1. Divergence of a product: Given that ๐ is a scalar field and ๐ฏ a vector field, show that div(๐๐ฏ) = (grad๐) โ ๐ฏ + ๐ div
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1. Divergence of a product: Given that ๐ is a scalar field and ๐ฏ a vector field, show that div(๐๐ฏ) = (grad๐) โ
๐ฏ + ๐ div ๐ฏ grad(๐๐ฏ) = (๐๐ฃ ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = ๐,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ + ๐๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = ๐ฏ โ (grad ๐) + ๐ grad ๐ฏ Now, div(๐๐ฏ) = tr(grad(๐๐ฏ)). Taking the trace of the above, we have: div(๐๐ฏ) = ๐ฏ โ
(grad ๐) + ๐ div ๐ฏ
2. Show that grad(๐ฎ ยท ๐ฏ) = (grad ๐ฎ)T ๐ฏ + (grad ๐ฏ)T ๐ฎ ๐ฎ ยท ๐ฏ = ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ is a scalar sum of components. grad(๐ฎ ยท ๐ฏ) = (๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ Now grad ๐ฎ = ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ swapping the bases, we have that, (grad ๐ฎ)T = ๐ข๐ ,๐ (๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ ). Writing ๐ฏ = ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ , we have that, (grad ๐ฎ)T ๐ฏ = ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ (๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ )๐ ๐ = ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ = ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐
It is easy to similarly show that ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ = (grad ๐ฏ)T ๐ฎ. Clearly, grad(๐ฎ ยท ๐ฏ) = (๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ = (grad ๐ฎ)T ๐ฏ + (grad ๐ฏ)T ๐ฎ As required.
3. Show that grad(๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) = (๐ฎ ร)grad ๐ฏ โ (๐ฏ ร)grad ๐ฎ ๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ Recall that the gradient of this vector is the tensor, grad(๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) = (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = โ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = โ (๐ฏ ร)grad ๐ฎ + (๐ฎ ร)grad ๐ฏ
4. Show that div (๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) = ๐ฏ โ
curl ๐ฎ โ ๐ฎ โ
curl ๐ฏ We already have the expression for grad(๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) above; remember that div (๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) = tr[grad(๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ)] = โ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐
= โ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ = โ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ = ๐ฏ โ
curl ๐ฎ โ ๐ฎ โ
curl ๐ฏ
5. Given a scalar point function ๐ and a vector field ๐ฏ, show that curl (๐๐ฏ) = ๐ curl ๐ฏ + (grad ๐) ร ๐ฏ. curl (๐๐ฏ) = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐๐ฃ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐,๐ ๐ฃ๐ + ๐๐ฃ๐ ,๐ )๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ = (โ๐) ร ๐ฏ + ๐ curl ๐ฏ
6. Show that div (๐ฎ โ ๐ฏ) = (div ๐ฏ)๐ฎ + (grad ๐ฎ)๐ฏ ๐ฎ โ ๐ฏ is the tensor, ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ . The gradient of this is the third order tensor, grad (๐ฎ โ ๐ฏ) = (๐ข๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ And by divergence, we mean the contraction of the last basis vector: div (๐ฎ โ ๐ฏ) = (๐ข๐ ๐ฃ ๐ )๐ (๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ )๐ ๐ = (๐ข๐ ๐ฃ ๐ )๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ = (๐ข๐ ๐ฃ ๐ )๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐ข ๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ข ๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐
= (grad ๐ฎ)๐ฏ + (div ๐ฏ)๐ฎ
7. For a scalar field ๐ and a tensor field ๐ show that grad (๐๐) = ๐grad ๐ + ๐ โ grad๐. Also show that div (๐๐) = ๐ div ๐ + ๐grad๐ grad(๐๐) = (๐๐ ๐๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = (๐,๐ ๐ ๐๐ + ๐๐ ๐๐ ,๐ )๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = ๐ โ grad๐ + ๐grad ๐ Furthermore, we can contract the last two bases and obtain, div(๐๐) = (๐,๐ ๐ ๐๐ + ๐๐ ๐๐ ,๐ )๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ = (๐,๐ ๐ ๐๐ + ๐๐ ๐๐ ,๐ )๐ ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ = ๐ ๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐๐ ๐๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐grad๐ + ๐ div ๐
8. For two arbitrary vectors, ๐ฎ and ๐ฏ, show that grad(๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) = (๐ฎ ร)grad๐ฏ โ (๐ฏ ร)grad๐ฎ grad(๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) = (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐
= (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ )๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = (๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ + ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ )๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = โ(๐ฏ ร)grad๐ฎ + (๐ฎ ร)grad๐ฏ
9. For a vector field ๐ฎ, show that grad(๐ฎ ร) is a third ranked tensor. Hence or otherwise show that div(๐ฎ ร) = โcurl ๐ฎ. The secondโorder tensor (๐ฎ ร) is defined as ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ . Taking the covariant derivative with an independent base, we have grad(๐ฎ ร) = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ This gives a third order tensor as we have seen. Contracting on the last two bases, div(๐ฎ ร) = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ = โcurl ๐ฎ
10.
Show that div (๐๐) = grad ๐
Note that ๐๐ = (๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ )๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ . Also note that
grad ๐๐ = (๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ ),๐ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ โ ๐ ๐ The divergence of this third order tensor is the contraction of the last two bases: div (๐๐) = tr(grad ๐๐) = (๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ ),๐ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ )๐ ๐ = (๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ ),๐ ๐ ๐ผ ๐๐ฝ๐ = ๐,๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฝ ๐๐ฝ๐ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐,๐ ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐,๐ ๐ ๐ = grad ๐
11.
Show that curl (๐๐) = ( grad ๐) ร
Note that ๐๐ = (๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ )๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ , and that curl ๐ป = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ so that, curl (๐๐) = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐๐๐ผ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐,๐ ๐๐ผ๐ )๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = ( grad ๐) ร
12.
