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HISTORYNET.COM

10

Battles That Decided the War HINT, Gettysburg Isn’t OnE...

Custer VS Mosby Fatal Game of Hangman

GLORIETA PASS NOVEMBER 2015

Dead Men Speak

THE CIVIL WAR IN

GEORGIA

2

RINGGOLD

The Civil War’s impact on Georgia was greater than any other event in the state’s history. Home to more than 400 Civil War sites, Georgia has a wealth of battlefields, cemeteries, arsenals, museums, mansions, trains, towns and parks, all with fascinating stories to tell!

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From Chickamauga, the largest national military park and the second-bloodiest battle of the Civil War, to the escape and capture of Jefferson Davis, arguably the last major event of the war, Georgia Civil War Audio Tours offer visitors the opportunity to hear stories about all facets of the war in Georgia.

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Experience Georgia’s Civil War Audio Tours Follow the action on GaCivilWar.org/audio-tours 1

THE GREAT LOCOMOTIVE CHASE Follow this play-by-play audio tour for one of the most legendary events in Civil War history and Hollywood: the April 12, 1862, Great Locomotive Chase across Georgia.

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THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN Retrace soldiers’ steps along the I-75 corridor as they battle to claim their ultimate prize: Atlanta, the transportation and manufacturing hub of the Deep South.

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GENERAL WILSON’S RAID Hear about Union General Wilson’s raid through Alabama and western Georgia that led to the capture of the last Confederate fort and tested LaGrange’s allfemale militia.

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THE CHICKAMAUGA CAMPAIGN Discover why Chickamauga, in northwest Georgia, was the location for the second-bloodiest battle in the Civil War.

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SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA Follow Union forces as they cut a destructive swath across Georgia in 1864 and carry out Gen. William T. Sherman’s strategy to cripple the South’s ability to wage war.

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JEFFERSON DAVIS’ ESCAPE Listen to true accounts of Confederate President Jefferson Davis’ escape path through Georgia as he tried to evade capture after the war.

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November 2015

On the B-List From Ball’s Bluff to Sailor’s Creek, our list of WKHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQW\HWOLWWOHUHPHPEHUHG engagements. By Darrell Laurant

Measure for Measure By 1864, the Federals were eager to wage hard war in the Shenandoah Valley—but John Mosby, the elusive “Gray Ghost,” still had a few tricks up his sleeve. By Ethan S. Rafuse

On the Cover: The Battle of Sailor’s Creek on April 6, 1865, signaled the end for the Army of Northern Virginia, leading to Robert E. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox three days later. In this painting by Keith Rocco, the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry attacks Confederates at Marshall’s Crossroads late in the battle.

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AMERICA’S CIVIL WAR

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Departments 6 8 14 16 18 20 58 64

Letters Field Notes Civil War news and history Cease Fire Looking back—and forward Primary Sources Northern lights over a Southern victory In Time of War November–December 1865 Prologue Reviews A graphic novel, Buford at Gettysburg Epilogue Is the pen mightier than the sword?

Downtime Union soldiers mug for the camera in camp.

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Folly at Mill Springs A Confederate general’s errors led to a doleful drubbing on the banks of the Cumberland River. By Eric Ethier

52 Dead Men Speak The discovery of a mass grave has led to new insights for forensic scientists, as well as historians studying the Battle of Glorieta Pass. By Joe Johnston

NOVEMBER 2015

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AMERICA’S CIVIL WAR ONLINE

Michael A. Reinstein Dionisio Lucchesi William Koneval

Chairman & Publisher President Associate Publisher

VISIT HISTORYNET.com/ AMERICAS-CIVIL-WAR

HARROWING FIGHT AT PERRYVILLE

Vol. 28, No. 5 November 2015 Roger L. Vance

The 21st Wisconsin lost a third of its command during the October 8, 1862, battle in a small crossroads town in Kentucky.

Chris K. Howland Stephen Kamifuji Sarah Richardson Richard Ernsberger Jr. Sarah J. Mock Dana B. Shoaf

JOHN SINGLETON MOSBY’S REVENGE Determined to exact punishment on the Federals who had executed some of his Partisan Rangers in the Shenandoah Valley, the “Gray Ghost” ordered Yankee POWs hanged.

BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE The Confederates had high hopes for their Missouri Campaign in the winter of 1861-62. But Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn met with defeat during a crucial engagement fought March 8-9, 1862.

BATTLE OF WAYNESBORO On March 2, 1865, Confederate General Jubal Early confronted Union Maj. Gen. Phil Sheridan one last time.

LET’S CONNECT Like America’s Civil War Magazine on Facebook

Editor in Chief Editor Art Director Senior Editor Senior Editor Photo Editor/Social Media Coordinator Consulting Editor

CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Gordon Berg, Eric Ethier, D. Scott Hartwig, Harold Holzer, Robert K. Krick, Stephanie McCurry Robert B. Mitchell, Kim A. O’Connell, Ethan S. Rafuse, Tim and Elizabeth Rowland CORPORATE

David Steinhafel Karen Johnson Rob Wilkins Michael Zatulov

Director of Operations Business Director Director of Partnership Marketing Finance

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Michael Clifford Josh Sciortino Barbara Justice

Director of Technology Associate Editor Senior Graphic Designer

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Karen Bailey Production Manager/Advertising Services [email protected] Richard E. Vincent National Sales Manager [email protected] Kim Goddard National Sales Manager [email protected] Rick Gower Georgia [email protected] Terry Jenkins Tenn., Ky., Miss., Ala., Fla., Mass. [email protected]

DIRECT RESPONSE ADVERTISING Russell Johns Associates 800-649-9800 • [email protected] ©2015 World History Group, LLC Subscription Information: 800-435-0715 Yearly subscriptions in U.S.: $39.95 Back Issues: 800-358-6327 List Rental Inquiries: Belkys Reyes, Lake Group Media, Inc.914-925-2406; [email protected] America’s Civil War (ISSN 1046-2899) is published bimonthly by World History Group, LLC, 19300 Promenade Drive, Leesburg, VA 20176-6500, 703-771-9400 Periodical postage paid at Leesburg, Va., and additional mailing offices. Postmaster, send address changes to America’s Civil War, P.O. Box 422224, Palm Coast, FL 32142-2224 Canada Publications Mail Agreement No. 41342519 Canadian GST No. 821371408RT0001 The contents of this magazine may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the written consent of World History Group, LLC. PROUDLY MADE IN THE USA

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AMERICA’S CIVIL WAR

THE REBEL YELL…

THE REBEL YELL… was one of the most effective psychological tools used by the Confederate army during the American Civil War. It was first heard during the First Battle of Manassas when Stonewall Jackson’s troops were ordered to “yell like furies,” during a bayonet charge assaulting Henry House Hill. It was heard again and again at every battle during the bloody fighting that raged for four years.

The shrill ringing scream is said to have had ancient Celtic origins, as decades before the war, almost three quarters of the population from Virginia to Texas was probably of Scotch-Irish decent. Anecdotes from former Union Soldiers commented that, “if you claim you heard it and weren’t scared that means you never heard it.” You can almost hear the Rebel yells when you look at our newest additions to our ever growing collection of American Civil War figures. For a closer look please visit one of our authorized dealers.

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The History Store Tel: 740-775-7400 www.thehistorystore.net [email protected] 101 North Paint St. Chillicothe, Ohio 45601

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Franklin and slavery You wrote in the September issue that Benjamin Franklin was a slaveholder (“Prologue,” P. 23), but I have never heard that he owned slaves. Franklin co-founded the first abolitionist society in the 13 colonies. Please inform the readers how many slaves he owned and when he freed them. Martin Selbst Brooklyn , N.Y. Editor’s note: Like most of his fellow Founding Fathers, Franklin actually owned slaves most of his life. The exact number has never been recorded, but he did mention five by name in his letters over the years. Franklin, who died in 1790, did not become a devoted abolitionist until late in life and even decreed in his will that his son-in-law would have to free his slave in order to receive an inheritance. A good book on the subject is David Waldstreicher’s Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery, and the American Revolution. Rest in peace The article “Hunley’s Harrowing Mission” in the July issue was great; however, it didn’t provide information on the final resting places of the eight H.L. Hunley crewmembers who perished inside the submarine. They are buried in the Magnolia Cemetery in Charleston, S.C. Suzanne Palmer Westport, Mass. Editor’s note: To see a photo of the crew’s gravesite, visit the America’s Civil War Facebook page. WRITE TO US Send letters to America’s Civil War, Letters Editor, World History Group, 19300 Promenade Dr., Leesburg, VA 20176-6500, or email to [email protected]. Include your name, address and daytime telephone number. Letters may be edited.

