bolts – Multiple Anchors Connected to Single Plate at the Embedded End of the Anchors – Adhesive & Grouted Anchors – Powder/Pneumatic Actuated Nails or Bolts University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

• Cast-in-place anchors • Post-installed mechanical anchors

• Introduced in ACI 318-02

• ACI 318-05 Appendix D for Design

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Design and Product Approval Considerations

35

• Post-installed anchors in concrete with fc′ > 8000 psi must be tested

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

36

6

R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

D4.1.1 - STRENGTH OF ANCHORS φNn ≥ Nua φVn ≥ Vua

(D-1)

D.4.2 - NOMINAL STRENGTH • Design models in agreement with Test Results

(D-2)

• Lowest φNn and φVn from applicable failure modes

• Based on 5% fractile of basic individual anchor strength

• Interaction for combinations of Nua and Vua

– 90% confidence that 95% of actual strengths will exceed nominal strength

37

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

38

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Lower Fractile Design Approach Average (Mean)

Statistical parameters

Frequency

•Average (mean) •Standard deviation •Coefficient of variation

5 % Fractile

•Number of samples

D.5 - DESIGN FOR TENSILE LOADING • D.5.1 – Steel Strength • D.5.2 – Concrete Breakout Strength • D.5.3 – Pullout Strength • D.5.4 – Concrete Side-Face Blowout Strength of a Headed Anchor

Tested Capacity

39

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

D.5.1 - STEEL STRENGTH (TENSION) Nn

Nsa = nAsefuta where

40

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

D.5.2 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT (TENSION)

(D-3) Nn

futa ≤ 1.9 fya

Nn

≤ 125,000 psi

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

D.5.2.1 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH OF ANCHOR GROUP (TENSION) N cbg =

ANc ψ ec , N ψ ed , Nψ c , Nψ cp , N N b ANco

D.5.2.1 - PROJECTED AREA ANo

( D − 5)

Nn 1.5hef

Basic single anchor strength Accounts for post-installed anchor Accounts for cracking Accounts for edge effects Accounts for eccentricity

1.5hef

1.5hef

1.5hef

≈350

hef

Elevation

1.5hef 1.5hef

Plan View 2

ANco = 9hef

Accounts for projected area of failure surface

(D-6)

Consider Only Anchors in Tension 43

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

D.5.2.2 - BASIC CONCRETE BREAKOUT

D.5.2.1 - PROJECTED AREA AN c1

s1

c1 ≤ 1.5 hef s1 ≤ 1.5 hef

1.5hef

• Single Anchor in Tension in Cracked Concrete

N b = k f c' hef1.5

ANc ≤ nANco

1.5hef s2

- k =17 for post-installed anchors (or higher value from ACI 355.2)

45

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Npn = ψc,PNp

(D-14)

Nn

• Headed Stud/Bolt Np = 8Abrgfc’ Np = 0.9fc’ehdo

• Headed anchor with deep embedment, close to edge (ca1 < 0.4hef )

(D-15)

• J-Bolt or L-Bolt (D-16)

46

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

D.5.4 - SIDESIDE-FACE BLOWOUT

D.5.3 - PULLOUT STRENGTH Npn

(D-7)

- k = 24 for cast-in anchors

c2 ≤ 1.5 hef s2 ≤ 1.5 hef

c2

44

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

eh

N sb = 160ca1 Abrg

f c'

(D-17)

where 3d0 ≤ eh ≤ 4.5d0

• For post-installed mechanical anchors, Np must be based on results of tests performed and evaluated per ACI 355.2 University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

48

8

R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

D.6 - DESIGN FOR SHEAR LOADING • D.6.1 – Steel Strength • D.6.2 – Concrete Breakout Strength

D.6.1 - STEEL STRENGTH (SHEAR)

Vn

(a) Cast-in Headed Stud Anchors Vsa = nAsefuta (D-19) (b) Cast-in Headed and Hooked Bolts, and Post-Installed Anchors Vsa = nAse (0.6futa) (D-20)

• D.6.3 – Concrete Pryout Strength

futa ≤ 1.9fya ≤ 125,000 psi With built-up grout pads, use 0.8Vsa

where

49

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

50

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

D.6.2.1(b) - CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH OF ANCHOR GROUP (SHEAR)

D.6.2 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT (SHEAR)

Vcbg =

Vn

AVc ψ ec ,Vψ ed ,Vψ c ,V Vb AVco

( D − 22)

Basic single anchor strength Accounts for cracking Accounts for edge effects Accounts for eccentricity Accounts for projected area of failure surface

51

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

ca1 1.5ca1

AVco = 2 (1.5ca1) (1.5ca1) = 4.5(ca1)2 (D-23) 1.5ca1 1.5ca1

35o

If ha < 1.5ca1 and s1 < 3ca1 Plan view

AVc = (2 x 1.5ca1 + s1)ha

Vn

Vn Edge of concrete

1.5ca1

52

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

AVc

ca1

Vn AVco

hef

1.5ca1 Front view

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

ha 1.5ca1

s1

1.5ca1

Side section 53

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

54

9

R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

D.6.2 - BASIC CONC. BREAKOUT (SHEAR) • Single anchor in shear in cracked concrete ⎛A ⎞ Vb = 7 ⎜ e ⎟ ⎝ do ⎠