Show that curl (๐ฏ ร) = (div ๐ฏ)๐ โ grad ๐ฏ (๐ฏ ร) = ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐ ๐ฃ๐ฝ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ curl ๐ป = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ
so that curl (๐ฏ ร) = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐ ๐ฃ๐ฝ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ
= (๐๐๐ผ ๐ ๐๐ฝ โ ๐๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐๐ผ ) ๐ฃ๐ฝ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = (div ๐ฏ)๐ โ grad ๐ฏ
13.
Show that div (๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) = ๐ฏ โ
curl ๐ฎ โ ๐ฎ โ
curl ๐ฏ div (๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) = (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ),๐
Noting that the tensor ๐ ๐๐๐ behaves as a constant under a covariant differentiation, we can write, div (๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) = (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ),๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ = ๐ฏ โ
curl ๐ฎ โ ๐ฎ โ
curl ๐ฏ
14.
Given a scalar point function ๐ and a vector field ๐ฏ, show that curl (๐๐ฏ) = ๐ curl ๐ฏ + (โ๐) ร ๐ฏ. curl (๐๐ฏ) = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐๐ฃ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐,๐ ๐ฃ๐ + ๐๐ฃ๐ ,๐ )๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐
= (โ๐) ร ๐ฏ + ๐ curl ๐ฏ
15.
Show that curl (grad ๐) = ๐จ
For any tensor ๐ฏ = ๐ฃ๐ผ ๐ ๐ผ curl ๐ฏ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ Let ๐ฏ = grad ๐. Clearly, in this case, ๐ฃ๐ = ๐,๐ so that ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ = ๐,๐๐ . It therefore follows that, curl (grad ๐) = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐. The contraction of symmetric tensors with unsymmetric led to this conclusion. Note that this presupposes that the order of differentiation in the scalar field is immaterial. This will be true only if the scalar field is continuous โ a proposition we have assumed in the above.
16.
Show that curl (grad ๐ฏ) = ๐
For any tensor ๐ = T๐ผ๐ฝ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ curl ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ
Let ๐ = grad ๐ฏ. Clearly, in this case, T๐ผ๐ฝ = ๐ฃ๐ผ ,๐ฝ so that ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ = ๐ฃ๐ผ ,๐๐ . It therefore follows that, curl (grad ๐ฏ) = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ผ ,๐๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐. The contraction of symmetric tensors with unsymmetric led to this conclusion. Note that this presupposes that the order of differentiation in the vector field is immaterial. This will be true only if the vector field is continuous โ a proposition we have assumed in the above.
17.
Show that curl (grad ๐ฏ)T = grad(curl ๐ฏ)
From previous derivation, we can see that, curl ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ . Clearly, curl ๐ T = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ผ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ so that curl (grad ๐ฏ)T = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ผ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ . But curl ๐ฏ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ . The gradient of this is, grad(curl ๐ฏ) = (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ),๐ผ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐๐ผ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = curl (grad ๐ฏ)T
18.
Show that div (grad ๐ ร grad ฮธ) = 0 grad ๐ ร grad ฮธ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐,๐ ๐ ๐
The gradient of this vector is the tensor, grad(grad ๐ ร grad ๐) = (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐,๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐,๐๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ The trace of the above result is the divergence we are seeking: div (grad ๐ ร grad ฮธ) = tr[grad(grad ๐ ร grad ๐)] = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐,๐๐ ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐,๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐๐ ๐,๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐,๐๐ = 0 Each term vanishing on account of the contraction of a symmetric tensor with an antisymmetric.
19.
Show that curl curl ๐ฏ = grad(div ๐ฏ) โ grad2 ๐ฏ
Let ๐ฐ = curl ๐ฏ โก ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ . But curl ๐ฐ โก ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ ๐ค๐พ ,๐ฝ ๐ ๐ผ . Upon inspection, we find that ๐ค๐พ = ๐๐พ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ so that curl ๐ฐ โก ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ (๐๐พ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ),๐ฝ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐๐พ๐ ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐ผ Now, it can be shown (see below) that ๐๐พ๐ ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ ๐ ๐๐๐ = ๐๐ผ๐ ๐๐ฝ๐ โ ๐๐ผ๐ ๐๐ฝ๐ so that,
curl ๐ฐ = (๐๐ผ๐ ๐๐ฝ๐ โ ๐๐ผ๐ ๐๐ฝ๐ )๐ฃ๐ ,๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐ฃ ๐ฝ ,๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ฃ ๐ผ ,๐๐ ๐ ๐ผ = grad(div ๐ฏ) โ grad2 ๐ฏ
20.
Show that ๐๐พ๐ ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ ๐ ๐๐๐ = ๐๐ผ๐ ๐๐ฝ๐ โ ๐๐ผ๐ ๐๐ฝ๐
Note that ๐๐พ๐ ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ ๐ ๐๐๐
๐๐๐ผ = ๐๐พ๐ | ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐๐๐ผ ๐ฟ๐พ๐ผ
= | ๐ ๐๐ผ
๐ฝ
๐ฟ๐พ
๐๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐๐ฝ ๐๐๐ฝ
๐๐พ๐ ๐๐๐ผ ๐๐๐พ ๐ ๐๐พ | = | ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐๐๐พ ๐๐๐ผ
๐๐พ๐ ๐๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐๐ฝ ๐๐๐ฝ
๐๐พ๐ ๐๐๐พ ๐ ๐๐พ | ๐๐๐พ
๐พ
๐ฟ๐พ
๐ ๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐๐พ | ๐๐๐ผ ๐๐๐ฝ ๐๐๐พ ๐๐ฝ ๐๐ผ ๐๐ผ ๐ ๐๐พ ๐ ๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐๐พ ๐ฝ ๐ ๐พ ๐ ๐ผ ๐ = ๐ฟ๐พ | ๐๐ฝ | โ ๐ฟ๐พ | ๐๐ผ | + ๐ฟ๐พ | ๐๐ผ | ๐ ๐๐๐พ ๐ ๐๐๐พ ๐ ๐๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐ ๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐ ๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐ ๐๐ฝ = | ๐๐ฝ | โ | ๐๐ผ | + 3 | ๐๐ผ | = | ๐๐ผ | ๐๐ผ ๐๐ฝ ๐๐ฝ ๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐๐ผ๐ ๐๐ฝ๐ โ ๐๐ผ๐ ๐๐ฝ๐
21.