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FIELD NOTES

FLAG DIVIDE YET to SUBSIDE

No one with ties to Civil War history could ignore this summer’s controversy surrounding General Robert E. Lee’s iconic battle flag—an emblem of pride to some, and hatred to others. Flags came down across the country after the banner became linked to Dylann Roof, who was charged with the murder of nine black worshippers during a Bible study in a historic Charleston, S.C., church on June 17. Roof had previously posed with the flag and posted racist screeds online. The first round in the aftermath of that tragedy, appropriately enough, was delivered at the Fort Sumter National Monument, which struck the Confederate colors at Forts Sumter and Moultrie. National Park Service spokeswoman Linda Friar said the removal was “in solidarity” with the community, and indicated that it was likely to be a temporary move. But the Park Service as a whole moved to remove from their gift shops any trinkets bearing the flag as the dominant feature. “We strive to tell the complete story of America,” NPS Director Jonathan B. Jarvis said of the agency’s reputation for telling difficult parts of our history. “All sales items in parks are evaluated based on educational value and their connection to the park. Any stand-alone depictions of Confederate flags have no place in Park stores.” Gift shops with close ties to, but not directly controlled by, the Park Service appeared to be following suit. Gettysburg Foundation President Joanne Hanley asked bookstore operator Event Network to comply with the request at Gettysburg’s central visitor center. For others, it was a tougher decision. Ayana

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AMERICA’S CIVIL WAR

Stewart of the Tampa Bay Times interviewed Decisions to re-enactors for an article in its July 1 edition. remove the They pointed out that portraying the period Confederate battle is difficult with the restriction of period ÁDJIURPJRYHUQPHQW symbols. “The Confederate flag—the battle sites did not flag—was what soldiers followed into battle. stop vandals That is entirely appropriate,” re-enactor IURPGHIDFLQJ Gary Newman told the Times. Confederate In postwar history, the battle flag seldom monuments in made an appearance, except as a curio, much various cities. like envelopes of souvenir Confederate In Charleston, money. It came to prominence under the S.C., “Racism” likes of Strom Thurmond and George Wallace, and “Black Lives who used it as a pro-segregation standard. Matter” were painted Debate also continues about controversial on this memorial memorials. Some Marylanders have fussed in the Battery’s for years that a statue of Supreme Court White Point Garden. Justice Roger Taney, who wrote the infamous 1859 Dred Scott decision, stands on the State House grounds. More recently, the courts have been asked to decide a contentious question regarding the renaming of Memphis parks honoring Jefferson Davis and Nathan Bedford Forest. A group called Citizens to Save Our Parks sued after the city moved to rename the parks.

Atlanta Cyclorama Begins Journey to New Home

FIELD NOTES

After 94 years in historic Grant Park, the Atlanta Cyclorama was taken down at the end of June. Plans call for an $8 million restoration of what is still considered the world’s largest oil painting, which is slated for relocation across town, in the Atlanta History Center. A new 23,000-square-foot building is being constructed to house the painting (shown in part above), the 3-D diorama displayed in front of the painting and Texas, the steam locomotive that pursued Union raiders who had captured the engine General in the war’s legendary Great Locomotive Chase. With the new building (left) scheduled to open in 2017, the Cyclorama will get back an 8-foot swath of the sky bordering its 371-foot circumference, where the canvas had been trimmed for exhibition in the Grant Park building.

