• Author / Uploaded
• José Lorenzo Artigas

Citation preview

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)"ccc/cc9 c 'c >c c c c c c c c c c c /c c cc!/cc@cc$>cccccc cc c%ccc/ccc*cc*/c cc c

c

&c

4cc
cc'2c4c

  ctat ccversuscdynam cctyp ngc 'c 
  c c 6c /c c c c c c c c *c c !c c  $ c 9c 6>c c c ! H $c c c 6$ccc*cccccc6cc>ccccc /*cccccc cc  c c c *c  c c   c 'c c c >c c c c 6c c c c c 6c c !c 6>cc/*c$ c'ccc>ccc ccc c6ccc*cc6 c%cc c >c c c
HH>c
Ic c ;/>c c c  c
c c ccc*ccccc>ccc

cc%" c />c c cccccc $c c 6>c ;/c c
Ic *c c c c c c  c  
 >ccc  >ccc ccc c $c c c >c c c c c   c c c    ccc c>cccc c c Ac c c c c 6c c c c 6 c cc>cccccc/*cccc/ccc ccccccc6 c />cccc*c ccccccccc6>cc*c c c.*>c">c;/>cc)ccc c

  c3eakcandcstrongctyp ngc A  c c c /c c c c c *c c c >c c 6c ccccc* c2ccc*c>c*ccccc c c c c c c c c cc c c /c cc  c ˜  c/cc*/ cccccccccc cc/ccc c ccccc c c  c c /c c c #c #c c c >c c c)>c ;/>cc
HH>ccccc*cccc/ c'c ;/>cc6>cc6c cNc6cc/c6ccc*>cc c/cc/cc6cc >c >cc >ccccc c cc/ccc>c*ccccc c

&c c c

)cc &&c c ˜ cc
cc c c c c >c*ccc cc ccccc ccc 
 >c>c/cc>cccc
 c2c
cc*c c*cccc>cc cc

  c%xecut oncsemant csc (ccc*c>cccc*ccccc c c  c 2c 
    
c c c c c c c c c /ccccccccc*/ c 9c 6>c c c c c cc *c c 6c c /cc/>ccccccccc6c  c

  c orecl braryc %ccc/cccc*c!ccc cDc*D>cccccccccc*cc $>c c c /c c /*c *c c c c c  c
c *c c c c c c c >cc>cccccc c c Dc c *c c c c c c c c c *c c >c c c c c /c c c c c c  c %c c cccccc*cc/*ccc>cc c c c c c/ccc c c c c c c c /c >c c c 8c c 6c c c c 6>c c >c c 6c c c c  c 7c 6c c c c c c c >cc c c*c cccc !  >cc
c$>ccccc!  >ccc%"K Lcc K 1Lc$ c Ãc cccc*/ccccccc!  >cc
HHc c9c$ c2c6cccccc/c c*cc cc>cc c*c cc c cc c c Ãc c 
c cc>cc cccc *cc!  >c)cc0'c.4:: K L$ c2c6ccc c c c c 6c c c */c c c c  c

Ãc

 
c mplementat onc x        
         c c mplementat onc c c c c /c c c c 6c c c c c c c c c c c  c 2c >c *>c c c c c c 8c
   c c   c 'c c c *c c c c c c c A c 2c c c c c c *c 6c *c c c c c c c  c 'c c c c c c c c c c

&c c c

)cc &+c c c c c c *c *c c c  c 9c >c c c c c ?'
c c c c c c 6ccccccc c )ccc6ccccccc/ccc cccccccc c (c Ac c /c c c c c c c@  c  c c c /c >c @c *c 6>c c c *c c *c c c c c *c c c c >c c c 6ccc c

 caxonom esc 2ccc/ccccc cc/c c c c c c /c c c c  c "c c c *c *c c c c /c c c c c c c c c c  c 'c c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c c cccccccccc c 2ccc c c*cc ccc c*c cc c 6 c 9c 6>c ;/c c *c c *@ c c !*c c c *@ c ccccc c(ccc*ccc *ccc c

c

c

&-c c c

( c  c 4c

c

 O    * * c    c   c  c  c c  c  c c  c   c c c   c  c c  c    c c c c c   c c  c c c  c c c    c c c   c ñc  c  c c  cc  c c  cc c c cc c  c c  c c c c    c c c  c  c  c  c c c  c c c   c c c   c ñ c  c  c    c c c  c c  c  c c " c c   c  c  c   c  c c  

c c c  

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c cc cc   c cc  c  c c cc5 c cc  c   c c   c  c c c  c  c c c c  c cc c "c c  cc  cc

x
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+  + 4

( c   c  c c  c c   c  c  c    c c  

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c  c   c  c  c   c   c  ! c c  c  c?c "c c  cc c c : cc

 c c c  c  c 

c  

c c c c   c c c   c ? 

c c  c  c c c  c  c c c "c c

 c   c  c ?!c "c c   c c  c  c c  c 
>!c c  c c  c   c  c 8?!c   c   c

&1c 4cc
cc'2c4c c QR$ c 9c  c c c >c c c c c c ccccc c(cc ccc#6cc #6 c >c c c c c c c c c c cccccc c!7ccccc *cccccccccccc $c
c c c c c%c 7>c %c (>c "6cc c%c7c ccc @c c cc c c c c *c c >c c /c c c c "6c c c #6 c  c 4*c /c c c c c /cc

c

 Ñcechnologyc cccccccccccccc c c c c  c 2c c c c c c *c cc/cc>cccccccccc  c /ccc*/cccccc/c ccc>cccc*c c

 Ñ Ñcrogramcexecut onc 46c c c //c c c c c c *c c c  c 2ccccc*cccccc >cc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c >cccc c

 Ñ
c nterruptsc 'c c c c c c c c c c c c c ccc6c/ccccccccc  c ' *c c c c c c c *c c c  >c *c c c *c c
)# c 'c /c c c ccccccccccc/ c4/c/c *cccc>ccccccc ccc*cccc/cc c 7c c c c />c c Dc c c c /ccccc*ccccccc>cc c c c c c c c / c 2c c c c c c

&1c c c

c c c *c c c *c c c c c *c c c  c 2c c Accccc>c*ccccc*cccc c c 'c c c >c c c c *c c c Dc  c 'c c c c c c Dc >c c c c c  c 7c c c /c c c >c c c Dc c c c c c c c />c c *c c c c>ccc c2ccccccccc cccccc/c/>ccc*cccc ccDc>cccc>cc* c5/c/cc ccccccc*c/c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c /c c c  c 'c c c c c c c c 6>c c c cccDc>ccccc*cc*cc c c2ccccccAccccc c *c c c >c c c c /c / c 7c c c c c c c >c c c c c c >c c c cccccc
)#>ccccc c

c  Ñ crotectedcmodecandcsuperv sorcmodec %c
)#c c c c c c  c
)#c c c *c c c 8c c c c /c >c c c c
)#c cc*c ccc c*cccc  c >cc c c c cccc +c!'Dc6+c + *c$c
)#c>cccccc/ccc  c
)#cc/ccccc +cccc>ccc c/c+cccc+c!'Dc6+c *ccc+$ c

/>cccccccccccccc c c c c c c *c c c c c c >c /ccc/ccccccccc c c c *c c c c c /c  c c c /c 6c c >c >c c c c c c cccc#0': c cc c

 c 4cc
cc'2c4c c 7c c c c c >c c c c c c /c  c 2cccccccc>c*cc?'(>c*ccc cc/cccc c /cccc c c c c c >c c c c c
)#c cc  c 'cc >cc c/cccc ccccc
)#Dc  c c c c c /cc c c *c c c >cccc*cc*ccc c'ccccc c c c 6/c c /c c c c c c c  c 2cc#cc#ccccccc
)#c>c cccccccDccc cc ccccccccc/c c