๐ Given that ๐(๐ก) = |๐(๐ก)|, Show that ๐ฬ (๐ก) = |๐(๐ก)| : ๐ฬ
๐2 โก ๐: ๐ Now, ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ (๐2 ) = 2๐ = : ๐ + ๐: = 2๐: ๐๐ก ๐๐ก ๐๐ก ๐๐ก ๐๐ก as inner product is commutative. We can therefore write that ๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ = : = : ๐ฬ ๐๐ก ๐ ๐๐ก |๐(๐ก)| as required. Given a tensor field ๐, obtain the vector ๐ฐ โก ๐ T ๐ and show that its divergence is ๐: (โ๐ฏ) + ๐ฏ โ
div ๐
22.
The divergence of ๐ is the scalar sum , (๐ป๐๐ ๐๐ ),๐ . Expanding the product covariant derivative we obtain, div (๐ T ๐ฏ) = (๐๐๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ),๐ = ๐๐๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ + ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ = (div ๐) โ
๐ฏ + tr(๐ T grad ๐ฏ) = (div ๐) โ
๐ฏ + ๐: (grad ๐ฏ)
Recall that scalar product of two vectors is commutative so that div (๐ T ๐ฏ) = ๐: (grad ๐ฏ) + ๐ฏ โ
div ๐ For a second-order tensor ๐ define curl ๐ โก ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ show that for any constant vector ๐, (curl ๐) ๐ = curl (๐ T ๐)
23.
Express vector ๐ in the invariant form with covariant components as ๐ = ๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐ฝ . It follows that (curl ๐) ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ (๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ )๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ๐๐ฝ (๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ )๐ ๐ฝ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐ ๐ฟ๐ฝ๐ผ = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐๐ผ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ ๐๐ผ = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐๐ผ๐ ๐๐ผ ),๐ ๐ ๐ The last equality resulting from the fact that vector ๐ is a constant vector. Clearly, (curl ๐) ๐ = curl (๐ T ๐)
For any two vectors ๐ฎ and ๐ฏ, show that curl (๐ฎ โ ๐ฏ) = [(grad ๐ฎ)๐ฏ ร]๐ + (curl ๐ฏ) โ ๐ where ๐ฏ ร is the skew tensor ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ .
24.
Recall that the curl of a tensor ๐ป is defined by curl ๐ป โก ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ . Clearly therefore, curl (๐ โ ๐) = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐ข๐ผ ๐ฃ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐ข๐ผ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ + ๐ข๐ผ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ) ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ผ ,๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ผ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ ) โ (๐ข๐ผ ,๐ ๐ ๐ผ ) + (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ ) โ (๐ข๐ผ ๐ ๐ผ ) = (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ )(๐ข๐ผ ,๐ฝ ๐ ๐ฝ โ ๐ ๐ผ ) + (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ ) โ (๐ข๐ผ ๐ ๐ผ ) = โ(๐ฏ ร)(grad ๐ฎ)๐ป + (curl ๐ฏ) โ ๐ฎ = [(grad ๐ฎ)๐ฏ ร]๐ป + (curl ๐ฏ) โ ๐ฎ upon noting that the vector cross is a skew tensor.
25.
Show that curl (๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) = div(๐ฎ โ ๐ฏ โ ๐ฏ โ ๐ฎ)
The vector ๐ฐ โก ๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ = ๐ค๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ ๐ข๐ผ ๐ฃ ๐ฝ ๐ ๐ and curl ๐ฐ = ๐๐๐๐ ๐ค๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ . Therefore, curl (๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ) = ๐๐๐๐ ๐ค๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ = ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ (๐ข๐ผ ๐ฃ ๐ฝ ),๐ ๐ ๐
๐
๐
๐
๐
= (๐ฟ๐ผ๐ ๐ฟ๐ฝ โ ๐ฟ๐ฝ๐ ๐ฟ๐ผ ) (๐ข๐ผ ๐ฃ ๐ฝ ),๐ ๐ ๐ = (๐ฟ๐ผ๐ ๐ฟ๐ฝ โ ๐ฟ๐ฝ๐ ๐ฟ๐ผ ) (๐ข๐ผ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ฝ + ๐ข๐ผ ๐ฃ ๐ฝ ,๐ )๐ ๐ = [๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ + ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ โ (๐ข ๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ + ๐ข ๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ )]๐ ๐ = [(๐ข๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ),๐ โ (๐ข ๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ),๐ ]๐ ๐ = div(๐ฎ โ ๐ฏ โ ๐ฏ โ ๐ฎ) since div(๐ฎ โ ๐ฏ) = (๐ข๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ),๐ผ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ผ = (๐ข๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ .
26.
Given a scalar point function ๐ and a second-order tensor field ๐, show that curl (๐๐) = ๐ curl ๐ + ((โ๐) ร)๐ T where [(โ๐) ร] is the skew tensor ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ curl (๐๐ป) โก ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐๐๐ผ๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐,๐ ๐๐ผ๐ + ๐๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ) ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ + ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ ) (๐๐ผ๐ฝ ๐ ๐ฝ โ ๐ ๐ผ ) + ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐ curl ๐ + ((โ๐) ร)๐ T
27.
For a second-order tensor field ๐ป, show that div(curl ๐) = curl(div ๐ T )
Define the second order tensor ๐ as ๐ curl ๐ โก ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ = ๐.๐ผ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ ๐ The gradient of ๐บ is ๐.๐ผ ,๐ฝ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ
Clearly, div(curl ๐ป) = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ โ
๐ ๐ฝ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ,๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฝ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฝ ๐ ,๐๐ฝ ๐ ๐ = curl(div ๐ T )
28.