Park Service Awards Grants In the conflict’s waning days, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman steamrolled into North Carolina on a mission that by March 1865, given the North’s superiority in numbers, could be regarded as little more than mop-up duty. But Southern spirit was still resilient, and Confederates were always on the lookout to bloody Sherman’s nose. One of the South’s last chances came on March 16, 1865, in Averasboro, N.C., where little more than 5,000 Confederates took on a Union force five times their size before falling

back at day’s end. Three days later, Sherman effectively delivered the knockout blow to the Confederates at Bentonville. The Averasboro Battlefield and Museum, a private nonprofit historical group, has been fighting tough odds as well, with a volunteer staff and revenues that barely cover operating expenses. But this June the site got a boost when the National Park Service awarded a $60,640 grant for the purchase of 27½ acres of ground, which should help to protect the battlefield from encroaching development. The little battlefield was the recipient of one of 14 Park Service grants totaling $3.1 million. The grants are funded by the Land and Water Conservation Fund, which pays for land, water and wetlands with revenue from federal oil and gas leases on the outer continental shelf.

Trust Exceeds Goal In June 2011, at the Sesquicentennial’s outset, the Civil War Trust announced an ambitious goal: to raise $40 million over its duration. Four years later the Trust revealed an impressive grand total—$52.5 million— and announced that the money has been used to protect more than 10,000 acres of battlefield ground at 64 sites in 16 states. Trust President James Lighthizer pointed out that a battlefield is “the one thing that will always endure. Once the myriad books released during this four-year period gather dust; once all the speeches and reenactments fade from memory; once we begin to forget the profound sense of wonder gained during the anniversary; the land will still be there to remind us, teach us and inspire us.” The money represents the largest sum that has ever been raised by a private agency for land preservation, the Trust said.

The National Cemetery at Mill Springs, Ky., where the Trust has saved 578 acres of threatened land.

NOVEMBER 2015

9

FIELD NOTES

Weathered

The stone soldier that originally topped the 1869 Rock Island County (Ill.) monument by Leonard Volk (shown below right as designed, and at left as it looks today) has been removed, and awaits restoration.

On the Brink After 146 years, many monuments commemorating the Civil War are in disrepair. The Rock Island County Civil War monument in Illinois, however, is worse than most: The names of the 350 who died in the conflict are no longer legible and the features of the stone soldier at the top have been worn away by the elements. And a passerby noticed that the 1,300-pound figure had actually shifted toward the 35-foot pedestal’s edge for unknown reasons. The soldier was removed for safety reasons last fall and placed in storage. There is hope, though: A campaign is under way to restore or replace the monument. Richard Dulaney, co-chair of the Rock Island County Civil War Monument Restoration Project, says estimates are that more than $100,000 may be needed, with the goal to have the project completed by 2019, the 150th anniversary of its installation. Donations may be sent to the Rock Island County Civil War Monument Foundation, P.O. Box 3384, Rock Island, IL 61204, or online to [email protected]

Call Me Frank

Meanwhile in Virginia, a movement has been launched to honor women who joined the fighting—women such as Sarah Edmonds, who decided that she did not just want to “sit at home and weep” during the Civil War. So she disguised herself as a man and joined the Union Army as a male nurse, later serving as a spy. Then there were the two “she dragoons” in General Phil Sheridan’s ranks who became A Canadian involved in a drunken fistby birth, fight. They were some of the Sarah more than 500 women who Edmonds disguised themselves as men joined and took up arms, usually Union serwithout being discovered. vice under The Academy for Veteran Education and Training plans the alias Franklin to honor these women with a Thompson. memorial at Historic Jordan Springs estate, just north of Winchester, Va. The monument would be accompanied by a databank, complete with artifacts and archives. During the war it was surprisingly easy for women to hide their gender, especially since many of the boys who fought were beardless , so a lack of facial hair was not a clue. Cursory physical exams did not require disrobing, and prudish Victorian attitudes also facilitated privacy. Promoters of the monument hope the site will one day become a state park or perhaps a national monument. 10

AMERICA’S CIVIL WAR

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FIELD NOTES

Eagle Scout Project Maps Veterans’ Graves A 15-year-old from Lawrence, Kan., has completed an Eagle Scout project that ensures the graves of Civil War veterans in the city’s Maple Grove and Pioneer cemeteries will not be forgotten. Ian Archer told the Lawrence Journal-World that he had the idea for the project when he and his fellow scouts couldn’t locate all the graves in those cemeteries using old maps. With the help of Rod Zinn, a land surveyor and former scoutmaster, Archer mapped the graves’ locations, using longitude and latitude coordinates and surveying equipment to verify the location of each gravestone. Archer then plotted the locations on a laminated 18-by 20-inch map (above) that includes a photograph of each gravestone, the soldier’s name and a number corresponding to a location on an aerial photo. Archer donated a map to the Lawrence branch of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, which had assisted him with the project, and another to the Watkins Museum of History in Lawrence.