 Ñ c emorycmanagementc c c >c c c c c c c *c *c c c c c c c c c c c *c  c 2c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c  c c c c >c c c c /c ccc c
/cc>cc*cccccc cccc/ccccDcc>cccc 6c c c  c 2c c c c c c c /cc >cccc c*c c c ccc 6c c c  c 'c c c c c c c c c *c cccccc*ccc/ c%c>cc /c c c c c Dc c c c c c ccccc c7c/cccc ccc*/ccccc c %cc *ccccccDcccc Dc  c ,c c c c c 6>c c c c c  c c c Ac c /c c c c !ccc +c%%#$ccDc6ccc c 'c *c c c >c cc c c c c c
)#ccccccccccc cc

 c c c

c  c c cccccccccccc
)#cc c/c>ccccc c2ccccc /c c  ,c c >c c c c c c c c c c */c >cccccccc>cccc c 7c %ccc/ccc>c*cccc /ccccc c#c7c16cc% 5(cccc /c >c /c c c c c /c c  c c cccc*ccccc/cc >c/cccccc c

 Ñ c/ rtualcmemoryc 2ccc/ccc!cccc$ccc c c c c c c c c c c c c /c >c cccccccccccc c 'c c c c c c c c Dc c c c c c *c >c*ccc*ccc>cccc*ccc ccccccccccc6ccc c!c ccc $c#c#0':cccccccc ccc c 7c c c c c c c c c c @c c /c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c A c 2c /c c c c c /c c c c Dc c c >c c /c c c c c c c *c c c 'c c c >c c c c c c c Ac c *c c c c c c c c c c c c /*ccc*cc c2ccc>cccccc c *c c *c c >c c c c c c c c *c cc6cc c

 Ñ c ult task ngc %cccccc cc cc c c c >c /c c c c c c c c c c c c cccccccccccccc>cc

c 4cc
cc'2c4c c ccc/cc>cccccccccc cDccc6 c ccccccccccccc cccccccc6>ccccc 6ccc*ccc c
cccccc*c c >c c c c c c c c
)#c c  c c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c c cc*ccccc
)# c2c cccc*c ccccccc6c c c c c c /c c c c c c c c c /c c'cc>cccccccc*cc >ccc6ccccccc*c6cccc c  c 2c c c c c c c /c c c cccc
)# c 2c c /c /c c c c c c c c cc/ccccc
)# c2cccccc *ccccccccccccc
)#cc*c  c 2c c >c c c c c c c c c c ccccccc*ccccccc c /c c c c c c c  c !c */c c c 'cc5c%c( $c (c c c c c c /c c c c A>c c c c c c c c *c c c c  c 7c 02c c c c /c c %c 7c c c /c >c *c c Dc c c c c c c 7c:)>c!c7c02cccc $c

 Ñ c skcaccesscandcf lecsystemsc c c c c c c c c c c c c c  c
cccccc>cccccccc ccccc>cc*>cccc*ccccc /Dc/*c c2cc c ccc ccccccc >c c *c c c /c c c * c 'c c c c c *c cccccccccccc c

c c c

c &c c 4c c c cc c c c c c /c c c c c c c  c 4c c c c c c c >c >c c c c c c c c c c c c c  c 2c ccccccccccc >ccc/cccccccccccc  c 7c c c c c c c c c c c c cc>c c c ccc#0':cc"6c ccc ccc/c cc c,9 cccc c c #0':c c c c c c c />c c c c ccccc*ccccccc c !)'$ c 2c c c c c c c /c c c *cc/ccc cc,9cccccc/c cccccc*cc/cccc/cc c c c c c c c c c c/c /c c c c/ c c c c /c c c c c /c c c c c /c / c2c/c/ccccccc/ccc*c ccccccccc*ccccc ccc/ c(c#0':cccccc*c/ c 7cc c c cc /c /cc >cc cc cc c c c c /c c c >c c c c c c c c  cccc/ccccccccccc cccccccccccccc cccccc c)cccccccccc *c c >c c  >c c c c c  c2c c >c>c >cc c >ccccc /c c *c >c c c >c c c >c c ccc c ,cc*cccccccc c c c c c >c c />c c c c c /c ccc*ccccccccc/cc cc c c(cccccc c c!cc c/$cccccc$cc6>c029cc 7cc6 cc.9cc"6 c />cc>ccc/c cc/*cc/cccccccccc  c c c !c 6>c 029c c /*c c "6c

c 4cc
cc'2c4c c c029 >cc6 cc.9cc/*cc7cc9 /cc$ c

 Ñ c ev cecdr versc c /c /c c c c c c c c /c c c c c c / c 2c c c c c c c c c />c c c c c *c c c*cccccc>c/cc c  c /c c c c />c c c c c >c c Ac c c c c c c c  c 'c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c />c c c /c c Ac c c c c c c c  c cc c 2c c c c c /c /c c* c 4/c c c c !/cccccc/$cc c0ccccc *ccc/cc*cc*ccccc c c c c  c
c c c c c c *c 6c c c c c c /c />c *c c c c c  c 2c /c c *>c (c c c c /c c c /c c*c c2cccc/c/cccccc(c cccc/cc c'cccc/>ccc c c c c >c c c c c c *c /c c /* c2c c /c c ccc /ccc c c c cccDccc/ccc c


cecur tyc cc*ccccc*cccc c c c c c /c c c c *cc >c c c /*cccccc>ccc6c/ccc /cc c 2c c c c *c *c c c *c Ac c c *c c c *c >c c c c c c *c  c 7c c c c c c *c #/#c c #

c c c

c +c c /#>c c c /c c c c Ac   >c c c c c  c 2c *c c c c *c c c c  
  c (c c c c *c A>c c c c c /c c  c (c cc>cccccc*c>cc*cc  c'cc>ccccc>ccc*c cccccc!cccc/ccc$ c 'cccc  c c c>cc c cc c/cc ccccc c2cccccAcc ccc!c>c#cc*cccG#$ c'c>c ccccccccc*ccc*cc Ac c *c c c c c c c c c  c 'c cccccc>ccc*c c 46cc//ccAcccc>ccccccc ccccccc c46cAccc cc/c/ccccDc>cccc*c cc>cccc cccccc c*ccc*ccc/cccc>c*ccc c c c  c 2c #c c =/c 5c c 5c!55$cccñ˜     c!2
4
$c cccccc*cAc ccc /c c  c2c*cc/ccccc>c*cc 2
4
c c c c />c c c c c c *c c c c >c c c /c c /c c c  c 0c/cccccc>cc/>c>c*c >c c c c c !92)$>c c c c c /c c  c cc cc ccc c/c c ccc c  /c  c c c c c />c c c c *c c c c /*>c c c c c  /c  c %c c c c c c c >c c c *c*c ccccc*ccccccc c c c c c /c c c c c c c  c 2>c c c c c *c c c c />c c c 2c c 92)>ccc/cc*cc*ccc*c*cccc cccccccc/ccc c c/c>cccc*6cc/*ccccc c c c )c c =*c /c c c c

-c 4cc
cc'2c4c c c c c c c c /c >c *c c cc c cc/ccccc c*cccc;/ c 'cccc/cc c$cccccc c c c /c /c c c c c c c c c c  c 'cccc /cc ccc*c cc >cccc c c*ccc>c/cc*c c