Single Anchor

0.2

do

f

' c

( ca1 )

1.5

(D-24)

Group of Anchors

Vcp = kcpNcb

(D-29)

Vcpg = kcpNcbg

(D-30)

Vn where

• If anchors are rigidly welded to attachment

⎛A ⎞ Vb = 8 ⎜ e ⎟ ⎝ do ⎠

D.6.3 - CONCRETE PRYOUT

• kcp = 1.0 for hef < 2.5 in.

0.2

do

f

' c

( ca1 )

1.5

(D-25)

55

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

• kcp = 2.0 for hef ≥ 2.5 in. • Ncb computed from Eq. (D-4) • Ncbg computed from Eq. (D-5)

56

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

D.8 - PRECLUDE SPLITTING FAILURE D.7 TENSION/SHEAR INTERACTION Nu

5

5

⎛ N ua ⎞ 3 ⎛ V ua ⎞ 3 ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = 1 .0 ⎝ φVn ⎠ ⎝ φN n ⎠

φ Nn

N ua

φN n

+

V ua

φV n

= 1 .2

• At Design Stage, Specific Products May not be Known • In Absence of Reinforcement for Crack Control, D.8 Sets Minimum Cover, Spacings, Member Thickness • Lesser Values are Permitted per ACI 355.2

Nn

0.2φNn 0.2φVn

φVn

Nn

Nn

Nn

Vu

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

57

Product Approval for PostPost-Installed Mechanical Anchors ACI 355.2355.2-04

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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ACI 355.2 Sample Format

• Testing Requirements in Uncracked Concrete, and in Cracked Concrete – Identification Tests – Reference Tests – Reliability Tests – Service-Condition Tests

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

59

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

60

10

R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

Today’s Design and Product Approval of Bonded Anchors • ICC-ES AC308 for Design – Adhesive anchor design considerations

• ICC-ES AC308 for Product Approval – Adhesive anchor product approval tests

• Grouted anchors are currently not covered by ICC-ES AC308 61

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Background on Behavior, Design, and Product Approval of Bonded Anchors • The following presents background information on behavior, design and product approval of bonded anchors • Specific design requirements for adhesive anchors are now in ICC-ES AC308 and being balloted by ACI 318 • Specific product approval requirements for adhesive anchors are in ICC-ES AC308 and being balloted by ACI 355 • Grouted anchors are currently not covered by ICC-ES AC308 62

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

How Bonded Anchors Transfer Tension Loads

Potential Embedment Failure Modes of Bonded Anchors

N N

τ τ0

hef

Threaded Rod Mortar Concrete

Cook et al, 1998 Eligehausen et. al., 2004 University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

63

Bond Failure at Steel/Mortar Interface (Grout or Adhesive)

64

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Bond Strength of Single Bonded Anchor Uniform Bond Stress Model Nbond

hef

d

The presence of the shallow cone has been shown to be secondary, the strength is dependent on bond University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

65

N bond = τ π d hef

τ

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

66

11

R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

Comparison of loads with the uniform bond model (data set average bond stress normalized to 10 MPa) MPa)

Grouted Anchor Failure Modes

600

measured loads mean - uniform bond model 5% fractile - uniform bond model

500

Load (KN)

400

300

200

100

Only 17 of 891 data points below 5% fractile (1.9%)

Cook et al, 1998 0 0

10000

20000

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

30000

40000

50000

60000

Bond Area (A b ) (mm2)

67

Bond Failure at Grout/Concrete Interface (withofor without head) University Florida

hefef

τ d

ττ00 dd00

Bond failure at steel/grout interface

Bond failure at grout/concrete interface

Zamora et al 2003

68

Department of Civil Engineering

Bonded Strength Considerations for Bonded Anchors

Bond Strength Considerations for Grouted Anchors

h ef

Concrete Breakout Failure

• For adhesive anchors (d≤1.5d0), the bond strength can be based the nominal bond stress relative to the anchor diameter (τ) • For grouted anchors (d>1.5d0), the bons strength needs to consider both the nominal bond stress at the anchor/grout interface (τ) and at the grout/concrete interface (τ0)

Zamora et al 2003 University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

69

Behavior of Bonded Anchors

Design of Bonded Anchors

• Strength is limited to the concrete breakout strength as provided in ACI 318-05 Appendix D

Tension Load

Bond failure

• Bond strength can be based on the uniform bond stress model up to hef/d of ~20.