Show that if ๐ defined in the space spanned by orthogonal coordinates ๐๐ , then ๐๐
๐ ๐ (๐๐ ๐) = ๐ ๐๐๐ + ๐๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ . By definition, โ2 (๐ฅ ๐ ๐) = ๐ ๐๐ (๐ฅ ๐ ๐),๐๐ . Expanding, we have ๐ ๐๐ (๐ฅ ๐ ๐),๐๐ = ๐ ๐๐ (๐ฅ ๐ ,๐ ๐ + ๐ฅ ๐ ๐,๐ ),๐ = ๐ ๐๐ (๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ + ๐ฅ ๐ ๐,๐ )
,๐
= ๐ ๐๐ (๐ฟ๐๐ ๐,๐ + ๐ฅ ๐ ,๐ ๐,๐ + ๐ฅ ๐ ๐,๐๐ ) = ๐ ๐๐ (๐ฟ๐๐ ๐,๐ + ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐,๐ + ๐ฅ ๐ ๐,๐๐ ) = ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ + ๐๐๐ ๐,๐ + ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐,๐๐
When the coordinates are orthogonal, this becomes, 2 ๐ฮฆ + ๐ฅ ๐ โ2 ฮฆ 2 ๐ (โ๐ ) ๐๐ฅ where we have suspended the summation rule and โ๐ is the square root of the appropriate metric tensor component.
29.
In Cartesian coordinates, If the volume ๐ is enclosed by the surface ๐, the position vector ๐ = ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ ๐ and ๐ is the external unit normal to each surface element, 1
show that โซ๐ โ(๐ โ
๐) โ
๐๐๐ equals the volume contained in ๐. 6 ๐ โ
๐ = ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ = ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฅ ๐ ๐๐๐ By the Divergence Theorem,
โซโ(๐ โ
๐) โ
๐๐๐ = โซ โ โ
[โ(๐ โ
๐)]๐๐ = โซ ๐๐ [๐๐ (๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฅ ๐ ๐๐๐ )] ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐
๐
๐
= โซ ๐๐ [๐๐๐ (๐ฅ ๐ ,๐ ๐ฅ ๐ + ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฅ ๐ ,๐ )] ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐
= โซ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ (๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐ + ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฟ๐ ),๐ ๐๐ = โซ 2๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐ ,๐ ๐๐ = โซ 2๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐
๐
๐
= 6 โซ ๐๐ ๐
30.
For any Euclidean coordinate system, show that ๐๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ = ๐ฏ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ฅ ๐ฎ โ ๐ฎ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ฅ ๐ฏ
Given the contravariant vector ๐ข๐ and ๐ฃ ๐ with their associated vectors ๐ข๐ and ๐ฃ๐ , the contravariant component of the above cross product is ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ .The required divergence is simply the contraction of the covariant ๐ฅ ๐ derivative of this quantity: (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ),๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐,๐ ๐ฃ๐ + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐,๐ where we have treated the tensor ๐ ๐๐๐ as a constant under the covariant derivative.
Cyclically rearranging the RHS we obtain, (๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ ),๐ = ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐,๐ + ๐ข๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐,๐ = ๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐,๐ + ๐ข๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐,๐ where we have used the anti-symmetric property of the tensor ๐ ๐๐๐ . The last expression shows clearly that div ๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ = ๐ฏ curl ๐ฎ โ ๐ฎ curl ๐ฏ as required.
31.
For a general tensor field ๐ป show that, curl(curl ๐ป) = [โ2 (tr ๐ป) โ T
div(div ๐ป)]๐ฐ + grad(div ๐ป) + (grad(div ๐ป)) โ grad(grad (tr๐ป)) โ โ2 ๐ปT curl ๐ป = ๐๐ผ๐ ๐ก ๐๐ฝ๐ก ,๐ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ = ๐ ๐ผ.๐ฝ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ curl ๐บ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐ผ.๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ so that curl ๐บ = curl(curl ๐ป) = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐ผ๐ ๐ก ๐๐๐ก ,๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ
๐๐๐ผ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก = | ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ก | ๐๐๐ก ,๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ ๐๐๐ผ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก ๐๐๐ผ (๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ก โ ๐ ๐๐ก ๐๐๐ ) + ๐๐๐ (๐ ๐๐ก ๐๐๐ผ โ ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐๐๐ก ) =[ ] ๐๐๐ก ,๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ ๐๐ก ๐๐ผ ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ผ +๐ (๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ ) ๐๐ผ ๐ก ๐ = [๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐ก.๐ก ,๐ ๐ โ ๐..๐ ๐ ,๐ ๐ ](๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ผ ) + [๐ ๐ผ๐ .. ,๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ .๐ก ,๐ ๐ ](๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ ) ๐ก + [๐ ๐๐ผ ๐ .๐ก๐ . ,๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐ผ. .๐ก ,๐ ๐ ](๐ โ ๐ ๐ผ ) T
= [โ2 (tr ๐ป) โ div(div ๐ป)]๐ฐ + (grad(div ๐ป)) โ grad(grad (tr๐)) + (grad(div ๐)) โ โ2 ๐ T
32.
When ๐ is symmetric, show that tr(curl ๐) vanishes. curl ๐ = ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ฝ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ฝ tr(curl ๐) = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฝ๐ ,๐ ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ฝ ๐ฝ
= ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฝ๐ ,๐ ๐ฟ๐ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ,๐
which obviously vanishes on account of the symmetry and antisymmetry in ๐ and ๐. In this case, curl(curl ๐) = [โ2 (tr ๐) โ div(div ๐)]๐ โ grad(grad (tr๐ป)) + 2(grad(div ๐ป)) โ โ2 ๐ T
as (grad(div ๐)) = grad(div ๐) if the order of differentiation is immaterial and ๐ is symmetric. For a scalar function ๐ท and a vector ๐๐ show that the divergence of the vector ๐๐ ๐ฝ is equal to, ๐ฏ โ
๐๐ท + ๐ท ๐๐๐ฃ ๐ฏ
33.
(๐ฃ ๐ ฮฆ),๐ = ฮฆ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ + ๐ฃ ๐ ฮฆ,i Hence the result.
34.