Ñc%xample:c crosoftc3 ndowsc 7c c 7c 16c c c c c c /c c c c >c c c c c cc />c c c c c c $c c c c c c  c c  c 'c >c c c c c c  c 2c c c c cccc c 2c7c02cccc>c*c>ccc >cc c*cc c />ccccc/cc*c cc ccccc*ccc>ccc7c ,>ccccccccccccc >c c c c c c c c  c 2c7c :)c c /c c >c c @c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c c c Ac c c c c c c c c c c ccc c 7c ,c c c *c c c /c /c c c #c c
 c 7c c c c c c >c c c c c c c cc c c c c *c /c c  c 'c c >cc cccc*c c c cc ccc c c7ccccccccc>ccc cc c2ccccc/ccccc >cccccccccccccc c / c #c >c c c7c >c c c c ccc>ccccc/c/c/cc cc c7cccAcc/cc#.c c#cc>c #
c cc c c>cc cc /c!ccccccAcc/cc cc*cccc$>ccccccc  K&Lc

-c c c

c

c c



c%xample:c+ nux/n xc "6c c #0':c *c /c c c >c c c c  c cccc>ccc cc cc#0': c c7c cccc/cccccc>cc cccc cccc cc c/c >cc c c c >c  c 'c c >c c Dc c >c c c c /*c >c c c c c cA>c /*c c c Dc c >c c c c c c *c c  c 2c /c c ccccccccc>cc*c*cccc ccccc@c!*cccc /c*$c cc>c c c2cDccccccc c c Dc c c c c Dc c >c c c c /c c c c c c c c c c >c c c %c 5ccc7c cccc/cccccc  c>ccc*cccc>cccc c >c c c c c c Dc c c c  c c c !c c#*c c c //$c c c *c cccccccccccc/ccc>c c c Dc c c c c c c c Dc c  c (c c c c c #c #c c /c c c c  c 9c cc ccc*cc "6c ccc ,Dc#cc
>cc
cc/ccc6 c c6cc*cccc"6cc c(c/c*c/c *c c c c c c >c **>c c c c #0':>c

1c 4cc
cc'2c4c c %c7>cccc c"6ccccc:9c c;9>ccc92c!c% 5(cc$>cc 9ccccc cccc% c 'c c c c c %c 7c 02Dc 029c c c c cc"6>cccc*cccc/*ccc/c #0':c c  c '(c 1++c c #59c c c c c c c c cc
5>c5,5>cc?.c c'cc*ccc"6cc c @c c c c  c #c c c >c "6c c #0':c c c c c c *c c c c c c c c c >c ccccc/>c
5cc5,5>cc/ccccccc ccc c

c c  
c crosoftc3 ndowsc %c 7c c c 029c c 92c c >c c c c c c c c c >c c c'(c 1++c c #59c c c c
5>c 5,5>c c c c c c c?. c #c 7c c c c c c c c c c c >c c 6c
5ccc'(c1++cc#59>cccc7c,>c029ccc c c c c c c c c *c c  c 5c c c c c c  c 7c 4*c
4c + c c 4692>c c c cc*ccc/ c

c   c acc0cXc %c(c:cc 9Hcc@ccccc c'cc/c cc c9ccccc%c( c%c(c:ccc cccc92>c029>c#59>cccc>c*cc*cc c  c 5c c c #0':c c %c (c :c c c /c c c c cc*cc#0':c,9 c.cc' ccccc c%DcJ9ccc%c(c:cccccc /*cc%c(c:c   c

1c c c

c

c +c

  cpec alcpurposecf lecsystemsc 92cccccccc>ccc>cc >c c c c *c /c *c c c /c  c )cc92ccccccccccc/c cc>cccc >cccc c c ccccc cccc c'(c1++cc #/c 5c 9c c c c c c c
c 5c c 5,5 c%c.cccc6cc#59cc*c"6c +cc c7c,cc ccc5,5cccc cc c *c*ccc c

  c4ournal 5edcf lecsystemsc 9ccc/c@>cc/cc/ccc/cc cc cc@cccccc8cccc @>c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c  c ;c c c *c c c c />c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c  c 'c c /ccc>cccc/ccccc*cccc c c @ c %c #0':c c c /c @c c.9>c ;9>cc46 c 'c >c  @c c c c c c *c 6c c c c*cccccccccccccc  c c c c c /c c @c c /c c c c*ccccc c" cccc J9c c c c c @c c c c c c /c c *c c c c c c c >c c  c  c

 craph calcuserc nterfacesc %cccccccc!=#'$>ccc c c'ccc>ccccccc %c7ccc%c(>cc=#'ccccc c 7c c c c c c c c c c c />c cccccccccccc=#'cc *c c /c *c c c *c c6c c Ac c c

+ c 4cc
cc'2c4c c =#'c c c c c  c (c c c c >c ccc*cccccc(c c'cc 1c #0':>c ,%c c c c c c c c c *c c  c"6cc %c(c:cc c*cc c%cc c %c 7ccc7c,cccc*ccccc  >c /c /c *c 7c 02c & c c 7c /c Dc c c c 6c c c c  c7c 16c c /ccc*ccccc c %c c c c c c c c c c c c c cc c2c:c7ccc@cc=0(%4ccB54c c c  c c c c #6c c#6 c !?5>c "6>c %6$c  c c *c c 7c c c /c *c c c %c 7>c c c /c c c c7c >c *c cccc*ccc7 c 0c #6 *c =#'c /c 6c /c >c c /c c : c
c c c /c /c c #6c ! )>c '?%>c$c c c c >c c c c c c /c c *c c ccc=0(%4ccB54 c)ccc *ccc c />c %c c c /c  c *c !c cc*ccc
54cc/$ c =ccc//c/c c9c6>c7cccc ccc/cccc@c/cc7cc>cc c%c(c=#'ccccccc%c(c:cc  c

 c storyc 2c c c c c /c c  c ?c c c 1+>c c c /c c c Ac 6/c c c c c />c >c c 6c c @*c c *c c  c 46c c c *c #0',
c c
c 5c
>cc c 2c c c c c c>c >c c >c c ccc>ccccccc>c Accc/c*c c4cccccccc

+ c c c

c + c c cccc c%c!$ccccc cc 1+ c 'c 1+1 ->c #0':c c c c c )5) -c c c c )5) c 'c c *c *c c /c  c c c c /c >c /c c >c c >c c c c c c/c c#0':ccccccccc ccc c % 5(c /c c c c c >c c c c  c

/c c5(cc*cc c cc c c  c '?%Dc/>c)
5(>ccc'?%c>ccc'?%c)
cc c '?%c )
c :2>c c % 5(c c c c c c c c c  c '?%c )
c *c c c c %c :6>c c #0': c c cccc 1 c:6cc/cc*c%ccc c /c c c c c% 5(c c  c 2c
)#c c c c >c c c c c c c c/c c c>cc%c:6ccc/ccccc c c 2c + *c'?%c)
c2cccccc*ccc cc>cc/cc c
c %c (>c c %c 7c   c c c /c c !7c 1>c 1>c Sc %4c c /c c c c c  c *c >c *c c c +c *c c c /c$>ccc/cccc*ccc/c c c  c c c c cc c c cc
)#cccccccccc>cc*c>c c*ccc c 7c 02Dc c c c c c c c c *c cccc c5c4Ac
Dc ,%>cc#0': c ccc/ccccccc>c c c >c /c  >c /c c c >c ccccc c