EVENTS CALENDAR

—Colonel John S. Mosby

PENNSYLVANIA Gettysburg’s Dedication Day, with keynote address by GARRISON KEILLOR When: November 19, 2015 Events begin at 10 a.m. Where: Soldiers’ National Cemetery, Gettysburg National Military Park.

TENNESSEE “The 151st Anniversary of the Battle of Franklin and Annual Illumination” commemorates the casualties of the battle with 10,000 luminaries lit at dusk. When: November 30, 2015 Where: on and around Franklin Battlefield, Franklin VIRGINIA “Civil War Brownsburg: A Community’s Civil War Story” shares compelling stories of how the war affected the everyday life of Brownsburg’s local citizens. When: Through November 24, 2015 Where: Brownsburg brownsburgva.wordpress.com/museum-news Note: A book, First and Last, has been published to commemorate the exhibit; Visit: brownsburgva.wordpress.com/online-store. “The Importance of Animals to the Civil War” looks at the war’s animal mascots, particularly dogs but also an eagle, a camel and cats, pigs and chickens. When: November 12, 2015, 6:30 p.m. Where: Museum of the Confederacy–Appomattox Visit: acwm.org/calendar/2015/11/12 12

“The line that connects an army with its base of supplies is the Heel of Achilles—its most vital and vulnerable spot.”

Garrison Keillor

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Ehrgott, Forbriger & Co.’s “President Lincoln, Writing the Proclamation of Freedom” is just one of a countless number of Lincoln-related lithographs Harold Holzer has studied over the years.

the image makers By Harold Holzer

Hard as it is for me to believe, it has been nearly 45 years since I launched my career as a Lincoln historian with some mortifyingly naive columns in a scholarly publication called The Lincoln Herald. The subject I chose was iconography: the study of the Lincoln image, as observed in 19th-century popular prints. It was the Herald’s editor, R. Gerald McMurtry—a longWLPHOHJHQGLQWKHÀHOG³ZKRKDGLQVSLUHGPHWRH[SORUH the subject. “Specialize!” he had urged in response to my FULQJHZRUWK\ SOHD ´+RZ GR , JHW LQWR WKH /LQFROQ ÀHOG anyway?” McMurtry was not only editor of the quarterly, but also director of the Lincoln National Life Foundation, then one of the nation’s largest repositories of artifacts. $V,KDGFRQÀGHGWR0F0XUWU\P\RULJLQDOLQWHUHVWZDV Lincoln photography. I had already corresponded with,

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AMERICA’S CIVIL WAR

DQG PHW WKH WZR WLWDQV LQ WKDW ÀHOG 6WHIDQ /RUDQW DQG Lloyd Ostendorf, and had even met with the legendary Josephine Cobb at the National Archives, who had discovered the now-famous long-lost picture of Lincoln at Gettysburg. But she had scolded me that I could QHYHU EHFRPH D SKRWR H[SHUW XQWLO , WULHG PDNLQJ daguerreotypes myself! 0F0XUWU\·VDGYLFHWXUQHGRXWWREHPRUHKHOSIXO´3LFN a subject no one else has written about, learn everything \RXFDQDQGWUDQVIRUP\RXUVHOILQWRDQH[SHUWµ It so happened, as newlyweds in 1971, my wife and I KDG EHJXQ WDNLQJ ZHHNHQG WULSV WR 3HQQV\OYDQLD 'XWFK Country with another friend and mentor, Leo Stashin, FROOHFWRU RI GDJXHUUHRW\SHV H[WUDRUGLQDLUH WR ÀQG IXU niture for our new Manhattan apartment. Leo and I soon

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