Show that curl ๐ฎ ร ๐ฏ = (๐ฏ โ ๐๐ฎ) + (๐ฎ โ
div ๐ฏ) โ (๐ฏ โ
div ๐ฎ) โ (๐ฎ โ ๐ ๐ฏ)
Taking the associated (covariant) vector of the expression for the cross product in the last example, it is straightforward to see that the LHS in indicial notation is, ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐๐๐๐ ๐ข ๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ),๐
Expanding in the usual way, noting the relation between the alternating tensors and the Kronecker deltas, ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐๐๐๐ ๐ข ๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ),๐ = ๐ฟ๐๐๐ (๐ข ๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ โ ๐ข ๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ ) ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ (๐ข ๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐
๐ฟ๐๐
๐ฟ๐๐
๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ =| ๐ | (๐ข ๐ฃ โ ๐ข ๐ฃ ,๐ ) ,๐ ๐ ๐ฟ๐ ๐ฟ๐ = (๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ โ ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ )(๐ข ๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ โ ๐ข ๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ )
=
๐ ๐
โ๐ข ๐ฃ
,๐ )
= ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ข ๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ โ ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ข ๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ + ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ข ๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ โ ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ข ๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ = ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ โ ๐ข๐ ,๐ ๐ฃ ๐ + ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ โ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ ๐ ,๐ Which is the result we seek in indicial notation.
35.
. In Cartesian coordinates let ๐ฅ denote the magnitude of the position vector ๐ซ = ๐๐
๐
๐๐ ๐๐
๐
๐
๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ . Show that (a) ๐ฅ,๐ = ๐ , (b) ๐ฅ,๐๐ = ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ โ (๐)๐, (c) ๐ฅ,๐๐ = ๐, (d) If ๐ผ = ๐, then ๐ผ,๐๐ = โ๐น๐๐ ๐๐
+
๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐
๐ซ
2
๐ผ,๐๐ = ๐ and div (๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ.
(๐ ) ๐ฅ = โ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐
๐โ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ ๐ โ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ ๐ (๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ ) ๐ฅ๐ 1 ๐ฅ,๐ = = ร = [๐ฅ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ + ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ ] = . ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ (๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ ) ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ 2โ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ
๐ ๐โ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ ๐ ๐ฅ๐ (๐) ๐ฅ,๐๐ = ( )= ( )= ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ 1 = ๐ฟ๐๐ โ (๐ฅ )3 ๐ฅ 1 ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ 3 (๐ฅ )2 2 (๐ ) ๐ฅ,๐๐ = ๐ฟ๐๐ โ = โ = . (๐ฅ )3 ๐ฅ (๐ฅ )3 ๐ฅ ๐ฅ 1
๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ โ ๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ฟ๐๐ โ ๐ฅ = (๐ฅ )2 (๐ฅ )2
(๐ ) ๐ = so that ๐ฅ 1 1 ๐ ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐ 1 1 ๐,๐ = = ร = โ 2 ๐ฅ๐ = โ 3 ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ฅ ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ Consequently,
๐ ๐ (โ๐ฅ 2 )) + ๐ฅ๐ (๐ฅ 3 ) ๐ฅ3 ( ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐
๐ ๐ ๐ฅ๐ ( ) ๐,๐๐ = ๐,๐ = โ ( )= ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ 3 ๐ฅ6 ๐(๐ฅ 3 ) ๐๐ฅ 3 ๐ฅ (โ๐ฟ๐๐ ) + ๐ฅ๐ ( ) โ๐ฅ 3 ๐ฟ + ๐ฅ (3๐ฅ 2 ๐ฅ๐ ) ๐๐ฅ ๐๐ฅ๐ โ๐ฟ๐๐ 3๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐ฅ = = = 3 + 5 ๐ฅ6 ๐ฅ6 ๐ฅ ๐ฅ โ๐ฟ๐๐ 3๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ โ3 3๐ฅ 2 ๐,๐๐ = 3 + 5 = 3 + 5 = 0. ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐ ๐ซ 1 1 3 ๐ 1 ๐๐ฅ div ( ) = ( ) ,๐ = ๐ฅ๐ ,๐ + ( ) = + ๐ฅ๐ ( ( ) ) ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ,๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฅ๐ 3 1 ๐ฅ๐ 3 ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ 3 1 2 = + ๐ฅ๐ [โ ( 2 ) ] = โ 3 = โ = ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ ๐ฅ
36.
For vectors ๐ฎ, ๐ฏ and ๐ฐ, show that (๐ฎ ร)(๐ฏ ร)(๐ฐ ร) = ๐ฎ โ(๐ฏ ร ๐ฐ) โ (๐ฎ โ
๐ฏ)๐ฐ ร.
The tensor (๐ฎ ร) = โ๐๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ similarly, (๐ฏ ร) = โ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ ๐ฃ๐พ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ and (๐ฐ ร) = โ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ค๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ . Clearly,
(๐ฎ ร)(๐ฏ ร)(๐ฐ ร) = โ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐พ ๐ค๐ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ )(๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ )(๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ ) = โ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐พ ๐ค๐ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ )๐ฟ๐ฝ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ = โ๐ ๐ผ๐๐พ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐พ ๐ค๐ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ ) = โ๐ ๐๐ผ๐พ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐พ ๐ค๐ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ ) ๐พ
๐พ
= โ(๐ฟ๐๐ผ ๐ฟ๐ โ ๐ฟ๐๐ผ ๐ฟ๐ )๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐พ ๐ค๐ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ ) = โ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ผ ๐ฃ๐ ๐ค๐ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ ) + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐พ ๐ฃ๐พ ๐ค๐ (๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ ) = [๐ฎ โ (๐ฏ ร ๐ฐ) โ (๐ฎ โ
๐ฏ)๐ฐ ร]
37.
Show that [๐ฎ, ๐ฏ, ๐ฐ] = tr[(๐ฎ ร)(๐ฏ ร)(๐ฐ ร)] In the above we have shown that (๐ฎ ร)(๐ฏ ร)(๐ฐ ร) = [๐ฎ โ (๐ฏ ร ๐ฐ) โ (๐ฎ โ
๐ฏ)๐ฐ ร] Because the vector cross is traceless, the trace of [(๐ฎ โ
๐ฏ)๐ฐ ร] = 0. The trace of the first term, ๐ฎ โ (๐ฏ ร ๐ฐ) is obviously the same as [๐ฎ, ๐ฏ, ๐ฐ] which completes the proof.