+c 4cc
cc'2c4c c
c(cc7c  %ccccccc *ccc c'ccccc*c>ccccc *cccccccccc c 2c(cc/c/c c

 c a nframesc 2cc 1+>c c @c c cccc ccc  c2c/ccc'?%c +cccccc c /*c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c ( +c c c !c c /c  c c c /c /c $ c 2c c c c c (c c c ccc c c ccc c +c>cc >c'?%Tc c c c c c c c c c c $ccccc( +ccc*cccc c'c c  -D>c c %,>c c c c ( +c c c K
    Lc ccc.%cccccccc c ( +cccc*ccc>ccc>ccccc c c c c  c 9c >c c( +>c c c c c >ccccccccccccccc c>c>cc>ccc c7cccccc c >c c c c c c  c *c c c  c c /c
) +-cccccccccccc cc/c c
c5c
c/cc
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c c " c c  ccc c c?9cñcc c  c  c c c     c c  c  c  c  c   c   c  c

  c  cc  c cc cc   c   c7c    c c c  c   c   c c  c c c " c  c c  c c c  c c c c  c  c 5>%c c c c   c !c c  c c  c c c  c  "c  c  c c c c ?9c  "c c  c   c c c  c   c c  c c   cc

c c   c c     c c c    c 5 c  c   

c c    c   c c    c c c

cc c  c c c  c ccc ccccc cc "cñ c cc c c  c    c c c cc 

 c c?9 c c  c 

  c c 

c c 5c   c  c  c c c c     c  c  c   c   c c c 25& c%

c   c .  c ( c c  c8c

c

+1c

4cc
cc'2c4c

c c /c c c c c c *>c   >cc c!/$ c Ãc / c

Ãc

Ñ cyp calctaskscofccomputercv s onc 4ccccc*c*/cccccc/c $c c c c  c c *c c c *>c c c *c /c c c /c c  c c 6c c c c/cccc* c

Ñ  Ñc ecogn t onc 2cc*ccc/>ccccc/cc c c c c c c c c c c c c *@>c >cc/ c2cccc*c/c*cccc*c c >c *c c c c c /c c c /c c c c 8c*c*@cc*c c2c6ccccc c*ccc*c/ccccc*@>ccccc *@c !  >c $>c c >c c c  c >c c />c c c c >c c *c c c c  c >c*>ccccc*@c/ccc c 5c/cccc*cc*ccc8c

¦ecogn t on:c c c /c  c c c *@c c *@c c c*cc cc cc 5cccc cc5cccc c Ãc Ident f cat on:c c /c c c c *@c c c c cccc/ c Ãc Àetect on:c c c c c c c c c  c 468c c c *c *c c c c c c c c ccc/cccccc c5c*cc /c c c c c c c c c c cccccccc*ccc c 6c c c c c /c c c c !/c c ccccc:$>cccc c  /cc c /c c 6c c !/c c c c c c c >cccc>cc/cccc$ c Ãc osecest mat on:ccccccccc*@c /ccc cc6ccccAcc*c c c *c c c /c *@c c c /c *c c c *cc c Ãc 0pt calc characterc recogn t onc orc 0C¦):c c c c ccccc6>cccc/cccc 6ccccc*cccc6c!  c
''$ c Ãc

Ñ 
cMot onc /ccccc>cccccAccc cccccc/ccccccccccc 5c c46cccc8c Ãc Ãc

%gomot on:ccc5ccccc c rack ng:ccc/cc*@c!  c/cc$ c

Ñ  ccenecreconstruct onc =/ccc!$ccccc>ccc/>ccc cccc5cccc c'ccccccc*cc c c 5c  c %c c c c c c 5c c  c

Ñ  cImagecrestorat onc 2c c c c c c c /c c c !c >c c *>c  $c c  c 2c c *c c c c /c c /c c c c c c  c c c c  c %c c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c ccccc c?cccccccc c c c c >c c c c c >c c c c c c*cccc ccc>cc*c/c c c /ccc*ccccc c

c

- c

4cc
cc'2c4c

Ñ cComputercv s oncsystemsc 2c ccccc* ccccc>cc 6>ccc* ccccc>c>c c *>c  c >c  c 2c c c ccc/ccccccccc cc cccccc*ccccc c2c>c/>c cccccccc/c c

Imagecac7u s t on:cc cccc*c cc/cc c >c *c /c c c  /c >c c c >c c />c >c  c >c  c 5c c c c c >c c c c c c c c 5c>cc5c/>ccccA c2c6c/cc ccccccc/cc*c!cc c c $>c *c c c *c c c /c c >c cc>c*ccccccc/>c ccc c Ãc re process ng:c?ccc/ccc*cccc c c c c 6c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c cc*cc c46ccc ôc . ccccccccccc  c ôc 0c c c c c c c c c c c cc c ôc
c c c c c /c c c *c  c ôc  c c c c c c c c c c Ãc eaturec extract on:c 'c c c /c /c c 6c c 6cccc c2c6cccccc ôc ">ccc c ôc "c**cc c Ãc

%c6ccc*ccc6>ccc c

- c c c


c/c - c

c

Àetect on/egmentat on8c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c c c c c c c c /c c c c46ccc ôc cccccccc ôc c c c c c c c c c c c*@cc c Ãc H gh levelc process ng:c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c 6cccccc ccc cccc c c c *@ c 2c c c c >c c 68cc ôc ,c c c c c  *c c c c c ôc 4cccc>ccc*@cc c*@cc c #  c c ?c /c c c c >c6ccc' c2cccc'c7 cc 'c c c >c 'c c c //c *c c c c c6c c!ccc'ccccccccc ccccc6$ c?c 1cccc'ccccc c *c c c /c c c c c c *c c c  c />c @c c c c >c *c c c c c c"c %c c c 1->c 'c c c c c >c c c >c c c'c7c* cc 'c c 1c c c c c 'c /c c c >c *c c *c c  c c c c c c c c>c/cc/ccc>cc>cc

-c 4cc
cc'2c4c c c c c c  c 2c c c c c /c 8c c *c c c c c !c %Dc $>c c c c c /cc**>cccccc*c'cccc ccc*>cc */c ccc c*ccc cccccc cc

Ñ
ch losophycofcIcc c >c *c c c *c *c c c c *c c c c >c c c *c c c c c c c c c cccccc*Gc'ccccc*c c c c c Gc
c c c /c cc c GccccccccccAcc/c * cc Ãc

2Dc#c/#8c% 

                      c c 2c c>cccc@ccccc*ccc */ c2cccc*ccc2c cc

Ãc

2c5c8c' 
        

 

  

    'c 2cc ccccccc5c
c c 1+>c c c c c c c c 'c  cc

Ãc

0c c Dc c *c c 8c '  
    
 
        
  'c 2c c c c c c c c c *c  c *c 5c c >c c c >c c 6c c c c c c c c *c c c c /c c ##c c c c c c 6c *c cc

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=aDc c 8c    '
  
 

   c.c)cccc ccc=aDcccccc cc

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Dc c 'c 8c 'ñ    


           
 

-c c c

cc -+c

c

      'cccccc c
cc>cccccc  cccc ccccc##cc* cc Ãc

2cc*c8cñ  
  c c%/>c .cBc c c c c c c *c c c c c  c 2c c *c c c c c *c c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c c c c ccc* cc

Ñ cIcresearchc Ñ  ÑcroblemscofcIc 7c c c c /c c c c >c 'c c /cc/ccccc cc

!    
   4c'cc/ccccccc>c  * cccc*cccc/ccccc c?ccccc1>c'cccc /c c c c c c c c c c >cccc**cc cc 9c c *>c c c c c c Ac c c c Fc c 6c c #*c 6#8c c c c c c c c Ac *c c c c *cc*cccc/>cccccccccc cccc*c* c
/cc/ccc c *c /c c c c *c cc >c c c c >c  * c c c c 'c c c *c c  c4*c/cccccccc c c c *c /c * c 'c c c c * *c >c c c c c c '>c c *c *c c c c