70

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

Concrete breakout failure

N = τ π d hef

N =k

f c' hef1.5

Anchor diameter (d) University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

71

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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12

R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

Critical Spacing and Edge Distance for Bonded Anchors ca1

0.5 scr

s1

Cast-in-place and post-installed mechanical anchors:

0.5 scr

scr = 2ccr = 3.0 hef

0.5 scr

0.5 scr

0.5 scr

0.5 scr

ACI 318-05 Appendix D

Bonded anchors:

s2 ca2

AN 0 = scr2

a) Single anchor away from edges and other anchors

Critical spacing and edge distance

AN = (ca1 + s1 + 0.5 scr)(ca2 + s2 + 0.5 scr) if ca1 and ca2 < 0.5 scr and s1 and s2 < scr

⎛ τ ⎞ scr = 2ccr = 20d ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 1450 ⎠

Eligehausen et al 2006

b) Four anchor group with close spacing and located near a corner

Why the difference? 73

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

0.5

For bond failure, embedment length does not have the same effect as that for postpost-installed mechanical anchors

74

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

For bond failure, bond strength has a significant influence on critical spacing

N

hef=10d

τ = 1390 psi [9.9 MPa] N

τ = 2850 psi [19.6 MPa]

hef =20d Appl and Eligehausen 2005

75

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

N bond = τ π d hef 0.5

• basic bond strength

• damp hole installation

• temperature

• submerged installation

• long term strength (creep)

• hole orientation

• loading after short term cure

But not greater than the concrete breakout strength calculated by ACI 318-05 Appendix D Eq. (D-5) Eligehausen et al 2006 University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

76

Product Approval Standard: Factors Influencing Bonded Anchor Strength

Strength of Bonded Anchors: A N bond , group = Nc ψ ec , Nψ g , N N bond ANc 0 ⎛ τ ⎞ scr = 2ccr = 20d ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 1450 ⎠

Appl and Eligehausen 2005 University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

77

• Improperly cleaned holes

• freeze/thaw • fire resistance • durability

• cracked concrete • mixing method (bulk products) • etc., etc…. University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

78

13

R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

Example: Relative Bond Stress Comparison Adhesive and Grouted

Example: Influence of Hole Moisture 35

Grouted τ mean = 2594 psi

DRY HOLE (BASELINE)

1063 793

334

447

1000

Average Uniform Bond Strength, MPa

2872

2586

2306

2104 1656

2579

3055 3040

2901 2946 2564

2480 2013

2314 1627

1631

1450

2227

2259 1780

2000

1800

2342

3000

30

2663

2850

Adhesive τ mean = 1850 psi

1659

Average Uniform Bond Stress, [psi]

4000

DAMP HOLE WET HOLE

25

20

15

10

5

0 A B C D E F G H I

J K L M N O P Q R S T

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9

Product University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

0 A

79

Example: Influence of Cracked Concrete

B

C

D

E

F

G

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

Cook and Konz 2001

80

ICC-ES AC308 Sample Format

Meszaros, J. (2001) University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

81

Summary: How today’s codes and standards work together for selection of anchors: • Cast-in-place ƒ Design: IBC 2006 – ACI 318-05 ƒ Product Approval: ACI 318-05 • Post-Installed Mechanical ƒ Design: IBC 2006 – ACI 318-05 ƒ Product Approval: IBC 2006 – ACI 31805 – ACI 355.2-04 via ICC-ES AC193

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

82

Summary: How today’s codes and standards work together for selection of anchors (continued): • Post-Installed Screw Anchors ƒ Design: IBC 2006 – ICC-ES AC193 – ACI 318-05 ƒ Product Approval: IBC 2006 – ICC-ES AC193

• Adhesive Bonded Anchors ƒ Design: IBC 2006 – ICC-ES AC308 ƒ Product Approval: IBC 2006 – ICC-ES AC308

• Grouted Anchors ƒ IBC 2006 – Tests must be performed

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

83

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

84

14

R. A. Cook

ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

Summary: Design and Product Approval Considerations

Summary: Design and Product Approval Considerations (continued)

• Cast-in-place anchors

• Adhesive bonded anchors

ƒ Covered by ACI 318-05

ƒ Covered by IBC 2006 via ICC-ES AC308 and now being addressed by ACI 318 and ACI 355

• Post-installed mechanical anchors ƒ Covered by ACI 318-05 and ACI 355.2-04

• Post-Installed screw anchors ƒ Covered by IBC 2006 via ICC-ES AC193 but needs to be addressed by ACI 318 and ACI 355 University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

85

• Grouted bonded anchors ƒ Covered indirectly by IBC 2006 but need to addressed by ACI 318 and ACI 355

• Bottom Line on Bonded Anchors ƒ All glues are not created equal

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

86

Acknowledgements • Richard Klingner - University of Texas • Basile Rabbat – PCA • Don Meinheit - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates., Inc.

ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE - SELECTION AND DESIGN

• Rolf Eligehausen, Werner Fuchs, and Jörg Appl - University of Stuttgart

The End

• John Silva and Richard Wollmershauser – Hilti • ACI 355 and ACI 318 Sub B

University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering

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