38.
Show that (๐ฎ ร)(๐ฏ ร) = (๐ฎ โ
๐ฏ)๐ โ ๐ฎ โ ๐ฏ and that tr[(๐ฎ ร)(๐ฏ ร)] = 2(๐ฎ โ
๐ฏ) (๐ฎ ร)(๐ฏ ร) = โ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐พ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ )(๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ ) = โ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐พ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ )๐ฟ๐ฝ๐ = โ๐๐ฝ๐๐ ๐ ๐ฝ๐พ๐ผ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐พ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ ) ๐พ ๐ผ ๐พ = [๐ฟ๐ ๐ฟ๐ โ ๐ฟ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ผ ]๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐พ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ ) = ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ (๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ผ ) โ ๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐ (๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ ) = (๐ฎ โ
๐ฏ)๐ โ ๐ฎ โ ๐ฏ
Obviously, the trace of this tensor is 2(๐ฎ โ
๐ฏ)
39.
The position vector in the above example ๐ = ๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ . Show that (a) div ๐ = ๐, (b) div (๐ โ ๐) = ๐๐, (c) div ๐ = 3, and (d) grad ๐ = ๐ and (e) curl (๐ โ ๐) = โ๐ ร grad ๐ = ๐ฅ๐ ,๐ ๐๐ โ ๐๐ = ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐๐ โ ๐๐ = ๐ div ๐ = ๐ฅ๐ ,๐ ๐๐ โ
๐๐ = ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ = ๐ฟ๐๐ = 3. ๐ โ ๐ = ๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ โ ๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ = ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ โ ๐๐ grad(๐ โ ๐) = (๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ ),๐ ๐๐ โ ๐๐ โ ๐๐ = (๐ฅ๐ ,๐ ๐ฅ๐ + ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐ ,๐ )๐๐ โ ๐๐ โ
๐๐ = (๐ฟ๐๐ ๐๐ + ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ )๐ฟ๐๐ ๐๐ = (๐ฟ๐๐ ๐๐ + ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ )๐๐
= 4๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ = 4๐ curl(๐ โ ๐) = ๐๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ (๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐พ ),๐ฝ ๐๐ผ โ ๐๐ = ๐๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ (๐ฅ๐ ,๐ฝ ๐ฅ๐พ + ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฅ๐พ ,๐ฝ )๐๐ผ โ ๐๐ = ๐๐ผ๐ฝ๐พ (๐ฟ๐๐ฝ ๐ฅ๐พ + ๐ฅ๐ ๐ฟ๐พ๐ฝ )๐๐ผ โ ๐๐ = ๐๐ผ๐๐พ ๐ฅ๐พ ๐๐ผ โ ๐๐ + ๐๐ผ๐ฝ๐ฝ ๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ผ โ ๐๐ = โ๐๐ผ๐พ๐ ๐ฅ๐พ ๐๐ผ โ ๐๐ = โ๐ ร
40.
Define the magnitude of tensor ๐ as, |๐| = โtr(๐๐T ) Show that
โ|๐| โ๐
๐
= |๐|
By definition, given a scalar ๐ผ, the derivative of a scalar function of a tensor ๐(๐) is โ๐(๐) โ : ๐ = lim ๐(๐ + ๐ผ๐) ๐ผโ0 โ๐ผ โ๐ for any arbitrary tensor ๐. In the case of ๐(๐) = |๐|, โ|๐| โ |๐ + ๐ผ๐| : ๐ = lim ๐ผโ0 โ๐ผ โ๐ |๐ + ๐ผ๐| = โtr(๐ + ๐ผ๐)(๐ + ๐ผ๐)T = โtr(๐๐T + ๐ผ๐๐T + ๐ผ๐๐ T + ๐ผ 2 ๐๐ T )
Note that everything under the root sign here is scalar and that the trace operation is linear. Consequently, we can write, โ tr (๐๐T ) + tr (๐๐ T ) + 2๐ผtr (๐๐ T ) 2๐: ๐ | | lim ๐ + ๐ผ๐ = lim = ๐ผโ0 โ๐ผ ๐ผโ0 2โtr(๐๐T + ๐ผ๐๐T + ๐ผ๐๐ T + ๐ผ 2 ๐๐ T ) 2โ๐: ๐ ๐ = :๐ |๐| So that, โ|๐| ๐ :๐ = :๐ |๐| โ๐ or, โ|๐| ๐ = |๐| โ๐ as required since ๐ is arbitrary.
41.
Show that
๐๐ฐ3 (๐บ) ๐๐บ
=
๐det(๐บ) ๐๐บ
= ๐บ๐ the cofactor of ๐บ.
Clearly ๐บ๐ = det(๐บ) ๐บโT = ๐ฐ3 (๐บ) ๐บโT . Details of this for the contravariant components of a tensor is presented below. Let
det(๐บ) โก |๐บ| โก ๐ =
1 ๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ก ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก 3!