--c 4cc
cc'2c4c c /c c2c*c c c*c/>c c cc ccc>ccc/ c

Ñ 
c nowledgecrepresentat onc Bc c c c c c c c 'c  c %c c c *c c c 6c c /c c Ac 6/c c *c c  c c c c c 'c c c c 8c *@>c >c c c c *c *@$c >c />c c c $c c c $c c *c c !c c c *cccc$$ccc>cccc cc c c c #c 6#c c cc !*c c c c c$>ccccccccc c cccc*cccc8c         
   8c %c c c c c c c c c c #c  #c 9c 6>c c c *c c c c />c cc c c c c c c c >c c  c 0c c c c c c *c *c c  c;c%
ccc*cc 1+1cccAc *8cccccc'cccc>c c c c *c c c *c c 6 c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c A c 'c c c 6cc*ccccc* cc Ãc
 
   8c %c c c c c Dc c c ##cc##ccccccc c2ccc c c c c c c c c c c *c c c * * c 2c c c >ccc/cc6cccc cc ccc*ccc>cccccc 'ccccc/ccccccc  c Ãc ñ   
    8c2c*ccccc c /cc cc c.c @cc c c*cccc*ccc>ccc
>c Ac c c c c  * c c cFcc c*c*>c*c>cccccc  cc

Ãc

--c c c

cc -c

c

Ñ  clann ngc 'ccc*c*ccccc/c c2ccccc /cc*c*ccccc#6#cc6 c Ãc /c >c c c c !*c *c c c c c c *c >c c c c *c c 6c c c c c $>c c c !/c c c c c  c6>c/ccccccc cccc$ c Ãc .c 8c c c c c c c c c cc *c  c !2c c *c c ccc$ c

Ãc

2ccccccccccc c*ccccccccc c

Ñ  cNaturalclanguagecprocess ngc 0ccc/ccc*cccccc cc*c c%cccccc c c c c c c *c *c c Ac c c c

*c  c c
 cc!ñc

c c cc cc ccc  cc c5 c    c   c c  c c  

c c  c  c  c c ccc   cc &    ñc c c   c c  c c c !c!c c : c c   c c c c  c c c  " c  c @c  cc  c c    c c  - c " c  c  c  c c  c c  c  c cc  cc  c c c cc cc

c x
* 0&. 

    
  

Ñ 3 Î
.  .  l  !c c 
c c 
c c  c c   

c  c c   c c   c   c cc  c5 c ccc cc  c  c  " c  c c  c c c  c6c 8 c 6 & c  c c c,  c ) " c ? c %c c  c   

c  c c  c c c ñ  c 5 c c  c c c . c
c c cc

*c c c

  cc

c

4
c

c x
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 :

   =     

Ñ 3 :   l .l A# 6c 

c  c c  

c c 

c c c c 
c !c

  cc c cc

cccc cc c  c  c  c ñc   c  c  c c  c    8c
%?c 5 c c %!ñc c c c  c  c c c c   c, c )cc c  c c!c# c c   c!#c c#8(7!#c
c  c    c )  c 5 c c c 2c c c  c

c " c c c  c -c c c  c  "c c c   c c c c c   c c  c c  c  c

c    c   ccc cñ c   cc  c    c   c  c    c c   c cc c ccc   c c c c#8 c

c 5  #c c  c  c ñ c   c  c c
 c % c ?

c  c c c c c  c cc5  c  cccc4
c > c!c ?"c2cc5 c, c%
 c cc cc cc  c c c  c c  c  c  c  c c c 

c c   c  cc c c  

c c c c c c c   c ) c   c c5 c 5!>c  c c  c c  c  c c c c  c c   c c" c

c

 c

4cc
cc'2c4c

>ccc c"cccccccc c #/c c 4*c c c c 4c c c c c /ccccc)cccccc  cc ##c*c'c .cc%'2c !cc%/c %c cc)$c c c /c c *c c/c c c c c Ac  c c Cc c c c c c c c c c c !c $c c c c c c c c c*/ c.cc*cc# #cc c ##c !c c c c ##c c c
%#c c$>c c c c c c *c c c c c c *c !c c 5c "Dc
$c c c *c *c c c ccc cc Bc*c'c 7c c c c c *c /*c c 1->c c c c c c *c c *cc c 'c  c 2c #c /#c c c c /c c c c 6c c !c *c 4c 9*$>c c ccc c c 'c c2cc /c c c /c *c c c c c c *c /c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c c cc  c )cccccccc*>cccc ccccc>cccc c c.*cc c /c *c c c *@c cc c c c  c %cccccc*ccc cc*>cccc##cc#cc*#cccc c c c c c c c c !c #c c c #$ c c ccccc#*c#ccccccc cc

 c c c

cc  c c c /c c c c c c c c c c 11>c *c c c cccccc*cc*cc ccccccccccccccc c c c *c  c 2c c c *c /c c >c *c @c c >c c c /c c c >c c c c c  c (c c *c c c c cccccc//ccc!c c $ c 9c c /c c c c c c !c cc c c c c c *c c c *c ccc*cc c9c6>ccccccc >c c /c c c c c c c  c 2c c /ccccccc'c c )c c c c c c c c c c c *c cc c Ãc 9 cccccccAcc>ccc 6c c *c *@>c c >c c c c c c  c Ãc 9cccc

Ãc

c

c

4cc
cc'2c4c

2c! $cc9c!$ c9cc8cc$cc>c/cc c c c !c c /c c $$c c $c *c$ccc cc

Ñ  cClass f erscandcstat st calclearn ngcmethodsc 2c c 'c c c *c /c c c 8c c !#c c c #$cc c!#cccc #$ c
c c /c ccc*cc>ccccc ccccc'c c
c c c c cc c c c c c  c 2cc*cccc6>ccc/c/cccc ' c2c6cccc*/cc c'c/c>c cc*ccccc cccc*ccccc c c c *c  c c c */c *c c c c *c c cccc c 7c c c */c c />c c */c c c *c c /c 6 c c c c *c c c /c $c c c c cccc c c cc c cc/*>c c ccc c  c
c c c c c c c c c c c *c  c2ccccccc*ccc/c*$ccc ccccc#cc#c c,ccc/c*c cccccccccccc ccc c5cc*cccc/c *cc/cccccc c 2cccccccc>K &Lccccc cc/c>K & Lc c*c>K & Lc=c6c >K &Lc /c ?c >K &&Lc c c  K &Lc 2c c c

c c c

  cc 4c c  c

 

ccc  c  ccc c c

  c " / .0cc  c c cc    cc c

  c c

Ñ 3 Ñ8 &l -" ñc c c   c  c  " c c c c c  c c c !c

  c c c!cc .
c7 "c. c cc c c 

 cc  c c6  c cc"  c c c  c    c c *c c c  c c 

c c  c  "c

  c c    c c  c c c c 4
c ñc)  c c c c c  c "c c 

c  cc, c)  cc 4c

c x
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 c  "c    c c c c  c c c   c c "cc c  c "ccâ  c   -c c c    c 

c  c  " c 2 c  " c  c c  c c  c c  c  c c : c  c )c  c  c  c c c c c c c )  c ñ c % c c

 cc  c cc  cc

Ñ , Al      l ll   c   cc c 

cc cccc c c  cc c   c  "c c  c   c c  c    c c  c 7 :c c c :c  c   c  c c  c  c   c    c   c c  c   c  c c!c  c !c c  c  c  c c  c c

c

c

4cc
cc'2c4c

Ñc Human computerc nteract onc ñ 
   
     
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Human±computerc nteract oncc HCIcccccc*cc !$cc c'ccccccccc>c */c >c c c /cc c c  c 'c *c c c c c c c c c !c c  
$>c c c *c c c >c c 6>c  c c cc cc>cccccc c 2cccc/c*cccc
c%8c ' 
 
      
 

                  
 
          #      'c ?c  c c c c c c c c c @>c c c c c c c *c c c c c c  c (c c c >c Ac c c >c c >cc>cc/c/cc/ c(c c c >cc >c c c c c >c >c c >c /c >c c c c c / c 4c c c c c c / c 5c c c ccc
'>cccc*c*ccc  c />c ccc c /cc cc/c *>cc *c c *c 


'c c c c c c c man± mach nec nteract oncMMI) cccomputer±humanc nteract oncCHI) cc

Ñ Ñcoalsc c*ccc
'ccc/ccc*cccc*c ccc*cc/cccDc c>c
'c cc8c

c c c

 cc +c

c Ãc

Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc

cccccc!  >c/cccc ccc>ccc*c*ccc/c>c c c c c c c c c c c !c c $c c *c c c c  c  c
'c c c c c c c c c c c c c c /c  c c c >c c c c c c c c c c c c c cccccccc>cccccc c*cc cc

Ñ cÀes gncpr nc plesc 7c /c c cc >c c c c c c >c c c ccccccc6cc8c Ãc

4ccc!$cc!$8c4*ccccccc c c !$c c c c c c c c *$c

c

-c

4cc
cc'2c4c

ccc/ccc>cccccccc c>cccccc/c c'c>ccc!$cc cc*cccccc!$ccc*c c Ãc 4c 8c 2c c c c c c c c c cccccccc/c*>c/ cBc ccccc*ccccc/ccccc ccccccc c c4*c A/c*ccc8cc*ccccc !$>c c c c c c !$>c c c *c c c c cc!$ c Ãc '/c 8c c c c >c >c c c cc>cccc/cc8c c

c  c & c

5cccc 2c c  c c c  c

Ñ cÀes gncmethodolog esc c *c c /c c c Ac c Cc c c /c c c c c c c c c c 1 c %c c cc cc c c c >c>ccc c  c 4c >c c 6>c c Dc /c c c *c c A*c c c c c c c c /c c c c c c c c c c c cc c%cccccccc*cc /c *c >c >c c c c c c c cc*cccccc6cccc/>cc ccc6cccc c Ãc

ser centeredc des gn8c  c c !#
5$c c c >c c ccccccccccc ccccccc c#>cccc cccccc>ccccc c c c c c c c c c  c (>c  c c @c c c *c c c c c

-c c c

 cc c

c

/c c c c c *c c c c  c 2c c c >c *c c c c )c 5>c c c c 2>c >c ,*>c >c
>c cc9* cc

Ãc

c "c c  c c I'c c c cc

Ñ cÀ splaycdes gnc 5c c ccccccc c/c c /*c cc c cc cc c?cc cc>ccccccccccc*cc !  c/>c>cc >c>c>c  $ ccc c c c*c *ccc /ccccc c c$c>cccc*ccccc cccccc>cc>cc c

HI¦%%Nc¦INCI+%c0cÀI+;cÀ%IN c 2ccccccccc*cc c c c Ac c >c c c c >c c c c c c c c c ccccc*ccc*c/cccccccccccc ccc ccc c2cc c*cccc c c c ccc c*ccccc ccc/c c

erceptualcr nc plesc Ñ  ' 
c

1c 4cc
cc'2c4c c cUc*cccccccc*c c'cc c c *@c *c c c *c *>c c c c c/cccc c c c $ c 2c c /*c c c c*c/ c )ñ 
 c c c c /c c c c c c c c 6c *c c c Uc c 6 c 'c c c c c c c c Uc 6>c c c /c c c c c c c *c c c ccccc c * 
 c 'ccccccc>cccccccc*cc  c2c c*c c*ccccc/cc c !  c c c >c /c c >c  $>c c c c c c  cccccc c 6c c>c c ccc c c +˜   

     
   c c c c c *c c c c *c  c 2c c c c ccccccc*c c9c6>c& ?1cc ccc & ?cc1 ccc1 c#cc cc*c /ccccc*c c

MentalcModelcr nc ples c Î
 
  c cccccc/*cccc!  ccccc ccccc/c/$ c'cccc>cc c *c c c c c c c c c c c c c / c

1c c c

c ü
   c

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%/ccc/cccccc*cccUc c c c c c c /c c c  c 9c 6>c c /c ccccc/cccc c

r nc plescBasedconcttent on c [  ,    


c 7c c Uc c c /c c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c  c c c cccAc*ccc*c cccc c   
   
c 5/c c *c c c c c *c c c c ccc c2ccc*cccccc c/ccc6 c'cccc*c>ccc *c /c c c c !  c c 6>c c *c c >c >c>c $ c />ccc6cc*cc*cc cc c Ñ 
  
c c c c c c c c c c  c 9c 6>c /c c c c c *c c c c ccc/cccc c

Memorycr nc plesc ÑÑ
           c ccccccccccccc cc/ccc c cc>c>ccccc ccc*cccccc c />cccccc c *c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c !  c c 6c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c $ c 2c c c

1 c 4cc
cc'2c4c c ccc Uc c c ccc c c*c*c cc /c  Ñc*ccc*c*c c  c c 6c c c /c c c c c c c c cccc c Ñ)
 
  
c (c *c c c c c c c c c c c c ccc c ccc c  cc Uc c c ccccc6cc*c cccccc ccc c /c  c >c c *c /c >c >c >c c c  c 5c c c /c c *c*c*ccccccccccc/ c H ghc funct onal tyc systemsc c c /c c *c c c cc c2cc*cccccc>ccc  >ccc/ccccccccc!  >cc c$ c Masscava lab l tyc ofc computerc graph csc
c c *c c c c >c c >c >c c /c c c *c c c 6/c c *c /*c c c c c c M xedc med ac c c c >c />c >c />c 6>c c  c 2c c *c 6*c /c c c c  c 2c c c c c c!  >cc>c,
.>c/$cc c cc  c
ccc c ccc c cc c H gh bandw dthc nteract onc2ccccccccc c*cccccc>cc>cc>c c c  c / c 2c c c c c A/c c >ccc/cccc/ c +argec andc th nc d splaysc 0c c c c c c *c /c c c c c c c c >c c >c c /c c c c2cc/cccc*ccc*cc /cc >c *c ccc /c c ccccccc c

1c 4cc
cc'2c4c c %mbeddedc computat on c
c c c *c c c c /c*@ccccc*c c2c/cc*c/ccc c c cc/cccc c2ccccc c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c c c c c c c c  c c c c c *c /c c c c c *c /c c c ccc c

ugmentedcreal tycccccc>cccc ccccc/cccc/ccc c46c @c c  c c c c c c >c c c  c 9c c c c c c c c *c /ccc*ccc/c c roupc nterfacesc 'c c c c c c c c c *c c !  >c c >c c c @>c c c @c $ c2cc/c@ccccccccc*cccccccc6c c c c c !c c 6c *c c c 6$ c Informat onc t l t esc )*c c c !c c c *c c $ccccc$ccc c c2cccccccccc *cccc/ccAcc c

Ñ comecnotesconcterm nologyc Ãc

HCIc /c MMI c %%'c c *c c c c c c mCmc >c >c *c c 6/c  c 2c c c c ccccccccccc*/c*cc >c  c>c>c*cc c

1c c c

 cc 1&c

c Ãc

HCIc /c CHI c 2c c
'c !c $>c c cChc >cc*cccccc>cccAcc c c c  c />c c c c c c c c c c c c
'c !c c c $>c c c c c c c *c c c c c c >c c c Dccc>cc*cc>ccccc cc D c2c c*cc/ccc ccc cccc*cc6/c!c c
)#c$>c>cc cccccc>cc c c  c c c c c c /c c ccccc*ccccC c c

Ãc

sab l tyc/c sefulness c5ccc
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/>c c /c c *c Ac c c cc c *c  >c  cccccccc/c c