Differentiating wrt ๐๐ผ๐ฝ , we obtain, ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ 1 ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ก ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ก [ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ] ๐ โ ๐ ๐ฝ ๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ 3! ๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ ๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ ๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ ๐ผ 1 ๐ฝ ๐ฝ ๐ฝ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ก [๐ฟ๐๐ผ ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ผ ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ผ ๐ฟ๐ก ] ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ 3! 1 ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ฝ๐ ๐ก = ๐ ๐ [๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก ]๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ 3! 1 = ๐ ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ ๐ฝ๐ ๐ก ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ โก [๐ c ]๐ผ๐ฝ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ 2! Which is the cofactor of [๐๐ผ๐ฝ ] or ๐บ
42. ๐ ๐๐ผ
๐๐ For a scalar variable ๐ผ, if the tensor ๐ = ๐(๐ผ) and ๐ฬ โก ๐๐ผ, Show that
det(๐) = det(๐) tr(๐ฬ๐ โ๐ )
Let ๐จ โก ๐ปฬ๐ปโ1 so that, ๐ปฬ = ๐จ๐ป. In component form, we have ๐๐ฬ ๐ = ๐ด๐๐ ๐๐๐ . Therefore,
๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ 1 2 3 det(๐ป) = (๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ ) = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐ฬ๐1 ๐๐2 ๐๐3 + ๐๐1 ๐๐ฬ 2 ๐๐3 + ๐๐1 ๐๐2 ๐ฬ๐3 ) ๐๐ผ ๐๐ผ = ๐ ๐๐๐ (๐ด1๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐2 ๐๐3 + ๐๐1 ๐ด2๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐3 + ๐๐1 ๐๐2 ๐ด3๐ ๐๐๐ ) = ๐ ๐๐๐ [(๐ด11 ๐๐1 + ๐ด12 ๐๐2 + ๐ด13 ๐๐3 ) ๐๐2 ๐๐3 + ๐๐1 ( ๐ด12 ๐๐1 + ๐ด22 ๐๐2 + ๐ด23 ๐๐3 ) ๐๐3 + ๐๐1 ๐๐2 ( ๐ด13 ๐๐1 + ๐ด32 ๐๐2 + ๐ด33 ๐๐3 )] All the boxed terms in the above equation vanish on account of the contraction of a symmetric tensor with an antisymmetric one. (For example, the first boxed term yields, ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ด12 ๐๐2 ๐๐2 ๐๐3 Which is symmetric as well as antisymmetric in ๐ and ๐. It therefore vanishes. The same is true for all other such terms.) ๐ det(๐) = ๐ ๐๐๐ [(๐ด11 ๐๐1 )๐๐2 ๐๐3 + ๐๐1 (๐ด22 ๐๐2 )๐๐3 + ๐๐1 ๐๐2 (๐ด33 ๐๐3 )] ๐๐ผ ๐๐๐ 1 2 3 = ๐ด๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ = tr(๐ฬ๐ โ1 ) det(๐) ๐๐ as required.
43.
Without breaking down into components, establish the fact that ๐det(๐) = ๐๐ ๐๐
Start from Liouvilleโs Theorem, given a scalar parameter such that ๐ = ๐(๐ผ ), โ โ๐ โ๐ (det(๐)) = det(๐) tr [( ) ๐ โ๐ ] = [det(๐) ๐ โ๐ ] : ( ) โ๐ผ โ๐ผ โ๐ผ By the simple rules of multiple derivative, โ โ โ๐ (det(๐)) = [ (det(๐))]: ( ) โ๐ผ โ๐ โ๐ผ It therefore follows that, โ โ๐ โ๐ [ (det(๐)) โ [det(๐) ๐ ]]: ( ) = 0 โ๐ โ๐ผ Hence โ (det(๐)) = [det(๐) ๐ โ๐ ] = ๐ ๐ โ๐
44.
โ
[Gurtin 3.4.2a] If T is invertible, show that โ๐ (log det(๐)) = ๐ โ๐ โ โ(log det(๐)) โdet(๐) (log det(๐)) = โ๐ โdet(๐) โ๐
1 1 ๐ = ๐ = det(๐) ๐ โ๐ det(๐) det(๐) = ๐ โ๐
45.
โ
[Gurtin 3.4.2a] If ๐ is invertible, show that โ๐ (log det(๐ โ1 )) = โ๐ โ๐ โ โ(log det(๐ โ1 )) โdet(๐ โ1 ) โ๐ โ1 โ1 (log det(๐ )) = โ๐ โdet(๐ โ1 ) โ๐ โ1 โ๐ 1 = ๐ โ๐ (โ๐ โ2 ) โ1 det(๐ ) 1 = det(๐ โ1 ) ๐ ๐ (โ๐ โ2 ) โ1 det(๐ ) = โ๐ โ๐
46.
โ
Given that ๐ is a constant tensor, Show that โ๐ tr(๐๐) = ๐T
In invariant components terms, let ๐ = A๐๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ and let ๐ = S๐ผ๐ฝ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ . ๐๐ = A๐๐ S๐ผ๐ฝ (๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ )(๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ )
= A๐๐ S๐ผ๐ฝ (๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ฝ )๐ฟ๐๐ผ = A๐๐ S๐๐ฝ (๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ฝ ) tr(๐๐) = A๐๐ S๐๐ฝ (๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ฝ ) ๐ฝ
= A๐๐ S๐๐ฝ ๐ฟ๐ = A๐๐ S๐๐ โ โ tr(๐๐) = tr(๐๐)๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ โ๐ โS๐ผ๐ฝ โA๐๐ S๐๐ = ๐ โ ๐ ๐ฝ โS๐ผ๐ฝ ๐ผ =
๐ฝ A๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ผ ๐ฟ๐ ๐ ๐ผ
โ T (๐ : ๐) โ ๐ ๐ฝ = A ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = ๐ = โ๐ ๐๐
T
as required.
47.
โ
Given that ๐ and ๐ are constant tensors, show that โ๐ tr(๐๐๐ T ) = ๐T ๐
First observe that tr(๐๐๐ T ) = tr(๐ T ๐๐). If we write, ๐ โก ๐ T ๐, it is obvious โ
from the above that โ๐ tr(๐๐) = ๐ T . Therefore,
โ tr(๐๐๐ T ) = (๐ T ๐)๐ = ๐T ๐ โ๐
48.
โ
Given that ๐ and ๐ are constant tensors, show that โ๐ tr(๐๐ T ๐ T ) = ๐ T ๐
Observe that tr(๐๐ T ๐ T ) = tr(๐ T ๐๐ T ) = tr[๐(๐ T ๐)T ] = tr[(๐ T ๐)T ๐] [The transposition does not alter trace; neither does a cyclic permutation. Ensure you understand why each equality here is true.] Consequently, โ โ T T) ( tr ๐๐ ๐ = tr[(๐ T ๐)T ๐] = [(๐ T ๐)T ]๐ = ๐ T ๐ โ๐ โ๐
49.