Ãc

Intu t veccNatural cccccc*ccc *c #/#c c ##c c >c c c *c c /c c c c  c %c c c
'c /c c c c c!  cccc=#'cc*c/c*$>ccc *@c c c c c c c   c c c c /c  c >cccc/c6 c cc

Ñ cHuman±computerc nterfacec 2c Cc c c *c *c c c c c c *c c c c c c  c 2c c c c *c c ccccccccc c2cccc c/cccc8c

askc%nv ronment8c2ccccccc c Mach nec%nv ronment8c2c /ccc ccc  ccccccDcc c Ãc reasc ofc thec Interface8c 0 /c c //c c c c c c c c c c c  c 7c c /c >cc c/c cc cc cc c Ãc Ãc

c

1c

4cc
cc'2c4c

Inputclow8c?cccc/cccccccc Accc c Ãc 0utput 8c 2c c c c c c c c c / c Ãc eedback8c "c c c c c />c >c c ccccccccccccc cc* c

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c

c

1c c c

%cc 1+c

c

- c Mach nectranslat onc Mach nectranslat on>cccc*cc**/cM>ccc* c c c c c /c c c c c c c c6cccccccc ccc*c/>c%2c cc*cccccccccc c #c c A>c c 6c c c *c >c c c *c c c c cc >c c >c c cc>ccccccc c
cccccccc*ccc c!ccc$cFc/cc*ccccc *c * c 2c Ac c c /c c c c c c c c c  c 'c c c c c c c /c c c c c c c *c c c /cccc6 c '/ccAccc*c/c*cc/8cc6>c ccc*ccccccccc*c c c c c c 6c c  c 7c c c c c A>c%2cc/cccccccc>cccc cc/ccccc*cc#c# c />ccc c*cccccccAcccc>cc cc6cc*cccc c

Ñ ÑcH storyc 2cccccc*cc*cc -c c'c + 1>c.Yc 5ccc/c>ccA/ccccc cc* c'cc 1>cc7c7c''>c2c=c6c ! 1&$c //c  c c c /c 6c.c c c 4 c2c 6c cc ccc cc c c c*c cc c c2ccccccc /c>cccc*cc/c* c .c c c c >c />c c c c ")
c c ! 1++$>c c c c c   c c c c c c 6>c ccc c?cccc 1>cccc

1-c 4cc
cc'2c4c c cc*cc6/>cccccccc cc c 2c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 1&+c *c  5 ?c c *c  c 2c =c 6c c *c c c c c c >c c c c c c c 1&c c c )4:
c c c ?*c
c !"c #/ $c c c c c c 4c c 9 c /c c c c c c *c c c >c c /c c c c @c !c c 6c 7c 7>c  c 1>c
/c c J/$ c c c >c c cc?*c
ccc>ccccc?c6c *c c .>c c 'c c c c c *c c >c /cccccccc 6 c #c 'c c  c >c c c c c c /c c c c c * c 0c c c c 'c >c/>ccccccc*cccc c c c  c 2>c c c c >c cc*ccccccccccc cc>cccc c

Ñ
cranslat oncprocessc 2cccc*cc8c c 5cccccc6$cc

c . cccccc c ?c c *c c c c c 6c/c  c 2c cc c ccc6ccc >ccc cc ccccccc6>ccccAc cc cc>c>c6>c>c >cccc>cccc cccc c2ccccc ccc cccccc c 2cccccc8ccccccc c##cc6cccc >cccc##ccc6ccc ccc##ccccc*cc*cc c

1-c c c

%c   c c ñ c ccc ccc c c c

4c

Ñ: 3 A ' %c   c c  c c  c c c c  cc  cc   c cc  ccc c c%cc  c c c "c   c cc ccc cc  ccc  cc

c x
,(>    
    >  :  
   4:> :     

!c  c c  c c c 

c c c    c :  c c  c c  cc

c cc c 

c 8 c  c   c 

c c c  c  c c   c

 c    c c c c c c c  c c  c  c  c  c c  c c c   c    c c  c  c   c c cc   c c    cc   c ñ c   c : c  c   c c    c c c

c  cc c  c c  c 8c  c c c    c    c c  "c c  c c c c " c c cc c cc cc c c c c cc  cc " cñc c cc cc cc c"c  c  cc  c c7 ccc cc  c cc c c  c   c  c  "c  c  c 

 c c c    c

11c 4cc
cc'2c4c c  c?c>ccccccccccc cccc c 2cc*ccc>ccAcccc cccc*c c

Ñ  Ñc¦ule basedc 2c  *c c c c c  *c c >c c c c c  *c c c c

Ñ 
cransfer basedcmach nectranslat onc J    'c c c c c c c  *c  c  c'cc>ccc>c  cc6cc*c>cc c c c >c   c    c  c2ccccccccc c

!   "
  %c c c c c c *c cc >c c c cccc*ccccc*cc c

Ñ  ctat st calc c c c c c c c c c c*cc*c6c>cccc
c c>cc 4 9cccc
ccc4#.().">cccc c4c) c7cccc/*>c/ccc *c/cc6cccc>c*ccccc/c c 2c c c c c c c
05'54c c '?% c =c c E2.0c c /c >c *c c c c c c c c c (*c - c .>c c /c c c *c *c c 6c c *c c c #c 0c cccc cccccc/ c

Ñ  c%xample basedc

11c c c

%cc c c 46 *ccc!4?%2$ccccc*cc ccc*cccccc*>cc  c'cccc c *c c c c *c /c c c c c *c cccc c

Ñ cMa6orc ssuesc Ñ  ÑcÀ samb guat onc 7 c *c c c c *c c c c c c /c c c c  c 2c *c c c c c c 1c *c Ec ?  c c c c c c c #/c #>c c cc/c*c*ccc*cccccc c 2c c c c c c c /c c * c 2c c*c6c/cc##ccc##c c ccccccc6 c2cccc cccccc*c c5ccc c /c c c c  c c >c c c /c *c c c 2cc
c)>cc cccc#c0ccc7c

c (c c c c >c c c *>c c c cc ccDc@*$cc cc c ccc //cc6/ccc/c*cccc6>cc c c c 6c 6c c c c c Ac c *c /8c 7c c c c c c c c c c /c >c c c c c c Gc



c *c 1Vc c c /c 6c c c c c  c?c>cDccc V c'DccccAc6c KLccc c2ccc*cccc/ c9c>c c c c c c 6>c c c >c c c 6c c c ccccc7c7c''ccc#;cccc # c 7c c c *c c c c c ;c c c c ;c c c c Gc 2c 4c c c  c 'Dc cccc>c*ccc6cccccc c 2c c c c c Ac c c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c $c *c c c

 c 4cc
cc'2c4c c Accccc'cccc*c ccccc c cccc cc*c4ccc)c c !*>c>ccccc  ccccccc c/c$cc/cc*cccccc cc c c c //c #c c c *c c *#c >c *c )Dc >c c c *c Vc c c c Dc @*>c /ccc-Vccc*cc*cc c

Ñ cppl cat onsc 2ccccccccc>c/cc c>cc8c E2.0>c c c *c =c c c ,Dc ?*c 9c Ãc )>ccccc/cc, cc( c

Ãc

c c c /c c c c c #c c c Ac c#c!9 3%2$>cccc*c c 5c c c >c %2c c c c c c  c )**ccccccc4c
 c 26c c c  *c c !c c B$c c c *c 4cc' c =c c c c c c c *c c c c ccc c2ccccccc =c c c c *c X Mc 4c c
c X Mc 4c c c /c c c  &  c /c c  c '?%Dc ?"4# &c c c  1&c !c +$c c c c *c c 0c 'c c c c 2 c#c%ccccc*ccccc c c *c c c=c c c c c >c  Accccc4>c=>cc9c*c c 7ccccc>cccccc#cc/c *c/ccc c c ccc c%  -ñc!c/cc>ccc*cc#c'c
>cc c c c c /c c $c *c c cc"c7/ c
cc c ccc

 c c c

%cc  c c c c c c c c c *>c )>c c 5 c 'c)c2c(cc5.)cccc2'54c c ?*c 2 c #c c 9c c c c ^ c c c c /cccc cc

Ñ c%valuat onc 2c c /c c c /c c c c  c  c 2c c c c c c c @c c c c Dc A c 4/ccc/cc >cccccc*cc cccccc *ccc cc cc/cc?"4#>c0'2cc%424(. c .c 6/c c c c c c c c c ccccc6 *>ccccccc c Ac c c 6c c c c 6 c 4/c c  c c c c c  c 2>c c c c c  ccc*cc**cAccccc>ccc *c/ccc*cc c 'c>c/>c*ccccc>c  ccc cccc>cc *c ccc ccccAccc/ c

c

c

c

4cc
cc'2c4c

Ñc peechcrecogn t onc peechc recogn t onc !c c c automat cc speechc recogn t onc c computerc speechc recogn t on$c /c c c c  *c c !c 6>cc>ccc*ccccccc$ c2c c#/c#ccc*cccccc>c*cc ccccc>ccccccc >cccccc*c c

cÑ ÑcH storyc (c c c c *c c c c c c c c ccc#ccc*ccccccccc c c c !%2$ c c c c 6>c c c >c c c !.$c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c c c  c'cccccc.ccccccc c >c c *c c />c c Ac c c c c c cccc>cccccccc c  c 2c *c c c c c c >c />c c c c c  c 2c c c /c c c c /cccAc@ccc*c/c*cccc*c cc*ccc cccc*cc6/cc ccAc*ccc cc/cccc c ccc.cccc*c#c6c#ccc c  c c #c c #c c c c   c 4c c c c c c c c c c cc c

Ñ
cppl cat onsc

cccccccccc c

Ñ
ÑcHealthccarec 'c c c c >c /c c c c c /c c c >ccc!%2$c/ccc*c* c%c

c c c

cc &c c 6c c c c c c c c c c c c >cc/c/cc*c*ccc c c c c *c c c  c c * c c c c c c 9 4c.cccc/cccc c>cc c c c c c *cccccccc c'c/cccc %2  c ? 4c.cc5c.cccc/cccccc >c c c /c c c c c  c c c c cccccccA>cccccc*cccc *c/cc*ccc* c

Ñ

cM l taryc a         *cc/c*c/ccccccccc/cc c c c c  c (c c c c c #  c c c cccc/c9c2c'c!92'$ 9 +c c !9 +c ,'2$>c c c c 9c c c c c c c %c >c c c c c #Bc c c c /c c c  c 'c c >c c c c c c >c c  c c c c c >c c c c  c =>c c /c >c c /*c /c*c c>c cc @c c c*c/ccccccccccc*c4ccccc c'c c/ccccc*cccccc *c6 ccc/*>cc*/c>ccc6>ccc*c 6cc/ccc* c 2c 4c 2c c c /c c c #Bc .9c c c  c >c   c c Ac c c c c c  c 2c ccccccccccc>cccc c c c c c >c *c c c c c c c c c c c,cccc*c/c cc* c 2cccccc@cccccccc>cc /cccccccccccc/cc cccccccc/c c

a    2c*cc/ccccccccc ccc c /cc cccc c / c2c c c*ccc c/ccc c />c c c*ccccc/c*cc*ccccc cccc>cccccccc c *ccc/cc/c*ccccccc c c c c c c >c *c *c c #  c c/c.cc5/c/c!,.5$cc*cc.c c 4*c !.4$c c c #B c 7c c 9c c c c

c c c

cc +c c c c c )c  c 2c c c *c c c c c
 c .c /c *c >c c /c c /c 8c ccc$ccc/c$ccccc cc/c c ccc>cc/ccc/cccccc c c / c 4c c c c c c ,.5c >c c c c c c *c c c c c / c %c c c *c c *c c c c c c /c c c >c c c c c /c c /ccc c

       ?cccccAcccccc c >c c c c * c
c c c c c c Ac c *c c /c c *>c c c  *c/ccccccccccc c

c c c *c /c c c c c *c /c c c c / cc*ccc/c*ccccc /*c  c cccccc ccccc c ccccccccc c 2c #  c 0/c 2c 4Ac
c c c c *c c /c cc 2
cc cc c=>cc c c c c c /c c c *c c ccc c />ccccc/cc cccc /cccc>ccccc  c 2c #  c 0/c c c c  c c c 2
c c >c c c c c c c c c c c 6c c c c c c c  c c c ccccccccc c c c c c c c c c c >c c c /*c c c c c 2
c  c .c c 9c c c c c c c c c c 2
c c >c c c c *c c c c c c c c  c c c 2c#9>c#%
>c#c>cc9cccc2
ccc c c c c *c c c />c c #9>c ' c c c c 'c !'$ c 2c c c c c c c c c *c c c c c c c c /c c c cccccc c ccc2
cccccc*cc*c  c2cccccc*cccc*c cccccc c

c Ñ
celephonycandcothercdoma nsc .c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c  c 5c c c /c c ccccccc>c/>c.cc ccccccccc6ccc c

-c c c

cc c c 2c /c c *c c c c c  *c *c c7c%*c c
c  6ccccc cAccc
)#ccc*cccc)c)
cccc c c c c c #c '>c c c  c c c c  c "c c /c c c c 8c %c
c !%c ,c
$$c 0c
c !0c ,c
$$c ,c2c!,'2(c, =$$ccc!c,c2$ c )c c *cc cc cccc*c c c cc c'ccccccc/cc c c c *c c c c >c c c /c c @c c //c *c c Ac /c c c c c c c  c'c>ccccc*cccc/c.'c*c c c c c cc c cccccc >c c c/6c /  6c />cc />c c c  cc

Ñ
curthercappl cat onsc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc

cc /ccc!  >c9c$c 2c!  c/c0/c$c
cc!.c,c7$c

 c 8c /c c c c c c

cc '/c/cc %*c>cc*cc %cc )c/cc cccc .*c 2c!c  6$ c   26c!2cccc*c6c$c c2c
cc.c

Ñ cpeechcrecogn t oncsystemsc Ñ  ÑcH ddencMarkovcmodelcbasedcspeechcrecogn t on c

1c 4cc
cc'2c4c c %c  c c c c c c *c c

%% c 2c c c c c c c Ac c *c c A c(c*ccc %%ccccccccc c c c *c /c c c c c c c c  c c  c 2c >c c c c c c  c c c c c c >ccc*c6cccc ccc c*ccccc%/ccccc c c c c %%c c c c *c c c *c c c c c c c c *c c  c 'c c >ccc%/cccccAcc c  /c /c !c c *c c c >c c c $>c c c c c /c c  c 2c /c c c cc >c cc*c*ccc9ccccccccc ccccccc>ccccc!c $c c2cc%/ccccc/ccccc c *c c c c 6c c c /c =c c c /c c c c c */c / c 4c >c c !c c c c c $>c c >c c /c c c c *$ccc%/ccccAccccccc *c c c /c c c %/c c c c c cc c 5*c*/cccccccc>c %% *cc c c  c %c c c c c /c *ccc*cccAcccc/cc/c c*cc*c*/ ccc /*cccc 6c c c c c !c c c c c c c 6c /c c cAcc>c cccc$ccc*cc cccc c c c c c c c c c c c