Let ๐บ be a symmetric and positive definite tensor and let ๐ผ1 (๐บ), ๐ผ2 (๐บ)and๐ผ3 (๐บ)
be the three principal invariants of ๐บ show that (a) ๐๐ฐ2 (๐บ) ๐๐บ ๐๐ฐ1 (๐บ) ๐๐บ
= ๐ผ1 (๐บ)๐ โ ๐บ and (c)
๐๐ผ3 (๐บ) ๐๐บ
๐๐ฐ1 (๐บ) ๐๐บ
= ๐ผ3 (๐บ) ๐บโ1
can be written in the invariant component form as, ๐๐ผ1 (๐บ) ๐๐ผ1 (๐บ) = ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐๐บ ๐๐ ๐
Recall that ๐ผ1 (๐) = tr(๐) = ๐ฮฑฮฑ hence
= ๐ the identity tensor, (b)
๐๐ผ1 (๐) ๐๐ผ1 (๐) ๐๐ฮฑฮฑ ๐ ๐ = ๐ โ ๐ = ๐ โ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ = ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ผ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = ๐ which is the identity tensor as expected. ๐๐ผ2 (๐) ๐๐
in a similar way can be written in the invariant component form as, ๐๐ผ2 (๐) 1 ๐๐ผ1 (๐) ฮฑ ๐ฝ ฮฑ ๐ฝ ๐ = [๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ ] ๐ โ ๐ ฮฑ ๐ ฮฑ ๐ฝ ๐ฝ ๐๐ 2 ๐๐ ๐ ๐
1
where we have utilized the fact that ๐ผ2 (๐) = 2 [tr 2 (๐) โ tr(๐ 2 )]. Consequently, ๐๐ผ2 (๐) 1 ๐ ฮฑ ๐ฝ ฮฑ ๐ฝ ๐ = [๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ ] ๐ โ ๐ ฮฑ ๐ ฮฑ ๐ฝ ๐ฝ ๐๐ 2 ๐๐ ๐ ๐
1 ๐ ๐ผ ๐ฝ ๐ฝ ๐ฝ ๐ฝ = [๐ฟ๐ผ ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐ฝ + ๐ฟ๐ฝ๐ ๐ฟ๐ ๐ฮฑฮฑ โ ๐ฟ๐ฝ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ผ ๐ฮฑ โ ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐ฝฮฑ ] ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ 2 1 ๐ฝ ๐ ๐ ๐ = [๐ฟ๐๐ ๐๐ฝ + ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฮฑฮฑ โ ๐๐ โ ๐๐ ] ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = (๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฮฑฮฑ โ ๐๐ )๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ 2 = ๐ผ1 (๐)๐ โ ๐
det(๐บ) โก |๐บ| โก ๐ =
1 ๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ก ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก 3!
Differentiating wrt ๐๐ผ๐ฝ , we obtain, ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ 1 ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ก ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ก [ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ] ๐ โ ๐ ๐ฝ ๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ 3! ๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ ๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ ๐๐๐ผ๐ฝ ๐ผ 1 ๐ฝ ๐ฝ ๐ฝ = ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ก [๐ฟ๐๐ผ ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ผ ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ผ ๐ฟ๐ก ] ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ 3! 1 ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ฝ๐ ๐ก = ๐ ๐ [๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก + ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก ]๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ 3! 1 = ๐ ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ ๐ฝ๐ ๐ก ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ โก [๐ c ]๐ผ๐ฝ ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐ ๐ฝ 2! Which is the cofactor of [๐๐ผ๐ฝ ] or ๐บ
50.
For a tensor field ๐ฉ, The volume integral in the region ฮฉ โ โฐ, โซฮฉ(grad ๐ฉ) ๐๐ฃ =
โซโฮฉ ๐ฉ โ ๐ ๐๐ where ๐ is the outward drawn normal to ๐ฮฉ โ the boundary of ฮฉ. Show that for a vector field ๐ โซ (div ๐) ๐๐ฃ = โซ ๐ โ
๐ ๐๐ ฮฉ
๐ฮฉ
Replace ๐ฉ by the vector field ๐ we have, โซ (grad ๐) ๐๐ฃ = โซ ๐ โ ๐ ๐๐ ฮฉ
โฮฉ
Taking the trace of both sides and noting that both trace and the integral are linear operations, therefore we have, โซ (div ๐) ๐๐ฃ = โซ tr(grad ๐) ๐๐ฃ ฮฉ
ฮฉ
= โซ tr(๐ โ ๐) ๐๐ โฮฉ
= โซ ๐ โ
๐ ๐๐ ๐ฮฉ
51.
Show that for a scalar function Hence the divergence theorem
becomes,โซฮฉ(grad ๐) ๐๐ฃ = โซ๐ฮฉ ๐๐ ๐๐ Recall that for a vector field, that for a vector field ๐ โซ (div ๐) ๐๐ฃ = โซ ๐ โ
๐ ๐๐ ฮฉ
๐ฮฉ
if we write, ๐ = ๐๐ where ๐ is an arbitrary constant vector, we have, โซ (div[๐๐]) ๐๐ฃ = โซ ๐๐ โ
๐ง ๐๐ = ๐ โ
โซ ๐๐ง ๐๐ ฮฉ
๐ฮฉ
๐ฮฉ
For the LHS, note that, div[๐๐] = tr(grad[๐๐]) grad[๐๐] = (๐๐๐ ),๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ = ๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ The trace of which is, ๐
๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ ๐ โ
๐ ๐ = ๐๐ ๐,๐ ๐ฟ๐ = ๐๐ ๐,๐ = ๐ โ
grad ๐ For the arbitrary constant vector ๐, we therefore have that, โซ (div[๐๐]) ๐๐ฃ = ๐ โ
โซ grad ๐ ๐๐ฃ = ๐ โ
โซ ๐๐ง ๐๐ ฮฉ
ฮฉ
๐ฮฉ
โซ grad ๐ ๐๐ฃ = โซ ๐๐ง ๐๐ ฮฉ
๐ฮฉ